1   740 236 CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS: EXPRESSION, REGULATION, TUMOR INVASION, AND USE IN IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCERS. CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) ARE NAMED BASED ON THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN THAT IS RESTRICTED IN A NUMBER OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL TISSUES. TUMOR CELLS FREQUENTLY EXPRESS ANTIGENS WHOSE EXPRESSION IS TYPICALLY RESTRICTED TO GERM CELLS. THEIR UNIQUE EXPRESSION PATTERN IS GUARANTEED BY PRECISE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. BECAUSE OF THEIR TUMOR-LIMITED, HIGH IMMUNOGENICITY, AND BIASED EXPRESSION, DISCOVERY OF THESE MOLECULES PROVIDES UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. EVOLVING EVIDENCE REVEALS THAT A NUMBER OF CTAS STIMULATE EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND GENERATION OF CANCER STEM-LIKE CELLS, INTENSIFYING METASTASIS, INVASION, AND TUMORIGENESIS. BASED ON THESE FEATURES, CTAS ATTRACT ATTENTION TO BE CONSIDERED AS IDEAL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING SEVERAL CLINICAL TRIALS, MANY OF THEM CONCENTRATING ON CTA VACCINE THERAPY. ACCORDING TO RECENT PRACTICAL CLINICAL INTEREST, MORE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CTA REGULATION ARE IDENTIFIED. CTA EXPRESSION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN CANCER TISSUES, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ELICIT HUMORAL AND/OR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CANCER PATIENTS. CTAS ARE BRILLIANT TARGETS FOR ANTICANCER DRUG DISCOVERY, TARGETED TUMOR THERAPY, AND DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS, FURTHERMORE, VALUED GENES IN THE STUDY OF IMMUNOTHERAPY, PROMOTING TUMORIGENESIS, AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES AND CATEGORIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX AND BIASED PROCESS OF CTAS MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CANCER, AND SUPPLIES THE MOST RECENT INFORMATION ON THEIR REGULATION AND FUNCTION. BESIDES, A CONCISE SYNOPSIS OF THE MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS INVOLVING CTAS, AS THERAPEUTIC AVENUES, IS DISCUSSED. ABBREVIATIONS: AIRE: AUTOIMMUNE REGULATOR; CAMP: CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE; CEA: CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CML: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CREB: CYCLICAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING; CSCS: CANCER STEM CELLS; CTAS: CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS; CTL: CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DCS: DENDRITIC CELLS; EMT: EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; ERK: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE; ESCC: ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ETS: E26 TRANSFORMATION-SPECIFIC; HIS: HISTIDINE; HLA: HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; HNSCC: HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; IFN-GAMMA: INTERFERON-GAMMA; IHC: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IL-7: INTERLEUKIN7; MHC: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MMP2: MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2; MTECS: MEDULLARY THYMUS EPITHELIAL CELLS; MUC1: MUCIN 1; NSCLC: NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; PRAME: PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED ANTIGEN IN MELANOMA; RDA: REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS; SEREX: SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CDNA EXPRESSION; SSX: SYNOVIAL SARCOMA X CHROMOSOME; TAAS: TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS; TCR: T-CELL RECEPTOR; TCGA: THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS; TGF-BETA: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA.	2016	

2  1649  34 DOG LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (DLA) CLASS II GENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY IN FRENCH BULLDOGS AND MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS. CANINE CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY (CE) IS A GROUP OF IMMUNOGENETIC DISORDERS OF UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC OR RECURRENT GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS AND INFLAMMATION. DIAGNOSIS OF CE SUBTYPES BY TREATMENT RESPONSE IS A LENGTHY AND CHALLENGING PROCESS, PARTICULARLY IN REFRACTORY CASES OF THE DISEASE. GIVEN KNOWN ASSOCIATION OF DOG LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (DLA) CLASS II GENOTYPE AND VARIOUS IMMUNOGENETIC DISORDERS BETWEEN AND ACROSS BREEDS, THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL OF DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REFRACTORY CE THROUGH IDENTIFICATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE GENOTYPES IN FRENCH BULLDOGS AND MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS-TWO POPULAR DOG BREEDS IN JAPAN. SEQUENCE-BASED GENOTYPING OF THREE DLA CLASS II GENES IN 29 FRENCH BULLDOGS AND 30 MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS WITH REFRACTORY CE REVEALED A PROTECTIVE HAPLOTYPE DLA-DRB1*002:01-DQA1*009:01-DQB1*001:01 AGAINST CE IN FRENCH BULLDOGS (OR 0.09, 95 % CI 0.01-0.71, P = 0.0084). NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE WAS NOTED BETWEEN MINIATURE DACHSHUND CASES AND CONTROLS. THESE FINDINGS, LARGELY DISPARATE FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY ON GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS IN THE UK, WERE TAKEN AS POSSIBLE INDICATION OF ETIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN THE REFRACTORY CE NOTED BETWEEN AND WITHIN BREEDS, AND BY EXTENSION, THE POTENTIAL OF IDENTIFYING SUCH DISEASE HETEROGENEITY BY DLA TYPING. THE DLA-DQA1/DQB1 HAPLOTYPE, PROTECTIVE AGAINST CE IN OUR FRENCH BULLDOGS, HAS BEEN REPORTED AS PROTECTIVE IN VARIOUS IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISORDERS SUCH AS DOBERMAN HEPATITIS (DYGGVE ET AL., 2011). LIKEWISE, THE DLA-DRB1*006:01 RISK ALLELE FOR DOBERMAN HEPATITIS WAS NOTED IN MORE FRENCH BULLDOGS WITH CE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, IN LINE WITH REPORTS ON GENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH RISK AND PROTECTION BEING SHARED ACROSS VARIOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND BREEDS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT AN IMMUNOGENETIC BASIS TO THE FRENCH BULLDOG-CE IN OUR ANALYSIS, CALLING FOR FURTHER DLA STUDIES WORKING WITH LARGER SAMPLES AND DIFFERENT BREEDS TOWARDS PHENOTYPIC CLARIFICATION THAT MAY AID IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROPHYLAXIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC APPROACHES AND BREEDING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3   437  35 ANTIGEN RECEPTOR STEREOTYPY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DISCOVERY OF ALMOST IDENTICAL OR 'STEREOTYPED' B-CELL RECEPTOR IMMUNOGLOBULINS (BCR IG) AMONG UNRELATED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CEMENTED THE IDEA OF ANTIGEN SELECTION IN DISEASE ONTOGENY AND EVOLUTION. THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE STEREOTYPY PHENOMENON IN CLL REVEALED THAT AROUND ONE-THIRD OF CLL PATIENTS MAY BE GROUPED INTO SUBSETS BASED ON SHARED SEQUENCE MOTIFS WITHIN THE VARIABLE HEAVY COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGION 3. STEREOTYPED SUBSETS DISPLAY A STRIKINGLY SIMILAR BIOLOGY OF THE LEUKEMIC CLONES, REFERRING TO MANY DIFFERENT LEVELS, FROM THE IMMUNOGENETIC AND GENETIC AND EXTENDING TO THE EPIGENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL LEVELS. EVEN MORE IMPORTANTLY, THE HOMOGENEITY OF STEREOTYPED SUBSETS HAS CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES AS PATIENTS ASSIGNED TO THE SAME STEREOTYPED SUBSET GENERALLY EXHIBIT AN OVERALL SIMILAR DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. IN OTHER WORDS, STEREOTYPY-BASED PATIENT CLASSIFICATION OF CLL HAS ALREADY PROVIDED A MORE COMPARTMENTALIZED VIEW OF THIS OTHERWISE HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE AND CAN ASSIST IN REFINING PROGNOSTICATION MODELS. WHILE THIS IS RELEVANT ONLY FOR THE ONE-THIRD OF CASES EXPRESSING STEREOTYPED BCR IG; IN PRINCIPLE, HOWEVER, THE FINDINGS FROM FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE STEREOTYPED SUBSETS MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE REMAINING NON-STEREOTYPED FRACTION OF CLL PATIENTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  2765  44 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  5477  40 RESTORING THE FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA USING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MALIGNANCY ARISING FROM IMMUNE CELLS (B-LYMPHOCYTES) ENDOWED WITH INTRINSIC ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CAPABILITIES. SUCH A FUNCTION HOWEVER IS LOST DURING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND CLL CELLS ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR INABILITY TO PROCESS AND PRESENT ANTIGENS TO THE T-CELL ARM OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. INSTEAD, MALIGNANT CLL CELLS ELICIT A VAST ARRAY OF IMMUNE REGULATORY MECHANISMS CONDUCIVE TO T-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. PREVIOUSLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TREATMENT OF CLL CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE UNLEASHED TARGET ANTIGEN EXPRESSION. HERE WE SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT COMBINING TWO EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR LAQ824 EFFECTIVELY RESTORES THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF CLL CELL LINES AS WELL AS PRIMARY CELLS OBTAINED FROM CLL PATIENTS. INDEED, SUCH A COMBINATION INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF NOVEL AND HIGHLY ANTIGENIC CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) AND COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES. THESE CHANGES FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF ROBUST SUPRAMOLECULAR ACTIVATION COMPLEXES (SMAC) BETWEEN CLL CELLS AND RESPONDER T-CELLS LEADING TO INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, LYTIC GRANULE MOBILIZATION, AND POLARIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL AND RELEVANT T-CELL RESPONSES. THIS CASCADE OF T-CELL ACTIVATING EVENTS TRIGGERED BY CLL CELLS WITH RESTORED APC FUNCTION, POINTS TO COMBINED EPIGENETIC MODIFIER TREATMENT AS A POTENTIAL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CLL PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  3015  37 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF CLL. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) HAS A HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR, WHICH IS HIGHLY INFLUENCED BY ITS IMMUNOGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND GENOMIC PROPERTIES. THE REMARKABLY VARIABLE CLINICAL COURSE OF THE DISEASE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC FEATURES SUCH AS CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES, THE PRESENCE OF EITHER HIGH OR LOW NUMBERS OF SOMATIC HYPERMUTATIONS (SHM) IN THE VARIABLE REGION OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN LOCUS (IGHV), AND SOMATIC MUTATIONS OF SEVERAL SPECIFIC DRIVER GENES. NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC LANDSCAPE IN CLL, ELUCIDATING IMPORTANT UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE'S BIOLOGY. THE SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES ABOUT NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, DISCUSSING THEIR IMPACT ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND RESPONSE TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7   295  41 AGING INDUCES B CELL DEFECTS AND DECREASED ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA INFECTION AND VACCINATION. BACKGROUND: AGING IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN THE CAPACITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO FIGHT INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION AND TO RESPOND TO VACCINATION. AMONG THE SEVERAL FACTORS INVOLVED, IN ADDITION TO INCREASED FRAILTY AND HIGH-RISK CONDITIONS, THE AGE-ASSOCIATED DECREASE IN CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES PLAYS A RELEVANT ROLE. THIS IS IN LARGE PART DUE TO INFLAMMAGING, THE CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATORY STATUS OF THE ELDERLY, ASSOCIATED WITH INTRINSIC INFLAMMATION OF THE IMMUNE CELLS AND DECREASED IMMUNE FUNCTION. RESULTS: AGING IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED INFLUENZA VIRUS-SPECIFIC AND INFLUENZA VACCINE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSES BUT SOME ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGHER PRE-EXPOSURE ANTIBODY TITERS, DUE TO A PREVIOUS INFECTION OR VACCINATION, HAVE LESS PROBABILITY TO GET INFECTED. EXAMPLES OF THIS EXCEPTION ARE THE ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS INFECTED DURING THE 2009 PANDEMIC SEASON WHO MADE ANTIBODIES WITH BROADER EPITOPE RECOGNITION AND HIGHER AVIDITY THAN THOSE MADE BY YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF B CELL INTRINSIC DEFECTS ACCOUNTING FOR SUB-OPTIMAL ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. THESE DEFECTS INCLUDE 1) REDUCED CLASS SWITCH RECOMBINATION, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GENERATION OF A SECONDARY RESPONSE OF CLASS SWITCHED ANTIBODIES, 2) REDUCED DE NOVO SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION OF THE ANTIBODY VARIABLE REGION, 3) REDUCED BINDING AND NEUTRALIZATION CAPACITY, AS WELL AS BINDING SPECIFICITY, OF THE SECRETED ANTIBODIES, 4) INCREASED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER ANTIBODY RESPONSES, 5) INCREASED FREQUENCIES OF INFLAMMATORY B CELL SUBSETS, AND 6) SHORTER TELOMERES. CONCLUSIONS: ALTHOUGH INFLUENZA VACCINATION REPRESENTS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT INFLUENZA INFECTION, VACCINES WITH GREATER IMMUNOGENICITY ARE NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE RESPONSE OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY HAVE MADE POSSIBLE A BROAD APPROACH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN IMMUNE CELLS, NEEDED TO DESIGN TAILORED VACCINES AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT WILL BE ABLE TO IMPROVE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8   944  30 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: FROM MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS A WELL-DEFINED LYMPHOID NEOPLASM WITH VERY HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR. THE LAST DECADE HAS BEEN REMARKABLY FRUITFUL IN NOVEL FINDINGS ELUCIDATING MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE INCLUDING MECHANISMS OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, INSIGHTS INTO THE RELEVANCE OF IMMUNOGENETIC FACTORS DRIVING THE DISEASE, PROFILING OF GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC SUBTYPES, GLOBAL EPIGENOMIC TUMOR CELL REPROGRAMMING, MODULATION OF TUMOR CELL AND MICROENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, AND DYNAMICS OF CLONAL EVOLUTION FROM EARLY STEPS IN MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS TO PROGRESSION AND TRANSFORMATION INTO DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA. ALL THIS KNOWLEDGE HAS OFFERED NEW PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE BEING EXPLOITED THERAPEUTICALLY WITH NOVEL TARGET AGENTS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. IN THIS REVIEW WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THESE NOVEL ADVANCES AND HIGHLIGHT QUESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES THAT NEED FURTHER PROGRESS TO TRANSLATE INTO THE CLINICS THE BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND IMPROVE THE OUTCOME OF THE PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  1398  36 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10   467  32 ARE WE FINALLY GETTING PERSONAL? MOVING TOWARDS A PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WITH ITS HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND CLINICAL COURSE, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), THE MOST FREQUENT ADULT LEUKEMIA IN THE WESTERN WORLD, IS A PARADIGMATIC CONDITION REQUIRING A TAILORED APPROACH AND A PRECISE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY BEHIND EACH INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. THIS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT IS BECOMING EVEN MORE CRUCIAL, SINCE, AFTER DECADES OF PRECLINICAL WORK UNRAVELLING THE KEY ROLE OF THE B-CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS IN CLL CELL SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION, WE HAVE NOW BCR AND BCL2 INHIBITORS AVAILABLE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THANKS TO THIS, WE ARE NOW ABLE TO EXPLOIT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS TO TAILOR OUR TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND IMPROVE LONG-TERM DISEASE CONTROL, PATIENT OUTCOME AND QUALITY OF LIFE. THAT NOTWITHSTANDING, AS THE DISEASE ITSELF REMAINS INCURABLE, NOVEL CHALLENGES AND UNMET CLINICAL NEEDS HAVE RISEN FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF NOVEL TARGETED AGENTS, INCLUDING MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE AT BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENTLY ESTABLISHED PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS (I.E. IGHV MUTATION STATUS AND TP53 GENE DISRUPTION) THAT SHOULD BE APPLIED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE TO INFORM TREATMENT DECISION IN 2021 BUT ALSO DISCUSS THE MOST PROMISING PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS (B-CELL RECEPTOR STEREOTYPY, COMPLEX KARYOTYPE, SOMATIC GENE MUTATIONS, MEASURABLE RESIDUAL DISEASE - MRD) THAT MIGHT BECOME KEY TO DEFINE THE MANAGEMENT OF OUR PATIENTS IN A NEAR FUTURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  2731  32 EXPLORING THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY VARIOUS AUTOANTIBODIES AND MULTI-ORGAN. MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS IN THE GUT, SKIN, ORAL, AND OTHER SURFACES HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON SLE DEVELOPMENT. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES RELEVANT RESEARCH AND PROVIDES NEW MICROBIOME-RELATED STRATEGIES FOR EXPLORING THE MECHANISMS AND TREATING PATIENTS WITH SLE. RECENT FINDINGS: SLE PATIENTS HAVE DISRUPTIONS IN MULTIPLE MICROBIOMES, WITH THE GUT MICROBIOTA (BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND FUNGI) AND THEIR METABOLITES BEING THE MOST THOROUGHLY RESEARCHED. THIS DYSBIOSIS CAN PROMOTE SLE PROGRESSION THROUGH MECHANISMS SUCH AS THE LEAKY GUT, MOLECULAR MIMICRY, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. NOTWITHSTANDING STUDY CONSTRAINTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND SLE, SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS TARGETING THE GUT MICROBIOTA, SUCH AS PROBIOTICS, DIETARY MANAGEMENT, AND FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION, HAVE EMERGED AS PROMISING SLE THERAPEUTICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12   541  28 ATOPIC DERMATITIS: THE FATE OF THE FAT. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC AND RELAPSING INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE IN WHICH DRY AND ITCHY SKIN MAY DEVELOP INTO SKIN LESIONS. AD HAS A STRONG GENETIC COMPONENT, AS CHILDREN FROM PARENTS WITH AD HAVE A TWO-FOLD INCREASED CHANCE OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE. GENETIC RISK LOCI AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REPORTED IN AD MAINLY LOCATE TO GENES INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND EPIDERMAL BARRIER FUNCTION. HOWEVER, AD PATHOGENESIS CANNOT BE FULLY EXPLAINED BY (EPI)GENETIC FACTORS SINCE ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS SUCH AS STRESS, POLLUTION, MICROBIOTA, CLIMATE, AND ALLERGENS ALSO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE. ALTERATIONS OF THE EPIDERMAL BARRIER IN AD, OBSERVED AT ALL STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHICH PRECEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERT SKIN INFLAMMATION, MANIFEST AS: DRY SKIN; EPIDERMAL ULTRASTRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES, NOTABLY ANOMALIES OF THE LAMELLAR BODY CARGO SYSTEM; AND ABNORMAL EPIDERMAL LIPID COMPOSITION, INCLUDING SHORTER FATTY ACID MOIETIES IN SEVERAL LIPID CLASSES, SUCH AS CERAMIDES AND FREE FATTY ACIDS. THUS, A COMPELLING QUESTION IS WHETHER AD IS PRIMARILY A LIPID DISORDER EVOLVING INTO A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE DUE TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI IN IMMUNOGENIC GENES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON LIPID ABNORMALITIES OBSERVED IN THE EPIDERMIS AND BLOOD OF AD PATIENTS AND EVALUATE THEIR PRIMARY ROLE IN ELICITING AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13   940  40 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA: CROSSROADS OF GENETIC AND MICROENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL) ARE 2 WELL-DEFINED ENTITIES THAT DIVERGE IN THEIR BASIC PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL EVOLUTION BUT THEY SHARE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, CELLS OF ORIGIN, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, AND CLINICAL FEATURES THAT DIFFER FROM OTHER LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS. CLL AND MCL ARE CLASSICALLY CONSIDERED INDOLENT AND AGGRESSIVE NEOPLASMS, RESPECTIVELY. HOWEVER, THE CLINICAL EVOLUTION OF BOTH TUMORS IS VERY HETEROGENEOUS, WITH SUBSETS OF PATIENTS HAVING STABLE DISEASE FOR A LONG TIME WHEREAS OTHERS REQUIRE IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION. BOTH CLL AND MCL INCLUDE 2 MAJOR MOLECULAR SUBTYPES THAT SEEM TO DERIVE FROM ANTIGEN-EXPERIENCED CD5(+) B CELLS THAT RETAIN A NAIVE OR MEMORY-LIKE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE AND CARRY A VARIABLE LOAD OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY-CHAIN VARIABLE REGION SOMATIC MUTATIONS FROM TRULY UNMUTATED TO HIGHLY MUTATED, RESPECTIVELY. THESE 2 SUBTYPES OF TUMORS DIFFER IN THEIR MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR, BEING MORE AGGRESSIVE IN NAIVE-LIKE THAN MEMORY-LIKE-DERIVED TUMORS IN BOTH CLL AND MCL. THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE 2 ENTITIES INTEGRATES THE RELEVANT INFLUENCE OF B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING, TUMOR CELL MICROENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, AND EPIGENOME MODIFICATIONS THAT CONFIGURE THE EVOLUTION OF THE TUMORS AND OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THESE 2 TUMORS BASED ON RECENT STUDIES THAT ARE ENHANCING THE UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR PATHOGENESIS AND CREATING SOLID BASES FOR NEW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  5912  35 TARGETED THERAPIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ENDOGENOUS NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION. RECENT INSIGHT INTO THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS HAS PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR A NOVEL CLASS OF AGENTS WHICH TARGET SPECIFIC, DYSREGULATED COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED PREDOMINANTLY ON B-CELL DEPLETING THERAPIES, OF WHICH BELIMUMAB WAS THE FIRST TO DEMONSTRATE SUCCESS IN PHASE III STUDIES AND THUS RECEIVE MARKETING AUTHORISATION. OFF-LABEL PRESCRIBING OF RITUXIMAB IN REFRACTORY CASES IS COMMON AND SUPPORTED BY UNCONTROLLED STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST A FAVOURABLE RISK:BENEFIT PROFILE. HOWEVER, TWO PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS FAILED TO SHOW BENEFIT, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRIAL METHODOLOGY. INHIBITION OF DYSREGULATED CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS AND CYTOKINES ARE OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION. SOME CANDIDATE DRUGS FAILED TO MEET PRIMARY ENDPOINTS IN EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS, YET DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL BENEFIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WERE APPLIED OR SPECIFIC PATIENT SUB-GROUPS ANALYSED. WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES OF GREATER SIZE AND DURATION ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE THERAPEUTIC UTILITY OF THESE AGENTS. FUTURE IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES TARGETING INTERFERON-ALPHA, T CELLS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY REDUCE MULTISYSTEM DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PROLONG SURVIVAL IN THIS COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEIC DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  1071  32 CLONAL DYNAMICS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAS A HIGHLY VARIABLE DISEASE COURSE ACROSS PATIENTS, THOUGHT TO BE DRIVEN BY THE VAST INTER- AND INTRAPATIENT MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY DESCRIBED IN SEVERAL LARGE-SCALE DNA-SEQUENCING STUDIES CONDUCTED OVER THE PAST DECADE. ALTHOUGH THE LAST 5 YEARS HAVE SEEN A DRAMATIC SHIFT IN THE THERAPEUTIC LANDSCAPE FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING THE REGULATORY APPROVAL OF SEVERAL POTENT TARGETED AGENTS (IE, IDELALISIB, IBRUTINIB, VENETOCLAX), THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS STILL INEVITABLY EXPERIENCE DISEASE RECURRENCE OR PERSISTENCE. RECENT GENOME-WIDE SEQUENCING APPROACHES HAVE HELPED TO IDENTIFY SUBCLONAL POPULATIONS WITHIN TUMORS THAT DEMONSTRATE A BROAD SPECTRUM OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS, DIVERSE LEVELS OF RESPONSE TO THERAPY, PATTERNS OF REPOPULATION, AND GROWTH KINETICS. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC FEATURES ON CLONAL GROWTH DYNAMICS AND DRUG RESPONSE WILL BE AN IMPORTANT STEP TOWARD THE SELECTION AND TIMING OF THERAPY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  6857  45 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  1078  47 CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS: UNRAVELING MOLECULAR PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS TO DEVELOP NOVEL TARGETED THERAPEUTICS. CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISEASES THAT ARE PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING FOR HEMATOLOGISTS. INDEED, MOST OBVIOUS AND FREQUENT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES INCLUDE A BROAD SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS LEUKEMIAS, LYMPHOMAS, MYELOMA, AND OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OR LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. IN RECENT YEARS, ALL THESE DISEASES HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED BY THE WHO ACCORDING TO A NOVEL CLASSIFICATION OF MYELOID AND LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, WHICH TAKES IN ACCOUNT THE OUTSTANDING PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR DEFECTS UNDERLYING HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. REGARDLESS OF A NUMBER OF NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES, HEMATOLOGISTS CONTINUE TO DEAL DAILY WITH CONDITIONS WHERE A CLEAR DIAGNOSIS OF A MALIGNANCY IS MISSING: THIS IS THE CASE OF SEVERAL CLONAL HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED BONA FIDE NON-MALIGNANT. SOME MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, CHRONIC T AND NK DISORDERS OF GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES, MYELOFIBROSIS, MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES, MONOCLONAL B-CEL LYMPHOCYTOSIS, MASTOCYTOSIS AND PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA ARE PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLES OF HOW CLONAL DISORDERS ARE CLEARLY DIFFERENT FROM CANCERS, EVEN IF THEY MAY SHARE WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SIMILAR MOLECULAR, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES. INDEED, IT IS NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR WHETHER IN INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS SUCH PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS MAY REPRESENT INITIAL STEP(S) OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, MAKING A BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT DISORDERS AND TYPICAL HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS. SOME OF THESE NON-MALIGNANT DISORDERS IMPLY SPECIFIC PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND/OR CLINICAL COURSE, AND SO THEY HAVE BEEN DEFINITELY ESTABLISHED WITH THEIR OWN BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL IDENTITY. HOWEVER, THE OBVIOUS QUESTION WHETHER SOME OF THESE CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES FORM SOME A KIND OF DISEASE-CONTINUUM WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING MALIGNANT COUNTERPART IS STILL TO BE ANSWERED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  2355  39 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PRAME GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS (TAA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. PRAME IS A TAA GENE UP-REGULATED IN ADVANCED PHASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO DATE, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME HAVE NEVER BEEN STUDIED. WE FOUND THAT SOME PH'-POSITIVE CELL LINES DID NOT EXPRESS PRAME. THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME WAS RESTORED IN THESE CELL LINES BY TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, SUGGESTING THAT THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME IS MAINLY SUPPRESSED BY HYPERMETHYLATION. BISULFITE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF THE CPG SITES OF THE PRAME EXON 2 IN THESE CANCER CELL LINES REVEALED A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PRAME GENE AND ITS EXPRESSION. A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF PRAME WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN CML BLAST CRISIS (70%) THAN IN CHRONIC PHASE (36%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PRAME TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF PRAME UP-REGULATES ITS EXPRESSION IN CML AND MIGHT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19   271  26 AGE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN HUMAN DNA INCREASE ITS IMMUNOGENICITY. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED REACTIVITY TO SELF-ANTIGENS AND INCIDENCES OF CANCER ARE HALLMARKS OF AGING. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. AGE-ASSOCIATED ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA EITHER DUE TO OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS METHYLATION THAT LEAD TO MUTATIONS AND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES ARE THOUGHT TO BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE. HERE WE REPORT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN AGED DNA ALSO INCREASE ITS IMMUNOGENICITY RENDERING IT MORE REACTIVE TO INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS SUCH AS THE DENDRITIC CELLS. WE OBSERVED INCREASED UPREGULATION OF COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AS WELL AS ENHANCED SECRETION OF IFN-ALPHA FROM DENDRITIC CELLS IN RESPONSE TO DNA FROM AGED DONORS AS COMPARED TO DNA FROM YOUNG DONORS WHEN IT WAS DELIVERED INTRACELLULARLY VIA LIPOFECTAMINE. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS REVEALED THAT DNA FROM AGED SUBJECTS IS NOT DEGRADED, NEITHER IS IT MORE DAMAGED COMPARED TO DNA FROM YOUNG SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, THERE IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED GLOBAL LEVEL OF METHYLATION SUGGESTING THAT AGE-ASSOCIATED HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE DNA MAY BE THE CAUSE OF ITS INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY. INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY OF SELF DNA MAY THUS BE ANOTHER MECHANISM THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASE IN AGE-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AUTOIMMUNITY AND CANCER.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20   937  22 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA GENOMICS AND THE PRECISION MEDICINE ERA. MASSIVE GENOMIC ANALYSES HAVE UNDERSCORED THE DIVERSITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) BETWEEN PATIENTS. GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF TUMOUR CLONES WITHIN A PATIENT MAY FUEL TUMOUR EVOLUTION. SEVERAL RECURRENTLY DEREGULATED INTRA-CELLULAR PATHWAYS ARE CANDIDATES FOR TARGETED THERAPIES THAT ARE VERY PROMISING AND ARE DRAMATICALLY CHANGING CLINICAL PATIENTS' PERSPECTIVES. IN THIS REVIEW WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF CLL AND THEIR CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS.	2017