1  4818 130 OCCURRENCE OF ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING AND METHYLATION DISRUPTIONS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION BEFORE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. BACKGROUND: WHETHER ACCELERATED AGING DEVELOPS OVER THE COURSE OF CHRONIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION OR CAN BE OBSERVED BEFORE SIGNIFICANT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ON IS UNKNOWN. WE STUDIED DNA METHYLATION IN BLOOD TO ESTIMATE CELLULAR AGING IN PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) BEFORE THE INITIATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). METHODS: A TOTAL OF 378 ART-NAIVE PLWH WHO HAD CD4 T-CELL COUNTS >500/MICROL AND WERE ENROLLED IN THE STRATEGIC TIMING OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TRIAL (PULMONARY SUBSTUDY) WERE COMPARED WITH 34 HIV-NEGATIVE CONTROLS. DNA METHYLATION WAS PERFORMED USING THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) IN PLWH COMPARED WITH CONTROLS WERE IDENTIFIED USING A ROBUST LINEAR MODEL. METHYLATION AGE WAS CALCULATED USING A PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED EPIGENETIC CLOCK. RESULTS: THERE WERE A TOTAL OF 56 639 DMPS AND 6103 DMRS AT A FALSE DISCOVERY RATE OF <0.1. THE TOP 5 DMPS CORRESPONDED TO GENES NLRC5, VRK2, B2M, AND GPR6 AND WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED FOR CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS. PLWH HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION AGE THAN HIV-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P = .001), WITH BLACK RACE, LOW CD4 AND HIGH CD8 T-CELL COUNTS, AND DURATION OF HIV BEING RISK FACTORS FOR AGE ACCELERATION. CONCLUSIONS: PLWH BEFORE THE INITIATION OF ART AND WITH PRESERVED IMMUNE STATUS SHOW EVIDENCE OF ADVANCED METHYLATION AGING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  2109  32 EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF HIV-INDUCED T-CELL EXHAUSTION PERSIST DESPITE EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. T CELL DYSFUNCTION OCCURS EARLY FOLLOWING HIV INFECTION, IMPACTING THE EMERGENCE OF NON-AIDS MORBIDITIES AND LIMITING CURATIVE EFFORTS. ART INITIATED DURING PRIMARY HIV INFECTION (PHI) CAN REVERSE THIS DYSFUNCTION, BUT THE EXTENT OF RECOVERY IS UNKNOWN. WE STUDIED 66 HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS TREATED FROM EARLY PHI WITH UP TO THREE YEARS OF ART. COMPARED WITH HIV-UNINFECTED CONTROLS, CD4 AND CD8 T CELLS FROM EARLY HIV INFECTION WERE CHARACTERISED BY T CELL ACTIVATION AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE CHECKPOINT RECEPTORS (ICRS) PD1, TIM-3 AND TIGIT. THREE YEARS OF ART LEAD TO PARTIAL - BUT NOT COMPLETE - NORMALISATION OF ICR EXPRESSION, THE DYNAMICS OF WHICH VARIED FOR INDIVIDUAL ICRS. FOR HIV-SPECIFIC CELLS, EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF TETRAMER-SORTED CD8 T CELLS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF EXHAUSTION TYPICALLY SEEN IN CHRONIC HIV INFECTION WERE ALREADY PRESENT EARLY IN PHI, AND THAT ART INITIATION DURING PHI RESULTED IN ONLY A PARTIAL SHIFT OF THE EPIGENOME TO ONE WITH MORE FAVOURABLE MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ALTHOUGH ART INITIATION DURING PHI RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION, THERE MAY BE ONLY PARTIAL RESOLUTION OF HIV-RELATED PHENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  2143  29 EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN PRIMARY HUMAN MACROPHAGE. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-INFECTED MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT SUSTAIN PERSISTENT VIRUS EXPRESSION, WHICH IS BOTH A BARRIER TO VIRAL ERADICATION AND CONTRIBUTOR TO NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE REGULATION OF HIV-1 IN MACROPHAGES, WE COMPARED HIV-INFECTED PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) TO ACUTELY INFECTED PRIMARY CD4 T CELLS AND JURKAT CELLS LATENTLY INFECTED WITH HIV (JLAT 8.4). HIV GENOMES IN MDM WERE ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED DESPITE ENRICHMENT WITH HETEROCHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED H3K9ME3 ACROSS THE COMPLETE HIV GENOME IN COMBINATION WITH ELEVATED ACTIVATION MARKS OF H3K9AC AND H3K27AC AT THE LONG TERMINAL REPEAT (LTR). MACROPHAGE PATTERNS CONTRASTED WITH JLAT CELLS, WHICH SHOWED CONVENTIONAL BIVALENT H3K4ME3/H3K27ME3, AND ACUTELY INFECTED CD4 T CELLS, WHICH SHOWED AN INTERMEDIATE EPIGENOTYPE. 5'-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) WAS ENRICHED ACROSS THE HIV GENOME IN LATENTLY INFECTED JLAT CELLS, WHILE 5'-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) WAS ENRICHED IN CD4 CELLS AND MDMS. HIV INFECTION INDUCED MULTINUCLEATION OF MDMS ALONG WITH DNA DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED P53 PHOSPHORYLATION, AS WELL AS LOSS OF TET2 AND THE NUCLEAR REDISTRIBUTION OF 5-HYDOXYMETHYLATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HIV INDUCES A UNIQUE MACROPHAGE NUCLEAR AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILE, AND VIRAL GENOMES ARE MAINTAINED IN A NONCANONICAL BIVALENT EPIGENETIC STATE. IMPORTANCE MACROPHAGES SERVE AS A RESERVOIR FOR LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE AND CHRONIC PRODUCTION OF HIV. WE FOUND AN ATYPICAL EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HIV IN MACROPHAGES MARKED BY HETEROCHROMATIC H3K9ME3 DESPITE ACTIVE VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION. HIV INFECTION INDUCED CHANGES IN MACROPHAGE NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY FACTORS. THESE FINDINGS MAY IDENTIFY NEW MECHANISMS TO CONTROL CHRONIC HIV EXPRESSION IN INFECTED MACROPHAGES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4   175  31 ACCELERATED AGING WITH HIV BEGINS AT THE TIME OF INITIAL HIV INFECTION. LIVING WITH HIV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ONSET OF AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS ACCELERATED AGING. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN EVALUATE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE RELATIVE TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE IMPACT OF INITIAL HIV INFECTION ON FIVE EPIGENETIC MEASURES OF AGING WAS EXAMINED BEFORE AND APPROXIMATELY 3 YEARS AFTER HIV INFECTION IN THE SAME INDIVIDUALS (N=102). SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (MEDIAN 1.9-4.8 YEARS) AND ESTIMATED TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING (ALL P</= 0.001) WERE OBSERVED FROM PRE-TO POST-HIV INFECTION, AND REMAINED SIGNIFICANT IN THREE EPIGENETIC MEASURES AFTER CONTROLLING FOR T CELL CHANGES. NO ACCELERATION WAS SEEN IN AGE- AND TIME INTERVAL-MATCHED HIV-UNINFECTED CONTROLS. CHANGES IN GENOME-WIDE CO-METHYLATION CLUSTERS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INITIAL HIV INFECTION (P</= 2.0 X 10(-4)). THESE LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONS CLEARLY DEMONSTRATE AN EARLY AND SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT OF HIV INFECTION ON THE EPIGENETIC AGING PROCESS, AND SUGGEST A ROLE FOR HIV ITSELF IN THE EARLIER ONSET OF CLINICAL AGING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  3555  43 IMPACT OF AGE, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, AND CANCER ON EPIGENETIC AGING IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV. BACKGROUND: PREMATURE AGING HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A GLOBAL RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER. CAUSES OF PREMATURE AGING ARE MULTIFACTORIAL, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, INFECTION, CHRONIC STRESS, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS. METHOD: WE EVALUATED WHETHER PREMATURE AGING IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) OR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER. WE USED WELL-ESTABLISHED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS TO ASSESS PREMATURE AGING, USING HORVATH ET AL., IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV LOCATED IN CLEVELAND, OHIO AND COMPARED THESE TO STANDARDIZED DATASETS OF US HISTORICAL BLOOD SAMPLES. SOME OF THE PLWH DEVELOPED CANCER OVER TIME. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED ACCELERATED AGING IN PLWH WHEREAS ART THERAPY MITIGATED THE ADVANCEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AGE. A VARIETY OF CANCERS WERE OBSERVED IN THIS POPULATION, BUT A CANCER DIAGNOSIS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ADVANCED DNA METHYLATION AGE. CONCLUSION: WE FIND THAT THE AGE ACCELERATION DETECTED IN PLWH IS MITIGATED BY ART THERAPY AND IS NOT FURTHER ACCELERATED BY A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6   785  35 CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC EWAS IDENTIFIES GENES INVOLVED IN HIV PATHOGENESIS AND ONCOGENESIS AMONG PEOPLE WITH HIV INFECTION. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) OF HETEROGENOUS BLOOD CELLS HAVE IDENTIFIED CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION, WHICH OFFER LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV INFECTION. APPLYING A COMPUTATIONAL DECONVOLUTION METHOD VALIDATED BY CAPTURE BISULFITE DNA METHYLATION SEQUENCING, WE CONDUCTED A CELL TYPE-BASED EWAS AND IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES SPECIFIC FOR CHRONIC HIV INFECTION AMONG FIVE IMMUNE CELL TYPES IN BLOOD: CD4+ T-CELLS, CD8+ T-CELLS, B CELLS, NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS, AND MONOCYTES IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS (N (TOTAL) =1,134). DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES FOR HIV-INFECTION WERE HIGHLY CONCORDANT BETWEEN THE TWO COHORTS. CELL-TYPE LEVEL META-EWAS REVEALED DISTINCT PATTERNS OF HIV-ASSOCIATED DIFFERENTIAL CPG METHYLATION, WHERE 67% OF CPG SITES WERE UNIQUE TO INDIVIDUAL CELL TYPES (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE, FDR <0.05). CD4+ T-CELLS HAD THE LARGEST NUMBER OF HIV-ASSOCIATED CPG SITES (N=1,472) COMPARED TO ANY OTHER CELL TYPE. GENES HARBORING STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CPG SITES ARE INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY AND HIV PATHOGENESIS (E.G. CX3CR1 IN CD4+ T-CELLS, CCR7 IN B CELLS, IL12R IN NK CELLS, LCK IN MONOCYTES). MORE IMPORTANTLY, HIV-ASSOCIATED CPG SITES WERE OVERREPRESENTED FOR HALLMARK GENES INVOLVED IN CANCER PATHOLOGY ( FDR <0.05) (E.G. BCL FAMILY, PRDM16, PDCD1LGD, ESR1, DNMT3A, NOTCH2 ). HIV-ASSOCIATED CPG SITES WERE ENRICHED AMONG GENES INVOLVED IN HIV PATHOGENESIS AND ONCOGENESIS SUCH AS KRAS-SIGNALING, INTERFERON-ALPHA AND -GAMMA, TNF-ALPHA, INFLAMMATORY, AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS. OUR FINDINGS ARE NOVEL, UNCOVERING CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE HOST EPIGENOME FOR PEOPLE WITH HIV THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE REGARDING PATHOGEN-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ONCOGENICITY, SPECIFICALLY ON HIV AND ITS COMORBIDITY WITH CANCERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  1262  22 CUTTING EDGE: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIV REINFORCES A POISED EPIGENETIC PROGRAM FOR PD-1 EXPRESSION IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS. AG-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CONTROLLING HIV INFECTION BUT EVENTUALLY LOSE ANTIVIRAL FUNCTIONS IN PART BECAUSE OF EXPRESSION AND SIGNALING THROUGH THE INHIBITORY PROGRAMMED DEATH-1 (PD-1) RECEPTOR. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF PROLONGED TCR LIGATION ON REGULATION OF PD-1 EXPRESSION IN HIV-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS, WE INVESTIGATED THE CAPACITY OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS TO MODIFY THE PD-1 EPIGENETIC PROGRAM AFTER REDUCTION IN VIRAL LOAD. WE OBSERVED THAT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY REGION WAS UNMETHYLATED IN THE PD-1(HI) HIV-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS, WHEREAS IT REMAINED METHYLATED IN DONOR-MATCHED NAIVE CELLS AT ACUTE AND CHRONIC STAGES OF INFECTION. SURPRISINGLY, THE PD-1 PROMOTER REMAINED UNMETHYLATED IN HIV-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH A VIRAL LOAD CONTROLLED BY ANTIVIRAL THERAPY FOR >2 Y OR FROM ELITE CONTROLLERS. TOGETHER, THESE DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAM AT THE PD-1 LOCUS BECOMES FIXED AFTER PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIV VIRUS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  5094  37 PLASMA EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE SUBTYPES MAY BE USEFUL AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PEOPLE WITH HIV. BACKGROUND: EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (EVS) ARE INTERCELLULAR MESSENGERS WITH EPIGENETIC POTENTIAL SINCE THEY CAN SHUTTLE MICRORNA (MIRNA). EVS AND MIRNA PLAY A ROLE IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS. CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DURING HIV INFECTION DESPITE EFFECTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NON-ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) COMORBIDITIES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH). ANALYSIS OF PLASMA EVS AND THEIR MIRNA CONTENT MAY BE USEFUL AS IMMUNE ACTIVATION OR INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN PLWH RECEIVING ART. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE NUMBER, SIZE, AND MIRNA OF LARGE AND SMALL EVS COULD REFLECT IMMUNE ACTIVATION ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED CD8 T-CELL COUNT OR A LOW CD4/CD8 RATIO IN PLWH. METHODS: PLASMA EVS SUBTYPE PURIFIED FROM PLWH AND UNINFECTED CONTROLS WERE SIZED USING DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING AND QUANTIFIED USING FLOW CYTOMETRY AND ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE (ACHE) ACTIVITY. EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIRNAS MIR-92, MIR-155, MIR-223 WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN EVS AND LEUCOCYTES. RESULTS: HIV INFECTION INDUCES INCREASED PRODUCTION OF SMALL EVS IN PLASMA. EV SUBTYPES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN MIR-92, MIR-155, AND MIR-223. POSITIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CD8 T-CELL COUNT AND LARGE EVS ABUNDANCE AND SMALL EVS ACHE ACTIVITY WERE OBSERVED. CD4/CD8 RATIO WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH SMALL EV ACHE ACTIVITY, AND MIRNA-155 LEVEL PER SMALL EV WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CD8 T-CELL COUNT. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT QUANTIFYING LARGE OR SMALL EVS AND PROFILING MIRNA CONTENT PER EV MIGHT PROVIDE NEW FUNCTIONAL BIOMARKERS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  2185  27 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HIV-INFECTION INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO ENHANCED ACTIVATION-INDUCED FASL EXPRESSION AND CELL DEATH. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND CD4 T CELL DEPLETION ARE SIGNIFICANT PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION. EXPRESSION OF FAS LIGAND (FASL), A KEY MEDIATOR OF ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH IN T CELLS, IS ELEVATED IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV-1 INFECTION (PLWH). HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ENHANCED INDUCTION OF FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH ARE NOT COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. HENCE, THE CURRENT WORK EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF HIV INFECTION ON FASL PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH. METHOD: FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE FAS-FASL EXPRESSION ON TOTAL CD4 T CELLS AND NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS. EPIGENETIC FASL PROMOTER HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS USING FRESHLY ISOLATED TOTAL CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HIV-1 INFECTED AND NONINFECTED INDIVIDUALS. RESULTS: ALL NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS FROM PLWH SHOWED MARKEDLY GREATER FREQUENCY OF FASL EXPRESSION. NOTABLY, EXAMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF FASL/FAS CO-EXPRESSION DEMONSTRATED THE PREFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TCM AND TEM SUBSETS TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE CD4 T CELLS COLLECTIVELY DEMONSTRATED A DISTINCT FASL PROMOTER HISTONE PROFILE INVOLVING A COORDINATED CROSS-TALK BETWEEN HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO ENHANCED FASL GENE EXPRESSION. SPECIFICALLY, LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE HISTONE H3K4-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K4ME3) AND HISTONE H3K9-ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) WERE INCREASED, WITH A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE REPRESSIVE H3K9-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3). CONCLUSION: THE PRESENT WORK DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVING PROMOTER-HISTONE MODIFICATIONS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COMPETENCE AND FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T CELLS FROM PLWH AND RENDER THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  2242  25 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION IN LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS: A REVIEW. CD8(+) T CELLS ARE CRITICAL FOR CONTROLLING VIREMIA DURING HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION. THESE CELLS PRODUCE CYTOLYTIC FACTORS AND ANTIVIRAL CYTOKINES THAT ELIMINATE VIRALLY- INFECTED CELLS. DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF HIV INFECTION, CD8(+) T CELLS PROGRESSIVELY LOSE THEIR PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY AND ANTIVIRAL FUNCTIONS. THESE DYSFUNCTIONAL CELLS ARE UNABLE TO CLEAR THE PRODUCTIVELY INFECTED AND REACTIVATED CELLS, REPRESENTING A ROADBLOCK IN HIV CURE. THEREFORE, MECHANISMS TO UNDERSTAND CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION AND STRATEGIES TO BOOST CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED. USING THE FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (FIV) MODEL FOR LENTIVIRAL PERSISTENCE, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CD8(+) T CELLS EXHIBIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA DEMETHYLATION DURING THE COURSE OF INFECTION AS COMPARED TO UNINFECTED CATS. WE HAVE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT LENTIVIRUS-ACTIVATED CD4(+)CD25(+) T REGULATORY CELLS INDUCE FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3) EXPRESSION IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELL TARGETS, WHICH BINDS THE INTERLEUKIN (IL)-2, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-&ALPHA;, AND INTERFERON (IFN)-&GAMMA; PROMOTERS IN THESE CD8(+) T CELLS. FINALLY, WE HAVE REPORTED THAT EPIGENETIC MODULATION REDUCES FOXP3 BINDING TO THESE PROMOTER REGIONS. THIS REVIEW COMPARES AND CONTRASTS OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CD8(+) T CELL EPIGENETICS AND MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE SUPPRESSION DURING THE COURSE OF LENTIVIRAL INFECTION FOR TWO ANIMAL MODELS, FIV AND SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (SIV).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11  6751  21 WHY ARE PEOPLE WITH HIV CONSIDERED "OLDER ADULTS" IN THEIR FIFTIES? ONE IN SIX NEW HIV DIAGNOSES IN EUROPE OCCUR AMONG PEOPLE OVER 50 YEARS OF AGE. AS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, THE AGING PROCESS IS NOT HOMOGENEOUS AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH HIV, AND SOME OF THEM EXHIBIT IMPAIRED PHYSICAL FUNCTION, HIGHER FRAILTY AND MORE FREQUENT GERIATRIC SYNDROMES. THESE ILLNESS REFLECT A HIGHER BIOLOGICAL AGE INDEPENDENTLY OF THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. AFTER STARTING ANTIRRETROVIRAL TREATMENT, PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) OLDER THAN 50 EXHIBIT A POORER IMMUNOLOGICAL RECOVERY THAN YOUNGER PLWH. MOREOVER, OLDER ADULTS WITH HIV PRESENT EARLY ONSET OF COMORBIDITIES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT CAUSED BY PERSISTENT AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, WHICH LEADS TO IMMUNE EXHAUSTION AND ACCELERATED IMMUNOSENESCENCE DESPITE OPTIMAL SUPPRESSION OF HIV REPLICATION. THE EVIDENCE OF POORER IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ARV, LINKED WITH EARLY IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN PLWH AND ITS PREMATURELY DELETERIOUS EFFECT IN PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND ITS CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES, ARE THE BASIS TO ACCEPT THE CUT-OFF OF 50 YEARS OF AGE TO DEFINE AN "OLDER ADULT WITH HIV".	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12   284  28 AGEING WITH HIV: CHALLENGES AND BIOMARKERS. THE ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART) DEVELOPED TO CONTROL HIV INFECTION LED TO A REVOLUTION IN THE PROGNOSIS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH). PLWH UNDERWENT FROM SUFFERING SEVERE DISEASE AND OFTEN FATAL COMPLICATIONS AT YOUNG AGES TO HAVING A CHRONIC CONDITION AND A LIFE EXPECTANCY CLOSE TO THE GENERAL POPULATION. NEVERTHELESS, CHRONIC AGE-RELATED DISEASES INCREASE AS PLWH AGE. THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF HIV INFECTION ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S IMMUNE SYSTEM ADDS TO ITS DETERIORATION DURING AGEING, EXACERBATING COMORBIDITIES. IN ADDITION, PLWH ARE MORE EXPOSED TO RISK FACTORS AFFECTING AGEING, SUCH AS COINFECTIONS OR HARMFUL LIFESTYLES. THE ART INITIATION REVERSES THE BIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS BUT ONLY PARTIALLY, AND ADDITIONALLY CAN HAVE SOME TOXICITIES THAT INFLUENCE AGEING. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES SUGGEST PREMATURE AGEING IN PLWH. THEREFORE, THERE IS CONSIDERABLE INTEREST IN THE EARLY PREDICTION OF UNHEALTHY AGEING THROUGH VALIDATED BIOMARKERS, EASY TO IMPLEMENT IN HIV-CLINICAL SETTINGS. THE MOST PROMISING BIOMARKERS ARE SECOND-GENERATION EPIGENETIC CLOCKS AND INTEGRATIVE ALGORITHMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  1703  32 DYNAMICS AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF REGULATORY T-CELLS FOLLOWING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY INITIATION IN ACUTE HIV INFECTION. BACKGROUND: HIV INFECTION PROMOTES THE EXPANSION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE REGULATORY T-CELLS (TREGS), CONTRIBUTING TO IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, TISSUE FIBROSIS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART) UPON HIV INFECTION IMPROVES CD4 COUNT AND DECREASES IMMUNE ACTIVATION. HOWEVER, TREG DYNAMICS AND THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATION FOLLOWING EARLY ART INITIATION REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. METHODS: TREG SUBSETS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY IN 103 INDIVIDUALS, INCLUDING UNTREATED HIV-INFECTED PARTICIPANTS IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHASES, ART-TREATED IN EARLY INFECTION, ELITE CONTROLLERS (ECS), IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTROLLERS (ICS), AND HIV-UNINFECTED CONTROLS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF SIX REGULATORY REGIONS OF THE FOXP3 GENE WAS ASSESSED USING MISEQ TECHNOLOGY. FINDINGS: TOTAL TREG FREQUENCY INCREASED OVERTIME DURING HIV INFECTION, WHICH WAS NORMALIZED IN EARLY ART RECIPIENTS. TREGS IN UNTREATED INDIVIDUALS EXPRESSED HIGHER LEVELS OF ACTIVATION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MARKERS (CD39, AND LAP(TGF-BETA1)), WHICH REMAINED UNCHANGED FOLLOWING EARLY ART. EXPRESSION OF GUT MIGRATION MARKERS (CCR9, INTEGRIN-BETA7) BY TREGS WAS ELEVATED DURING UNTREATED HIV INFECTION, WHILE THEY DECLINED WITH THE DURATION OF ART BUT NOT UPON EARLY ART INITIATION. NOTABLY, GUT-HOMING TREGS EXPRESSING LAP(TGF-BETA1) AND CD39 REMAINED HIGHER DESPITE EARLY TREATMENT. ADDITIONALLY, THE INCREASE IN LAP(TGF-BETA1)(+) TREGS OVERTIME WERE CONSISTENT WITH HIGHER DEMETHYLATION OF CONSERVED NON-CODING SEQUENCE (CNS)-1 IN THE FOXP3 GENE. REMARKABLY, LAP(TGF-BETA1)-EXPRESSING TREGS IN ECS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN UNINFECTED SUBJECTS, WHILE THE MARKERS OF TREG ACTIVATION AND GUT MIGRATION WERE NOT DIFFERENT. INTERPRETATION: EARLY ART INITIATION WAS UNABLE TO CONTROL THE LEVELS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREG SUBSETS AND THEIR GUT MIGRATION POTENTIAL, WHICH COULD ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO GUT TISSUE FIBROSIS AND HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION. FUNDING: THIS STUDY WAS FUNDED BY THE CANADIAN INSTITUTES OF HEALTH RESEARCH (CIHR, GRANT MOP 142294) AND IN PART BY THE AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES NETWORK OF THE RESEAU SIDA ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES DU FONDS DE RECHERCHE DU QUEBEC-SANTE (FRQ-S).	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  6314  47 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC AGING BIOMARKER "GRIMAGE" AND LUNG FUNCTION IN BOTH THE AIRWAY AND BLOOD OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV: AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY. BACKGROUND: AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE COMMON IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (PLWH). WE INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPD AND THE EPIGENETIC AGE OF THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PLWH. METHODS: AIRWAY EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS FROM 34 PLWH ENROLLED IN THE ST. PAUL'S HOSPITAL HIV BRONCHOSCOPY COHORT AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 378 PLWH ENROLLED IN THE STRATEGIC TIMING OF ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (START) STUDY WERE PROFILED FOR DNA METHYLATION. THE DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKER OF AGE AND HEALTHSPAN, GRIMAGE, WAS CALCULATED IN BOTH TISSUE COMPARTMENTS. WE TESTED THE ASSOCIATION OF GRIMAGE WITH COPD IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM AND AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY AN FEV(1)/FVC<0.70, AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER 6 YEARS IN BLOOD. FINDINGS: THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PLWH WITH COPD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS COMPARED TO PLWH WITHOUT COPD (BETA=3.18, 95%CI=1.06-5.31, P=0.005). IN BLOOD, FEV(1)/FVC<LLN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS (BETA=1.74, 95%CI=0.37-3.24, P=0.019). FEV(1) DECLINE WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GRIMAGE RESIDUALS IN BLOOD (R=-0.13, P=0.012). PLWH WHO HAD NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION BUT WHO SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED AN FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 OVER THE COURSE OF 6 YEARS HAD HIGHER GRIMAGE RESIDUALS AT BASELINE (BETA=2.33, 95%CI=0.23-4.44, P=0.031). INTERPRETATION: GRIMAGE MAY REFLECT LUNG AND SYSTEMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR WITH ADVANCED AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY PLWH WITH A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING COPD. FUNDING: CANADIAN INSTITUTES OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND THE BRITISH COLUMBIA LUNG ASSOCIATION. THE START SUBSTUDY WAS FUNDED BY NIH GRANTS: UM1-AI068641, UM1-AI120197, AND RO1HL096453.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  4255  29 METHYLOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC HIV INFECTION REVEALS FIVE-YEAR INCREASE IN BIOLOGICAL AGE AND EPIGENETIC TARGETING OF HLA. HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS ARE LIVING LONGER ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, BUT MANY PATIENTS DISPLAY SIGNS THAT IN SOME WAYS RESEMBLE PREMATURE AGING. TO INVESTIGATE AND QUANTIFY THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC HIV INFECTION ON AGING, WE REPORT A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHOLE-BLOOD DNA METHYLOMES OF 137 HIV+ INDIVIDUALS UNDER SUSTAINED THERAPY ALONG WITH 44 MATCHED HIV- INDIVIDUALS. FIRST, WE DEVELOP AND VALIDATE EPIGENETIC MODELS OF AGING THAT ARE INDEPENDENT OF BLOOD CELL COMPOSITION. USING THESE MODELS, WE FIND THAT BOTH CHRONIC AND RECENT HIV INFECTION LEAD TO AN AVERAGE AGING ADVANCEMENT OF 4.9 YEARS, INCREASING EXPECTED MORTALITY RISK BY 19%. IN ADDITION, SUSTAINED INFECTION RESULTS IN GLOBAL DEREGULATION OF THE METHYLOME ACROSS >80,000 CPGS AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE REGION ENCODING THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN LOCUS (HLA). WE FIND THAT DECREASED HLA METHYLATION IS PREDICTIVE OF LOWER CD4 / CD8 T CELL RATIO, LINKING MOLECULAR AGING, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   304  48 AIRWAY AGING AND METHYLATION DISRUPTIONS IN HIV-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. RATIONALE: AGE-RELATED DISEASES LIKE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) OCCUR AT HIGHER RATES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (PLWH) THAN IN UNINFECTED POPULATIONS. OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY WHETHER ACCELERATED AGING CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAYS OF PLWH WITH COPD, MANIFEST BY A UNIQUE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE. METHODS: BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS FROM PLWH WITH AND WITHOUT COPD AND HIV-UNINFECTED ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD (N = 76) WERE PROFILED FOR DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. WE EVALUATED GLOBAL ALU AND LINE-1 METHYLATION AND CALCULATED THE EPIGENETIC AGE USING THE HORVATH CLOCK AND THE METHYLATION TELOMERE LENGTH ESTIMATOR. TO IDENTIFY GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HIV AND COPD, ROBUST LINEAR MODELS WERE USED FOLLOWED BY AN EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION (EQTM) ANALYSIS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AND SHORTER METHYLATION ESTIMATES OF TELOMERE LENGTH WERE FOUND IN PLWH WITH COPD COMPARED WITH PLWH WITHOUT COPD AND UNINFECTED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD. GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN PLWH. WE IDENTIFIED 7,970 CYTOSINE BASES LOCATED NEXT TO A GUANINE BASE (CPG SITES), 293 GENES, AND 9 EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT METHYLATION-GENE PAIRS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HIV AND COPD. ACTIN BINDING LIM PROTEIN FAMILY MEMBER 3 (ABLIM3) WAS ONE OF THE NOVEL CANDIDATE GENES FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD HIGHLIGHTED BY OUR ANALYSIS. CONCLUSIONS: METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION IS OBSERVED IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PLWH WITH COPD, A PROCESS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEIGHTENED RISK OF COPD IN THIS POPULATION. THEIR DISTINCT METHYLATION PROFILE, DIFFERING FROM THAT OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH COPD ALONE, SUGGESTS A UNIQUE PATHOGENESIS TO HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD. THE ASSOCIATIONS WARRANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH CAUSALITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  4270  38 MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS AND THE HOST AIRWAY EPITHELIAL RESPONSE: INSIGHTS INTO HIV-ASSOCIATED COPD USING MULTI'OMICS PROFILING. BACKGROUND: PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) INDEPENDENT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DYSBIOSIS IN PLWH IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC DISRUPTIONS IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM. METHODS: AIRWAY EPITHELIAL BRUSHINGS WERE COLLECTED FROM 18 COPD + HIV + , 16 COPD - HIV + , 22 COPD + HIV - AND 20 COPD - HIV - SUBJECTS. THE MICROBIOME, METHYLOME, AND TRANSCRIPTOME WERE PROFILED USING 16S SEQUENCING, ILLUMINA INFINIUM METHYLATION EPIC CHIP, AND RNA SEQUENCING, RESPECTIVELY. MULTI 'OMIC INTEGRATION WAS PERFORMED USING DATA INTEGRATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOMARKER DISCOVERY USING LATENT COMPONENTS. A CORRELATION > 0.7 WAS USED TO IDENTIFY KEY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE 'OMES. RESULTS: THE COPD + HIV -, COPD -HIV + , AND COPD + HIV + GROUPS HAD REDUCED SHANNON DIVERSITY (P = 0.004, P = 0.023, AND P = 5.5E-06, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED TO INDIVIDUALS WITH NEITHER COPD NOR HIV, WITH THE COPD + HIV + GROUP DEMONSTRATING THE MOST REDUCED DIVERSITY. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE FOUR GROUPS (P = 0.001). MULTI 'OMIC INTEGRATION IDENTIFIED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BACTEROIDETES PREVOTELLA, GENES FUZ, FASTKD3, AND ACVR1B, AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES CPG-FUZ AND CPG-PHLDB3. CONCLUSION: PLWH WITH COPD MANIFEST DECREASED DIVERSITY AND ALTERED MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN THEIR AIRWAY EPITHELIAL MICROBIOME. THE REDUCTION IN PREVOTELLA IN THIS GROUP WAS LINKED WITH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC DISRUPTIONS IN HOST GENES INCLUDING FUZ, FASTKD3, AND ACVR1B.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  1550  42 DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH HIV. INTRODUCTION: PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) SUFFER FROM AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS COPD. THE PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH. METHODS: USING BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES FROM 161 PLWH, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC RATIO AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER A MEDIAN OF 5 YEARS. WE EVALUATED THE GLOBAL METHYLATION OF PLWH WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BY TESTING THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS ALU AND LINE-1, A WELL-DESCRIBED MARKER OF EPIGENETIC AGEING. RESULTS: AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY A FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1393 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS), WHILE 4676 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BASED ON THE FEV(1)/FVC<LOWER LIMIT OF NORMAL. THESE DMPS WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS. THE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION GROUP WAS GLOBALLY HYPOMETHYLATED COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION. 103 AND 7112 DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) AND FEV(1)/FVC, RESPECTIVELY. NO POSITIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) DECLINE. CONCLUSION: A LARGE NUMBER OF DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND LUNG FUNCTION IN A UNIQUE COHORT OF PLWH. AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN EVEN RELATIVELY YOUNG PLWH IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, SUGGESTING ADVANCED EPIGENETIC AGEING COMPARED WITH THOSE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. THE DISTURBANCE OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KEY GENES NOT PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN NON-HIV COPD COHORTS COULD EXPLAIN THE UNIQUE RISK OF COPD IN PLWH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19    64  29 A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING ASSAY FOR SILENCING ESTABLISHED HIV-1 MACROPHAGE INFECTION IDENTIFIES NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS THAT PERTURB H3K9ME3 ON PROVIRAL GENOMES. HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT REPRESENT A BARRIER TO FUNCTIONAL CURE. ADDITIONALLY, LOW-LEVEL VIRAL EXPRESSION BY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) MACROPHAGES CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS THAT DEVELOP DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED H3K9ME3 AS AN ATYPICAL EPIGENETIC MARK ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, STRATEGIES ARE NEEDED TO SUPPRESS HIV-1 EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES, BUT THE UNIQUE MYELOID ENVIRONMENT AND THE RESPONSIBLE MACROPHAGE/CNS-TROPIC STRAINS REQUIRE CELL/STRAIN-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. HERE, WE GENERATED AN HIV-1 REPORTER VIRUS FROM A CNS-DERIVED STRAIN WITH INTACT AUXILIARY GENES EXPRESSING DESTABILIZED LUCIFERASE. WE EMPLOYED THIS REPORTER VIRUS IN POLYCLONAL INFECTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) FOR A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN (HTS) TO IDENTIFY COMPOUNDS THAT SUPPRESS VIRUS EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. SCREENING ~6,000 KNOWN DRUGS AND COMPOUNDS YIELDED 214 HITS. A SECONDARY SCREEN WITH 10-DOSE TITRATION IDENTIFIED 24 MEETING CRITERIA FOR HIV-SELECTIVE ACTIVITY. USING THREE REPLICATION-COMPETENT CNS-DERIVED MACROPHAGE-TROPIC HIV-1 ISOLATES AND VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION READOUT IN MDM, WE CONFIRMED THE EFFECT OF THREE PURINE ANALOGS, NELARABINE, FLUDARABINE, AND ENTECAVIR, SHOWING THE SUPPRESSION OF HIV-1 EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. NELARABINE INHIBITED THE FORMATION OF H3K9ME3 ON HIV GENOMES IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, THIS NOVEL HTS ASSAY CAN IDENTIFY SUPPRESSORS OF HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION, SUCH AS NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS AND HDAC INHIBITORS, WHICH MAY BE LINKED TO H3K9ME3 MODIFICATION. THIS SCREEN MAY BE USEFUL TO IDENTIFY NEW METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC AGENTS THAT AMELIORATE HIV-DRIVEN NEUROINFLAMMATION IN PEOPLE ON ART OR PREVENT VIRAL RECRUDESCENCE FROM MACROPHAGE RESERVOIRS IN STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION. IMPORTANCE MACROPHAGES INFECTED BY HIV-1 ARE A LONG-LIVED RESERVOIR AND A BARRIER IN CURRENT EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE HIV CURE AND ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROCOGNITIVE COMPLICATIONS IN PEOPLE DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). SILENCING HIV EXPRESSION IN THESE CELLS WOULD BE OF GREAT VALUE, BUT THE REGULATION OF HIV-1 IN MACROPHAGES DIFFERS FROM T CELLS. WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN FOR COMPOUNDS THAT CAN SILENCE ESTABLISHED INFECTION OF PRIMARY MACROPHAGES, AND IDENTIFIED AGENTS THAT DOWNREGULATE VIRUS EXPRESSION AND ALTER PROVIRUS EPIGENETIC PROFILES. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ASSAY IS THE POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY NEW DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE UNIQUE MACROPHAGE ENVIRONMENT ON RELEVANT VIRAL STRAINS, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS AND/OR PREVENT VIRAL REBOUND IN EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION OR CURE.	2023	

20   492  29 ASSESSMENT OF HIV-1 INTEGRATION IN TISSUES AND SUBSETS ACROSS INFECTION STAGES. THE INTEGRATION OF HIV DNA INTO THE HOST GENOME CONTRIBUTES TO LIFELONG INFECTION IN MOST INDIVIDUALS. FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED INTEGRATION IN LYMPHOID TISSUE, WHERE HIV PREDOMINANTLY PERSISTS BEFORE AND AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART). OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS WHETHER INTEGRATION SITE DISTRIBUTIONS DIFFER BETWEEN INFECTION STAGES WITH PAIRED BLOOD AND TISSUE COMPARISONS. HERE, WE PROFILED HIV INTEGRATION SITE DISTRIBUTIONS IN SORTED MEMORY, TISSUE-RESIDENT, AND/OR FOLLICULAR HELPER CD4+ T CELL SUBSETS FROM PAIRED BLOOD AND LYMPHOID TISSUE SAMPLES FROM ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND ART-TREATED INDIVIDUALS. WE OBSERVED MINOR DIFFERENCES IN THE FREQUENCY OF NONINTRONIC AND NONDISTAL INTERGENIC SITES, VARYING WITH TISSUE AND RESIDENCY PHENOTYPES DURING ART. GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ANNOTATIONS WERE GENERALLY SIMILAR. CLONAL EXPANSION OF CELLS MARKED BY IDENTICAL INTEGRATION SITES WAS DETECTED, WITH INCREASED DETECTION IN CHRONIC AND ART-TREATED INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, OVERLAP BETWEEN OR WITHIN CD4+ T CELL SUBSETS OR TISSUE COMPARTMENTS WAS ONLY OBSERVED IN 8 UNIQUE SITES OF THE 3540 SITES STUDIED. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SHARED INTEGRATION SITES BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE MAY, DEPENDING ON THE TISSUE SITE, BE THE EXCEPTION RATHER THAN THE RULE AND INDICATE THAT ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FULLY UNDERSTAND THE HETEROGENEITY OF TISSUE-SEQUESTERED HIV RESERVOIRS.	2020