1 4832 99 OMICS BIOMARKERS IN OBESITY: NOVEL ETIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND TARGETS FOR PRECISION PREVENTION. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: OMICS-BASED TECHNOLOGIES WERE SUGGESTED TO PROVIDE AN ADVANCED UNDERSTANDING OF OBESITY ETIOLOGY AND ITS METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN "OMICS"-BASED RESEARCH AIMED TO IDENTIFY OBESITY-RELATED BIOMARKERS. RECENT FINDINGS: RECENT ADVANCES IN OBESITY AND METABOLISM RESEARCH INCREASINGLY RELY ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO IDENTIFY MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY USING VARIOUS "OMICS" PLATFORMS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT TRANSLATE INTO CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME, PROTEOME, AND METABOLOME COULD SERVE AS TARGETS FOR OBESITY PREVENTION. DESPITE A NUMBER OF PROMISING CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS, THERE IS AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES TO VALIDATE FINDINGS AND DETERMINE BIOMARKER REPRODUCIBILITY BEFORE THEY CAN FIND APPLICATIONS IN PRIMARY CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. "OMICS" BIOMARKERS HAVE ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE ON THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND ITS LINKS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY BRING SUBSTANTIAL PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES THAT PAVE THE WAY TOWARDS PATIENT STRATIFICATION AND PRECISION PREVENTION. 2020 2 3399 32 HOW CAN GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS HELP THE NEPHROLOGIST IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS? DISCOVERY OF NOVEL IMPROVED TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR THE NEPHROLOGY COMMUNITY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS, TO A LARGE EXTENT, WILL BE BASED ON GENOMICS. THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE NUMBER OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, MAJOR ADVANCES IN DNA SEQUENCING AND OMICS PROFILING, AND ACCELERATING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH EFFORTS IN THIS AREA HAVE GREATLY EXPANDED THE KNOWLEDGE BASE NEEDED FOR APPLIED GENOMICS. HOWEVER, TRANSLATING AND IMPLEMENTING GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE DATA INTO GENE-BASED MEDICINE IN CKD POPULATIONS IS STILL IN AN EARLY PHASE AND WILL REQUIRE CONTINUOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH INTEGRATED APPROACHES AND INTENSIFIED INVESTIGATIONS THAT FOCUS ON THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, WHICH CAUSATIVELY LINK A GENETIC VARIANT WITH THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW SOME CURRENT STRATEGIES TO UNRAVEL THESE TRANSLATIONAL GAPS AS WELL AS PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC METHODS INTO NOVEL CLINICAL PRACTICE. 2014 3 2987 23 GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY IN KIDNEY DISEASE. FAMILIAL AGGREGATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS COMPONENT PHENOTYPES-REDUCED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, PROTEINURIA AND RENAL HISTOLOGIC CHANGES-HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED. RATES OF SEVERE KIDNEY DISEASE ARE ALSO KNOWN TO DIFFER MARKEDLY BETWEEN POPULATIONS BASED ON ANCESTRY. THESE EPIDEMIOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF NEPHROPATHY SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES. SEVERAL MOLECULAR GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES ARE NOW AVAILABLE TO IDENTIFY CAUSATIVE LOCI. THE PRESENT ARTICLE SUMMARIZES AVAILABLE STRATEGIES USEFUL FOR IDENTIFYING NEPHROPATHY SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES, INCLUDING CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION, FAMILY-BASED LINKAGE, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION AND ADMIXTURE MAPPING (MAPPING BY ADMIXTURE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM) APPROACHES. EXAMPLES OF LOCI DETECTED USING THESE TECHNIQUES ARE PROVIDED. EPIGENETIC STUDIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEPHROPATHY SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES, COUPLED WITH MODIFIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS IMPACTING THEIR FUNCTION, IS LIKELY TO IMPROVE RISK PREDICTION AND TRANSFORM CARE. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPIES TO PREVENT PROGRESSION OF KIDNEY DISEASE WILL FOLLOW. 2017 4 4519 31 MULTI-OMICS IN CROHN'S DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM INSIDE. CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) IS AN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) WITH COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC DIARRHEA, WEIGHT LOSS AND HEMATOCHEZIA. DESPITE THE INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE, CURE OF CD REMAINS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT. THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY WITH INTEGRATED-OMICS ANALYSES IN RECENT YEARS HAS PROVIDED A NEW MEANS FOR EXPLORING THE PATHOGENESIS, MINING THE BIOMARKERS AND DESIGNING TARGETED PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTICS OF CD. HOST GENOMICS AND EPIGENOMICS UNVEIL HEREDITY-RELATED MECHANISMS OF SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, WHILE MICROBIOME AND METABOLOMICS MAP HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS IN CD PATIENTS. PROTEOMICS SHOWS GREAT POTENTIAL IN SEARCHING FOR PROMISING BIOMARKERS. NONETHELESS, SINGLE OMICS TECHNOLOGY CANNOT HOLISTICALLY CONNECT THE MECHANISMS WITH HETEROGENEITY OF PATHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR IN CD. THE RISE OF MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS INTEGRATES GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES WITH PROTEIN/MICROBIAL METABOLITE FUNCTIONALITY, PROVIDING NEW HOPE FOR COMPREHENSIVE AND IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF CD. HEREIN, WE EMPHASIZED THE DIFFERENT OMICS FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF CD AND DISCUSSED THE CURRENT RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS OF MULTI-OMICS IN CD. THIS REVIEW WILL UPDATE AND DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CD FROM INTEGRATION OF BROAD OMICS SPECTRA AND WILL PROVIDE NEW EVIDENCE FOR TARGETED INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTICS. 2023 5 264 30 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET. 2011 6 2636 29 EPIGENOME-WIDE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION, TREATMENT, AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. DESPITE SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN THE TREATMENT AND CARE OF PEOPLE WITH HIV (PWH), SEVERAL CHALLENGES REMAIN IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE PATHOGENESIS TO IMPROVE PATIENT CARE. HIV INFECTION CAN MODIFY THE HOST EPIGENOME AND AS SUCH CAN IMPACT DISEASE PROGRESSION, AS WELL AS THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES DRIVING NON-AIDS COMORBIDITIES IN PWH. EPIGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INCLUDING EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) OFFER A UNIQUE SET OF TOOLS TO EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HIV DISEASE AND TO IDENTIFY NOVEL STRATEGIES APPLICABLE TO TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSIS IN THIS PATIENT POPULATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE FROM EPIGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF PWH, IDENTIFY THE MAIN CHALLENGES OF THIS APPROACH, AND HIGHLIGHT FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE FIELD. EMERGING EPIGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF PWH CAN EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HIV INFECTION AND HEALTH OUTCOMES, IMPROVE SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY THROUGH COLLABORATION AND REPLICATION, AND INCREASE THE COVERAGE OF DIVERSE POPULATIONS AFFECTED BY THE GLOBAL HIV PANDEMIC. THROUGH THIS REVIEW, WE HOPE TO HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL OF EWAS AS A TOOL FOR HIV RESEARCH AND TO ENGAGE MORE INVESTIGATORS TO EXPLORE ITS APPLICATION TO IMPORTANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 2022 7 5025 31 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD. 2017 8 5163 30 PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMA. LIKE MANY OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, EVERY ALLERGIC PATIENT HAS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON CLINICAL COURSE, TREATMENT RESPONSIVENESS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT. THIS VARIABILITY NECESSITATES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PATIENT-TAILORED AND PRECISION APPROACHES IN HANDLING ALLERGIC DISORDERS. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISORDERS WILL PROVIDE MORE RATIONALE STRATEGIES BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CASES IN CONTROLLING AND TREATING THESE DISORDERS. ENDOTYPING, PHENOTYPING, GENOTYPING AND THERATYPING, AND BIOMARKERS ARE KEYWORDS IN THIS AREA AND HAVE BEEN GAINING LOTS OF ATTENTION IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE, WHICH AIMS TO REVOLUTIONIZE PATIENT CARE AND DEVELOP BETTER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, PRECISION HEALTH IS A NEW CONCEPT THAT BRINGS PRECISE APPROACHES TO THE SCENE FOR BEING HEALTHY AND PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE AND ASTHMA. THE SPECIALTY OF ALLERGY HAS A LEADING ROLE IN THE FIELD, BECAUSE ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY STARTED 105 YEARS AGO, AND IS HISTORICALLY A LEADING PERSONALIZED/PRECISION MEDICINE APPROACH IN ALL MEDICINE DISCIPLINES PROVIDING THE POSSIBILITY OF CURE IN AN INDIVIDUALIZED MANNER INSTEAD OF CONVENTIONAL SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENTS. 2018 9 4344 29 MINIREVIEW: TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES. INCREASING IMPORTANCE IS PLACED ON THE TRANSLATIONAL VALIDITY OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE TO DISCERN RISK VS. BENEFIT FOR PREDICTION OF OUTCOMES AFTER THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTH. BASIC DISCOVERY RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER MANY DECADES HAS BUILT AN EXTENSIVE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE ACROSS MAMMALIAN SPECIES UPON WHICH TO ADVANCE ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE. MODIFICATIONS TO EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS COULD RAPIDLY ADDRESS TRANSLATIONAL GAPS RELEVANT TO CLINICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL HEALTH, WHICH INCLUDE THE IMPACT OF 1) CHRONIC OVARIAN HORMONE DEPRIVATION AND HORMONE THERAPY, 2) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY REGIMENS (CYCLIC VS. CONTINUOUS COMBINED), 3) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY FORMULATIONS, AND 4) WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPTIMAL DURATION OF INTERVENTIONS. MODIFICATIONS IN EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS TO MORE ACCURATELY REPRESENT HUMAN MENOPAUSE AND CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS COULD RAPIDLY PROVIDE PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL DATA TO PREDICT OUTCOMES REGARDING UNRESOLVED CLINICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO WOMEN'S MENOPAUSAL HEALTH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE COULD LEVERAGE ADVANCES IN IDENTIFYING GENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS TO DEVELOP PERSONALIZED MENOPAUSAL CARE AND TO PREDICT OUTCOMES OF INTERVENTIONS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST OR VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE. KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF THESE MODELS IS THE CLOSE COUPLING BETWEEN THE TRANSLATIONAL TARGET AND THE RANGE OF PREDICTIVE VALIDITY. PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE NEED TO KEEP PACE WITH CHANGES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. WITH FOCUS ON PREDICTIVE VALIDITY AND STRATEGIC USE OF ADVANCES IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SCIENCE, NEW ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SET NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MENOPAUSAL CLINICAL CARE FOR WOMEN WORLDWIDE. 2012 10 6630 28 UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN HEALTH DISPARITIES AND EPIGENOMICS. SOCIAL EPIGENOMICS HAS EMERGED AS AN INTEGRATIVE FIELD OF RESEARCH FOCUSED ON IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BIOLOGY THROUGH EPIGENOMIC MODIFICATIONS, AND HOW THEY CONTRIBUTE TO CURRENT HEALTH DISPARITIES. SEVERAL HEALTH DISPARITIES STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED USING GENETIC-BASED APPROACHES; HOWEVER, INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES HAVE ALLOWED FOR AN IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION, MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION). CURRENTLY, RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENT, AS WELL AS TARGETED EPIGENETIC THERAPIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL STRATEGIES FOR POTENTIALLY MINIMIZING CERTAIN HEALTH DISPARITIES. HERE, WE WILL REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS IN THIS FIELD PERTAINING TO CONDITIONS AND DISEASES OVER LIFE SPAN ENCOMPASSING PRENATAL TO ADULT STAGES. 2020 11 4515 36 MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES FOR PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT : POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF OMICS IN PRECISION PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND RISK REDUCTION OF OBESITY. INTRODUCTION: OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CANNOT BE ADDRESSED BY SIMPLY PROMOTING BETTER DIETS AND MORE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TO DATE, NOT A SINGLE COUNTRY HAS SUCCESSFULLY BEEN ABLE TO CURB THE ACCUMULATING BURDEN OF OBESITY. ONE EXPLANATION FOR THE LACK OF PROGRESS IS THAT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS ARE TRADITIONALLY IMPLEMENTED WITHOUT A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. EVIDENCE FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND HOW THEY IN TURN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTOME, METABOLITES, MICROBIOMES, AND PROTEOMES. OBJECTIVE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DATA: GENOMICS, EPIGENOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, PROTEOMICS, METABOLOMICS AND ILLUSTRATE HOW A MULTI-OMICS APPROACH CAN BE FUNDAMENTAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT. RESULTS: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DESIGNS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO CATEGORIES, THE GENOTYPE APPROACH AND THE PHENOTYPE APPROACH. WHEN APPLIED TO OBESITY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT, EACH OMICS TYPE COULD POTENTIALLY HELP TO DETECT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS IN PEOPLE WITH RISK PROFILES AND GUIDE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND DECISION MAKERS IN DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT PLANS ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEFORE THE ONSET OF OBESITY. CONCLUSION: INTEGRATING MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES WILL ENABLE A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM THE ONE SIZE FITS ALL APPROACH TOWARDS PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT, I.E. (1) PRECISION PREVENTION OF THE ONSET OF OBESITY, (2) PRECISION MEDICINE AND TAILORED TREATMENT OF OBESITY, AND (3) PRECISION RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY DISEASES RELATED TO OBESITY. 2023 12 6048 27 THE CONCEPTS OF ASTHMA ENDOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES TO GUIDE CURRENT AND NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. ASTHMA, A COMMON, NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTS OVER 300 MILLION INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. THE WESTERN WORLD LIFESTYLE IS CLAIMED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS HIGH AND INCREASING PREVALENCE. ASTHMA HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A SYNDROME WITH VARIOUS PHENOTYPES AND ENDOTYPES, ALLERGIC ASTHMA AND TYPE 2 ASTHMA BEING THE MOST FREQUENT. A GREAT INCREASE IN PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES HAS NECESSITATED INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS BOTH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPY OPTIONS WITH LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND LIMITED SIDE-EFFECTS. ALLERGIC PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS WITH VARIABLE VISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, RELATED TO INFLUENCE OF GENES AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL BY MICRO- AND MACRO-ENVIRONMENT. AREAS COVERED: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE DEFINITION OF ASTHMA PHENOTYPES AND POSSIBLE ENDOTYPES, ADVANCES IN ALLERGY-IMMUNOLOGY FIELD AND CONTEMPORARY PERSONALIZED THERAPY OPTIONS FOR ASTHMA. EXPERT COMMENTARY: BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX IMMUNE NETWORK OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION AND KEY PLAYERS OF IMMUNITY IS CONTINUOUSLY BEING PROVIDED FOR CLARIFICATION OF ASTHMA SUB-TYPES. SUCCESSFUL THERAPY OF ASTHMA REQUIRES BETTER DEFINITION OF UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS, WHICH SEQUENTIALLY COULD END UP WITH 'CUSTOM-TAILORED' INDIVIDUALIZED, EVIDENCE-BASED AND MORE PRECISE THERAPY OPTIONS; A NEW ERA TERMED AS 'PRECISION MEDICINE'. ENDOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, THERATYPE AND BIOMARKER TERMS ARISE AS MAJOR KEYWORDS IN PRECISION/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. 2018 13 5161 38 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS. 2020 14 1867 29 EMERGING GENE-EDITING MODALITIES FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A PATHOLOGICAL DEGENERATIVE CONDITION OF THE JOINTS THAT IS WIDELY PREVALENT WORLDWIDE, RESULTING IN SIGNIFICANT PAIN, DISABILITY, AND IMPAIRED QUALITY OF LIFE. THE DIVERSE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF OA CAN EXPLAIN THE PAUCITY OF VIABLE PREVENTIVE AND DISEASE-MODIFYING STRATEGIES TO COUNTER IT. ADVANCES IN GENOME-EDITING TECHNIQUES MAY IMPROVE DISEASE-MODIFYING SOLUTIONS BY ADDRESSING INHERITED PREDISPOSING RISK FACTORS AND THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MODULATORS. RECENT PROGRESS ON TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS CRISPR/CAS9 AND CELL-BASED GENOME-EDITING THERAPIES TARGETING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN OA OFFER PROMISING AVENUES FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED THERAPIES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW WAS TO CONCISELY SUMMARIZE THE GENOME-EDITING OPTIONS AGAINST CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE JOINT CONDITIONS SUCH AS OA WITH A FOCUS ON THE MORE RECENTLY EMERGING MODALITIES, ESPECIALLY CRISPR/CAS9. FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS IN NOVEL GENOME-EDITING THERAPIES MAY IMPROVE THE EFFICACY OF SUCH TARGETED TREATMENTS. 2020 15 1240 24 CURRENT ADVANCES OF EPIGENETICS IN PERIODONTOLOGY FROM ENCODE PROJECT: A REVIEW AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. BACKGROUND: THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DNA ELEMENTS (ENCODE) PROJECT HAS ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE GENOME AND EPIGENOME. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE WAS TO PROVIDE THE COMPREHENSION ABOUT CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS FROM ENCODE PROJECT AND ESTABLISH THE LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETICS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASES BASED ON EPIGENOME STUDIES AND SEEK THE FUTURE DIRECTION. MAIN BODY: GLOBAL EPIGENOME RESEARCH PROJECTS HAVE EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC RESEARCH FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE, AND CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIA SHOW AN IMPROVED INTEREST IN THE IMPORTANCE OF ORAL HEALTH WITH SYSTEMIC HEALTH. THE EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN DENTAL FIELD HAVE BEEN MAINLY CONDUCTED IN PERIODONTOLOGY AND HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. ADVANCES IN SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY HAVE BROADENED THE TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC STUDIES FROM SPECIFIC GENES TO GENOME-WIDE ANALYSES. CONCLUSIONS: IN LINE WITH GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS, FURTHER EXTENDED AND ADVANCED EPIGENETIC STUDIES WOULD PROVIDE CRUCIAL INFORMATION FOR THE REALIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE DENTAL MEDICINE AND EXPAND THE SCOPE OF ONGOING LARGE-SCALE RESEARCH PROJECTS. 2021 16 453 32 APPLICATIONS OF CRISPR SYSTEMS IN RESPIRATORY HEALTH: ENTERING A NEW 'RED PEN' ERA IN GENOME EDITING. RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLUENZA INFECTION, ACUTE TRACHEAL BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ASTHMA, LUNG CANCER AND NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA, CONTINUE TO SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH. DISEASES OF THE LUNG AND RESPIRATORY TRACT ARE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS; HOWEVER, MANY OF THESE SERIOUS RESPIRATORY DISORDERS ARE ALSO ROOTED IN GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CAUSES. CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR) AND CRISPR-ASSOCIATED (CAS) PROTEINS, ISOLATED FROM THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF PROKARYOTES, PROVIDE A TOOL TO MANIPULATE GENE SEQUENCES AND GENE EXPRESSION WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR RESPIRATORY RESEARCH. CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS ALLOW PRECLINICAL MODELLING OF CAUSAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN MANY RESPIRATORY DISEASES, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THEIR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. CRISPR CAN ALSO BE USED TO SCREEN FOR GENES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATORY PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOLOGY, IDENTIFYING NOVEL DISEASE DRIVERS OR DRUG TARGETS. FINALLY, CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS CAN POTENTIALLY CORRECT GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EDIT EPIGENETIC MARKS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, PROVIDING A FORM OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE THAT COULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS STEM CELL REPROGRAMMING AND TRANSPLANTATION. CRISPR GENE EDITING IS A YOUNG FIELD OF RESEARCH, AND CONCERNS REGARDING ITS SPECIFICITY, AS WELL AS THE NEED FOR EFFICIENT AND SAFE DELIVERY METHODS, NEED TO BE ADDRESSED FURTHER. HOWEVER, CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT STEP FORWARD FOR RESEARCH AND THERAPY IN RESPIRATORY HEALTH, AND IT IS LIKELY WE WILL SEE THE BREAKTHROUGHS GENERATED FROM THIS TECHNOLOGY CONTINUE. 2019 17 29 25 A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL OVERVIEW OF THE OPIOID CRISIS: CONSIDERING NUTRITION AND GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH. THE OPIOID CRISIS HAS REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH RISING OVERDOSE DEATH RATES. IDENTIFYING THE UNDERLYING FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ADDICTION VULNERABILITY MAY LEAD TO MORE EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES. SUPPLY SIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING COMPONENT. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS SUCH AS STRESS, TRAUMA, AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES HAVE BEEN LINKED TO EMOTIONAL PAIN LEADING TO SELF-MEDICATION. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN REWARD PATHWAYS AND IMPULSIVITY ARE KNOWN PREDICTORS OF ADDICTION VULNERABILITY. THIS REVIEW ATTEMPTS TO PRESENT A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH THAT CONNECTS VARIOUS SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL THEORIES RELATED TO THE ADDICTION CRISIS. THE EMERGING ROLE OF NUTRITION THERAPY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH IN THE TREATMENT OF OPIOID USE DISORDER IS PRESENTED. THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL INTEGRATES CONCEPTS FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES, EMPHASIZING MULTICAUSALITY RATHER THAN A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS ARE PRESENTED, CONSIDERING INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS POPULATION HEALTH. THIS SINGLE COHESIVE FRAMEWORK IS BASED ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM, IDENTIFYING RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE SUBSTANCE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. NUTRITION SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS ONE FACET OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TOWARD IMPROVED RECOVERY OUTCOMES. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS, NEW IDEAS, AND FISCAL RESOURCES WILL BE CRITICAL TO ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC. 2019 18 4743 24 NOVEL INSIGHTS FROM GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX URAEMIC PHENOTYPE. LIKE IN MANY OTHER COMMON COMPLEX DISORDERS, STUDIES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) CAN NOW MAKE USE OF THE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN GENOME, ITS VARIATIONS AND IMPACT ON DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, INITIATION, PROGRESSION AND COMPLICATIONS. SUCH STUDIES ARE FACILITATED BY NOVEL READILY AVAILABLE HIGH THROUGH-PUT GENOTYPING METHODS AND SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO SCAN THE GENOME FOR DNA VARIATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. HERE, WE REVIEW SOME OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES THAT HAVE EMERGED FROM THESE STUDIES AND EXPANDED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENETIC RISK LOCI AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN CKD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OBSTACLES AND PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THIS FIELD ARE DISCUSSED. 2014 19 1290 30 DECODING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEOUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE AIRWAYS. ALONGSIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ASTHMA SUSCEPTIBILITY IS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY GENETICS. GIVEN ITS HIGH PREVALENCE AND OUR INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, ASTHMA IS FREQUENTLY STUDIED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS), WHICH HAVE IDENTIFIED THOUSANDS OF GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT. VIRTUALLY ALL THESE GENETIC VARIANTS RESIDE IN NON-CODING GENOMIC REGIONS, WHICH HAS OBSCURED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ASTHMA-ASSOCIATED VARIANTS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO DISEASE-RELEVANT MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCES IN GENOMICS TECHNOLOGY AND EPIGENETICS NOW OFFER METHODS TO LINK GENETIC VARIANTS TO GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS EMBEDDED WITHIN NON-CODING REGIONS, WHICH HAVE STARTED TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE COMPLEX (EPI)GENETICS OF ASTHMA. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN INTEGRATED OVERVIEW OF (EPI)GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA, FOCUSING ON EFFORTS TO LINK THESE DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS TO BIOLOGICAL INSIGHT INTO ASTHMA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY USING STATE-OF-THE-ART GENOMICS METHODOLOGY. FINALLY, WE PROVIDE A PERSPECTIVE AS TO HOW DECODING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF ASTHMA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO TRANSFORM CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA AND TO PREDICT THE RISK OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT. 2023 20 2526 32 EPIGENETICS APPLIED TO PSYCHIATRY: CLINICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES. PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ARE CLINICALLY HETEROGENEOUS AND DEBILITATING CHRONIC DISEASES RESULTING FROM A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENE VARIANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, INSTRUCT THE CELL/TISSUE TO CORRECTLY INTERPRET EXTERNAL SIGNALS AND ADJUST ITS FUNCTIONS ACCORDINGLY. GIVEN THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENT, STABLE, AND REVERSIBLE, EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN PSYCHIATRY COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING DISEASE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE AIM TO DISCUSS THE CLINICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ARISING FROM THE EPIGENETIC RESEARCH IN PSYCHIATRY. USING SELECTED EXAMPLES, WE FIRST RECAPITULATE KEY FINDINGS SUPPORTING THE ROLE OF ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH GENETIC RISK, IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMS. EPIGENETIC STUDIES FURTHER REPORT ENCOURAGING FINDINGS ABOUT THE USE OF METHYLATION CHANGES AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS OF DISEASE PHENOTYPE AND PREDICTIVE TOOLS OF PROGRESSION AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. THEN WE DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL OF USING TARGETED EPIGENETIC PHARMACOTHERAPY, COMBINED WITH PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS, FOR FUTURE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FOR PATIENTS. FINALLY, WE REVIEW THE METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS THAT COULD HINDER INTERPRETATION OF EPIGENETIC DATA IN PSYCHIATRY. THEY MAINLY ARISE FROM HETEROGENEITY AT THE INDIVIDUAL AND TISSUE LEVEL AND REQUIRE FUTURE STRATEGIES IN ORDER TO REINFORCE THE BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC DATA AND ITS TRANSLATIONAL USE IN PSYCHIATRY. OVERALL, WE SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETICS COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO A MORE COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND MIGHT EVENTUALLY IMPROVE THE NOSOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. 2018