1  5572 84 ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: FROM MECHANISM TO INTERVENTION. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A CHRONIC AND IRREVERSIBLE HEART COMPLICATION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EVENTS INCLUDING EARLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, VENTRICULAR DILATION AND SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, EVENTUALLY RESULTING IN HEART FAILURE. DESPITE THESE CHARACTERISTICS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LEADING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE STILL ELUSIVE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED MICRORNA, A SMALL AND HIGHLY CONSERVED NON-CODING RNA MOLECULE, IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS AT CAPTURING RECENT STUDIES RELATED TO THE ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEART FAILURE - EDITED BY JUN REN & MEGAN YINGMEI ZHANG.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2   465 35 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  2356 23 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION-INDUCED VASCULAR AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR REMODELING: NEW OPPORTUNITIES? PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION (PAH) IS A RARE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH HIGH IMPACT ON PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE AND CURRENTLY NO AVAILABLE CURE. PAH IS CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTANT REMODELING OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY BY INCREASED PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (PASMCS), FIBROBLASTS (FBS) AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS). THIS REMODELING EVENTUALLY LEADS TO INCREASED PRESSURE IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV) AND SUBSEQUENT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (RVH) WHICH, WHEN LEFT UNTREATED, PROGRESSES INTO RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE (RVF). PAH CAN NOT ONLY ORIGINATE FROM HERITABLE MUTATIONS, BUT ALSO DEVELOP AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OR TOXINS, HIV, CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE OR BE IDIOPATHIC. WHILE MUCH ATTENTION WAS DRAWN INTO INVESTIGATING AND DEVELOPING THERAPIES RELATED TO THE MOST WELL UNDERSTOOD SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PAH, IN THE LAST DECADE, A SHIFT TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DRIVING THE DISEASE OCCURRED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE REFLECT ON THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC REGULATORY FACTORS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGY OF RV REMODELING, AND ON THEIR RELEVANCE TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENTLY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND MORE EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  4191 30 METABOLIC LANDSCAPE IN CARDIAC AGING: INSIGHTS INTO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. CARDIAC AGING IS EVIDENT BY A REDUCTION IN FUNCTION WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY CONTRIBUTES TO HEART FAILURE. THE METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A HALLMARK OF MALIGNANCY, BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHED LIGHT ON ITS ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS). VARIOUS METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN CARDIOMYOCYTES AND NONCARDIOMYOCYTES DETERMINE CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN THE AGING HEART. METABOLIC ALTERATION IS A COMMON PROCESS THROUGHOUT CARDIAC DEGENERATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE INVOLVEMENT OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN CARDIAC INJURIES, INCLUDING HEART FAILURE AND MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION, HAS BEEN REPORTED. HOWEVER, METABOLIC COMPLEXITY AMONG HUMAN AGING HEARTS HINDERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES THAT TARGETS METABOLIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. ADVANCES OVER THE PAST DECADE HAVE LINKED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND FUNCTION WITH THEIR METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING PATHWAY IN CARDIAC AGING, INCLUDING AUTOPHAGY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND MYOCYTE SYSTOLIC PHENOTYPE REGULATION. IN ADDITION, METABOLIC STATUS IS INVOLVED IN CRUCIAL ASPECTS OF MYOCARDIAL BIOLOGY, FROM FIBROSIS TO HYPERTROPHY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, FURTHER ELUCIDATION OF THE METABOLISM INVOLVEMENT IN CARDIAC DEGENERATION IS STILL NEEDED. THUS, DECIPHERING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IMPACTS CARDIAC AGING IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE NOVEL INTERVENTIONS TO PROTECT OR EVEN RESTORE CARDIAC FUNCTION IN AGING HEARTS. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE EMERGING CONCEPTS ABOUT METABOLIC LANDSCAPES OF CARDIAC AGING, WITH SPECIFIC FOCUSES ON WHY METABOLIC PROFILE ALTERS DURING CARDIAC DEGENERATION AND HOW WE COULD UTILIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC AGING.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  4415 29 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  5576 35 ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THE MORBIDITY OF DIABETES MELLITUS HAS BEEN INCREASING ANNUALLY. AS A PROGRESSIVE METABOLIC DISORDER, CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OCCUR IN THE LATE STAGE OF DIABETES. IN ADDITION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ACCOUNT FOR THE MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG THE DIABETIC POPULATION WORLDWIDE. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) IS A TYPE OF DIABETIC HEART DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH DCM SHOW SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HEART FAILURE WHILE NO SPECIFIC CAUSE, SUCH AS CORONARY DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR OTHER STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED. THE PATHOGENESIS OF DCM IS COMPLEX AND HAS NOT BEEN WELL UNDERSTOOD UNTIL RECENTLY. MICRORNAS (MIRS) BELONG TO A NOVEL FAMILY OF HIGHLY CONSERVED, SHORT, NON-CODING, SINGLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULES THAT REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MIRS AND DCM. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, THE ROLE OF MIRS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DCM IS SUMMARIZED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MIRS CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGULATION OF CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS, CARDIOMYOCYTE APOPTOSIS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, MYOCARDIAL ELECTRICAL REMODELING, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND VARIOUS OTHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF DCM. THESE STUDIES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO TARGETS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  6357 31 THE ROLE OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER WITH A CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE EXISTENCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, A CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION WITH IMPAIRED CARDIAC CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY AND/OR VALVULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY CAN LEAD TO HEART FAILURE. SEVERAL PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE AIMED TO DECIPHER THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. AMONG ALL THE CO-FACTORS, HYPERGLYCAEMIA SEEMS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PATHOLOGY. HYPERGLYCAEMIA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER CARDIAC METABOLISM AND FUNCTION THROUGH SEVERAL DELETERIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, ACCUMULATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATED END-PRODUCTS AND UPREGULATION OF THE HEXOSAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY. THESE MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIVATION OF HYPERTROPHIC PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELL APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS AND CALCIUM MISHANDLING, LEADING TO CARDIAC STIFFNESS, AS WELL AS CONTRACTILE AND RELAXATION DYSFUNCTION. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO DESCRIBE THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC-INDUCED ALTERATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND PATIENT MORTALITY, AND TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC OUTCOMES OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  4544 20 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  3719 26 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  2554 29 EPIGENETICS IN REACTIVE AND REPARATIVE CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS: THE PROMISE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIDE SPECTRUM OF HUMAN DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, DIABETES, AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS IS A COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS SEEN DURING CHRONIC AND STRESS-INDUCED ACCELERATED CARDIAC AGING. WHILE ADEQUATE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS IS NECESSARY FOR POST-INJURY WOUND HEALING, EXCESSIVE SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN IN THE STRESSED OR INJURED HEARTS CAUSES DECREASED OR LOSS OF LUSITROPY THAT LEADS TO CARDIAC FAILURE. THIS SELF-PERPETUATING DEPOSITION OF COLLAGEN AND OTHER MATRIX PROTEINS EVENTUALLY ALTER CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS; IMPAIR TISSUE ELASTICITY AND LEADS TO MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE, AS SEEN DURING PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES, CIRRHOSIS, IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND SCLERODERMA. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS, MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF ORGAN FIBROSIS AND HIGHLIGHTED ITS MULTI-FACTORIAL GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION. IN THIS MINIREVIEW, WE FOCUS ON FIVE MAJOR EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND DISCUSS THEIR CENTRAL ROLE IN CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HYPERTENSION-INDUCED REACTIVE FIBROGENESIS AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-INDUCED REPARATIVE OR REPLACEMENT CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS. AS MICRORNAS-ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC REGULATORS-CIRCULATE IN PLASMA, WE ALSO ADVOCATE THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC ROLE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS. LASTLY, WE DISCUSS THE EVOLUTION OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC-REGULATING DRUGS AND PREDICT THEIR CLINICAL ROLE IN THE SUPPRESSION OF PATHOLOGICAL CARDIAC REMODELING, CARDIAC AGING, AND HEART FAILURE. J. CELL. PHYSIOL. 232: 1941-1956, 2017. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11   245 25 ADRENERGIC REPRESSION OF THE EPIGENETIC READER MECP2 FACILITATES CARDIAC ADAPTATION IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE. RATIONALE: IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE, INCREASED ADRENERGIC ACTIVATION CONTRIBUTES TO STRUCTURAL REMODELING AND ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. ALTHOUGH ADRENERGIC SIGNALING ALTERS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, IT IS UNKNOWN, WHETHER IT ALSO AFFECTS OTHER EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND ITS RECOGNITION. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY THE MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND ITS FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE DURING CARDIAC PRESSURE OVERLOAD AND UNLOADING. METHODS AND RESULTS: MECP2 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A REVERSIBLY REPRESSED GENE IN MOUSE HEARTS AFTER TRANSVERSE AORTIC CONSTRICTION AND WAS NORMALIZED AFTER REMOVAL OF THE CONSTRICTION. SIMILARLY, MECP2 REPRESSION IN HUMAN FAILING HEARTS RESOLVED AFTER UNLOADING BY A LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE. THE CLUSTER MIR-212/132 WAS UPREGULATED AFTER TRANSVERSE AORTIC CONSTRICTION OR ON ACTIVATION OF ALPHA1- AND BETA1-ADRENOCEPTORS AND MIR-212/132 LED TO REPRESSION OF MECP2. PREVENTION OF MECP2 REPRESSION BY A CARDIOMYOCYTE-SPECIFIC, DOXYCYCLINE-REGULATABLE TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL AGGRAVATED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, FIBROSIS, AND CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION AFTER TRANSVERSE AORTIC CONSTRICTION. ABLATION OF MECP2 IN CARDIOMYOCYTES FACILITATED RECOVERY OF FAILING HEARTS AFTER REVERSIBLE TRANSVERSE AORTIC CONSTRICTION. GENOME-WIDE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS, AND DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED MITOCHONDRIAL GENES AND THEIR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS AS MECP2 TARGET GENES. COINCIDENT WITH ITS REPRESSION, MECP2 WAS REMOVED FROM ITS TARGET GENES, WHEREAS DNA METHYLATION OF MECP2 TARGET GENES REMAINED STABLE DURING PRESSURE OVERLOAD. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA CONNECT ADRENERGIC ACTIVATION WITH A MICRORNA-MECP2 EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR CARDIAC ADAPTATION DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND RECOVERY FROM HEART FAILURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  2313 30 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL FUNCTION BY NUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION IN CARDIAC HOMEOSTASIS AND DISEASE. PATHOLOGICAL REMODELLING OF THE MYOCARDIUM, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS AND HYPERTROPHY, IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE OR CHRONIC INJURY IS CENTRAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HEART FAILURE (HF). WHILE BOTH RESIDENT AND INFILTRATING CARDIAC CELLS ARE IMPLICATED IN THESE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, RECENT EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) MAY BE THE PRINCIPAL CELL TYPE RESPONSIBLE FOR ORCHESTRATING PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE FAILING HEART. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, INCLUDING DNA, AND MORE RECENTLY RNA, BY METHYLATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT DUE TO THEIR CRITICAL REGULATION OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. AS ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS HIGHLIGHTED ALTERED PATTERNS OF DNA AND RNA METHYLATION IN HF AT BOTH THE GLOBAL AND INDIVIDUAL GENE LEVELS, MUCH EFFORT HAS BEEN DIRECTED TOWARDS DEFINING THE PRECISE ROLE OF SUCH CELL-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF HF. CONSIDERING THE INCREASINGLY APPARENT CRUCIAL ROLE THAT ECS PLAY IN CARDIAC HOMEOSTASIS AND DISEASE, THIS ARTICLE WILL SPECIFICALLY FOCUS ON NUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION (BOTH DNA AND RNA) IN THE FAILING HEART, EMPHASISING THE KEY INFLUENCE OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GOVERNING EC FUNCTION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF DNA AND RNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN HF, ALONG WITH THEIR SPECIFIC ROLE IN REGULATING EC FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO STRESS (E.G. HYPERGLYCAEMIA, HYPOXIA). IMPROVED APPRECIATION OF THIS IMPORTANT RESEARCH AREA WILL AID IN FURTHER IMPLICATING DYSFUNCTIONAL ECS IN HF PATHOGENESIS, WHILST INFORMING DEVELOPMENT OF EC-TARGETED STRATEGIES AND ADVANCING POTENTIAL TRANSLATION OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPIES FOR SPECIFIC TARGETING OF PATHOLOGICAL CARDIAC REMODELLING IN HF.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  5532 27 RODENT MODELS OF GROUP 1 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CATEGORY 1 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH) IS A HETEROGENEOUS SYNDROME IN WHICH PH ORIGINATES IN THE SMALL PULMONARY ARTERIES AND IS THEREFORE ALSO REFERRED TO AS PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH). COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES INCLUDE ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION AND IMPAIRED APOPTOSIS OF VASCULAR CELLS, AND MITOCHONDRIAL FRAGMENTATION. THE PROLIFERATION/APOPTOSIS IMBALANCE RELATES IN PART TO ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1ALPHA (HIF-1ALPHA) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T-CELLS (NFAT) AND APOPTOSIS REPRESSORS, SUCH AS SURVIVIN. PERIVASCULAR INFLAMMATION, DISRUPTION OF ADVENTITIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND A GLYCOLYTIC METABOLIC SHIFT IN VASCULAR CELLS AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES ALSO OCCUR IN PAH. THERE ARE IMPORTANT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS TO PAH. THIS REVIEW ASSESSES THE FIDELITY OF EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS TO HUMAN PAH. NO SINGLE MODEL CAN PERFECTLY RECAPITULATE THE MANY DIVERSE FORMS OF PH IN CATEGORY 1; HOWEVER, ACCEPTABLE MODELS EXIST. PAH INDUCED BY MONOCROTALINE AND CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS SU-5416 (CH+SU) IN RATS DISPLAY ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROLIFERATION/APOPTOSIS IMBALANCE, AND DEVELOP THE GLYCOLYTIC METABOLIC PROFILE OF HUMAN PAH. HISTOLOGICALLY, CH+SU BEST CONFORMS TO PAH IN THAT IT DEVELOPS COMPLEX VASCULAR LESIONS, INCLUDING PLEXIFORM LESIONS. HOWEVER, THE MONOCROTALINE MODEL CAN BE INDUCED TO MANIFEST COMPLEX VASCULAR LESIONS AND DOES MANIFEST THE TENDENCY OF PAH PATIENTS TO DIE OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR (RV) FAILURE. MURINE MODELS OFFER GREATER MOLECULAR CERTAINTY THAN RAT MODELS BUT RARELY DEVELOP SIGNIFICANT PH, HAVE LESS RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY (RVH) AND PULMONARY ARTERY (PA) REMODELING, AND ARE HARDER TO IMAGE AND CATHETERIZE. THE USE OF HIGH FIDELITY CATHETERIZATION AND ADVANCED IMAGING (MICROPET-CT, HIGH FREQUENCY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, HIGH FIELD STRENGTH MRI) AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING (TREADMILL) PERMIT ACCURATE PHENOTYPING OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PAH. PRECLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF TESTING EXPERIMENTAL PAH THERAPIES. THE USE OF MULTIPLE COMPLEMENTARY MODELS WITH ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE AND TRIAL DURATION AND APPROPRIATE ENDPOINTS ARE REQUIRED FOR PRECLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PAH THERAPIES.	2013	
                              
14  4978 25 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND NEW ADVANCES IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A PROGRESSIVE AND OFTEN FATAL CARDIOPULMONARY CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY INCREASED PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE, STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION, AND THE FORMATION OF VASO-OCCLUSIVE LESIONS. THESE CHANGES LEAD TO INCREASED RIGHT VENTRICULAR AFTERLOAD, WHICH OFTEN PROGRESSES TO MALADAPTIVE RIGHT VENTRICULAR REMODELLING AND EVENTUALLY DEATH. PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION REPRESENTS ONE OF THE MOST SEVERE AND BEST STUDIED TYPES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND IS CONSISTENTLY TARGETED BY DRUG TREATMENTS. THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS, BUT CAN BE CHARACTERISED BY SEVERAL HALLMARKS: INFLAMMATION, IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS, METABOLIC ALTERATIONS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, INFLUENCE OF SEX AND SEX HORMONES, AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE. CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND SOME OTHER TYPES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION TARGET PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF PULMONARY VASCULAR TONE AND PROLIFERATION; HOWEVER, THESE TREATMENTS HAVE LIMITED EFFICACY ON PATIENT OUTCOMES. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES KEY FEATURES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, DISCUSSES CURRENT AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS, AND POINTS TO FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PATIENT CARE. BECAUSE MOST PROGRESS IN THE SPECIALTY HAS BEEN MADE IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THIS TYPE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. THE REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC DIRECTIONS, TARGETING INFLAMMATION, CELLULAR METABOLISM, GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS, SEX HORMONE SIGNALLING, BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN SIGNALLING, AND INHIBITION OF TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  5048 26 PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN EITHER INTERMITTENT OR PERMANENT HYPOXIA: A TALE OF TWO EXPOSURES. HYPOXIA INDUCES SEVERAL RESPONSES AT CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY AND REPRODUCTIVE LEVELS, WHICH MAY LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS IS RELEVANT IN HUMAN POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO HIGH ALTITUDE (HA), IN EITHER CHRONIC CONTINUOUS (PERMANENT INHABITANTS) OR INTERMITTENT FASHION (HA WORKERS, TOURISTS AND MOUNTAINEERS). IN CHILE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 1.000.000 PEOPLE LIVE AT HIGHLANDS AND MORE THAN 55.000 WORK IN HA SHIFTS. INITIAL RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA ARE COMPENSATORY AND INDUCE ACTIVATION OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS THOSE SEEN UNDER INTERMITTENT HYPOBARIC (IH) HYPOXIA, EVENTS THAT COULD MEDIATE PRECONDITIONING. HOWEVER, WHENEVER HYPOXIA IS PROLONGED, THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF CELLULAR RESPONSES INDUCES LONG-LASTING MODIFICATIONS THAT MAY RESULT IN ACCLIMATIZATION OR PRODUCE MALADAPTIVE CHANGES WITH INCREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. HA EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY INDUCES HYPOXIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH IN TURN MAY PROMOTE CELLULAR RESPONSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS RESULTING IN SEVERE IMPAIRMENT IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. SADLY, THIS CONDITION IS ACCOMPANIED WITH AN INCREASED FETAL AND NEONATAL MORBI-MORTALITY. FURTHER, DEVELOPMENTAL HYPOXIA MAY PROGRAM CARDIO-PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS LATER IN POSTNATAL LIFE, ENDING IN VASCULAR STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS WITH AUGMENTED RISK ON PULMONARY AND CARDIOVASCULAR FAILURE. ADDITIONALLY, PERMANENT HA INHABITANTS HAVE AUGMENTED RISK AND PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND CARDIOPULMONARY REMODELING. SIMILAR RESPONSES ARE SEEN IN ADULTS THAT ARE INTERMITTENTLY EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA (CH) SUCH AS SHIFT WORKERS IN HA AREAS. THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED DETERMINING THE IMMEDIATE, SHORT AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ARE STILL UNCLEAR. FOR SEVERAL YEARS, THE STUDY OF THE RESPONSES TO HYPOXIC INSULTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS HAS BEEN THE MOTIVATION OF OUR GROUP. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HYPOXIC RESPONSES AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES WITH ANTIOXIDANTS SUCH AS MELATONIN, ASCORBATE, OMEGA 3 (OMEGA3) OR COMPOUNDS THAT INCREASE THE NITRIC OXIDE (NO) BIOAVAILABILITY.	2015	
                                                                                                                             
16  4109 24 MECHANISMS AND DRUG THERAPY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION REPRESENTS A PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO HIGH ALTITUDE. IF EXAGGERATED, HOWEVER, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPORTANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. RECENT MECHANISTIC STUDIES USING SHORT-TERM ACUTE HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFECTIVE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL AND RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SYNTHESIS, INCREASED ENDOTHELIN-1 BIOAVAILABILITY, AND OVERACTIVATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CAUSING EXAGGERATED HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HUMANS. BASED ON THESE STUDIES, DRUGS THAT INCREASE NO BIOAVAILABILITY, ATTENUATE ENDOTHELIN-1 INDUCED PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION, OR PREVENT EXAGGERATED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE USEFUL FOR THE TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF EXAGGERATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION DURING ACUTE SHORT-TERM HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE. THE MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HIGH ALTITUDE DWELLERS ARE LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THEY DIFFER IN SOME ASPECTS FROM THOSE INVOLVED IN SHORT-TERM ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE. THESE DIFFERENCES HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE CHOICE OF THE TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. FINALLY, RECENT DATA INDICATE THAT FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN OFFSPRING OF PREECLAMPSIA AND CHILDREN GENERATED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES REPRESENTS A NOVEL AND FREQUENT CAUSE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. IN ANIMAL MODELS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE, AND TARGETING OF THESE MECHANISMS WITH DRUGS LOWERS PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE. IF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALSO ARE OPERATIONAL IN THE FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN HUMANS, SUCH DRUGS MAY BECOME NOVEL TOOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  6374 31 THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTICS. MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE IS THE MOST SERIOUS PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND AN IMPORTANT REASON FOR THEIR HIGH MORTALITY. IN RECENT YEARS, BECAUSE OF THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF SYSTEMIC ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS (E.G., OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME), COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY THESE DISORDERS HAVE ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD ATTENTION. ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF TRADITIONAL INJURY-RELATED RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS ISCHEMIA, HYPOXIA, TRAUMA, AND INFECTION. AN IMBALANCE OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC FLEXIBILITY AND MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION ARE USUALLY THE INITIAL CHANGES OF MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS, AND ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL DESTRUCTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE THEIR IMPORTANT FEATURES. SPECIFICALLY, MITOCHONDRIA ARE THE CENTERS OF ENERGY METABOLISM, AND RECENT EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT DECREASED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL, MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS. UNDER CHRONIC ENERGY STRESS, MITOCHONDRIA UNDERGO PATHOLOGICAL FISSION, WHILE MITOPHAGY, MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION, AND BIOGENESIS ARE INHIBITED, AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN BALANCE AND TRANSFER ARE DISTURBED, RESULTING IN THE ACCUMULATION OF NONFUNCTIONAL AND DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA. CONSEQUENTLY, DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA LEAD TO MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION AND THE ACCUMULATION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, FURTHER AGGRAVATING THE IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL AND FORMING A VICIOUS CYCLE. IN ADDITION, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIA COORDINATE CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IMBALANCE, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE. THESE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCE RAPID PROGRESSION OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO HEART FAILURE OR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH. TO INTERVENE MORE SPECIFICALLY IN THE MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY METABOLIC DISORDERS, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN THIS CONTEXT IN DETAIL. ACCORDINGLY, PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. WE ALSO SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROVIDE A REFERENCE FOR CLINICAL TREATMENT AND DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES.	2023	

18  1015 24 CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSES EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIORENAL FIBROSIS. CLINICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT SMOKING COMBUSTIBLE CIGARETTES PROMOTES PROGRESSION OF RENAL AND CARDIAC INJURY, LEADING TO FUNCTIONAL DECLINE IN THE SETTING OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). HOWEVER, BASIC STUDIES USING IN VIVO SMALL ANIMAL MODELS THAT MIMIC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY OF CKD ARE LACKING. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE EVALUATED RENAL AND CARDIAC INJURY PROGRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES INDUCED BY 4 WK OF DAILY COMBUSTIBLE CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE IN THE 5/6TH PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY (PNX) CKD MODEL. MOLECULAR EVALUATIONS REVEALED THAT CIGARETTE SMOKE SIGNIFICANTLY (P < 0.05) DECREASED RENAL AND CARDIAC EXPRESSION OF THE ANTIFIBROTIC MICRORNA MIR-29B-3 AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MOLECULAR FIBROSIS MARKERS. IN TERMS OF CARDIAC AND RENAL ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE LED TO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, CARDIAC AND RENAL FIBROSIS, AND DECREASED RENAL FUNCTION. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-29B-3P IS A NOVEL MECHANISM WHEREIN CIGARETTE SMOKE PROMOTES ACCELERATED CARDIAC AND RENAL TISSUE INJURY IN CKD. (155 WORDS).	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  1468 22 DISTINCT EPIGENETIC PROGRAMS REGULATE CARDIAC MYOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE IN THE HUMAN HEART IN VIVO. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NETWORKS ESSENTIAL FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF CARDIAC MYOCYTES HAVE BEEN UNCOVERED. HOWEVER, RESHAPING OF THE EPIGENOME OF THESE TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT, POSTNATAL MATURATION, AND IN DISEASE REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE DYNAMICS OF THE CARDIAC MYOCYTE EPIGENOME DURING DEVELOPMENT AND IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE. WE FIND THAT PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL MATURATION ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A COOPERATION OF ACTIVE CPG METHYLATION AND HISTONE MARKS AT CIS-REGULATORY AND GENIC REGIONS TO SHAPE THE CARDIAC MYOCYTE TRANSCRIPTOME. IN CONTRAST, PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN TERMINAL HEART FAILURE IS ACCOMPANIED BY CHANGES IN ACTIVE HISTONE MARKS WITHOUT MAJOR ALTERATIONS IN CPG METHYLATION AND REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN MARKS. NOTABLY, CIS-REGULATORY REGIONS IN CARDIAC MYOCYTES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE-ASSOCIATED VARIANTS. THIS STUDY UNCOVERS DISTINCT LAYERS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION NOT ONLY DURING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL MATURATION BUT ALSO IN DISEASED HUMAN CARDIAC MYOCYTES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  4577 21 MYOSTATIN: BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION. MYOSTATIN IS A MEMBER OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SUPERFAMILY. IT IS EXPRESSED BY ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WHERE IT LIMITS MUSCLE GROWTH AND PROMOTES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. ITS EFFECTS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATION BY EXTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS. DUE TO ITS ACTIONS IN PROMOTING MUSCLE ATROPHY AND CACHEXIA, MYOSTATIN HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO COUNTERACT MUSCLE MASS LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT MUSCLE-WASTING CONDITIONS. MOREOVER, GROWING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MYOSTATIN, BEYOND TO REGULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH, MAY HAVE A ROLE IN MANY PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW MYOSTATIN BIOLOGY, INCLUDING INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR REGULATORY PATHWAYS, AND THE ROLE OF MYOSTATIN IN MODULATING PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS MUSCLE GROWTH AND AGING. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS THE MOST RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXTRA-MUSCLE EFFECTS OF MYOSTATIN. FINALLY, WE CONSIDER THE MAIN STRATEGIES DEVELOPED AND TESTED TO INHIBIT MYOSTATIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DISCUSS THE LIMITS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ON MYOSTATIN.	2022