1  1484 137 DLEU2: A MEANINGFUL LONG NONCODING RNA IN ONCOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) WITH LITTLE OR NO CODING ABILITY HAS SHOWN A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN CANCER, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DNA DAMAGE, REGULATION OF MICRORNAS, AND PARTICIPATION IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. LNCRNA CAN BE USED AS AN ONCOGENE AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CANCER. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OVER-EXPRESSED LNCRNA DLEU2 PROMOTES THE OCCURRENCE OF LARYNGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, ETC., AND INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DELETED IN LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 2 (DLEU2), AS ONE OF THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WAS FIRST FOUND IN CHRONIC LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND DRAWN INTO THE PROGRESS OF INNUMERABLE CANCERS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DLEU2 IN MULTIPLE TUMORS WILL BE REVEALED. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, CURRENT STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF DLEU2 IN TUMORS ARE SUMMARIZED AND ANALYZED; RELATED RESEARCHES ARE SYSTEMATICALLY RETRIEVED AND COLLECTED THROUGH PUBMED. RESULTS: DLEU2, A NOVEL CANCER-RELATED LNCRNA, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE ABNORMALLY EXPRESSED IN VARIOUS MALIGNANT TUMORS, INCLUDING LEUKEMIA, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, GLIOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA, BLADDER CANCER, PANCREATIC CANCER, PHARYNX AND THROAT CANCER, RENAL CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA, BREAST CANCER, OSTEOSARCOMA. BESIDES, LNCRNA DLEU2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, INVASION AND INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS OF CANCER CELLS. CONCLUSION: DUE TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DLEU2, IT MAY REPRESENT AN AVAILABLE BIOMARKER OR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN A VARIETY OF MALIGNANT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  5858  38 SULFORAPHANE AND EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE RESTORE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION BY MODULATING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE BREAST CANCER CELL LINE MDA-MB-231: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND/AIMS: EPIGENETICS REFERS TO MODIFICATIONS IN GENE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERATION AT THE DNA SEQUENCE. ENVIRONMENT AND DIET COULD INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION. DIET MODIFICATIONS MAY BE MEANINGFUL IN PREVENTING AND TREATING CHRONIC DISEASES, CANCER INCLUDED. DIETARY BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS POLYPHENOLS (E.G., CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, OR EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE [EGCG]) OR ISOTHIOCYANATE (E.G., SULFORAPHANE [SFN]), CAN REGULATE HISTONE ACETYLATION. THE AIM OF THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF SFN AND EGCG ON BREAST CANCER (BC) CELLS CULTURED IN VITRO. METHODS: DUE TO THE ENORMOUS VARIABILITY OBSERVED IN STUDY PROTOCOLS AND THE INNUMERABLE GENES INVOLVED, ONLY STUDIES ANALYZING THE NUMBER OF APOPTOTIC CELLS IN THE MDA-MB-231 CELL LINE WERE EVALUATED. THE EFFECT SIZE (ES) WAS COMPUTED AS THE RATIO OF MEANS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 7 STUDIES, 4 REGARDING THE EFFECT OF 10 MICROM SFN ON MDA-MB-231 CELLS (ES = 4.59, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 4.05-5.20) AND 3 FOCUSING ON THE IMPACT OF 20 MICROM EGCG (ES = 2.84, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 2.60-3.10). CONCLUSION: THE FINDINGS SUGGEST BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS SFN AND EGCG AND THEIR EFFECT ON BC CELLS BY RESTORING ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION, MODULATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND EVENTS, AND INTERFERING WITH TUMOR GROWTH RATE. PUBLICATION BIAS LIMITS THE GENERALIZABILITY OF THE CONCLUSIONS. HIGH-QUALITY STUDIES ARE NEEDED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3   257  28 ADVANCES IN ONCOANAESTHESIA AND CANCER PAIN. INTRODUCTION: THE GROWING INTEREST ON HOW PERI-?OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS, ESPECIALLY REGIONAL ANESTHESIA, DURING CANCER SURGERY CAN ALTER ONCOLOGICAL OUTCOME INCREASING DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL IS PROBABLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BIRTH OF THE NEW SUBSPECIALTY CALLED ONCO-ANESTHESIA. A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE CONCEPT OF ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT HAS OCCURRED RECENTLY OWING TO THE INNUMERABLE DIVERSE REVELATIONS FROM THE ONGOING RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. DISCUSSION: LONG LASTING BUT REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN OCCUR DUE TO SURGICAL STRESS AND PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS. THE EXACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE FACTORS AND TUMOR BIOLOGY IS BEING STUDIED FURTHER. A POPULAR TOPIC UNDER RESEARCH NOW IS THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA ON CANCER RECURRENCE. COMBINING NERVE BLOCKS WITH TOTAL INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA (TIVA) BRINGS DOWN THE REQUIREMENT OF OPIOIDS AND VOLATILE ANESTHETIC AGENTS IMPLICATED IN CANCER RECURRENCE. THE STUDY OF MECHANISM OF PAIN AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL HAS LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL MODES OF PREVENTION OF CHRONIC POST-SURGICAL PAIN. NEWER COMBINATION AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT THERAPIES -INTRAOPERATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY, ISOLATED LIMB PERFUSION, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND ROBOTIC SURGERY REQUIRE SPECIALIZED ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT. THE COVID PANDEMIC INTRODUCED NEW GUIDELINES FOR SAFE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOSURGICAL PATIENTS .USE OF GENOMIC MAPPING TO PERSONALIZE PAIN MANAGEMENT WILL BE THE BREAKTHROUGH OF THE DECADE. CONCLUSION: THE DISCOVERY THAT ANESTHETIC STRATEGY COULD HAVE SIGNIFICANT ONCOLOGICAL SEQUEL IS A QUANTUM LEAP FORWARD. AVOIDING SOME ANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS MAY DECREASE CANCER RECURRENCE. COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CARE AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH WILL PAVE THE WAY TO UNCOVER SAFE ANESTHETIC PRACTICES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  2581  30 EPIGENETICS OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES. ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS ARE THREE CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASES THAT AFFECT AN ESTIMATED 420 MILLION INDIVIDUALS ACROSS THE GLOBE. A KEY FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO EACH OF THESE CONDITIONS IS MUCUS HYPERSECRETION. ALTHOUGH MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISEASES IS VASTLY STUDIED, RESEARCHERS HAVE ONLY BEGUN TO SCRATCH THE SURFACE OF THE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO MUCUS HYPERSECRETION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION, OTHER THAN MICRORNA POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION, IS EVEN MORE SCARCELY RESEARCHED. DETAILED STUDY OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, COULD NOT ONLY HELP TO BETTER THE UNDERSTANDING OF THESE RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS BUT ALSO REVEAL NEW TREATMENTS FOR THEM. BECAUSE MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IS SUCH A COMPLEX EVENT, THERE ARE INNUMERABLE GENES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS, WHICH ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF A SINGLE REVIEW. THEREFORE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO NARROW THE FOCUS AND SUMMARIZE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC RESEARCH THAT HAS BEEN CONDUCTED ON A FEW ASPECTS OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, AND SOME CANCERS. SPECIFICALLY, THIS REVIEW EMPHASIZES THE CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF PARTICULAR GENES INVOLVED IN MUCUS HYPERSECRETION TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE THERAPIES FOR THESE CONDITIONS. ELUCIDATING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THESE RESPIRATORY DISEASES MAY PROVIDE A BREATH OF FRESH AIR TO MILLIONS OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS AROUND THE WORLD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  2586  27 EPIGENETICS OF PAIN MEDIATORS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS CONTINUES ITS INFLUENTIAL RISE AS A MEANS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND AN ORGANISM'S UNIQUE DEVELOPMENTAL IDENTITY OVER A LIFESPAN. WHEREAS A GENOME IS CONSTANT AND UNCHANGING, AN EPIGENOME IS DYNAMIC AND ALTERABLE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE IN RESPONSE TO INNUMERABLE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, DISEASE, TOXINS, AND STRESS. EPIGENETICS IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IN THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY BOTH FOR THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE DISEASE AND AS A TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A SUCCINCT EXPLANATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETICS TO INFLUENCE THE UNDERSTANDING OF PAIN AS WELL AS A REVIEW OF RELEVANT RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC. RECENT FINDINGS: STUDIES ON EPIGENETICS AND PAIN REMAIN LARGELY PRECLINICAL AND INVESTIGATE THE THEORETICAL ABILITY OF EPIGENETICS TO ALTER THE NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS BOTH IN THE PERIPHERY AND CENTRALLY. SIGNIFICANT EVIDENCE NOW EXISTS FOR THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETICS TO MODIFY BROADLY CATEGORIZED PAIN TYPES, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY, NEUROPATHIC, VISCERAL, AND CANCER RELATED. SUMMARY: BOTH PATIENTS AND PROVIDERS RECOGNIZE THAT NOVEL MEDICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS ARE SORELY NEEDED. THE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETICS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON NOCICEPTION REMAINS IN RELATIVE INFANCY BUT EARLY EVIDENCE IS STRONG FOR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS TO TREAT THESE CONDITIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  6805  28 [EPIGENETICS : IMPORTANT ASPECTS FOR ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, PAIN AND INTENSIVE CARE PHYSICIANS]. EPIGENETICS, I.E. AN ALTERED READING OF THE GENOME WITHOUT ALTERING THE GENES THEMSELVES IS A GROWING SCIENTIFIC FIELD. A DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN CHANGES IN THE DNA BY MODIFICATION OF THE HISTONES AND NON-CODING RNA THAT ALTER THE MESSENGER (M)RNAS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRIGGERED BY PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES OR OTHER EXTERNAL FACTORS AND THEREFORE INFLUENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASES. EPIGENETICS ARE THEREFORE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, PAIN SPECIALISTS AND INTENSIVE CARE PHYSICIANS, AS ANESTHETIC DRUGS MAY HAVE A LONG-TERM INFLUENCE ON PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTION LEADING FOR EXAMPLE TO ALTERATIONS IN NEUROCOGNITION AFTER ANESTHESIA, CHRONIFICATION OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN SEPSIS. NON-CODING MICRORNAS KNOWN TO BE ALTERED IN A VARIETY OF PERIOPERATIVELY RELEVANT DISEASES E. G. HEART INFARCT, MIGHT SERVE AS PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOME. MOREOVER, THERE ARE WAYS TO INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH LIFE STYLE AND CERTAIN MEDICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE, EXAMPLES OF ANESTHESIA, INTENSIVE CARE AND PAIN MEDICINE-RELEVANT DISEASES AND THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETICS ON THEM ARE PRESENTED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  1249  28 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ETIOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE. OBJECTIVE: TO REVIEW THE MECHANISMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS, CELLULAR DYSREGULATION, INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW REGARDING CURRENT ASPECTS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS ETIOLOGY, GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT WAS PERFORMED USING THE PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, AND ELIBRARY DATABASES. KEYWORDS INCLUDED ENDOMETRIOSIS, ETIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, GENESIS, ASSOCIATIONS AND MECHANISMS. A MULTILINGUAL SEARCH WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: SEVERAL MECHANISMS UNDERLINE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT. EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCES, AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL AND REGULATION. SEVERAL HISTORICALLY VALID THEORIES ON ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT WERE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS UPDATED FINDINGS. CONCLUSION: DESPITE RECENT ADVANCES, FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN UNDERSTANDING ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAIN UNRESOLVED. THE IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN CIRCULATING EPITHELIAL PROGENITORS OR STEM CELLS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EPITHELIAL GROWTH IN BOTH THE ENDOMETRIUM AND ENDOMETRIOTIC FOCI SEEMS TO BE THE NEXT STEP IN SOLVING THESE QUESTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  3900  26 LATEST INSIGHTS INTO PATHOGENESIS OF MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA (CTCL) IS A RARE BUT INCREASING MALIGNANCY WHOSE PROTEAN MANIFESTATIONS NECESSARILY PRESENT IN THE INTEGUMENT, BUT CAN ALSO SPREAD TO INVOLVE BLOOD, LYMPH NODES AND INTERNAL ORGANS. WE HAVE DEVELOPED EFFICACIOUS AND VARIED THERAPIES TO TREAT EARLY AND ADVANCED STAGE DISEASE, BUT THERE ARE STILL MANY WHO SUFFER TREMENDOUSLY FROM THIS ILLNESS. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS CANCER REMAINS FRUSTRATINGLY ELUSIVE, OVER THE LAST 200 YEARS WE HAVE GENERATED A ROBUST BODY OF EVIDENCE THAT POINTS TOWARD POSSIBLE SINGULAR AS WELL AS MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGIES. COMBINING THE HISTORICAL HYPOTHESES WHICH HAVE FOCUSED UPON THE CONCEPT OF INFECTIOUS CAUSES, INCLUDING CARCINOGENIC GENOMIC VIRAL INTEGRATION AND BACTERIAL SUPERANTIGENIC CHRONIC STIMULATION AS WELL AS INDUSTRIAL/OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, ALONG WITH THE MORE RECENT REVELATIONS OF BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND IMMUNE DYSREGULATION, WE ARE CLOSER THAN EVER TO UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOLOGY OF CTCL. IT IS THROUGH THIS KNOWLEDGE AND CONTINUED RESEARCH EFFORTS THAT WE WILL BE ABLE TO BETTER DIAGNOSE, TREAT, AND POTENTIALLY PREVENT OR CURE CTCL.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9   393  19 AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETICS IN NURSING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE GENOME ARE BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS TO THE DNA THAT DO NOT CHANGE AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENOME BUT DO CHANGE AND INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION. THE NURSING PROFESSION IS QUALIFIED TO CONDUCT AND INTEGRATE EPIGENETIC-FOCUSED NURSING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES CURRENT EPIGENETIC NURSING RESEARCH, PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF HOW EPIGENETIC RESEARCH RELATES TO NURSING PRACTICE, MAKES RECOMMENDATIONS, AND PROVIDES EPIGENETIC ONLINE RESOURCES FOR NURSING RESEARCH. AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN NURSING (SPECIFIC TO CHILDBIRTH STUDIES, PREECLAMPSIA, METABOLIC SYNDROME, IMMUNOTHERAPY CANCER, AND PAIN) IS PROVIDED, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON NEXT STEPS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  2016  33 EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN PROGRESSION FROM NON-DYSPLASTIC BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS TO OESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL. INTRODUCTION: BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS (BO), A METAPLASTIC CONDITION AFFECTING THE LOWER OESOPHAGUS DUE TO LONG-STANDING GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IS A PRECURSOR LESION FOR OESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (OADC). THERE IS NO CLINICAL TEST TO PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS WITH BO WILL PROGRESS TO OADC. THE BRITISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY RECOMMENDS ENDOSCOPIC SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH BO. EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN WELL CHARACTERISED IN THE NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS TO COLONIC CARCINOMA, ANOTHER GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL AIMS TO IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE STUDIES WHICH EXAMINE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN BO AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PROGRESSION TO OADC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: ALL PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE PRIMARY STUDIES, AND EXISTING SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS INVESTIGATING EPIGENETIC MARKERS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, CHROMATIN REMODELLING, MICRO AND NON-CODING RNAS OF ALL TYPES WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. ELIGIBLE PATIENTS ARE THOSE OVER THE AGE OF 18 WITH BO, BO WITH DYSPLASIA, OADC OR UNSPECIFIED OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. A COMPREHENSIVE SEARCH OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES USING COMBINATIONS OF TEXT AND INDEX WORDS RELATING TO THE POPULATION, PROGNOSTIC MARKERS AND OUTCOME WILL BE UNDERTAKEN WITH NO LANGUAGE RESTRICTIONS. RESULTS WILL BE SCREENED BY 2 INDEPENDENT REVIEWERS AND DATA EXTRACTED USING A STANDARDISED PROFORMA. THE QUALITY AND RISK OF BIAS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES WILL BE ASSESSED USING THE QUALITY IN PROGNOSTIC STUDIES (QUIPS) TOOL. A NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS OF ALL EVIDENCE WILL BE PERFORMED WITH KEY FINDINGS TABULATED. META-ANALYSIS WILL BE CONSIDERED WHERE STUDIES AND REPORTED OUTCOMES ARE CONSIDERED SUFFICIENTLY HOMOGENEOUS, BOTH CLINICALLY AND METHODOLOGICALLY. FINDINGS WILL BE INTERPRETED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE QUALITY OF INCLUDED STUDIES. THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WILL BE REPORTED ACCORDING TO PRISMA GUIDELINES. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: THIS IS A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF COMPLETED STUDIES AND NO ETHICAL APPROVAL IS REQUIRED. FINDINGS FROM THE FULL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WILL BE SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION AND PRESENTATION AT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES WHICH WILL INFORM FUTURE RESEARCH ON RISK STRATIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH BO. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016038654.	2016	

11   455  35 APPLICATIONS OF YOGA IN ORAL ONCOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC SCOPING REVIEW. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: YOGA IS WELL-THOUGHT-OUT AS AN ALL-INCLUSIVE APPROACH GLOBALLY AND CAN BE ADMINISTERED IN CLINICAL CARE AS AN INTEGRATIVE OR ALTERNATE APPROACH TO REGULAR TREATMENT. YOGA EXERCISE HAS BEEN DISCLOSED TO INFLUENCE REMISSION FROM CANCER CELLS OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME AND ALSO REVERSES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. APPLICATIONS OF YOGA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORAL ONCOLOGY PATIENTS ARE SCARCE, HENCE THE NEED FOR A SCOPING REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. HENCE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO CONDUCT A SCOPING REVIEW OF THE EXISTING EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE APPLICATIONS OF YOGA IN ORAL ONCOLOGY. METHODS: THE REVIEW METHODOLOGY WAS INFORMED BY JOANNA BRIGG'S INSTITUTE GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEMATIC SCOPING REVIEWS, AND THE REVIEW WAS REPORTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES EXTENSION FOR SCOPING REVIEWS. TEN DATABASES WERE SEARCHED. THE RECORDS OF ALL THE LITERATURE RETRIEVED FROM THE SEARCH WERE IMPORTED INTO THE RAYYAN SOFTWARE FOR DEDUPLICATION. AFTER THE FULL-TEXT SCREENING, ONLY TWO WERE FOUND ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION IN THE SCOPING REVIEW. DATA OBTAINED IN THE INCLUDED LITERATURE WERE EXTRACTED AND SYNTHESIZED. RESULTS: THIS REVIEW FOUND THAT YOGA WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STRESS AMONG ORAL CANCER PATIENTS (P-VALUES > 0.04). HOWEVER, IT WAS FOUND THAT YOGA SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED ANXIETY, SALIVA STICKINESS, AND EPISODES OF FALLING ILL (P-VALUES < 0.05) WHILE IT IMPROVED MENTAL WELL-BEING, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING, EMOTIONAL FUNCTIONING, AND HEAD AND NECK PAIN OF THOSE ORAL CANCER PATIENTS THAT RECEIVED IT (P-VALUES < 0.05). CONCLUSION: AN INTEGRATIVE CARE APPROACH THAT CONSIDERS NONPHARMACEUTICAL TECHNIQUES SUCH AS YOGA COULD HELP TO REDUCE CARE COST WHILE IMPROVING CARE OUTCOMES AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF ORAL CANCER PATIENTS. HENCE, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO CONSIDER YOGA ALONG WITH ITS POTENTIAL BENEFITS, AND WE RECOMMEND GRADUAL INCORPORATION OF YOGA INTO ORAL CANCER CARE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  1889  25 ENDOMETRIOSIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION: EPIGENETICS AS A PROBABLE MECHANISM IN OVARIAN TUMORIGENESIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS, DEFINED AS THE PRESENCE OF ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS AND STROMA OUTSIDE THE UTERINE CAVITY, IS A CHRONIC, HORMONE-DEPENDENT GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE AFFECTING MILLIONS OF WOMEN ACROSS THE WORLD, WITH SYMPTOMS INCLUDING CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, DYSPAREUNIA, DYSURIA, AND SUBFERTILITY. IN ADDITION, THERE IS WELL-ESTABLISHED EVIDENCE THAT, ALTHOUGH ENDOMETRIOSIS IS CONSIDERED BENIGN, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT. MORE AND MORE EVIDENCE REVEALS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION NOT ONLY IN ENDOMETRIOSIS BUT ALSO IN MECHANISMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND MIRNA ABERRANT EXPRESSIONS. IN THIS PRESENT REVIEW, WE MAINLY SUMMARIZE THE RESEARCH PROGRESS ABOUT THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND OVARIAN CANCER IN AN EFFORT TO IDENTIFY SOME RISK FACTORS PROBABLY ASSOCIATED WITH ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM TRANSFORMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  3010  30 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS IN PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: TO SUMMARIZE IS TO REVIEW RECENT PROGRESS IN 'GENOMIC' SCIENCE AND HOW THIS MAY BE APPLIED TO THE PERIOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH INVESTIGATIONS THAT RELATE GENETIC VARIATION TO PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES CONTINUE, IT IS INCREASINGLY APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO MUCH OF THE OBSERVED VARIATION IN COMPLEX OUTCOMES NOT OTHERWISE EXPLAINED BY DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC SEQUENCE. RECENT FINDINGS: EXAMPLES OF RECENT FINDINGS RELATING TO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN COMPLEX DISEASE AND OUTCOMES ARE DERIVED FROM RESEARCH INTO TYPE 1 DIABETES, PAIN, AND THE HYPOXIC RESPONSE. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE MODELS FOR FUTURE COHORT STUDY DESIGN, POTENTIAL PERIOPERATIVE DRUG TARGETS, AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS COMBINE TO ALTER BOTH GENE EXPRESSION AND DRUG RESPONSES AT BOTH PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC LEVELS. THESE FACTORS IMPACT ON THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF MULTIPLE DRUG CLASSES USED IN PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE. SUMMARY: ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY IN WHICH PATIENTS AS GENOMIC ORGANISMS INTERACT WITH THE PERIOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENT REQUIRES A MORE SOPHISTICATED APPRECIATION OF THE FACTORS GOVERNING GENE EXPRESSION THAN HAS BEEN THE CASE TO DATE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE SURE TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN WHAT IS ESSENTIALLY AN ACQUIRED PHENOTYPE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  3821  18 INTRODUCTION: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO THERAPY, DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. A NUMBER OF THEORIES MAY EXPLAIN ITS PATHOGENESIS AND MANY ARGUMENTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE A PREREQUISITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LESIONS INTO DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS IS FREQUENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PELVIC PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, AND/OR DEEP DYSPAREUNIA, BUT CAN ALSO CAUSE OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS. DIAGNOSIS MAY BE IMPROVED BY HIGH-QUALITY IMAGING. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE A SOURCE OF CONTENTION AS WELL. IN THIS ISSUE'S VIEWS AND REVIEWS, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES ARE DISCUSSED, AND IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT TREATMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED ACCORDING TO A PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS AND INDIVIDUAL NEEDS. IT IS ALSO VITAL THAT REFERRAL CENTERS HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO TREAT DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS MEDICALLY AND/OR SURGICALLY. THE DEBATE MUST CONTINUE BECAUSE EMERGING TRENDS IN THERAPY NEED TO BE FOLLOWED AND INVESTIGATED FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  6682  33 UTERINE LEIOMYOMA: AVAILABLE MEDICAL TREATMENTS AND NEW POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. CONTEXT: UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (FIBROIDS OR MYOMAS) ARE BENIGN TUMORS OF THE UTERUS AND ARE CLINICALLY APPARENT IN UP TO 25% OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN. HEAVY OR ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, PELVIC PAIN OR PRESSURE, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH LEIOMYOMA. ALTHOUGH SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL THERAPIES ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS TUMOR, MEDICAL THERAPIES ARE CONSIDERED THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT OF LEIOMYOMA. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS: A REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF ELECTRONIC AND PRINT DATA COMPRISING BOTH ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL TREATMENTS OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA RETRIEVED FROM THE PUBMED OR GOOGLE SCHOLAR DATABASE UP TO JUNE 2012. THESE RESOURCES WERE INTEGRATED WITH THE AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE FIELD. CONCLUSION: TO DATE, SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, GROWTH FACTORS, CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LEIOMYOMA DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH. ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT HYPOTHESES, SEVERAL MEDICAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. GNRH AGONIST HAS BEEN APPROVED BY US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR REDUCING FIBROID VOLUME AND RELATED SYMPTOMS. IN ADDITION, THE FDA ALSO APPROVED AN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE, LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING INTRAUTERINE SYSTEM (MIRENA), FOR ADDITIONAL USE TO TREAT HEAVY MENSTRUAL BLEEDING IN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE USERS ONLY. CURRENTLY, MIFEPRISTONE, ASOPRISNIL, ULIPRISTAL ACETATE, AND EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR FIBROID REGRESSION AND SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT WHICH ARE ALL IN CLINICAL TRIAL. IN ADDITION, SOME SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS AS WELL AS GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS ARE NOW UNDER LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, AND THEY COULD SERVE AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  2175  30 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ANGIOGENESIS IN THE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES WITH ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETICS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MICRORNAS, IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT DO NOT INCLUDE DNA-SEQUENCE ALTERATIONS. EPIGENETICS HAS BECOME A NEW STRATEGY FOR BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH ON ACUPUNCTURE IN THE LAST DECADE. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH UPDATE WAS TO SUMMARIZE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ANGIOGENESIS INDUCED BY ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE CURRENT AUTHORS' GROUP HAS BEEN WORKING TO ILLUSTRATE THE MECHANISM OF ACUPUNCTURE FROM AN EPIGENETICS PERSPECTIVE, WHICH HAS SHED NEW LIGHTS ON THE MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS OF ACUPUNCTURE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE GROUP'S NEW FINDINGS IN ANIMAL MODELS AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA. PROGRESS SINCE 2011 IN OTHER TEAMS' RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD IS ALSO DISCUSSED IN THIS ARTICLE. CONCLUSIONS: ACUPUNCTURE COULD REGULATE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND COULD RESCUE PATIENTS WHO SUSTAIN ISCHEMIC INJURIES. THIS TREATMENT COULD POSSIBLY WORK THROUGH PROMOTING ANGIOGENESIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17   264  24 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  5290  18 PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION: AGENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES. DESPITE ADVANCES IN SURGERY, RADIATION, AND MEDICAL THERAPY OVER THE PAST DECADE AND THE WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF PSA SCREENING, PROSTATE CANCER CONTINUES TO BE THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH IN MEN IN THE UNITED STATES. INVASIVE CANCER IS THE END RESULT OF CARCINOGENESIS, A CHRONIC PROCESS OCCURRING OVER MANY YEARS DRIVEN BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THE PROTRACTED NATURE OF THIS TRANSFORMATION TO THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY TO INTERVENE PHARMACOLOGICALLY TO PREVENT, REVERSE, OR DELAY CARCINOGENESIS, I.E. CHEMOPREVENTION. HEREIN, WE DESCRIBE THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CANCER PREVENTION, AS OPPOSED TO CANCER TREATMENT, AGENT DEVELOPMENT CLINICAL TRIALS, AND PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF THE ONGOING RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD BEING SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  2108  27 EPIGENETIC FACTORS RELATED TO LOW BACK PAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE. LOW BACK PAIN (LBP) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF PAIN AND DISABILITY. AT PRESENT, TREATMENT AND INTERVENTIONS FOR ACUTE AND CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN OFTEN FAIL TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT LEVELS OF PAIN RELIEF, AND FULL FUNCTIONAL RESTORATION CAN BE CHALLENGING. CONSIDERING THE SIGNIFICANT SOCIO-ECONOMIC BURDEN AND RISK-TO-BENEFIT RATIO OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTION IN LOW BACK PAIN PATIENTS, THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BACK PAIN COULD BE USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO REVIEW THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE REGARDING THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BACK PAIN. THIS REVIEW WAS CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE WITH PREFERENTIAL REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES (PRISMA) GUIDELINES. THE SEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT IN OCTOBER 2022. ONLY PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES WERE CONSIDERED FOR INCLUSION. FOURTEEN STUDIES WERE INCLUDED AND SHOWED PROMISING RESULTS IN TERMS OF RELIABLE MARKERS. EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR LBP HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY MODIFY DISEASE MANAGEMENT. MOST RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS IS A MORE PROMISING FIELD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LBP, OFFERING A RATIONALE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION IN THIS FIELD WITH THE LONG-TERM GOAL OF FINDING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT COULD CONSTITUTE BIOLOGICAL TARGETS FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  2932  26 GENES AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES AS PROSPECTIVE PAIN TARGETS. CHRONIC PAIN AFFECTS APPROXIMATELY ONE IN FIVE ADULTS, RESULTING IN A GREATLY REDUCED QUALITY OF LIFE AND A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING CO-MORBIDITIES SUCH AS DEPRESSION. AVAILABLE TREATMENTS OFTEN PROVIDE INADEQUATE PAIN RELIEF, BUT IT IS HOPED THAT THROUGH DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CHRONIC PAIN STATES WE CAN DISCOVER NEW AND IMPROVED THERAPIES. ALTHOUGH GENETIC RESEARCH HAS FLOURISHED OVER THE PAST DECADE AND HAS IDENTIFIED MANY KEY GENES IN PAIN PROCESSING, THE BUDDING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS PROMISES TO PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS AND A MORE DYNAMIC VIEW OF PAIN REGULATION. THIS REVIEW GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF BASIC MECHANISMS AND CURRENT THERAPIES TO TREAT PAIN, AND DISCUSSES THE CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON HOW THIS KNOWLEDGE CAN AFFECT DRUG DEVELOPMENT.	2013