1  3518 160 IGE SENSITIZATION PROFILES DIFFER BETWEEN ADULT PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND MODERATE ATOPIC DERMATITIS. BACKGROUND: ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A COMPLEX CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WHERE ALLERGENS CAN ACT AS SPECIFIC TRIGGERING FACTORS. AIM: TO CHARACTERIZE THE SPECIFICITIES OF IGE-REACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH AD TO A BROAD PANEL OF EXOGENOUS ALLERGENS INCLUDING MICROBIAL AND HUMAN ANTIGENS. METHODOLOGY: ADULT PATIENTS WITH AD WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE SCORAD INDEX, INTO SEVERE (N = 53) AND MODERATE AD (N = 126). AS CONTROLS 43 PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED WITH SEBORRHOEIC ECZEMA AND 97 INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT HISTORY OF ALLERGY OR SKIN DISEASES. SPECIFIC IGE REACTIVITY WAS ASSESSED IN PLASMA USING PHADIATOP(R), IMMUNOCAP, MICRO-ARRAYED ALLERGENS, DOT-BLOTTED RECOMBINANT MALASSEZIA SYMPODIALIS ALLERGENS, AND IMMUNE-BLOTTED MICROBIAL AND HUMAN PROTEINS. RESULTS: IGE REACTIVITY WAS DETECTED IN 92% OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND 83% OF PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AD. SENSITIZATION TO CAT ALLERGENS OCCURRED MOST FREQUENTLY, FOLLOWED BY SENSITIZATION TO BIRCH POLLEN, GRASS POLLEN, AND TO THE SKIN COMMENSAL YEAST M. SYMPODIALIS. PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AD SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCY OF IGE REACTIVITY TO ALLERGENS LIKE CAT (RFEL D 1) AND HOUSE DUST MITE (RDER P 4 AND 10), TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, M. SYMPODIALIS, AND TO HUMAN ANTIGENS. IN CONTRAST, THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE FREQUENCIES OF IGE REACTIVITY TO THE GRASS POLLEN ALLERGENS RPHL P 1, 2, 5B, AND 6 BETWEEN THE TWO AD GROUPS. FURTHERMORE THE IGE REACTIVITY PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AD WAS MORE SPREAD TOWARDS SEVERAL DIFFERENT ALLERGEN MOLECULES AS COMPARED TO PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AD. CONCLUSION: WE HAVE REVEALED A HITHERTO UNKNOWN DIFFERENCE REGARDING THE MOLECULAR SENSITIZATION PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND MODERATE AD. MOLECULAR PROFILING TOWARDS ALLERGEN COMPONENTS MAY PROVIDE A BASIS FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS AIMING TO EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIFFERENT APPEARANCE AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES IN AD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2   846  37 CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND: EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) INCREASES ATOPY; IT IS UNCLEAR HOW PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO INCREASED SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNITY IN ATOPIC CHILDREN (DEFINED AS CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGIC RHINITIS) FROM FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, AN AREA WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT PAHS. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 256 SUBJECTS FROM FRESNO, CA. AMBIENT PAH CONCENTRATIONS (NG/M(3) ) WERE MEASURED USING A SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REGRESSION MODEL OVER MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS. ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS WAS DETERMINED BY CURRENT NHLBI CRITERIA. PHENOTYPING AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED FROM ISOLATED CELLS. FOR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS, DNA WAS ISOLATED AND PYROSEQUENCED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT HIGHER AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED TREG FUNCTION AND INCREASED METHYLATION IN THE FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN 3 (FOXP3) LOCUS (P < 0.05), CONDITIONAL ON ATOPIC STATUS. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 (P < 0.001). METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY TREG DYSFUNCTION, AND AN INCREASE IN TOTAL PLASMA IGE LEVELS. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF IL-10 DECREASED AND IFN-GAMMA INCREASED AS THE EXTENT OF PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED. THE STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATIONS GENERALLY INCREASED AS THE TIME WINDOW FOR AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED FROM 24 HR TO 1 YEAR, SUGGESTING MORE OF A CHRONIC RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE AND IMMUNE OUTCOMES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN SUBJECTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A KEY LOCUS INVOLVED IN ATOPY: FOXP3, WITH A HIGHER IMPACT ON ATOPIC CHILDREN. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED ATOPIC CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN COULD BE LINKED TO INCREASED PAH EXPOSURE IN AIR POLLUTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3   725  39 CAN THE BLOOD TRYPTASE BE AN INDICATOR OF THE SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS? ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD - ATOPIC ECZEMA) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSIS RESULTING FROM COMPLEX GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS WITH AN OVERLAPPING DEFECT IN THE EPIDERMAL BARRIER.AD IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS. AIM: THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM BASAL TRYPTASE (SBT) AND TOTAL IGE (TIGE) LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM AND THE SEVERITY OF LESIONS (SCORAD; SCORING ATOPIC DERMATITIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE STUDY WAS PERFORMED IN THE GROUP OF ADULT PATIENTS (57 PEOPLE, F/M: 30/27; AVERAGE AGE: 37.5 YEARS) AND IN THE CONTROL GROUP (10 PEOPLE, K/M: 6/4; AVERAGE AGE: 44 YEARS). DIAGNOSIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS WAS ESTABLISHED BY A DERMATOLOGIST-ALLERGIST SPECIALIST BASED ON THE CRITERIA OF HANIFIN AND RAJKA. THE SEVERITY OF LESIONS WAS DETERMINED ON THE SCORAD SCALE (SCORING ATOPIC DERMATITIS). RESULTS: THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRYPTASE CONCENTRATION DID NOT DIFFER STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS DISEASE SEVERITY AND THE CONTROL GROUP ALSO THE SEVERITY OF SKIN LESIONS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P<0.001) IN PATIENTS WHOSE TIGE LEVEL EXCEEDED 3500 IU / ML. CONCLUSION. SBT DID NOT PROVE TO BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER IN ASSESSING. CONCLUSIONS: SBT DID NOT PROVE TO BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER IN ASSESSING SEVERITY OF AD. THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT IN THE PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS THE CONCENTRATION OF TOTAL IGE WAS CORRELATED WITH SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE SYMPTOMS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4  6071  31 THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE INCREASES REGULATORY T CELLS AND ALLEVIATES AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN OVALBUMIN-SENSITIZED MICE. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS CHARACTERIZED AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF THE AIRWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH AN ENHANCED TH2 RESPONSE TO INHALED ALLERGENS. CD4+ T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3 AND STRICTLY MAINTAIN PERIPHERAL IMMUNOTOLERANCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FOXP3 BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA), CAN GENERATE A STEADY SUPPLY OF FUNCTIONAL TREG CELLS. THEREFORE, WE PROPOSE THAT AZA CAN AUGMENT TREG CELLS IN VIVO TO PREVENT THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA. METHODS: BALB/C MICE WERE SENSITIZED WITH CHICKEN OVALBUMIN (OVA) AND TREATED WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF AZA. AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS TO METHACHOLINE, EOSINOPHILIA IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, CIRCULATING TITERS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE, AND STIMULATING LEVELS OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM SPLENOCYTES WERE THEN DETERMINED. CELLULAR POPULATIONS WERE EXAMINED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. PC61 ANTIBODY, WHICH DEPLETES CD25+ CELLS, WAS USED TO VERIFY THE ROLE OF CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-INDUCED TOLERANCE. RESULTS: ADMINISTRATION OF AZA TO OVA-SENSITIZED MICE DIMINISHED AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY, PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA, LEVELS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE IN SERUM, AND SECRETION OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM OVA-STIMULATED SPLENOCYTES IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. PERCENTAGES OF CD25+ AND FOXP3+ CELLS IN THE CD4+ CELL POPULATION WERE NOTABLY INCREASED IN AZA-TREATED MICE COMPARED TO SENSITIZED CONTROL MICE. FURTHERMORE, THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA WERE EXACERBATED BY DEPLETING CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-TREATED MICE. CONCLUSIONS: AZA MAY HAVE APPLICATIONS AS A NOVEL CLINICAL STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF TREG CELLS IN ORDER TO MODULATE THE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5  6247  40 THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE 33 GENE (ADAM33) IN ADULT ASTHMA. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS A COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPIRATORY DISEASE. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA MAY BE AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO CHARACTERIZE THE EFFECT OF THE METHYLATION OF EACH CPG SITE IN THE ADAM33 (A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE 33) GENE IN ADULT ASTHMA. METHODS: A HUMAN CPG ISLAND MICROARRAY WAS USED TO EXAMINE 4 ASTHMATIC CASES AND 4 HEALTHY CONTROLS, AND THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THERE MIGHT BE DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION WITHIN EXON 9 OF THE ADAM33 GENE. THEREFORE, WE DESIGNED A CASE-CONTROL STUDY WITH 50 ASTHMATIC PATIENTS AND 50 AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CPG METHYLATION OF THE ADAM33 GENE AND ASTHMA USING BISULFITE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID MODIFICATION AND SEQUENCING. RESULTS: BISULFITE SEQUENCING EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT THE 14 CPG SITES IN EXON 9 OF THE ADAM33 GENE WERE HIGHLY METHYLATED (100%) IN ALL INDIVIDUALS. THE PROPORTIONS OF METHYLATION OF THE 14 CPG SITES IN ADAM33 IN THE CASE GROUP WERE NOT DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF THE CONTROL GROUP. THE METHYLATION OF EXON 9 OF THIS LOCUS WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH AGE, SEX, IGE LEVELS, OR LUNG FUNCTION. THIS STUDY FOUND NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN EXON 9 OF THE ADAM33 GENE AND ADULT ASTHMA. CONCLUSIONS: THE 14 CPG SITES WERE HIGHLY METHYLATED IN THE CASE AND CONTROL GROUPS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF EXON 9 IN ADAM33 IN A LARGER POPULATION IS NEEDED TO EVALUATE ITS ROLE IN ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6   362  36 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IMPAIRS REGULATORY T-CELL FUNCTION IN ASTHMA. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN, AND CHILDREN ARE AT HIGH RISK FOR ADVERSE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION (AAP) EXPOSURE. REGULATORY T (TREG) CELLS ARE SUPPRESSORS OF IMMUNE RESPONSES INVOLVED IN ASTHMA PATHOGENESIS. TREG-CELL IMPAIRMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED DNA METHYLATION OF FORKHEAD BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3 (FOXP3), A KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN TREG-CELL ACTIVITY. BECAUSE AAP EXPOSURE CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TREG-CELL FUNCTION WOULD BE IMPAIRED BY AAP, ALLOWING AMPLIFICATION OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. OBJECTIVES: TO ASSESS WHETHER EXPOSURE TO AAP LED TO HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE FOXP3 GENE, CAUSING IMPAIRED TREG-CELL SUPPRESSION AND WORSENED ASTHMA SYMPTOM SCORES. METHODS: CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ASTHMA FROM FRESNO, CALIF (HIGH POLLUTION, FRESNO ASTHMA GROUP [FA], N = 71, AND FRESNO NON ASTHMATIC GROUP, N = 30, RESPECTIVELY), AND FROM STANFORD, CALIF (LOW POLLUTION, STANFORD ASTHMA GROUP, N = 40, AND STANFORD NON ASTHMATIC GROUP, N = 40), WERE ENROLLED IN A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. PERIPHERAL BLOOD TREG CELLS WERE USED IN FUNCTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES. ASTHMA OUTCOMES WERE ASSESSED BY GLOBAL INITIATIVE IN ASTHMA SCORE. RESULTS: FRESNO ASTHMA GROUP TREG-CELL SUPPRESSION WAS IMPAIRED AND FA TREG-CELL CHEMOTAXIS WERE REDUCED COMPARED WITH OTHER GROUPS (P </= .05). TREG-CELL DYSFUNCTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE PRONOUNCED DECREASES IN ASTHMA GLOBAL INITIATIVE IN ASTHMA SCORE IN FA VERSUS THE STANFORD ASTHMA GROUP. FOXP3 WAS DECREASED IN FA COMPARED WITH THE FRESNO NON ASTHMATIC GROUP (P </= .05). FA ALSO CONTAINED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF METHYLATION AT THE FOXP3 LOCUS (P </= .05). CONCLUSION: INCREASED EXPOSURE TO AAP IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS, IMPAIRING TREG-CELL FUNCTION AND INCREASING ASTHMA MORBIDITY. AAP COULD PLAY A ROLE IN MEDIATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TREG CELLS, WHICH MAY WORSEN ASTHMA BY AN IMMUNE MECHANISM.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  5398  21 REDUCED MOUSE ALLERGEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN REGULATORY GENES, BUT NOT MOUSE SENSITIZATION, IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO MOUSE ALLERGEN MAY CONTRIBUTE GREATLY TO THE INNER-CITY ASTHMA BURDEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT REDUCING MOUSE ALLERGEN EXPOSURE MAY MODULATE THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY UNDERLYING SYMPTOMATIC PEDIATRIC ALLERGIC ASTHMA, AND THAT THIS OCCURS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE STUDIED A COHORT OF MOUSE SENSITIZED, PERSISTENT ASTHMATIC INNER-CITY CHILDREN UNDERGOING MOUSE ALLERGEN-TARGETED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) VS EDUCATION IN A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED INTERVENTION TRIAL. WE FOUND THAT DECREASING MOUSE ALLERGEN EXPOSURE, BUT NOT COCKROACH, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FOXP3 BUCCAL DNA PROMOTER METHYLATION, BUT THIS WAS UNRELATED TO MOUSE SPECIFIC IGE PRODUCTION. THIS FINDING SUGGESTS THAT THE ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AN IMMUNOMODULATORY GENE MAY OCCUR FOLLOWING CHANGING ALLERGEN EXPOSURES IN SOME HIGHLY EXPOSED COHORTS. GIVEN THE CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF INNER-CITY PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS, FURTHER STUDIES WILL BE NEEDED TO CORROBORATE CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION FOLLOWING CHANGING EXPOSURES OVER TIME, AND DETERMINE THEIR IMPACT ON ASTHMA MORBIDITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE CHILDREN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  3711  24 INHALED DRUG DELIVERY FOR THE TARGETED TREATMENT OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AFFECTING MILLIONS WORLDWIDE. WHILE CLASSICALLY ACKNOWLEDGED TO RESULT FROM ALLERGEN-DRIVEN TYPE 2 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES LEADING TO IGE AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND THE INFLUX OF IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS MAST CELLS AND EOSINOPHILS, THE WIDE RANGE IN ASTHMATIC PATHOBIOLOGICAL SUBTYPES LEAD TO HIGHLY VARIABLE RESPONSES TO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES. THUS, THERE IS A NEED TO DEVELOP PATIENT-SPECIFIC THERAPIES CAPABLE OF ADDRESSING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF ASTHMATIC LUNG DISEASE. MOREOVER, DELIVERY OF TARGETED TREATMENTS FOR ASTHMA DIRECTLY TO THE LUNG MAY HELP TO MAXIMIZE THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN IN DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE FORMULATIONS FOR THE INHALED ROUTE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF ASTHMATIC DISEASE PROGRESSION AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DISEASE MODIFIERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA SEVERITY AND EXACERBATION OF DISEASE. WE ALSO OVERVIEW THE LIMITATIONS OF CLINICALLY AVAILABLE TREATMENTS FOR ASTHMA AND DISCUSS PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF ASTHMA USED TO EVALUATE NEW THERAPIES. BASED ON THE SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTING TREATMENTS, WE HIGHLIGHT RECENT ADVANCES AND NEW APPROACHES TO TREAT ASTHMA VIA INHALATION FOR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DELIVERY, MUCOLYTIC THERAPY TO TARGET AIRWAY MUCUS HYPERSECRETION AND GENE THERAPIES TO ADDRESS UNDERLYING DRIVERS OF DISEASE. FINALLY, WE CONCLUDE WITH DISCUSSION ON THE PROSPECTS FOR AN INHALED VACCINE TO PREVENT ASTHMA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  2064  29 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD), ALSO KNOWN AS ATOPIC ECZEMA, IS A COMMON BUT ALSO COMPLEX CHRONIC, ITCHY SKIN CONDITION WITH UNDERLYING INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN. THIS SKIN AILMENT IS PREVALENT WORLDWIDE AND AFFECTS PEOPLE OF ALL AGES, PARTICULARLY CHILDREN BELOW FIVE YEARS OF AGE. THE ITCHING AND RESULTING RASHES IN AD PATIENTS ARE OFTEN THE RESULT OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS, THUS NECESSITATING A CLOSER LOOK AT THE INFLAMMATION-REGULATING MECHANISMS FOR PUTATIVE RELIEF, CARE AND THERAPY. SEVERAL CHEMICAL- AS WELL AS GENETICALLY-INDUCED ANIMAL MODELS HAVE ESTABLISHED THE IMPORTANCE OF TARGETING PRO-INFLAMMATORY AD MICROENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE GAINING ATTENTION TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ONSET AS WELL AS THE PROGRESSION OF INFLAMMATION. SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITH IMPLICATIONS IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AD, SUCH AS, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION EITHER DUE TO REDUCED FILAGGRIN / HUMAN BETA-DEFENSINS OR ALTERED MICROBIOME, REPROGRAMING OF FC RECEPTORS WITH RESULTING OVEREXPRESSION OF HIGH AFFINITY IGE RECEPTORS, ELEVATED EOSINOPHIL NUMBERS OR THE ELEVATED IL-22 PRODUCTION BY CD4 + T CELLS HAVE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE DIFFERENTIAL PROMOTER METHYLATION AND/OR REGULATION BY NON-CODING RNAS. REVERSING THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAS BEEN VERIFIED TO REDUCE INFLAMMATORY BURDEN THROUGH ALTERED SECRETION OF CYTOKINES IL-6, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22 ETC, WITH BENEFIT AGAINST AD PROGRESSION IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF INFLAMMATION IN AD HAS THE POTENTIAL OF OPENING AVENUES FOR NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  5156  29 PRE-BIRTH ORIGINS OF ALLERGY AND ASTHMA. ALLERGY IS A CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAN DEVELOP AS EARLY AS INFANCY, SUGGESTING THAT EARLY LIFE FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT IN ITS AETIOLOGY. VARIABLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SIZE AT BIRTH, A CRUDE MARKER OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT, AND ALLERGY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN HUMANS AND REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BIRTH WEIGHT AND ALLERGY ARE HOWEVER CONFOUNDED IN HUMANS, AND WE AND OTHERS HAVE THEREFORE BEGUN EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE EVENTS ON ALLERGY IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. IN PARTICULAR, WE ARE USING OVINE MODELS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER AND HOW A RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENT BEFORE BIRTH PROTECTS AGAINST ALLERGY, WHETHER METHYL DONOR AVAILABILITY CONTRIBUTES TO ALLERGIC PROTECTION IN IUGR, AND WHY MATERNAL ASTHMA DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISKS OF ALLERGIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN. WE FOUND THAT EXPERIMENTAL INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) IN SHEEP REDUCED CUTANEOUS RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS IN PROGENY, DESPITE NORMAL OR ELEVATED IGE RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, MATERNAL METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION IN LATE PREGNANCY PARTIALLY REVERSED EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL IUGR, CONSISTENT WITH THE PROPOSAL THAT EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS UNDERLIE SOME BUT NOT ALL EFFECTS OF IUGR ON ALLERGIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. OVINE EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ASTHMA WITH EXACERBATIONS REDUCES RELATIVE FETAL SIZE IN LATE GESTATION, WITH SOME CHANGES IN IMMUNE POPULATIONS IN FETAL THYMUS SUGGESTIVE OF INCREASED ACTIVATION. MATERNAL ALLERGIC ASTHMA IN MICE ALSO PREDISPOSES PROGENY TO ALLERGY DEVELOPMENT. IN CONCLUSION, THESE FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS PROVIDE DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT A PERTURBED ENVIRONMENT BEFORE BIRTH ALTERS IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL FUNCTION, AND PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES TO INVESTIGATE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND DEVELOP AND EVALUATE INTERVENTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3993  35 LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP OF THE ASTHMA STATUS IN A FRENCH-CANADIAN COHORT. ASTHMA AFFECTS 340 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND VARIES IN TIME. TWENTY YEARS AGO, IN CANADA, THE SAGUENAY-LAC-SAINT-JEAN ASTHMA FAMILY COHORT WAS CREATED TO STUDY THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF ASTHMA. THIS STUDY IS A FOLLOW-UP OF 125 PARTICIPANTS OF THIS COHORT TO EXPLORE THE APPEARANCE, PERSISTENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF ASTHMA OVER 10-20 YEARS. PARTICIPANTS ANSWERED A CLINICAL STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRE. LUNG FUNCTION WAS ASSESSED (FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S, FORCED VITAL CAPACITY, BRONCHIAL REVERSIBILITY, AND METHACHOLINE BRONCHOPROVOCATION), SKIN ALLERGY TESTING WAS PERFORMED, BLOOD SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED (IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS) AND PHENOTYPES WERE COMPARED BETWEEN RECRUITMENT AND FOLLOW-UP. FROM THE PARTICIPANTS WITHOUT ASTHMA AT RECRUITMENT, 12% DEVELOPED A PHENOTYPE OF ADULT-ONSET ASTHMA WITH THE PRESENCE OF RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS ATOPY, HIGH BODY MASS INDEX, AND EXPOSURE TO SMOKING. A DECREASE OF PC(20) VALUES IN THIS GROUP WAS OBSERVED AND A DECREASE IN THE FEV(1)/FVC RATIO IN ALL GROUPS. ALSO, 7% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ASTHMA AT RECRUITMENT DEVELOPED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, PRESENTING RISK FACTORS AT RECRUITMENT, SUCH AS MODERATE-TO-SEVERE BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS, EXPOSURE TO SMOKING, AND ASTHMA. THIS STUDY ALLOWED A BETTER INTERPRETATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF ASTHMA. FINE PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION IS THE FIRST STEP FOR MEANINGFUL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12   529  20 ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAIN. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CHRONIC CONDITION OF CHILDHOOD IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH 6.5 MILLION CHILDREN AFFECTED IN THE USA. A DISPARATE BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IS SEEN AMONG SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED YOUTH, OFTEN CONCENTRATED IN URBAN AREAS WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES. HOST FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE A CHILD TO ASTHMA INCLUDE ATOPY, MALE GENDER, PARENTAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA, AND ALSO RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPROVED HYGIENE, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AND EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO MICROBES AND AEROALLERGENS, ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. WITH GREATER THAN 90% OF TIME SPENT INDOORS, HOME EXPOSURES (SUCH AS COCKROACH, RODENT, AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT FOR URBAN ASTHMA. MORBIDITY REDUCTION MAY REQUIRE FOCUSED PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HIGH PRIORITY RISK GROUPS AND THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE MODULATORY AGENTS IN CHILDREN WITH POORLY CONTROLLED DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  5875  35 SYMPTOMS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN WOMEN DURING EARLY PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN THEIR OFFSPRING. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IS A UBIQUITOUS MECHANISM DURING CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ORGANOGENESIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALLERGEN EXPOSURE DURING VERY EARLY PREGNANCY INCREASES BRONCHIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN OFFSPRING IN A MURINE MODEL OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. HOWEVER, NO SUCH PHENOMENA WERE REPORTED IN HUMANS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN THE ONSET OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS INVESTIGATED. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 400 PAIRS OF MOTHERS WITH PHYSICIAN-DIAGNOSED ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) AND THEIR OFFSPRING (AGE 7-18 MONTHS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A LARGE-SCALE MEDICAL CHECK-UP WERE ENROLLED IN THIS RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. FAMILY HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY WERE INQUIRED ABOUT USING A SELF-ANSWERED QUESTIONNAIRE. A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL ADJUSTED FOR AGE, GENDER, BIRTH MONTH AND FATHER'S HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED. RESULTS: OFFSPRING WHOSE MOTHERS HAD ANY AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO FOR THE ONSET OF AR IN OFFSPRING THAN THOSE WHOSE MOTHERS HAD NO SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY (ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO: 6.26, P = 0.036). HOWEVER, THE SYMPTOMS OF AR DURING LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO EFFECTS ON THE ODDS RATIO. IN CONTRAST, THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY OR LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO ASSOCIATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF FOOD ALLERGY, ATOPIC DERMATITIS OR ASTHMA IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE ONSET OF AR IN HUMANS PRESUMABLY THROUGH INCREASED ORGAN-SPECIFIC HYPERSENSITIVITY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  2973  41 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. BACKGROUND: ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CAUSED BY THE COMPLEX INTERACTION OF GENETIC, IMMUNE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THERE HAVE MANY RECENT DISCOVERIES INVOLVING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF AD. METHODS: A RETROSPECTIVE PUBMED SEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT FROM JUNE 2009 TO JUNE 2016 USING THE TERMS "ATOPIC DERMATITIS", "ASSOCIATION", "ECZEMA", "GENE", "POLYMORPHISM", "MUTATION", "VARIANT", "GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY", "MICROARRAY" "GENE PROFILING", "RNA SEQUENCING", "EPIGENETICS" AND "MICRORNA". A TOTAL OF 132 PUBLICATIONS IN ENGLISH WERE IDENTIFIED. RESULTS: TO ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC FACTORS FOR AD PATHOGENESIS, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING ASSAYS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN THIS PERIOD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR AD DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING GENOMIC DNA MODIFICATION AND MICRORNA POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, HAVE BEEN EXPLORED. TO DATE, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INDICATE THAT FILAGGRIN (FLG) NULL GENE MUTATIONS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR AD, AND GENES IN THE TYPE 2 T HELPER LYMPHOCYTE (TH2) SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE THE SECOND REPLICATED GENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR AD. GWAS STUDIES IDENTIFIED 34 RISK LOCI FOR AD, THESE LOCI ALSO SUGGEST THAT GENES IN IMMUNE RESPONSES AND EPIDERMAL SKIN BARRIER FUNCTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AD. ADDITIONALLY, GENE PROFILING ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED AD IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX GENES AND ELEVATED TH2 AND TH17 GENES. HYPOMETHYLATION OF TSLP AND FCER1G IN AD WERE REPORTED; AND MIR-155, WHICH TARGET THE IMMUNE SUPPRESSOR CTLA-4, WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY OVER-EXPRESSED IN INFILTRATING T CELLS IN AD SKIN LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TWO MAJOR BIOLOGIC PATHWAYS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR AD ETIOLOGY: SKIN EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND INNATE/ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL EPIDERMAL BARRIER AND IMMUNE RESPONSES RECIPROCALLY AFFECT EACH OTHER, AND THEREBY DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  1694  27 DUST MITE ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY INCREASES IL4 DNA METHYLATION AND INDUCES DER P-SPECIFIC T CELL TOLERANCE IN CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIC ASTHMA. ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY (ALLERGEN-SIT) IS A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIC ASTHMA (AA), AN IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHRONIC DISEASE LEADING TO BRONCHIAL MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY AND AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ALLERGENS. T HELPER CELLS AND SECRETED CYTOKINES PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA, AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION CONTROLS GENES IMPORTANT FOR T CELL DEVELOPMENT AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY EVALUATED T HELPER CELL-SECRETED CYTOKINES AND DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN TREATED WITH DERMATOPHAGOIDES PTERONYSSINUS (DER P) ALLERGEN-SIT. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT AFTER DER P CHALLENGE, PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM THE SIT GROUP, COMPARED WITH THE NON-SIT AA GROUP, PRODUCED LOWER LEVELS OF IL-4, IL-5 AND IL-2. THE SIT GROUP, COMPARED WITH THE AA GROUP, EXHIBITED DECREASED SENSITIVITY TO THE DER P ALLERGEN, CONCURRENT WITH IL-4 DOWN-MODULATION DUE TO INCREASED PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION, AS ESTIMATED IN PBMCS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT SIT DECREASED IL-4 AND IL-5, AND INHIBITED T CELL PROLIFERATION, BY INHIBITING IL-2 PRODUCTION AFTER THE SPECIFIC ALLERGEN CHALLENGE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DECREASED IL-2 PRODUCTION AND INCREASED IL-4 CYTOKINE PROMOTER METHYLATION IS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM OF DER P-SPECIFIC ALLERGEN DESENSITIZATION IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  3034  40 GENETICS/EPIGENETICS/ALLERGY: THE GUN IS LOADED ... BUT WHAT PULLS THE TRIGGER? BACKGROUND: THE ALLERGIC DISEASES COMPRISE A GROUP OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS THAT DISPLAY A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS PRIMARILY MEDIATED BY IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IGE). THE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF THESE IGE-MEDIATED ALLERGIC DISORDERS HAVE INCREASED DRAMATICALLY OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND ARE BECOMING A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. ALTHOUGH GENETICS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMINING WHO DEVELOPS THESE ATOPIC DISORDERS, GENETICS ALONE CANNOT FULLY EXPLAIN THIS RAPID GROWTH. RESULTS OF NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT EPIGENETICS PLAYS A MAJOR PATHOGENETIC ROLE BY SUPERIMPOSING ITS EFFECTS ABOVE THE DNA PRIMAL GENETIC MOLECULE THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH AND BETWEEN VARIOUS SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES, IMMUNOLOGIC INFLUENCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. OBJECTIVE: IN THIS ARTICLE, THE IMPORTANCE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE WERE REVIEWED TOGETHER WITH THE PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THESE ENTITIES AND WHICH RELATE TO CLINICAL ALLERGY PRACTICE. A SPECIFIC FOCUS OF THE ARTICLE WAS DIRECTED TO THE RECENT RECOGNITION THAT THE IGE-DRIVEN ATOPIC DISORDERS ARE DRIVEN BY ABERRANT IMMUNE RESPONSES IN WHICH CD25(+) FORKHEAD BOX P3(+) (FOXP3(+)) T-REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS THAT NORMALLY SUPPRESS INFLAMMATORY EVENTS ARE OFTEN POORLY FUNCTIONING. METHODS: BASED ON OUR PREVIOUS PUBLISHED FINDINGS THAT METHYLATED DNA CPG (CYTOSINE [C], PHOSPHATE [P], GUANINE [G]) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE (ODN) BUT NOT UNMETHYLATED CPG ODN SEQUENCE WAS SHOWN TO PROMOTE FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CD4(+) T CELLS, THE ARTICLE REVIEWED THE APPLICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND TREG INDUCTION TO CANCER, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, AND THE ALLERGIC DISORDERS. RESULTS: THE CENTRAL UNIFYING THEME OF DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS ITS COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION TO AN ELECTRONIC "SWITCH," WHICH, WHEN IN THE METHYLATED STATE FUNCTIONS IN THE "CLOSED" POSITION WITH GENE SILENCING, GENOME STABILITY, AND DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION, WHEREAS DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IS ANALOGOUS TO THE "OPENED" POSITION OF THE SWITCH, WHICH LEADS TO ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION AND INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: OF THE THREE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, COVALENT POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND MICRO-RNA-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING, DNA METHYLATION PLAYS THE MAJOR ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ALLERGY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. EPIGENETICS HOLDS THE KEY TO UNRAVELING THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND ENDOTYPES, IDENTIFYING SAFER AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES, AND CREATING A BETTER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES. GENETICS LOADS THE GUN AND EPIGENETICS PULLS THE TRIGGER.	2019	

17  6808  23 [EPIGENETICS IN ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA]. ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA ARE THE RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC DISEASE AMONG CHILDREN. IN THIS ARTICLE WE REVIEW SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LIKE: ALLERGEN EXPOSITION, TOBACCO, BACTERIA, MICROBIAL COMPONENTS, DIET, OBESITY AND STRESS, WHICH INFLUENCES DURING INTRAUTERINE AND INFANCY LIFE IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES. THE REVIEW HAS BEEN DONE IN THREE MODELS: IN-VITRO, ANIMAL AND HUMAN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  1760  23 EARLY PREDICTORS OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGY IN CHILDREN: THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES ARE AMONG THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD. ALTHOUGH EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SUGGEST THAT ASTHMA BEGINS IN THE PRESCHOOL YEARS, THE LACK OF FIRM DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA TO DISTINGUISH CHILDREN WHO WILL WHEEZE ONLY TRANSIENTLY DURING EARLY-LIFE LOWER RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES FROM CHILDREN WHO WILL WHEEZE PERSISTENTLY AND DEVELOP ASTHMA PREVENTS PINPOINTING THE TIME AT WHICH DISEASE TRULY BEGINS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LINK GENE REGULATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS, THE SEARCH FOR EPIGENETIC PREDICTORS OF ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGY THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED ALREADY AT BIRTH AND/OR IN EARLY LIFE. RECENT FINDINGS: DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGY AT BIRTH, AND TIME-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIC DISEASE PHENOTYPES IN EARLY LIFE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. SUMMARY: THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY EPIGENETIC PREDICTORS OF ALLERGIC DISEASES POINTS TO A POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING THE INCEPTION OF AND THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE DISEASES. PREDICTIVE SIGNATURES TO MORE ACCURATELY ESTIMATE A CHILD'S RISK FOR ASTHMA AND ALLERGY MAY IMPROVE CHILDHOOD ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS. MOREOVER, UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THESE SIGNATURES MAY HELP ELUCIDATE NOVEL DISEASE PATHWAYS AND ENDOTYPES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  2138  23 EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE OF FETAL GENES IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA. ASTHMA HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN EXAGGERATED T-HELPER TYPE 2 (TH2) OVER TH1 RESPONSES TO ALLERGIC AND NONALLERGIC STIMULI, WHICH LEADS TO CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND AIRWAY REMODELING. IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE, WE PROPOSE THAT MANY OF THE GENES INVOLVED IN IGE SYNTHESIS AND AIRWAYS (RE)MODELING IN ASTHMA ARE PERSISTENT OR REMINISCENT FETAL GENES WHICH MAY NOT BE SILENCED DURING EARLY INFANCY (OR LATE PREGNANCY). GENES OF THE EMBRYOLOGIC DIFFERENTIATION OF ECTODERMIC AND ENDODERMIC TISSUES MAY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE PATTERNS OF AIRWAY REMODELING IN ASTHMA. IN UTERO PROGRAMMING LEADS TO GENE EXPRESSION, THE PERSISTENCE OF WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE PHENOMENA INDUCED BY NONSPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CLEAR DELINEATION OF THESE ISSUES MAY YIELD NEW INFORMATION ON THE MECHANISMS OF ASTHMA AND NEW TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION AND PRIMARY PREVENTION.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  5552  28 ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A COMPLEX, HETEROGENEOUS AND CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WITH DIFFERENT CLINICAL PHENOTYPES CAUSED BY DIVERSE TRIGGERS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. ASTHMA HERITABILITY HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN MANY GENETIC STUDIES BUT IT IS EVIDENT THAT ONLY GENETIC ELEMENTS ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. INCREASING RATE OF ASTHMA INCIDENCE DURING PAST DECADES HAS IMPLICATED THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PERFORM AS INITIATOR SIGNALS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THREE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND SMALL NONCODING RNAS. THESE MECHANISMS REGULATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSES AND INFLAMMATORY GENES EXPRESSION IN ASTHMA AND ALLERGY. THIS REVIEW EXPLAINS THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CONTROLLING TH2 RESPONSE AND IGE PRODUCTION IN ASTHMA AND ALSO BRIEFLY OVERVIEWS THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS POLLUTIONS, ALLERGENS, PRENATAL EXPOSURES AND DIET IN DEVELOPING ASTHMA. RECOGNIZING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE OF GREAT INTEREST FOR PROGNOSTIC AND PREVENTIVE ASPECT IN TREATMENT OF ASTHMA.	2017