1  1080 50 CLOSED COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCES OF TWO NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE STRAINS CONTAINING NOVEL MODA ALLELES FROM THE SPUTUM OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) IS AN IMPORTANT BACTERIAL PATHOGEN THAT CAUSES OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). HERE, WE REPORT THE COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCES OF NTHI STRAINS 10P129H1 AND 84P36H1, ISOLATED FROM COPD PATIENTS, WHICH CONTAIN THE PHASE-VARIABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS MODA15 AND MODA18, RESPECTIVELY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  4718 36 NON-TYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE CONTAIN NEW PHASE-VARIABLE MODA METHYLTRANSFERASE ALLELES CONTROLLING PHASEVARIONS. PHASEVARIONS (PHASE-VARIABLE REGULONS) ARE EMERGING AS AN IMPORTANT AREA OF BACTERIAL GENE REGULATION. MANY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CONTAIN PHASEVARIONS, WITH GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY THE PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. NON-TYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) CONTAINS THE PHASE-VARIABLE METHYLTRANSFERASE MODA, OF WHICH MULTIPLE ALLELIC VARIANTS EXIST (MODA1-21). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED 5 OF 21 THESE MODA ALLELES ARE OVERREPRESENTED IN NTHI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS. IN THIS STUDY WE INVESTIGATED THE MODA ALLELE DISTRIBUTION IN NTHI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, COPD. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF MODA ALLELES IN A LARGE PANEL OF COPD ISOLATES IS DIFFERENT TO THE DISTRIBUTION SEEN IN MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS, SUGGESTING DIFFERENT MODA ALLELES MAY PROVIDE DISTINCT ADVANTAGES IN THE DIFFERING NICHES OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND COPD AIRWAYS. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED TWO NEW PHASE-VARIABLE MODA ALLELES - MODA15 AND MODA18 - AND DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE ALLELES METHYLATE DISTINCT DNA SEQUENCES AND CONTROL UNIQUE PHASEVARIONS. THE MODA15 AND MODA18 ALLELES HAVE ONLY BEEN OBSERVED IN COPD ISOLATES, INDICATING THAT THESE TWO ALLELES MAY BE MARKERS FOR ISOLATES LIKELY TO CAUSE EXACERBATIONS OF COPD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  2273 25 EPIGENETIC REGULATION ALTERS BIOFILM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPOSITION IN MULTIPLE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE. BIOFILMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE COLONIZATION, PERSISTENCE, AND PATHOGENESIS OF MANY HUMAN PATHOGENS. MULTIPLE MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED PATHOGENS HAVE EVOLVED A MECHANISM OF RAPID ADAPTATION, TERMED THE PHASEVARION, WHICH FACILITATES A COORDINATED REGULATION OF NUMEROUS GENES THROUGHOUT THE BACTERIAL GENOME. THIS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OCCURS VIA PHASE VARIATION OF A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, MOD. THE PHASEVARION OF NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTS THE SEVERITY OF EXPERIMENTAL OTITIS MEDIA AND REGULATES SEVERAL DISEASE-RELATED PROCESSES. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF THE NTHI PHASEVARION IN BIOFILM FORMATION IS UNCLEAR. THE PRESENT STUDY SHOWS THAT THE PHASEVARIONS OF MULTIPLE NTHI CLINICAL ISOLATES REGULATE IN VITRO BIOFILM FORMATION UNDER DISEASE-SPECIFIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE IMPACT OF PHASEVARION REGULATION WAS GREATEST UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC THOSE KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE MIDDLE EAR DURING DISEASE. UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS, NTHI STRAINS THAT EXPRESS THE MODA2 METHYLTRANSFERASE FORMED BIOFILMS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER BIOMASS AND LESS DISTINCT ARCHITECTURE THAN THOSE FORMED BY A MODA2-DEFICIENT POPULATION. THE BIOFILMS FORMED BY NTHI STRAINS THAT EXPRESS MODA2 ALSO CONTAINED LESS EXTRACELLULAR DNA (EDNA) AND SIGNIFICANTLY LESS EXTRACELLULAR HU, A DNABII DNA-BINDING PROTEIN CRITICAL FOR BIOFILM STRUCTURAL STABILITY. STABLE BIOFILM STRUCTURE IS CRITICAL FOR BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS AND PERSISTENCE IN MULTIPLE EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF DISEASE. THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY A ROLE FOR THE PHASEVARION IN REGULATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION, A PROCESS INTEGRAL TO THE CHRONIC NATURE OF MANY INFECTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF THE PHASEVARION IN BIOFILM FORMATION IS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR THESE CHRONIC DISEASES.IMPORTANCE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ARE THE NUMBER ONE REASON FOR A CHILD TO VISIT THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, AND OTITIS MEDIA (MIDDLE EAR INFECTION) RANKS THIRD OVERALL. BIOFILMS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE CHRONIC NATURE OF BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, INCLUDING OTITIS MEDIA, AND MAKE THESE DISEASES PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO TREAT. SEVERAL MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED HUMAN PATHOGENS UTILIZE A MECHANISM OF RAPID ADAPTATION TERMED THE PHASEVARION, OR PHASEVARIABLE REGULON, TO RESIST ENVIRONMENTAL AND HOST IMMUNE PRESSURES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASSESSED THE ROLE OF THE PHASEVARION IN REGULATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI), WHICH CAUSES NUMEROUS RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES. WE FOUND THAT THE NTHI PHASEVARION REGULATES BIOFILM STRUCTURE AND CRITICAL BIOFILM MATRIX COMPONENTS UNDER DISEASE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS. THE FINDINGS OF THIS WORK COULD BE SIGNIFICANT IN THE DESIGN OF IMPROVED STRATEGIES AGAINST NTHI INFECTIONS, AS WELL AS DISEASES DUE TO OTHER PATHOGENS THAT UTILIZE A PHASEVARION.	2018	

4  3423 19 HUMAN PRIMARY AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS ISOLATED FROM ACTIVE SMOKERS HAVE EPIGENETICALLY IMPAIRED ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES. BACKGROUND: CIGARETTE SMOKING (CS) IS THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND MOST COPD EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS INCLUDING INFLUENZA. INFLUENZA INFECTIONS ARE MORE SEVERE IN SMOKERS. THE MECHANISM OF THE INCREASED RISK AND SEVERITY OF INFECTIONS IN SMOKERS IS LIKELY MULTIFACTORIAL, BUT CERTAINLY INCLUDES CHANGES IN IMMUNOLOGIC HOST DEFENSES. METHODS: WE INVESTIGATED RETINOIC ACID-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I (RIG-I) AND INTERFERON (IFN) INDUCTION BY INFLUENZA A VIRUS (IAV) IN HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (HBEC) ISOLATED FROM SMOKERS OR NONSMOKERS. SUBCULTURED HBEC CELLS WERE INFECTED WITH A/PUERTO RICO/8/1934 (PR8) IAV AT AN MOI OF 1. AFTER 24 H OF INFECTION, CELLS AND SUPERNATANTS WERE COLLECTED FOR QRT-PCR, IMMUNOBLOT OR ELISA TO DETERMINE RIG-I, TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR3 (TLR3) AND IFN EXPRESSION LEVELS. RESULTS: IAV EXPOSURE INDUCED A VIGOROUS IFN-BETA, IFN-LAMBDA 1 AND IFN-LAMBDA 2/3 ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE IN HBEC FROM NONSMOKERS AND SIGNIFICANT INDUCTION OF RIG-I AND TLR3. IN CELLS FROM SMOKERS, VIRAL RIG-I AND TLR3 MRNA INDUCTION WAS REDUCED 87 AND 79 % COMPARED TO THE RESPONSE FROM NONSMOKERS. CS EXPOSURE HISTORY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INHIBITION OF VIRAL INDUCTION OF THE IFN-BETA, IFN-LAMBDA1 AND IFN-LAMBDA 2/3 MRNA RESPONSE BY 85, 96 AND 95 %, RESPECTIVELY, FROM THAT SEEN IN HBEC FROM NONSMOKERS. THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2-DEOXYCYTIDINE REVERSED THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF CS EXPOSURE IN HBEC SINCE VIRAL INDUCTION OF ALL THREE IFNS WAS RESTORED. IFN-BETA INDUCTION OF RIG-I AND TLR3 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED IN THE CELLS FROM SMOKERS. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ACTIVE SMOKING REDUCES EXPRESSION OF ANTIVIRAL CYTOKINES IN PRIMARY HBEC CELLS. THIS EFFECT LIKELY OCCURS VIA DOWNREGULATION OF RIG-I AND TLR3 DUE TO SMOKE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. REDUCTION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELL RIG-I AND TLR3 RESPONSES MAY BE A MAJOR MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASED RISK AND SEVERITY OF VIRAL RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN SMOKERS AND TO VIRAL-MEDIATED ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF COPD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  6568 15 TRANSMATERNAL HELICOBACTER PYLORI EXPOSURE REDUCES ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN OFFSPRING THROUGH REGULATORY T CELLS. BACKGROUND: TRANSMATERNAL EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO, MICROBES, NUTRIENTS, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SHAPES THE FETAL IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE GASTRIC MICROBE HELICOBACTER PYLORI REPRESENTS AN ANCESTRAL CONSTITUENT OF THE HUMAN MICROBIOTA THAT CAUSES GASTRIC DISORDERS ON THE ONE HAND AND IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIES AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ON THE OTHER. OBJECTIVE: HERE WE INVESTIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF TRANSMATERNAL EXPOSURE TO H PYLORI IN UTERO AND/OR DURING LACTATION FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION, PREDISPOSITION TO ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE CELL POPULATIONS IN THE LUNGS AND LYMPHOID ORGANS. METHODS: WE USE EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF HOUSE DUST MITE- OR OVALBUMIN-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND INFLUENZA A VIRUS OR CITROBACTER RODENTIUM INFECTION ALONG WITH METAGENOMICS ANALYSES, MULTICOLOR FLOW CYTOMETRY, AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING, TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF H PYLORI ON ALLERGY SEVERITY AND IMMUNOLOGIC AND MICROBIOME CORRELATES THEREOF. RESULTS: PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO H PYLORI EXTRACT OR ITS IMMUNOMODULATOR VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN CONFERS ROBUST PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AGAINST ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION NOT ONLY IN FIRST- BUT ALSO SECOND-GENERATION OFFSPRING BUT DOES NOT INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VIRAL OR BACTERIAL INFECTION. IMMUNE CORRELATES OF ALLERGY PROTECTION INCLUDE SKEWING OF REGULATORY OVER EFFECTOR T CELLS, EXPANSION OF REGULATORY T-CELL SUBSETS EXPRESSING CXCR3 OR RETINOIC ACID-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT, AND DEMETHYLATION OF THE FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3) LOCUS. THE COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IS MEASURABLY AFFECTED BY PERINATAL H PYLORI EXPOSURE. CONCLUSION: WE CONCLUDE THAT EXPOSURE TO H PYLORI HAS CONSEQUENCES NOT ONLY FOR THE CARRIER BUT ALSO FOR SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS THAT CAN BE EXPLOITED FOR INTERVENTIONAL PURPOSES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  3171 15 GUT MICROBIAL GABAERGIC SIGNALING IMPROVES STRESS-ASSOCIATED INNATE IMMUNITY TO RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION. INTRODUCTION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES REVEAL THAT POPULATIONS WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS HAVE AN INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION INVOLVING INFLUENZA A VIRUS (IAV) AND SARS-COV-2. OBJECTIVES: THIS STUDY AIMS TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS AND HOW THIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A MORE SEVERE DISEASE PROGRESSION. METHODS: A CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS) MOUSE MODEL WAS USED TO INFECT IAV AND ESTIMATE LUNG INFLAMMATION. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (AMS) WERE OBSERVED IN THE NUMBERS, FUNCTION AND METABOLIC-EPIGENETIC PROPERTIES. TO CONFIRM THE CENTRAL IMPORTANCE OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN STRESS-EXACERBATED VIRAL PNEUMONIA, MICE WERE CONDUCTED THROUGH MICROBIOME DEPLETION AND GUT MICROBIOME TRANSPLANTATION. RESULTS: STRESS EXPOSURE INDUCED A DECLINE IN LACTOBACILLACEAE ABUNDANCE AND HENCE GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) LEVEL IN MICE. MICROBIAL-DERIVED GABA WAS RELEASED IN THE PERIPHERAL AND SENSED BY AMS VIA GABA(A)R, LEADING TO ENHANCED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE (ALPHAKG) GENERATION. THE METABOLIC INTERMEDIATOR IN TURN SERVED AS THE COFACTOR FOR THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR TET2 TO CATALYZE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND PROMOTED THE PPARGAMMA-CENTERED GENE PROGRAM UNDERPINNING SURVIVAL, SELF-RENEWING, AND IMMUNOREGULATION OF AMS. THUS, WE UNCOVER AN UNAPPRECIATED GABA/TET2/PPARGAMMA REGULATORY CIRCUITRY INITIATED BY THE GUT MICROBIOME TO INSTRUCT DISTANT IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH A METABOLIC-EPIGENETIC PROGRAM. ACCORDINGLY, RECONSTITUTION WITH GABA-PRODUCING PROBIOTICS, ADOPTIVE TRANSFERRING OF GABA-CONDITIONED AMS, OR RESUMPTION OF PULMONARY ALPHAKG LEVEL REMARKABLY IMPROVED AMS HOMEOSTASIS AND ALLEVIATED SEVERE PNEUMONIA IN STRESSED MICE. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES MICROBIOME-DERIVED TONIC SIGNALING TUNED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS TO IMPRINT RESIDENT IMMUNE CELLS AND DEFENSIVE RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO TRANSLATE THESE FINDINGS, BASICALLY FROM MURINE MODELS, INTO THE INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHIATRIC STRESS DURING RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7   295  9 AGING INDUCES B CELL DEFECTS AND DECREASED ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA INFECTION AND VACCINATION. BACKGROUND: AGING IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN THE CAPACITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO FIGHT INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION AND TO RESPOND TO VACCINATION. AMONG THE SEVERAL FACTORS INVOLVED, IN ADDITION TO INCREASED FRAILTY AND HIGH-RISK CONDITIONS, THE AGE-ASSOCIATED DECREASE IN CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES PLAYS A RELEVANT ROLE. THIS IS IN LARGE PART DUE TO INFLAMMAGING, THE CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATORY STATUS OF THE ELDERLY, ASSOCIATED WITH INTRINSIC INFLAMMATION OF THE IMMUNE CELLS AND DECREASED IMMUNE FUNCTION. RESULTS: AGING IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED INFLUENZA VIRUS-SPECIFIC AND INFLUENZA VACCINE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSES BUT SOME ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGHER PRE-EXPOSURE ANTIBODY TITERS, DUE TO A PREVIOUS INFECTION OR VACCINATION, HAVE LESS PROBABILITY TO GET INFECTED. EXAMPLES OF THIS EXCEPTION ARE THE ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS INFECTED DURING THE 2009 PANDEMIC SEASON WHO MADE ANTIBODIES WITH BROADER EPITOPE RECOGNITION AND HIGHER AVIDITY THAN THOSE MADE BY YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF B CELL INTRINSIC DEFECTS ACCOUNTING FOR SUB-OPTIMAL ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. THESE DEFECTS INCLUDE 1) REDUCED CLASS SWITCH RECOMBINATION, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GENERATION OF A SECONDARY RESPONSE OF CLASS SWITCHED ANTIBODIES, 2) REDUCED DE NOVO SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION OF THE ANTIBODY VARIABLE REGION, 3) REDUCED BINDING AND NEUTRALIZATION CAPACITY, AS WELL AS BINDING SPECIFICITY, OF THE SECRETED ANTIBODIES, 4) INCREASED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER ANTIBODY RESPONSES, 5) INCREASED FREQUENCIES OF INFLAMMATORY B CELL SUBSETS, AND 6) SHORTER TELOMERES. CONCLUSIONS: ALTHOUGH INFLUENZA VACCINATION REPRESENTS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT INFLUENZA INFECTION, VACCINES WITH GREATER IMMUNOGENICITY ARE NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE RESPONSE OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY HAVE MADE POSSIBLE A BROAD APPROACH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN IMMUNE CELLS, NEEDED TO DESIGN TAILORED VACCINES AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT WILL BE ABLE TO IMPROVE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  4835 15 ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORETICAL PRESUMPTIONS ASBESTOS GENOTOXICITY AND THE PRACTICAL MONITORING OF EXPOSED WORKERS. FROM THE GENOTOXIC VIEWPOINT, THERE EXISTS A SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE FOR ASBESTOS CARCINOGENICITY TO HUMAN POPULATION AND ANIMALS. ASBESTOS IS A SOLID CANCER PROMOTER (COCARCINOGEN) OF NON-MUTAGENIC CHARACTER HAVING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (15, 16). NO DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED ON ITS MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY IN "IN VIVO" CONDITIONS IN MAN. THE ONLY RESULTS ARE THOSE OF OUR PILOT STUDY CARRIED OUT IN THE PERIOD OF 1981-1983, WHICH CAST DOUBTS ON THE OFFICIAL VIEW OF NON-MUTAGENIC CHARACTER OF ASBESTOS--AT LEAST UNDER OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS OF ITS PROCESSING (34, 36, 37). THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE REPRESENTS TEN YEARS' EFFORTS MADE IN THE BIOLOGICAL (CYTOGENETIC) MONITORING OF PERSONS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS IN A FACTORY FOR ITS PROCESSING (OCCUPATIONAL RISK). SIMULTANEOUSLY, A PRELIMINARY ANSWER IS GIVEN TO THE QUESTION WHETHER THE OSINEK FACTORY (SITUATED IN A HOUSING AREA) IS OR IS NOT DANGEROUS FOR INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN OF KOSTELEC NAD ORLICI, NAMELY FOR THEIR GENETIC APPARATUS (ENVIRONMENTAL RISK). USING THE METHOD OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS ANALYSIS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES, A TOTAL OF 431 SUBJECTS (245 MALES AND 186 FEMALES) WERE EXAMINED IN THE PERIOD OF 1981 TO 1988. OF THESE, 111 PERSONS WERE FROM CONTROL WORKPLACES (FROM OSINEK OR--STARTING FROM 1984--FROM OTHER PLANTS IN KOSTELEC NAD ORLICI; IN ADDITION TO THAT 14 PENSIONERS WITHOUT ANY OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE WERE EXAMINED). THE AVERAGE AGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS RISK WAS 42.7 YEARS, IN THE CONTROLS IT WAS 43.9 YEARS, IN PENSIONERS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS EARLIER 63.5 YEARS AND IN THOSE NEVER EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS 66.5 YEARS. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS SPENT AT OSINEK FACTORY AMOUNTED TO 21.5 YEARS. ABOUT ONE THIRD OF EMPLOYEES WERE FOUND TO SUFFER FROM ALLERGIES (FIRST OF ALL THOSE OF AIR PASSAGES) AND ONE SIXTH FROM CHRONIC AILMENTS OF THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES (STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS BETA-HAEMOLYTICUS WERE DIAGNOSED MOST FREQUENTLY). A THIRD PART OF WORKERS FROM HIGH-RISK WORKSHOPS ARE SMOKERS, ONLY A FOURTH OF THE CONTROLS. ABOUT 40% OF WORKERS REGULARLY CONSUME ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. THE AVERAGE MORBIDITY RATE AT OSINEK IN 1981 TO 1988 WAS 6.3% (IN WORKERS AS HIGH AS 9%), WHICH IS ABOUT 2% HIGHER AS COMPARED WITH MEAN VALUES OBTAINED IN THE DISTRICT OF RYCHNOV NAD KNEZNOU AND EAST-BOHEMIAN REGION. WITHIN THE NINE-YEAR PERIOD (1981-1989), 21 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES WERE DIAGNOSED, WHILE IN THE PREVIOUS 24 YEARS THERE WERE 24 CASES OF AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. EARLIER THEY WERE MAINLY ASBESTOSES (87%), IN THE LAST PERIOD MAINLY CANCER DISEASES COINCIDING WITH ASBESTOSIS (81%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)	1992	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  4395 27 MODM DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE METHYLOME ANALYSIS REVEALS A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS PHASEVARIONS IN OTITIS MEDIA. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HERE, WE CHARACTERIZE A PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MODM), WHICH CONTAINS 5'-CAAC-3' REPEATS IN ITS OPEN READING FRAME THAT MEDIATE HIGH-FREQUENCY MUTATION RESULTING IN REVERSIBLE ON/OFF SWITCHING OF MODM EXPRESSION. THREE MODM ALLELES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED (MODM1-3), WITH MODM2 BEING THE MOST COMMONLY FOUND ALLELE. USING SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME (SMRT) GENOME SEQUENCING AND METHYLOME ANALYSIS, WE HAVE DETERMINED THAT THE MODM2 METHYLATION TARGET IS 5'-GAR(M6)AC-3', AND 100% OF THESE SITES ARE METHYLATED IN THE GENOME OF THE M. CATARRHALIS 25239 MODM2 ON STRAIN. PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF MODM2 ON AND OFF VARIANTS REVEALED THAT MODM2 REGULATES EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE GENES THAT HAVE POTENTIAL ROLES IN COLONIZATION, INFECTION, AND PROTECTION AGAINST HOST DEFENSES. INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MODM ALLELES IN A PANEL OF M. CATARRHALIS STRAINS, ISOLATED FROM THE NASOPHARYNX OF HEALTHY CHILDREN OR MIDDLE EAR EFFUSIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH OTITIS MEDIA, REVEALED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF MODM3 WITH OTITIS MEDIA ISOLATES. THE MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION VIA THE MODM PHASE-VARIABLE REGULON (PHASEVARION), AND THE SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF THE MODM3 ALLELE WITH OTITIS MEDIA, SUGGESTS A KEY ROLE FOR MODM PHASEVARIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS ORGANISM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  1124 29 COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME, ISOLATED FROM THE MIDDLE EAR. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS AN IMPORTANT BACTERIAL PATHOGEN THAT CAUSES OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HERE, WE REPORT THE COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF M. CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME, WHICH CONTAINS THE PHASE-VARIABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MODM3.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11   453 19 APPLICATIONS OF CRISPR SYSTEMS IN RESPIRATORY HEALTH: ENTERING A NEW 'RED PEN' ERA IN GENOME EDITING. RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLUENZA INFECTION, ACUTE TRACHEAL BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ASTHMA, LUNG CANCER AND NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA, CONTINUE TO SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH. DISEASES OF THE LUNG AND RESPIRATORY TRACT ARE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS; HOWEVER, MANY OF THESE SERIOUS RESPIRATORY DISORDERS ARE ALSO ROOTED IN GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CAUSES. CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR) AND CRISPR-ASSOCIATED (CAS) PROTEINS, ISOLATED FROM THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF PROKARYOTES, PROVIDE A TOOL TO MANIPULATE GENE SEQUENCES AND GENE EXPRESSION WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR RESPIRATORY RESEARCH. CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS ALLOW PRECLINICAL MODELLING OF CAUSAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN MANY RESPIRATORY DISEASES, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THEIR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. CRISPR CAN ALSO BE USED TO SCREEN FOR GENES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATORY PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOLOGY, IDENTIFYING NOVEL DISEASE DRIVERS OR DRUG TARGETS. FINALLY, CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS CAN POTENTIALLY CORRECT GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EDIT EPIGENETIC MARKS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, PROVIDING A FORM OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE THAT COULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS STEM CELL REPROGRAMMING AND TRANSPLANTATION. CRISPR GENE EDITING IS A YOUNG FIELD OF RESEARCH, AND CONCERNS REGARDING ITS SPECIFICITY, AS WELL AS THE NEED FOR EFFICIENT AND SAFE DELIVERY METHODS, NEED TO BE ADDRESSED FURTHER. HOWEVER, CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT STEP FORWARD FOR RESEARCH AND THERAPY IN RESPIRATORY HEALTH, AND IT IS LIKELY WE WILL SEE THE BREAKTHROUGHS GENERATED FROM THIS TECHNOLOGY CONTINUE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  6261 26 THE MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE MODM3 IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT AFFECTS BACTERIAL SURVIVAL IN AN IN VIVO MODEL OF OTITIS MEDIA. BACKGROUND: MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A LEADING CAUSE OF OTITIS MEDIA (OM) AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). M. CATARRHALIS CONTAINS A TYPE III DNA ADENINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (MODM) THAT IS PHASE-VARIABLY EXPRESSED (I.E., ITS EXPRESSION IS SUBJECT TO RANDOM, REVERSIBLE ON/OFF SWITCHING). MODM HAS SIX TARGET RECOGNITION DOMAIN ALLELES (MODM1-6), AND WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT MODM2 IS THE PREDOMINANT ALLELE, WHILE MODM3 IS ASSOCIATED WITH OM. PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES MEDIATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATE PATHOGENESIS IN SEVERAL BACTERIA. MODM2 OF M. CATARRHALIS REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF A PHASEVARION CONTAINING GENES IMPORTANT FOR COLONIZATION AND INFECTION. HERE WE DESCRIBE THE PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF MODM3, THE MODM3 METHYLATION SITE AND THE SUITE OF GENES REGULATED WITHIN THE MODM3 PHASEVARION. RESULTS: PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF MODM3, MEDIATED BY VARIATION IN LENGTH OF A 5'-(CAAC)(N)-3' TETRANUCLEOTIDE REPEAT TRACT IN THE OPEN READING FRAME WAS DEMONSTRATED IN M. CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME WITH GENESCAN FRAGMENT LENGTH ANALYSIS AND WESTERN IMMUNOBLOT. WE DETERMINED THAT MODM3 IS AN ACTIVE N6-ADENINE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT METHYLATES THE SEQUENCE 5'-AC(M6)ATC-3'. METHYLATION WAS DETECTED AT ALL 4446 5'-ACATC-3' SITES IN THE GENOME WHEN MODM3 IS EXPRESSED. RNASEQ ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 31 GENES THAT ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN MODM3 ON AND OFF VARIANTS, INCLUDING FIVE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS, WITH POTENTIAL ROLES IN BIOFILM FORMATION AND SURVIVAL IN ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENTS. AN IN VIVO CHINCHILLA (CHINCHILLA LANIGERA) MODEL OF OTITIS MEDIA DEMONSTRATED THAT TRANSBULLAR CHALLENGE WITH THE MODM3 OFF VARIANT RESULTED IN AN INCREASED MIDDLE EAR BACTERIAL LOAD COMPARED TO A MODM3 ON VARIANT. IN ADDITION, CO-INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH NTHI AND M. CATARRHALIS MODM3 ON OR MODM3 OFF VARIANTS REVEALED THAT PHASE VARIATION OF MODM3 ALTERED SURVIVAL OF NTHI IN THE MIDDLE EAR DURING EARLY AND LATE STAGE INFECTION. CONCLUSIONS: PHASE VARIATION OF MODM3 EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF A PHASEVARION CONTAINING MULTIPLE GENES THAT ARE POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE PROGRESSION OF OTITIS MEDIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13   298 17 AIR POLLUTION AND AIRWAY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE AND/OR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY DISEASE. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO(2)) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), AS WELL AS TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION AS A WHOLE, ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE STRONG EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT RECENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY IN URBAN AREAS, HAVE SUGGESTED A ROLE FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. SIMILARLY, WHILE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF ATOPIC CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MORE COMMON IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL COMMUNITIES, EVIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGY. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO NO(2) , O(3) , PM AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF BIOMASS FUELS AND AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND MORBIDITY FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTION. GIVEN THE CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT TRAFFIC EMISSIONS MAKE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCHERS HAVE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED PM POLLUTANTS. RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN THE ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND AIRWAY DISEASE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES BY COMBUSTION-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND HOW POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CAN MODIFY RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES. OTHER INTERESTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO INCREASED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC PM EXPOSURE DURING CHILDHOOD AND VULNERABILITY TO COPD IN ADULTHOOD, AND THAT INFANTS SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRENATAL LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. WHILE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT COMPONENTS AND SOURCES PROMISE TO GUIDE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS WILL BE NECESSARY IF TARGETED THERAPY/PREVENTION OF POLLUTION-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES IS TO BE DEVELOPED.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14   846 12 CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND: EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) INCREASES ATOPY; IT IS UNCLEAR HOW PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO INCREASED SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNITY IN ATOPIC CHILDREN (DEFINED AS CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGIC RHINITIS) FROM FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, AN AREA WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT PAHS. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 256 SUBJECTS FROM FRESNO, CA. AMBIENT PAH CONCENTRATIONS (NG/M(3) ) WERE MEASURED USING A SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REGRESSION MODEL OVER MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS. ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS WAS DETERMINED BY CURRENT NHLBI CRITERIA. PHENOTYPING AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED FROM ISOLATED CELLS. FOR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS, DNA WAS ISOLATED AND PYROSEQUENCED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT HIGHER AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED TREG FUNCTION AND INCREASED METHYLATION IN THE FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN 3 (FOXP3) LOCUS (P < 0.05), CONDITIONAL ON ATOPIC STATUS. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 (P < 0.001). METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY TREG DYSFUNCTION, AND AN INCREASE IN TOTAL PLASMA IGE LEVELS. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF IL-10 DECREASED AND IFN-GAMMA INCREASED AS THE EXTENT OF PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED. THE STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATIONS GENERALLY INCREASED AS THE TIME WINDOW FOR AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED FROM 24 HR TO 1 YEAR, SUGGESTING MORE OF A CHRONIC RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE AND IMMUNE OUTCOMES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN SUBJECTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A KEY LOCUS INVOLVED IN ATOPY: FOXP3, WITH A HIGHER IMPACT ON ATOPIC CHILDREN. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED ATOPIC CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN COULD BE LINKED TO INCREASED PAH EXPOSURE IN AIR POLLUTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15   642 17 BIOMARKERS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: IN RECENT YEARS, AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS. ELEVATED LEVELS OF PM IN POLLUTED AIR HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BIOMARKERS THAT COULD REFLECT THE EFFECTS OF PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STUDIES PUBLISHED ON BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD BETWEEN JANUARY 01, 2012 AND JUNE 30, 2022 IN PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE DATABASES. STUDIES THAT INCLUDED DATA ON BIOMARKERS WITH COPD EXPOSED PM WERE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. BIOMARKERS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MECHANISMS. RESULTS: OF THE 105 STUDIES IDENTIFIED, 22 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. NEARLY 50 BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW, AND THE MOST STUDIED IN RELATION TO PM ARE SEVERAL INTERLEUKINS. VARIOUS MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY WHICH PM INDUCES AND AGGRAVATES COPD. SIX STUDIES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, ONE RELATED TO DIRECT EFFECT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS, 16 ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND TWO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY WERE FOUND. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS WERE DETECTED IN SERUM, SPUTUM, URINE, EXHALED BREATH CONCENTRATION (EBC), AND SHOWED VARIOUS CORRELATIONS WITH PM IN COPD. CONCLUSIONS: VARIOUS BIOMARKERS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL IN PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF PM EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGULATION TO REDUCE AIRBORNE PM, WHICH COULD BE USED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  3037 18 GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATION IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI WITH A CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION. BACKGROUND & AIMS: HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS REMARKABLE FOR ITS GENETIC VARIATION; YET, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS GENETIC CHANGES DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION, AS THE BACTERIA ADAPT TO THEIR NEW ENVIRONMENT. WE ANALYZED GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATIONS IN A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI DURING EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A RANDOMIZED PHASE I/II, OBSERVER-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF 12 HEALTHY, H PYLORI-NEGATIVE ADULTS IN GERMANY FROM OCTOBER 2008 THROUGH MARCH 2010. THE VOLUNTEERS WERE GIVEN A PROPHYLACTIC VACCINE CANDIDATE (N = 7) OR PLACEBO (N = 5) AND THEN CHALLENGED WITH H PYLORI STRAIN BCM-300. BIOPSY SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND H PYLORI WERE ISOLATED. GENOMES OF THE CHALLENGE STRAIN AND 12 REISOLATES, OBTAINED 12 WEEKS AFTER (OR IN 1 CASE, 62 WEEKS AFTER) INFECTION WERE SEQUENCED BY SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME TECHNOLOGY, WHICH, IN PARALLEL, PERMITTED DETERMINATION OF GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PATTERNS FOR ALL STRAINS. FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF GENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN H PYLORI STRAINS DURING HUMAN INFECTION WERE ASSESSED BY MEASURING RELEASE OF INTERLEUKIN 8 FROM AGS CELLS (TO DETECT CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION), NEUTRAL RED UPTAKE (TO DETECT VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN ACTIVITY), AND ADHESION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE OBSERVED MUTATION RATE WAS IN AGREEMENT WITH RATES PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC H PYLORI INFECTIONS, WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF A MUTATION BURST. A LOSS OF CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION WAS OBSERVED IN 3 REISOLATES. IN ADDITION, 3 REISOLATES FROM THE VACCINE GROUP ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN THE VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN GENE VACA, RESULTING IN LOSS OF VACUOLIZATION ACTIVITY. WE OBSERVED INTERSTRAIN VARIATION IN METHYLOMES DUE TO PHASE VARIATION IN GENES ENCODING METHYLTRANSFERASES. CONCLUSIONS: WE ANALYZED ADAPTATION OF A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI TO 12 DIFFERENT VOLUNTEERS TO OBTAIN A ROBUST ESTIMATE OF THE FREQUENCY OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF INTERSTRAIN RECOMBINATION. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THE LARGE AMOUNT OF GENETIC VARIATION IN H PYLORI POSES A CHALLENGE TO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NO: NCT00736476.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  5882 13 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LUNG FUNCTION AND COPD WITH PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN POPULATION BASED STUDIES. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD HAVE POTENTIAL AS BIOMARKERS FOR DISEASE. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ASSESSES THE ASSOCIATION OF LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) WITH DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM POPULATION-BASED STUDIES. METHODS: ONLINE DATABASES MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND WEB OF SCIENCE WERE SEARCHED. GOOGLE SCHOLAR WAS SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY GREY LITERATURE. AFTER REMOVING DUPLICATE ARTICLES, 1155 ARTICLES WERE INDEPENDENTLY SCREENED BY TWO INVESTIGATORS. PEER REVIEWED REPORTS ON POPULATION-BASED STUDIES THAT EXAMINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN PARTICIPANTS WITH MEASURED LUNG FUNCTION (FEV1, FEV1/FVC RATIO) OR KNOWN COPD STATUS WERE SELECTED FOR FULL-TEXT REVIEW. SIX ARTICLES WERE SUITABLE FOR INCLUSION. INFORMATION REGARDING STUDY CHARACTERISTICS, DESIGNS, METHODOLOGIES AND CONCLUSIONS WAS EXTRACTED. A NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS WAS PERFORMED BASED ON PUBLISHED RESULTS. RESULTS: THREE OF THE SIX ARTICLES ASSESSED THE ASSOCIATION OF COPD WITH DNA METHYLATION, AND TWO OF THESE ALSO INCLUDED ASSOCIATIONS WITH LUNG FUNCTION. OVERALL, FIVE REPORTS EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF LUNG FUNCTION WITH DNA METHYLATION PROFILES. FIVE OF THE SIX ARTICLES REPORTED 'SIGNIFICANT' RESULTS. HOWEVER, NO CONSISTENT CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED ACROSS STUDIES FOR COPD STATUS OR LUNG FUNCTION VALUES. CONCLUSIONS: DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION OR COPD MAY BE DIFFERENT TO THOSE IN PEOPLE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW DID NOT FIND ANY CONSISTENT ASSOCIATIONS OF LUNG FUNCTION OR COPD WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES. LARGE STUDIES WITH A LONGITUDINAL DESIGN TO ADDRESS REVERSE CAUSALITY MAY PROVE A MORE FRUITFUL AREA OF RESEARCH. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2016: CRD42016037352 .	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  2147 18 EPIGENETIC MARKER OF TELOMERIC AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXACERBATIONS AND HOSPITALIZATIONS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS AN AGE-RELATED CONDITION THAT HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY TELOMERE ATTRITION; THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TELOMERE SHORTENING IN COPD ARE NOT WELL KNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TELOMERIC LENGTH IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD WITH THE RISK OF EXACERBATIONS AND HOSPITALIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WERE OBTAINED FROM 292 PATIENTS WITH COPD ENROLLED IN THE PLACEBO ARM OF THE MACROLIDE AZITHROMYCIN TO PREVENT RAPID WORSENING OF SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (MACRO) STUDY AND WHO WERE FOLLOWED FOR 1-YEAR. WE CALCULATED TELOMERE LENGTH BASED ON DNA METHYLATION MARKERS (DNAMTL) AND RELATED THIS BIOMARKER TO THE RISK OF EXACERBATION AND HOSPITALIZATION AND HEALTH STATUS (ST. GEORGE RESPIRATORY QUESTIONNAIRE [SGRQ]) SCORE OVER TIME USING A COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL. WE ALSO USED LINEAR MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATIONS OF DNAMTL WITH THE RATES OF EXACERBATION AND HOSPITALIZATION (ADJUSTED FOR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, LUNG FUNCTION, RACE, SEX, SMOKING, BODY MASS INDEX AND CELL COMPOSITION). RESULTS: PARTICIPANTS WITH SHORT DNAMTL DEMONSTRATED INCREASED RISK OF EXACERBATION (P = 0.02) AND HOSPITALIZATION (P = 0.03) COMPARED TO THOSE WITH LONGER DNAMTL. DNAMTL AGE ACCELERATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RATES OF EXACERBATION (P = 1.35 X 10(-04)) AND HOSPITALIZATION (P = 5.21 X 10(-03)) AND POOR HEALTH STATUS (LOWER SGRQ SCORES) INDEPENDENT OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: TELOMERIC AGE BASED ON BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD EXACERBATION AND HOSPITALIZATION AND THUS A PROMISING BIOMARKER FOR POOR OUTCOMES IN COPD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19   178 14 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND DECREASED LUNG FUNCTION IN TWO PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A FREQUENT DIAGNOSIS IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS AND CONTRIBUTOR TO GLOBAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. GIVEN THE LINK BETWEEN LUNG DISEASE AND AGING, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW MOLECULAR INDICATORS OF AGING RELATE TO LUNG FUNCTION AND DISEASE. USING DATA FROM THE POPULATION-BASED KORA (COOPERATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE REGION OF AUGSBURG) SURVEYS, WE ASSOCIATED BASELINE EPIGENETIC (DNA METHYLATION) AGE ACCELERATION WITH INCIDENT COPD AND LUNG FUNCTION. MODELS WERE ADJUSTED FOR AGE, SEX, SMOKING, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND BASELINE LUNG DISEASE AS APPROPRIATE. ASSOCIATIONS WERE REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. OF 770 KORA PARTICIPANTS, 131 DEVELOPED INCIDENT COPD OVER 7 YEARS. BASELINE ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCIDENT COPD. THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION (FOLLOW-UP - BASELINE) WAS MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH COPD THAN BASELINE AGING ALONE. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION BETWEEN BASELINE AND FOLLOW-UP AND INCIDENT COPD REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPIROMETRIC LUNG FUNCTION PARAMETERS WERE WEAKER THAN THOSE WITH COPD, BUT A META-ANALYSIS OF BOTH COHORTS PROVIDE SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATIONS. ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, BOTH BASELINE MEASURES AND CHANGES OVER TIME, MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR COPD AND REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  4947 14 PATERNAL SEPSIS INDUCES ALTERATIONS OF THE SPERM METHYLOME AND DAMPENS OFFSPRING IMMUNE RESPONSES-AN ANIMAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: SEPSIS REPRESENTS THE UTMOST SEVERE CONSEQUENCE OF INFECTION, INVOLVING A DYSREGULATED AND SELF-DAMAGING IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE HOST. WHILE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES LIKE CHRONIC STRESS OR MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN WELL DESCRIBED TO REPROGRAM THE GERMLINE AND SUBSEQUENTLY OFFSPRING ATTRIBUTES, THE INTERGENERATIONAL IMPACT OF SEPSIS AS A TREMENDOUS IMMUNOLOGICAL STRESSOR HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED YET. METHODS: POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS IN 12-WEEK-OLD MALE C57BL/6 MICE WAS INDUCED BY CECAL LIGATION AND PUNCTURE (CLP), FOLLOWED BY A MATING OF THE MALE SURVIVORS (OR APPROPRIATE SHAM CONTROL ANIMALS) 6 WEEKS LATER WITH HEALTHY FEMALES. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES OF OFFSPRING ANIMALS WERE ISOLATED AND STIMULATED WITH EITHER LPS OR ZYMOSAN, AND SUPERNATANT LEVELS OF TNF-ALPHA WERE QUANTIFIED BY ELISA. FURTHERMORE, SYSTEMIC CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED LPS WAS ASSESSED AFTER 24 H. ALSO, MORPHOLOGY, MOTILITY, AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF THE SEPSIS SURVIVORS' SPERM WAS EXAMINED. RESULTS: COMPARATIVE REDUCED REDUCTION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) OF SPERM REVEALED CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION (N = 381), MOST PRONOUNCED IN THE INTERGENIC GENOME AS WELL AS WITHIN INTRONS OF DEVELOPMENTALLY RELEVANT GENES. OFFSPRING OF SEPSIS FATHERS EXHIBITED A SLIGHT DECREASE IN BODY WEIGHT, WITH A MORE PRONOUNCED WEIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MALE ANIMALS (CLP VS. SHAM). MALE DESCENDANTS OF SEPSIS FATHERS, BUT NOT FEMALE DESCENDANTS, EXHIBITED LOWER PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF IL-6, TNF-ALPHA, AND IL-10 24 H AFTER INJECTION OF LPS. IN LINE, ONLY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES OF MALE DESCENDANTS OF SEPSIS FATHERS PRODUCED LESS TNF-ALPHA UPON ZYMOSAN STIMULATION COMPARED TO SHAM DESCENDANTS, WHILE LPS RESPONSES KEPT UNCHANGED. CONCLUSION: WE CAN PROVE THAT MALE-BUT SURPRISINGLY NOT FEMALE-DESCENDANTS OF POST-SEPSIS FATHERS SHOW A DAMPENED SYSTEMIC AS WELL AS PULMONARY IMMUNE RESPONSE. BASED ON THIS OBSERVATION OF AN IMMUNE HYPO-RESPONSIVITY, WE PROPOSE THAT MALE DESCENDANTS OF SEPSIS FATHERS ARE AT RISK TO DEVELOP FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND MIGHT BENEFIT FROM THERAPEUTIC IMMUNE MODULATION.	2018