1    73 150 A MULTI-GENERATIONAL STUDY ON LOW-DOSE BPA EXPOSURE IN WISTAR RATS: EFFECTS ON MATERNAL BEHAVIOR, FLAVOR INTAKE AND DEVELOPMENT. BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS A COMMON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR FOUND AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOOD CONTAMINANT. IT EXERTS BOTH DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS, MAINLY WHEN EXPOSURE OCCURS IN EARLY LIFE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC, HUMAN-RELEVANT LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO BPA ON DEVELOPMENT, MATERNAL BEHAVIOR AND FLAVOR PREFERENCE IN WISTAR RATS. BPA WAS ORALLY ADMINISTERED AT A DAILY DOSE OF 5 MUG/KG BODY WEIGHT TO F0 PREGNANT DAMS FROM THE FIRST DAY OF GESTATION (GD 1) UNTIL THE LAST DAY OF LACTATION (LD 21), AND THEN TO F1 OFFSPRING FROM WEANING (PND 21) TO ADULTHOOD (PND 100). F2 OFFSPRING WERE NOT EXPOSED. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNS OF TOXICITY WERE ASSESSED DAILY. MATERNAL BEHAVIOR WAS EVALUATED BY OBSERVING NURSING AND PUP-CARING ACTIONS, AS WELL AS "NON-MATERNAL" BEHAVIORS IN F0 AND F1 DAMS FROM PARTURITION UNTIL LD 8. THE FLAVOR PREFERENCES OF F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING WERE EVALUATED BASED ON THE INTAKE OF SWEET, SALT AND FAT SOLUTIONS USING THE TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST ON PND 21-34 AND PND 86-99. BPA EXPOSURE: 1) DECREASED MATERNAL BEHAVIOR IN F1 DAMS, 2) CAUSED DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN BOTH F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING, WITH A NOTICEABLE DECREASE IN ANOGENITAL DISTANCE IN MALE RATS, AND 3) DID NOT AFFECT FLAVORED SOLUTION INTAKE IN F1, BUT INDUCED CHANGES IN SWEET PREFERENCE IN F2 JUVENILES AND IN SALT AND FAT SOLUTION INTAKES IN F2 ADULTS, AND 4) INDUCED A BODY WEIGHT INCREASE IN THE F2 GENERATION ONLY, WHEREAS FOOD INTAKE AND WATER CONSUMPTION DID NOT CHANGE. TAKEN AS A WHOLE, OUR FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BOTH GESTATIONAL (F0) AND LIFELONG (F1) EXPOSURES TO A HUMAN-RELEVANT DOSE OF BPA COULD INDUCE MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON BOTH DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST POSSIBLE SELECTIVE NEUROENDOCRINE DEFECTS AND/OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAUSED BY BPA EXPOSURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  1755  34 EARLY NUTRITION AND LATER OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IS AN EMERGING AREA OF INTEREST THAT AMALGAMATES MANY AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES AND ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERSE DISCIPLINES FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. EVIDENCE HAS ACCUMULATED TO SHOW THAT EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES, BOTH IN UTERO AND IN INFANCY HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON MANY BODY SYSTEMS. THERE ARE NOW GOOD DATA TO SHOW THAT SUBOPTIMAL IN UTERO GROWTH, ESPECIALLY WHEN COMBINED WITH RAPID GROWTH ACCELERATION IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF LATER LIFE METABOLIC DISEASE. THE MECHANISMS ARE COMPLEX BUT LIKELY TO INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. PRETERM INFANTS FREQUENTLY EXPERIENCE SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE AND EXHIBIT GROWTH FAILURE WITHIN THE NICU. THEY ALSO RECEIVE PRODUCTS THAT MAY NOT PROVIDE EITHER AN OPTIMAL QUANTITY OR QUALITY OF NUTRIENTS. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES HAVE NOW SHOWN MUCH HIGHER RISKS FOR LONG-TERM CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS WHO WERE BORN PRETERM. THERE ARE HIGHER LEVELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ABNORMAL PARTITIONING OF FAT DEPOSITION. THE ONSET OF PUBERTY SEEMS EARLIER, AVERAGE HEIGHT IS LESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE, MEASURES OF VASCULAR HEALTH AND LIPID PROFILES SUGGEST CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IS LIKELY TO DIFFER FROM HEALTHY TERM BORN CONTROLS. DESPITE THIS, THERE ARE NO DATA TO SUGGEST AN OVERALL BENEFIT OF LIMITING NUTRIENT INTAKE, OR RESTRICTING GROWTH IN PRETERM INFANTS. THERE ARE STRONG DATA TO SHOW THAT THE PRETERM BRAIN IS EXQUISITELY VULNERABLE TO UNDERNUTRITION, AND THAT SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES MAY PERMANENTLY AFFECT LATER COGNITIVE ATTAINMENT. A CLINICAL FOCUS ON EARLY NUTRIENT INTAKES AND BREAST MILK PROVISION IS KEY TO OPTIMISING LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  4066  35 MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION AS AN INDICATOR OF OFFSPRING METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK IN LATER LIFE THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AIMS: THIS REVIEW EXAMINED WHETHER MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION EFFECTS AN OFFSPRING'S LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC METABOLIC RELATED CONDITIONS DUE TO EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. METHODS: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MULTIPLE SCIENCE DATABASES AND LIMITED TO STUDIES PUBLISHED AFTER 2012, IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND PEER REVIEWED. THE DATA FROM SELECTED ARTICLES WERE EXTRACTED AND A QUALITATIVE APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED DUE TO HETEROGENEITY OF RESULTS. RESULTS: NEWBORNS FROM OBESE FATHERS SHOWED ALTERED METHYLATION OVERALL AND SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 (IGF2) GENE. HIGH MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED OFFSPRING DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS INDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS IN OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CORD BLOOD. BIRTH WEIGHT WAS HIGHER IN OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO FAMINE IN EARLY GESTATION. OFFSPRING BORN POST MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOWED A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT AND IMPROVED FASTING INSULIN LEVELS COMPARED TO SIBLINGS BORN PRE-MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY. CONCLUSIONS: THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING, THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. POTENTIAL PARENTS SHOULD BE ADVISED THAT MAINTAINING A HEALTHY DIET AND BMI IS LIKELY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  4797  19 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS. THE LAST 20 YEARS HAVE SEEN DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENTS IN SURVIVAL FOR PRETERM INFANTS IN BOTH HIGH- AND LOW-INCOME SETTINGS. SURVIVAL RATES OF OVER 50% IN INFANTS BORN 16 WEEKS EARLY (24 WEEKS' GESTATION) ARE NOW COMMONPLACE IN WELL-RESOURCED NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS. HOWEVER, ENSURING ADEQUATE NUTRIENT INTAKES ESPECIALLY IN THE FIRST FEW DAYS AND WEEKS IS CHALLENGING, AND MANY INFANTS SHOW POOR GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS. GOOD NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE SEEN AS THE CORNERSTONE OF GOOD NEONATAL CARE AND IS KEY TO IMPROVING A RANGE OF IMPORTANT OUTCOMES INCLUDING REDUCED RATES OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY, CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE, NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC), AND SEPSIS. EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY, IS THAT GOOD NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS ESSENTIAL TO OPTIMIZE BRAIN GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION. THERE ARE MULTIPLE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS THAT LINK NUTRITION TO BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS INCLUDING NEEDS FOR TISSUE ACCRETION, ENERGY SUPPLY, SIGNALING ROLES, FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS IN HUMAN MILK, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, PREVENTION OF NEC AND DISEASE, AND IMPACTS ON THE GUT BRAIN AXES. THIS ARTICLE WILL REVIEW DATA IN SUPPORT OF DIFFERENT MECHANISTIC LINKS FOR THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON BRAIN OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  4504  33 MOTHER'S PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL CANDIDATE MIRNAS: FINDINGS FROM THE ENVIRONAGE BIRTH COHORT. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT THE PREDISPOSITION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES ARISES AT THE EARLIEST TIMES OF LIFE. IN THIS CONTEXT, MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY WEIGHT MIGHT MODIFY FETAL METABOLISM AND THE CHILD'S PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) AND MIRNA ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL TISSUE AT BIRTH. IN 211 MOTHER-NEWBORN PAIRS FROM THE ENVIRONAGE BIRTH COHORT, WE ASSESSED PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF SEVEN MIRNAS IMPORTANT IN CRUCIAL CELLULAR PROCESSES IMPLICATED IN ADIPOGENESIS AND/OR OBESITY. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS WERE USED TO ADDRESS THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL CANDIDATE MIRNA EXPRESSION. MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AVERAGED (+/-SD) 23.9 (+/-4.1) KG/M(2). IN NEWBORN GIRLS (NOT IN BOYS) PLACENTAL MIR-20A, MIR-34A AND MIR-222 EXPRESSION WAS LOWER WITH HIGHER MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI. IN ADDITION, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF THESE MIRNAS IN GIRLS WAS MODIFIED BY GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN. THE LOWER EXPRESSION OF THESE MIRNAS IN PLACENTA IN ASSOCIATION WITH PRE-PREGNANCY BMI, WAS ONLY EVIDENT IN MOTHERS WITH LOW WEIGHT GAIN (<14 KG). THE PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF MIR-20A, MIR-34A, MIR-146A, MIR-210 AND MIR-222 MAY PROVIDE A SEX-SPECIFIC BASIS FOR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY BMI.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  4977  37 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF DIETARY FATS AND LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLE. DIETARY FAT IS OUR SECOND MOST IMPORTANT ENERGY-PRODUCING MACRONUTRIENT. IT ALSO CONTAINS FATTY ACIDS AND VITAMINS ESSENTIAL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF GOOD HEALTH. DIETARY FAT QUANTITY AND QUALITY HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO TREMENDOUS CHANGE OVER THE PAST 10,000 YEARS. THIS HAS, TOGETHER WITH OTHER MAN-MADE CHANGES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT, CAUSED A CONFLICT WITH OUR SLOWLY ADAPTING GENOME THAT IS IMPLICATED IN "TYPICALLY WESTERN" DISEASES. RATHER THAN REDUCING OUR LIFE EXPECTANCY, THESE DISEASES NOTABLY DIMINISH OUR NUMBER OF YEARS IN HEALTH. IMPORTANT CHANGES IN DIETARY FAT QUALITY ARE THE INCREASED INTAKES OF CERTAIN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS (SAFA) AND LINOLEIC ACID (LA), INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED TRANS FATTY ACIDS, AND REDUCED INTAKES OF OMEGA3 FATTY ACIDS, NOTABLY ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID (ALA) FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES AND EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA) AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) FROM FISH. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THESE CHANGES ARE DIVERSE, BUT ARE INCREASINGLY ASCRIBED TO INDUCTION OF A PROINFLAMMATORY STATE THAT PROGRESSES EASILY TO CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. THE LATTER MIGHT AFFECT VIRTUALLY ALL ORGANS AND SYSTEMS, POSSIBLY BEGINNING AT CONCEPTION, AND POSSIBLY EVEN PRIOR TO GAMETOGENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MIGHT BE A COMMON DENOMINATOR OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS SEQUELAE (E.G., CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD), DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2, SOME TYPES OF CANCER, AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS), SOME PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES (E.G., MAJOR AND POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND AUTISM), AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES (E.G., ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, PARKINSON'S DISEASE). THE LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LCPUFA) ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA), EPA, AND DHA ARE INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. THE CURRENT BALANCE BETWEEN AA AND EPA + DHA IS HOWEVER DISTURBED BY THE DOMINANCE OF AA, WHICH ORIGINATES FROM THE DIET OR SYNTHESIS FROM LA. LCPUFA ARE TOGETHER WITH THEIR HIGHLY POTENT METABOLITES (PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, LEUKOTRIENES, RESOLVINS, AND (NEURO)PROTECTINS) INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING OF MEMBRANE-BOUND RECEPTORS, TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS, AND ENZYMES, AND ALSO IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG THEIR MANY TARGETS ARE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS WHICH, UPON LIGATION WITH LCPUFA AND THEIR METABOLITES, FUNCTION AS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OF A VARIETY OF GENES FUNCTIONING IN MANY PATHWAYS. FOR INSTANCE, THE TARGETED PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) ARE STRATEGIC INTERMEDIATES IN THE COORDINATED EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS WITH FUNCTIONS IN, FOR EXAMPLE, LIPID AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. MANY INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED WITH LCPUFA, ESPECIALLY EPA AND DHA, AIMING AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CAD PREVENTIONS, IMPROVEMENT OF FETAL AND NEWBORN (BRAIN) DEVELOPMENT BY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY OR EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE, AND IN PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES. CONSENSUS HAS BEEN REACHED THAT THOSE IN CAD AND DEPRESSION ARE POSITIVE, ALTHOUGH MORE LARGE-SCALE TRIALS ARE NEEDED. MANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTAKES OF SATURATED FAT, TRANS FAT AND EPA + DHA HAVE BEEN ISSUED, NOTABLY FOR CAD PREVENTION, AND ALSO FOR EPA + DHA INTAKES BY PREGNANT WOMEN AND FOR AA, EPA, AND DHA INTAKES BY NEWBORNS. THE ULTIMATE GOAL MIGHT, HOWEVER, BE TO RETURN TO THE FAT QUALITY OF OUR ANCIENT DIET ON WHICH OUR GENES HAVE EVOLVED DURING THE PAST MILLION YEARS OF EVOLUTION, WHILE THIS ACTUALLY APPLIES FOR OUR ENTIRE DIETARY COMPOSITION AND LIFESTYLE, AS TRANSLATED TO THE CULTURE OF THE CURRENT SOCIETY.	2010	

7  4281  33 MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. PREGNANCY IS ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODS IN LIFE WHEN INCREASED MICRONUTRIENTS, AND MACRONUTRIENTS ARE MOST NEEDED BY THE BODY; BOTH FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE MOTHER AND FOR THE GROWING FOETUS AND NEWBORN CHILD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) LIKELY TO BE DEFICIENT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMIC), ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY, AND THE IMPACT OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES. A GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF SOME TWO BILLION PEOPLE AT RISK OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF MANY PREGNANT WOMEN IN LMIC UNDERLINE THE URGENCY TO ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING FOR DELIVERY. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ADEQUATE IRON IS IMPORTANT FOR BEST REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, IODINE AND CALCIUM HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS/NEONATE. LESS CLEAR EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES OF ZINC, COPPER, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FOLATE SUFFICIENCY PERICONCEPTIONALLY IS RECOGNIZED BOTH BY THE PRACTICE OF PROVIDING FOLIC ACID IN ANTENATAL IRON/FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND BY INCREASING NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES FORTIFYING FLOURS WITH FOLIC ACID. OTHER VITAMINS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT INCLUDE VITAMINS B12, D AND A WITH THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GENERALLY LESS LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES AND THE LIKELY INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON FOETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE CURRENTLY BEING CLARIFIED. MICRONUTRIENTS MAY HAVE OTHER MORE SUBTLE, UNRECOGNIZED EFFECTS. THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVED DIETS AND HEALTH AND SANITATION ARE CONSISTENTLY RECOMMENDED, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO MANY OF THE WORLD'S PREGNANT WOMEN. CONSEQUENTLY, SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMMES, FORTIFICATION OF STAPLES AND CONDIMENTS, AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH SUPPORT NEED TO BE SCALED-UP, SUPPORTED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MEASURES. BECAUSE OF THE LIFE-LONG INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING INTER-GENERATIONAL ONES, BOTH CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES NEED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, BUT ALSO DURING ADOLESCENCE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, AND DURING LACTATION. MANY ANTENATAL PROGRAMMES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACHIEVING THIS. WE AIM TO ADDRESS THE NEED FOR MICRONUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES DURING GESTATION AND BEFORE, AND PROPOSE THE SCALING-UP OF CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES THAT ACHIEVE HEALTHIER PREGNANCIES AND IMPROVED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  6724  24 VITAMIN D: EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY, MATERNAL, FETAL AND POSTNATAL OUTCOMES. A HIGH PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH IS IDENTIFIED AS AREA OF PRIMARY CONCERN FOR SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS WORLDWIDE. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AFFECTS NOT ONLY BONE HEALTH BUT MANY SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES SUPPORT THAT PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN, CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS REPRESENT THE HIGH RISK GROUPS FOR DEVELOPING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. CURRENT EVIDENCE HIGHLIGHTS A CRUCIAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PROVIDING THE FETAL LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM AND FETUS DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING IMPLANTATION, PLACENTAL FORMATION, INTRA- AND POSTPARTUM PERIODS. HYPOVITAMINOSIS D DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY, SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS AND PRETERM BIRTH, PREECLAMPSIA, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, IMPAIRED FETAL AND CHILDHOOD GROWTH, INCREASED RISK OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES FOR OFFSPRINGS. POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR THE OBSERVED ASSOCIATIONS CONTAIN METABOLIC, IMMUNOMODULATORY AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN VITAMIN D-ASSOCIATED GENES AND FETAL PROGRAMMING ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST. THE CONCEPT OF PREVENTING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS ACTIVELY DISCUSSED, INCLUDING SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS, REQUIRED DOSES, TIME OF INITIATION AND THERAPY DURATION, INFLUENCE ON GESTATION AND CHILDBIRTH. AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF VITAMIN D DURING PREGNANCY IMPROVES THE MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES, SHORT AND LONG TERM HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING. STILL CURRENT DATA ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL VITAMIN D STATUS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOMES REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. THE LARGE OBSERVATIONAL AND INTERVENTIONAL RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS ARE REQUIRED TO CREATE EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES FOR THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN D IN PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  4071  24 MATERNAL DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF N-3 FATTY ACIDS AFFECTS METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC PHENOTYPES OF THE DEVELOPING FETUS. POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFAS) PLAY MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES. THEY REGULATE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANES AND CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION, AND APOPTOSIS. IN ADDITION, PUFAS ARE INVOLVED IN CELLULAR SIGNALING, GENE EXPRESSION AND SERVE AS PRECURSORS TO SECOND MESSENGERS SUCH AS EICOSANOIDS, DOCOSANOIDS ETC. AND REGULATE SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INCLUDING PLACENTATION, INFLAMMATION, IMMUNITY, ANGIOGENESIS, PLATELET FUNCTION, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, NEUROGENESIS, BONE FORMATION, ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS, PAIN SENSITIVITY, STRESS, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. LINOLEIC ACID, 18:2N-6 (LA) AND ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID, 18:3N-3 (ALA) ARE THE TWO ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED FROM THE DIETS AND SUBSEQUENTLY THEIR LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LCPUFAS) ARE ACCUMULATED IN THE BODY. THE MATERNAL PLASMA LCPUFAS ESPECIALLY ACCUMULATED IN LARGER AMOUNTS IN THE BRAIN DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY VIA THE PLACENTA AND POSTNATALLY FROM MOTHER'S BREAST MILK. VARIOUS STUDIES, INCLUDING OURS, SUGGEST PUFA'S IMPORTANT ROLE IN PLACENTATION, AS WELL AS IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFSPRING. HOWEVER, INTAKES OF MATERNAL N-3 PUFAS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ARE MUCH LOWER IN INDIA COMPARED WITH THE WESTERN POPULATION. IN INDIA, N-3 FATTY ACID STATUS IS FURTHER REDUCED BY HIGHER INTAKE OF N-6 PUFA RICH OILS AND TRANS FATS. MORE DATA ON THE IMPACTS OF LONG TERM MATERNAL N-3 PUFA DEFICIENCY ON PLACENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, GENE EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RESULTANT COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF FETUS & INFANTS ARE EMERGING. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE IMPACTS OF N-3 PUFA DEFICIENCY IN UTERO ON FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ADIPOSITY, ENERGY METABOLISM, MUSCULOSKELETAL DEVELOPMENT, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN FETO-PLACENTAL AXIS FROM THE RECENTLY AVAILABLE PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL DATA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  1939  26 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND (PATHO)PHYSIOLOGY OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE IN OBESE WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY. PRECONCEPTION FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE IS A WELL-KNOWN METHOD OF PRIMARY PREVENTION OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDS). OBESE WOMEN ARE AT A HIGHER RISK FOR HAVING A CHILD WITH A NTD. AS DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE FOR OBESE WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY EXIST, THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN OBESE (PRE)PREGNANT WOMEN, ELABORATES ON POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AND DISCUSSES CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USAGE OF HIGHER DOSES OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTS. WOMEN WITH OBESITY MORE OFTEN SUFFER FROM AN ABSOLUTE FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AS THEY ARE LESS COMPLIANT TO PERICONCEPTIONAL FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE RECOMMENDATIONS. IN ADDITION, THEIR DIETARY FOLATE INTAKE IS LIMITED DUE TO AN UNBALANCED DIET (RELATIVE MALNUTRITION). THE ASSOCIATION OF OBESITY AND NTDS ALSO SEEMS TO BE INDEPENDENT OF FOLATE INTAKE, WITH STUDIES SUGGESTING AN INCREASED NEED OF FOLATE (RELATIVE DEFICIENCY) DUE TO DERANGEMENTS INVOLVED IN OTHER PATHWAYS. THE RELATIVE FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AS A RESULT OF AN INCREASED METABOLIC NEED FOR FOLATE IN OBESE WOMEN, CAN BE DUE TO: (1) LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (2) INSULIN RESISTANCE, (3) INOSITOL, AND (4) DYSBIOTIC GUT MICROBIOME, WHICH PLAYS A ROLE IN FOLATE PRODUCTION AND UPTAKE. IN ALL THESE PATHWAYS, THE FOLATE-DEPENDENT ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IS INVOLVED. IN CONCLUSION, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL FOLATE-RELATED PATHWAYS IMPLIES TO INCREASE THE RECOMMENDED FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN OBESE WOMEN. HOWEVER, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL UPTAKE OF SYNTHETIC FOLIC ACID IS LIMITED AND SIDE-EFFECTS OF UNMETABOLIZED FOLIC ACID IN MOTHERS AND OFFSPRING, IN PARTICULAR VARIATIONS IN EPIGENETIC (RE)PROGRAMMING WITH LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS, CANNOT BE EXCLUDED. THEREFORE, WE EMPHASIZE ON THE URGENT NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND PRECONCEPTION PERSONALIZED COUNSELING ON FOLATE STATUS, LIFESTYLE, AND MEDICAL CONDITIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  4065  30 MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD BLOOD PRESSURE. EXPOSURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUB-OPTIMAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IMPAIRED FETAL GROWTH THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS AN ESTABLISHED RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES THAT INCLUDE THE MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL PERIOD HAVE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL CONDITIONS THAT CONFER INCREASED RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE ABSENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL PRE-CONCEPTION HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, INCREASE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN CHILD OFFSPRING. MATERNAL GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, AND PREECLAMPSIA, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN OFFSPRING. OTHER MATERNAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP IN CHILD OFFSPRING. RECENT, BUT LIMITED, DATA INDICATE THAT ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN CHILDHOOD, DESPITE OTHERWISE NORMAL GESTATION AND HEALTHY NEWBORN. GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN CHILDHOOD CAN BE RELATED TO FAMILIAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS, GENETICS, OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FETAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA). THESE FACTORS, OR COMBINATION OF FACTORS, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE CONDITIONS, COULD INDUCE FETAL PROGRAMING LEADING TO HEALTH CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE. CURRENT AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FETAL ADJUSTMENTS THAT INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  6305  30 THE QUESTION IS WHETHER INTAKE OF FOLIC ACID FROM DIET ALONE DURING PREGNANCY IS SUFFICIENT. PREGNANCY AND FOLIC ACID: PREGNANCY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PERIOD IN LIFE OF EVERY WOMAN, PARTIALLY FOR THE NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS SHE IS GOING THROUGH, PARTIALLY FOR THE EXPECTANCE OF NEW LIFE. IN ADDITION, PREGNANCY IS THE "CRITICAL WINDOW" FOR DEVELOPMENT LATER IN CHILDHOOD, AS A PERIOD OF FOETAL PROGRAMMING DURING WHICH NUTRITION PLAYS ONE OF CRUCIAL ROLES. DESPITE THE GENERAL BELIEF THAT NUTRITION THROUGH PREGNANCY IS ADEQUATE AND CHARACTERIZED BY BETTER NUTRITIONAL HABITS, A NUMBER OF STUDIES DO NOT CORROBORATE THIS BELIEF. ROLE OF FOLIC ACID: AN ADEQUATE FOLATE BLOOD LEVEL IS NECESSARY FOR NORMAL CELL GROWTH, SYNTHESIS OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS INCLUDING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID, PROPER BRAIN AND NEUROLOGIC FUNCTIONS; IT IS INCLUDED IN THE REGULATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE LEVEL, AND CLOSELY RELATED TO THE VITAMIN B12 METABOLISM. FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANCY IS RELATED TO NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS, OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, PRETERM DELIVERY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. FOOD SOURCES: A CORRELATION BETWEEN FOLATE AND THE PREVENTION OF BROAD SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC DISEASES HAS BEEN CONFIRMED. EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM THE EPIGENETIC STUDIES IS NOW BRINGING EVEN MORE LIGHT ON THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLIC ACID. A WIDE RANGE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL FOODS ARE THE NATURAL SOURCES OF FOLATE; LIVER, YEAST, MUSHROOMS, AND GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES BEING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT. DIFFERENT WAYS OF FOOD PREPARATION INFLUENCE THE FOLATE STABILITY AND ITS BIOAVAILABILITY VARIES FROM 25 TO 50% FROM FOODS, 85% FROM ENRICHED FOODS OR 100% FROM SUPPLEMENTS. CONCLUSION: A GREAT AMOUNT OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS HAS LED TO OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN AS WELL AS IN A NUMBER OF OBLIGATORY OR VOLUNTARY FORTIFICATION PROGRAMMES IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FOLATE DEFICIENCY ON THE LEVEL OF DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS. NEVERTHELESS, THERE MUST BE A CERTAIN LEVEL OF PRECAUTION FOR ELDERLY BECAUSE FOLATE CAN MASK THE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY WITH POSSIBLE FATAL OUTCOMES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13   649  28 BIRTHWEIGHT, MATERNAL WEIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PREMATURE BIRTH, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION, AND MATERNAL MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAS BEEN LINKED TO FUTURE RISK OF CANCER. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ESTIMATED BY THE METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME IS AN INDICATOR OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES. WE USED DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM AN EPIGENETIC BIRTH COHORT TO EXPLORE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAJECTORIES OF FETAL AND MATERNAL WEIGHT AND LINE-1 METHYLATION IN 319 MOTHER-CHILD DYADS. NEWBORNS WITH LOW OR HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN THEIR CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO NORMAL WEIGHT INFANTS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, SEX OF THE CHILD, MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY, AND MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (P = 0.007 AND P = 0.036, RESPECTIVELY), BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE WAS SMALL. INFANTS BORN PREMATURELY ALSO HAD LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO TERM INFANTS, AND THIS DIFFERENCE, THOUGH SMALL, WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (P = 0.004). WE DID NOT FIND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY BMI OR GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN AND GLOBAL METHYLATION OF THE CORD BLOOD OR FETAL PLACENTAL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN CORD BLOOD LINE-1 METHYLATION AMONG NEWBORNS WITH LOW AND HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS AMONG PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE WHETHER CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITIES OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14  3578  26 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  5179  25 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  4202  21 METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE. BEING BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE AND A RAPID INCREASE IN WEIGHT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC SYNDROME, WHICH HAS BEEN RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE LIFE ENVIRONMENT AND LINKED TO EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING. METABOLIC SYNDROME INCLUDES WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE >/= 90(TH) PERCENTILE FOR AGE, SEX AND RACE, HIGHER LEVELS OF BLOOD PRESSURE, TRIGLYCERIDES AND FASTING GLUCOSE, AND LOW LEVELS OF HDL-CHOLESTEROL. INSULIN RESISTANCE MAY BE PRESENT AS EARLY AS 1 YEAR OF AGE, AND OBESITY AND/OR TYPE 2 DIABETES ARE MORE PREVALENT IN THOSE BORN SGA THAN THOSE BORN AGA. THE PROGRAMMING OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN BORN SGA INCLUDES AN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, ARTERIAL PROPERTIES AND CORONARY DISEASE. EARLY INTERVENTIONS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO APPROPRIATE MATERNAL NUTRITION, BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY, PROMOTION OF BREAST FEEDING, AND PREVENTION OF RAPID WEIGHT GAIN DURING INFANCY, AND TO PROMOTE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17   518  34 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ANTIBIOTIC EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY, BIRTH WEIGHT AND ABERRANT METHYLATION AT IMPRINTED GENES AMONG OFFSPRING. OBJECTIVES: LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON ADULT-ONSET CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE II DIABETES AND SOME CANCERS. THE ETIOLOGY OF LBW IS MULTI-FACTORIAL. HOWEVER, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS EXPOSURE TO ANTIBIOTICS MAY ALSO INCREASE THE RISK OF LBW. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION ARE UNKNOWN, ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE HYPOTHESIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL ANTIBIOTIC USE AND LBW AND EXAMINED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION THAT CONTROLS GROWTH REGULATORY IMPRINTED GENES IN THESE ASSOCIATIONS. METHODS: BETWEEN 2009-2011, 397 PREGNANT WOMEN WERE ENROLLED AND FOLLOWED UNTIL DELIVERY. PRENATAL ANTIBIOTIC USE WAS ASCERTAINED THROUGH MATERNAL SELF-REPORT. IMPRINTED GENES METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED AT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS WERE USED TO EXAMINE ASSOCIATIONS AMONG ANTIBIOTIC USE, BIRTH WEIGHT AND DMR METHYLATION FRACTIONS. RESULTS: AFTER ADJUSTING FOR INFANT GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, MATERNAL BODY MASS INDEX, DELIVERY ROUTE, GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL AGE AT DELIVERY, FOLIC ACID INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MATERNAL SMOKING AND PARITY, ANTIBIOTIC USE DURING PREGNANCY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 138 G LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT COMPARED WITH NON-ANTIBIOTIC USE (BETA-COEFFICIENT=-132.99, S.E.=50.70, P=0.008). THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE STRONGEST IN NEWBORNS OF WOMEN WHO REPORTED ANTIBIOTIC USE OTHER THAN PENICILLINS (BETA-COEFFICIENT=-135.57, S.E.=57.38, P=0.02). METHYLATION AT FIVE DMRS, IGF2 (P=0.05), H19 (P=0.15), PLAGL1 (P=0.01), MEG3 (P=0.006) AND PEG3 (P=0.08), WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL ANTIBIOTIC USE; AMONG THESE, ONLY METHYLATION AT THE PLAGL1 DMR WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH BIRTH WEIGHT. CONCLUSION: WE REPORT AN INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND LOWER INFANT BIRTH WEIGHT AND PROVIDE THE FIRST EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING IMPRINTED GENE PLASTICITY IN THESE ASSOCIATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  5178  24 PREGNANCY AS A FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF CHILD HEALTH: A REVIEW. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES DURING PREGNANCY INCLUDING OVER- AND UNDERNUTRITION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CHILDBIRTH OUTCOMES, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. WE EXAMINED CONTEMPORARY PREGNANCY-RELATED DETERMINANTS OF CHILD HEALTH. RECENT FINDINGS: WHILE MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION REMAINS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MATERNAL OBESITY AFFECTS FOETAL GROWTH, BIRTH WEIGHT, SURVIVAL AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD OBESITY, ASTHMA AND AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, THE PRENATAL MICROBIOME AND MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION (MIA), A NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESS INDUCED BY DIET AND OTHER EXPOSURES CAUSE FOETAL PROGRAMMING RESULTING IN THESE CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. MATERNAL DIET IS POTENTIALLY A MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR FOR CONTROLLING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO REFINE GUIDANCE ON DIETARY RESTRICTION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY AND DETERMINE HOW MIA AND PRENATAL MICROBIOTA CAN BE APPLIED TO CONTROL CHILDHOOD DISEASES ARISING FROM PROGRAMMING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19   418  44 ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAMS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AND ADVERSE MATERNAL AND NEWBORN OUTCOMES. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC STRESS IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF MANY CAUSES OF HUMAN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB), BUT NO DIRECT EVIDENCE HAS YET BEEN PROVIDED. HERE WE SHOW IN RATS THAT STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS HAS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE, METABOLIC AND BEHAVIOURAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PTB POSSIBLY VIA MICRORNA (MIRNA) REGULATION. METHODS: PREGNANT DAMS OF THE PARENTAL GENERATION WERE EXPOSED TO STRESS FROM GESTATIONAL DAYS 12 TO 18. THEIR PREGNANT DAUGHTERS (F1) AND GRAND-DAUGHTERS (F2) EITHER WERE STRESSED OR REMAINED AS NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS, LITTER SIZE AND OFFSPRING WEIGHT GAIN FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 1 TO 30 WERE RECORDED IN EACH GENERATION, INCLUDING F3. MATERNAL BEHAVIOURS WERE ANALYSED FOR THE FIRST HOUR AFTER COMPLETED PARTURITION, AND OFFSPRING SENSORIMOTOR DEVELOPMENT WAS RECORDED ON POSTNATAL DAY (P) 7. F0 THROUGH F2 MATERNAL BRAIN FRONTAL CORTEX, UTERUS AND PLACENTA MIRNA AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS WERE USED TO IDENTIFY STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR AND PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. RESULTS: PROGRESSIVELY UP TO THE F2 GENERATION, STRESS GRADUALLY REDUCED GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN AND BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVITY, AND INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. REDUCED OFFSPRING GROWTH AND DELAYED BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STRESS COHORT WAS RECOGNIZABLE AS EARLY AS P7, WITH THE GREATEST EFFECT IN THE F3 OFFSPRING OF TRANSGENERATIONALLY STRESSED MOTHERS. FURTHERMORE, STRESS ALTERED MIRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE BRAIN AND UTERUS OF F2 MOTHERS, INCLUDING THE MIR-200 FAMILY, WHICH REGULATES PATHWAYS RELATED TO BRAIN PLASTICITY AND PARTURITION, RESPECTIVELY. MAIN MIR-200 FAMILY TARGET GENES IN THE UTERUS, STAT5B, ZEB1 AND ZEB2, WERE DOWNREGULATED BY MULTIGENERATIONAL STRESS IN THE F1 GENERATION. ZEB2 WAS ALSO REDUCED IN THE STRESSED F2 GENERATION, SUGGESTING A CAUSAL MECHANISM FOR DISTURBED PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. ADDITIONALLY, STRESS INCREASED PLACENTAL MIR-181A, A MARKER OF HUMAN PTB. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT A FAMILY HISTORY OF STRESS MAY PROGRAM CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL PATHWAYS REGULATING GESTATIONAL LENGTH AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE MATERNAL LINEAGE. THIS NEW PARADIGM MAY MODEL THE ORIGIN OF MANY HUMAN PTB CAUSES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20    86  41 A PATERNAL HYPERCALORIC DIET AFFECTS THE METABOLISM AND FERTILITY OF F1 AND F2 WISTAR RAT GENERATIONS. INCREASED FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE INTAKES BASED ON THE WESTERN DIET ARE IMPORTANT LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO HYPERCALORIC INPUTS, OBESITY, AND MALE FERTILITY NEGATIVE EFFECTS. EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION MAY ALSO PREDISPOSE DESCENDED GENERATIONS TO CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, BEHAVIORAL, AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS. THE PRESENT STUDY SOUGHT TO EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF A HIGH-FAT-HIGH-SUGAR (HFHS) DIET SUPPLIED TO WISTAR RATS FROM 25 TO 90 DAYS OF LIFE ON REPRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN MALE GENERATIONS F0, F1, AND F2. THE STANDARD GROUP RECEIVED THE NORMOCALORIC - NUVILAB QUIMTIA(R) -3.86 KCAL/KG. THE HYPERCALORIC DIET (HD) GROUP RECEIVED THE HFHS DIET - PRAGSOLUCOES(R) -4.77 KCAL/KG. BODY WEIGHT, ADIPOSITY, F1 AND F2 PREPUBERTAL AGE EVALUATIONS, ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST, INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST, ORGAN WEIGHTS, SPERM COUNT AND MORPHOLOGY ASSESSMENTS, AND HISTOMETRIC TESTICULAR ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED. THE HFHS DIET PROMOTED DYSLIPIDEMIA, HIGHER ADIPOSITY, LOWER RELATIVE ORGAN WEIGHTS, AND HIGHER MEAN KIDNEY WEIGHT, DECREASED MEAN TESTICLE AND PARENCHYMA WEIGHTS AND LOWER HEIGHT OF SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM (HE) FOR THE F0 GENERATION. F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING OF HD GROUP DISPLAYED EARLY PREPREPUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT, ALTHOUGH DID NOT ALTER THE METABOLIC PARAMETERS. DECREASED HE AND TUBULAR TESTICULAR COMPARTMENT VOLUMETRIC DENSITY AND INCREASED INTERTUBULAR TESTICULAR COMPARTMENT VOLUMETRIC DENSITY AND VOLUME IN THE F1 GENERATION OF HD GROUP WERE OBSERVED. ALTERATIONS IN HISTOMETRY OF INTERTUBULAR TESTICULAR COMPARTMENT WERE ALSO NOTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE HFHS EXPERIMENTAL MODEL ALTERED ONLY PATERNAL METABOLIC PARAMETERS. HOWEVER, REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF THE THREE GENERATIONS WERE AFFECTED.	2020