1  2710 132 EXERCISE MITIGATES ALCOHOL INDUCED ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS MEDIATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT THROUGH ATF6-HERP SIGNALING. CHRONIC ETHANOL/ALCOHOL (AL) DOSING CAUSES AN ELEVATION IN HOMOCYSTEINE (HCY) LEVELS, WHICH LEADS TO THE CONDITION KNOWN AS HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA (HHCY). HHCY ENHANCES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER (BBB) DISRUPTION THROUGH MODULATION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS; IN PART BY EPIGENETIC ALTERNATION, LEADING TO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. CLINICIANS HAVE RECOMMENDED EXERCISE AS A THERAPY; HOWEVER, ITS PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS HAS NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO OBSERVE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE (EX) AGAINST ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS LEADING TO CEREBROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION. WILD-TYPE MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO AL ADMINISTRATION (1.5 G/KG-BW) AND SUBSEQUENT TREADMILL EX FOR 12 WEEKS (5 DAY/WEEK@7-11 M/MIN). AL AFFECTED MOUSE BRAIN THROUGH INCREASES IN OXIDATIVE AND ER STRESS MARKERS, SAHH AND DNMTS ALTERNATION, WHILE DECREASES IN CBS, CSE, MTHFR, TIGHT-JUNCTION PROTEINS AND CELLULAR H(2)S LEVELS. MECHANISTIC STUDY REVEALED THAT AL INCREASED EPIGENETIC DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OF HERP PROMOTER. BBB DYSFUNCTION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT WERE OBSERVED IN THE AL TREATED MICE. AL MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES WERE ABOLISHED BY ADMINISTRATION OF ER STRESS INHIBITOR DTT. IN CONCLUSION, EXERCISE RESTORED HCY AND H(2)S TO BASAL LEVELS WHILE AMELIORATING AL-INDUCED ER STRESS, DIMINISHING BBB DYSFUNCTION AND IMPROVING COGNITIVE FUNCTION VIA ATF6-HERP-SIGNALING. EX SHOWED ITS PROTECTIVE EFFICACY AGAINST AL-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  5498  28 REVIEW: DNA METHYLATION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: RISK FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUDS) IS INFLUENCED BY GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE FINDINGS REGARDING THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED PUBMED (BY APRIL 2016) AND IDENTIFIED 29 STUDIES THAT EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND AUDS. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE METHODS USED IN THESE STUDIES. RESULTS: TWO STUDIES DEMONSTRATED ELEVATED GLOBAL (REPETITIVE ELEMENT) DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIFTEEN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS OF SIX GENES (AVP, DNMT3B, HERP, HTR3A, OPRM1, AND SNCA) OR HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE GDAP1 PROMOTER REGION IN AUD SUBJECTS. FIVE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STUDIES DEMONSTRATED WIDESPREAD DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ACROSS THE GENOME IN AUD SUBJECTS. SIX STUDIES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN AUD SUBJECTS. THREE STUDIES REVEALED INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIATION AND DNA METHYLATION ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUDS. MOST STUDIES ANALYZED AUD-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD; A FEW STUDIES EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF AUD SUBJECTS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION MAY RESULT IN DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, LEADING TO NEUROADAPTATIONS THAT MAY UNDERLIE SOME OF THE MECHANISMS OF AUD RISK AND PERSISTENCE. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CONFIRM THE FEW EXISTING RESULTS, AND THEN TO ELUCIDATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE THE CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF AUDS. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: DNA METHYLATION PROFILES MAY BE USED TO ASSESS AUD STATUS OR MONITOR AUD TREATMENT RESPONSE. (AM J ADDICT 2017;26:502-515).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  3321  31 HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE HTR3A GENE IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF WISTAR RATS REGULATES ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. PREVIOUS REPORTS SHOWED THAT DECREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS, AND THAT ENCODING OF THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR BY THE HTR3A GENE WAS RELATED TO ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. USING QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON HISTONE-ACETYLATION-MEDIATED CHANGES IN HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. THE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE PROCEDURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL EFFECTIVELY ELICITED PLACE CONDITIONING. IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE ETHANOL GROUP THAN IN THE SALINE GROUP. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE POTENTIATED THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AND ENHANCED ETHANOL-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCES. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ETHANOL UPREGULATES HTR3A LEVELS THROUGH MECHANISMS INVOLVING H3K9 ACETYLATION, AND THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATING ETHANOL ABUSE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  6019  25 THE ASSOCIATION OF HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AND CRAVING IN HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT) 3 RECEPTOR PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CRAVING OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. RECENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE CAUSES CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION OF 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AND CRAVING IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. OBJECTIVES: THE AIM OF THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AND CRAVING IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 50 MALE HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND 46 MALE HAN CHINESE HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE INVESTIGATED THE CHANGES OF HTR3A MRNA, WHICH ENCODES THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR A SUBUNIT, AND H3K9 ACETYLATION IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DRINKING SCALE (OCDS) WAS USED TO ASSESS THE CRAVING OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS RELATIVE TO CONTROLS. RESULTS: HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND ACETYLATION LEVELS OF H3K9 IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH OCDS SCORES. MOREOVER, HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ACETYLATION LEVELS OF H3K9 IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. CONCLUSION: THE CURRENT FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CRAVING IN HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. THE REGULATION OF H3K9 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION MAY OFFER A TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  1494  33 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO ABNORMAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX METABOLISM IN THE KIDNEY. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA (HHCY) IS PREVALENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD). EMERGING STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS IN CKD. HHCY AND ITS INTERMEDIATES ARE KNOWN TO ALTER THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN, WHICH IS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HHCY CAUSES RENOVASCULAR REMODELING BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, LEADING TO GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS. WE ALSO EVALUATED WHETHER THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) COULD MODULATE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) METABOLISM AND REDUCE RENOVASCULAR FIBROSIS. C57BL/6J (WILD-TYPE) AND CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-SYNTHASE (CBS(+/-)) MICE, TREATED WITHOUT OR WITH 5-AZA (0.5 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT, I.P.), WERE USED. CBS(+/-) MICE SHOWED HIGH PLASMA HCY LEVELS, HYPERTENSION, AND SIGNIFICANT GLOMERULAR AND ARTERIOLAR INJURY. 5-AZA TREATMENT NORMALIZED BLOOD PRESSURE AND REVERSED RENAL INJURY. CBS(+/-) MICE SHOWED GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION AND UP-REGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 AND -3A. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR SHOWED AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP)-9 AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE (TIMP)-1 AND -2 AND ALSO INCREASED COLLAGEN AND GALECTIN-3 EXPRESSION. 5-AZA REDUCED ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND RESTORED THE MMP-9/TIMP-1, -2 BALANCE. IN CONCLUSION, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT DURING HHCY, ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN MMP-9 AND TIMP-1 AND -2 LEAD TO ECM REMODELING AND RENAL FIBROSIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  6685  25 VALIDATION OF DIFFERENTIAL GDAP1 DNA METHYLATION IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ITS POTENTIAL FUNCTION AS A BIOMARKER FOR DISEASE SEVERITY AND THERAPY OUTCOME. ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS A SEVERE DISORDER CONTRIBUTING SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE. DESPITE THE DETRIMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE, EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES AS WELL AS TREATMENT OPTIONS ARE LARGELY MISSING TO DATE. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. A RECENT EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY REPORTED WIDESPREAD ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE VALIDATE AND REPLICATE ONE OF THE TOP FINDINGS FROM THIS PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT: THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF GDAP1 IN PATIENTS. TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST INDEPENDENT REPLICATION OF AN EPIGENOME-WIDE FINDING IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. FURTHERMORE, THE AUDIT AS WELL AS THE GSI SCORE WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH GDAP1 METHYLATION AND WE FOUND A TREND TOWARD A NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GDAP1 METHYLATION AND THE YEARS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY, POINTING TOWARD A POTENTIAL ROLE OF GDAP1 HYPOMETHYLATION AS BIOMARKER FOR DISEASE SEVERITY. IN ADDITION, WE SHOW THAT THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF GDAP1 IN PATIENTS REVERSES DURING A SHORT-TERM ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAM, SUGGESTING THAT GDAP1 DNA METHYLATION COULD ALSO SERVE AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR TREATMENT OUTCOME. OUR DATA ADD TO THE GROWING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND SUPPORT GDAP1 AS A NOVEL CANDIDATE GENE IMPLICATED IN THIS DISORDER. AS THE ROLE OF GDAP1 IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS UNKNOWN, THIS NOVEL CANDIDATE GENE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED UP IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  4356  34 MIR-30A-5P PROMOTES GLOMERULAR PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS VIA DNMT1-MEDIATED HYPERMETHYLATION UNDER HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA. ABNORMAL ELEVATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE (HCY) LEVEL IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), WITH THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. GIVEN THE DEMONSTRATION THAT MIR-30A-5P IS SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN GLOMERULAR PODOCYTES, IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE AND POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF MIR-30A-5P IN GLOMERULAR PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY HCY. WE FOUND THAT ELEVATED HCY DOWNREGULATES MIR-30A-5P EXPRESSION IN THE MICE AND HCY-TREATED PODOCYTES, AND MIR-30A-5P DIRECTLY TARGETS THE 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGION (3'-UTR) OF THE FORKHEAD BOX A1 (FOXA1) AND OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-30A-5P INHIBITS FOXA1 EXPRESSION. BY NMS-PCR AND MASSARRAY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS, WE SHOWED THE INCREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF MIR-30A-5P PROMOTER BOTH AND . MEANWHILE, DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY SHOWED THAT THE REGION BETWEEN --1400 AND --921 BP OF MIR-30A-5P PROMOTER IS A POSSIBLE REGULATORY ELEMENT FOR ITS TRANSCRIPTION. MECHANISTIC STUDIES INDICATED THAT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME 1 (DNMT1) IS THE KEY REGULATOR OF MIR-30A-5P, WHICH IN TURN ENHANCES MIR-30A-5P PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVEL AND THEREBY INHIBITS ITS EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF MIR-30A-5P IS INVOLVED IN GLOMERULAR PODOCYTE INJURY INDUCED BY HCY, PROVIDING A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER CANDIDATE AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN CKD INDUCED BY HCY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8   872  35 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  4989  27 PCSK9 IS INCREASED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALCOHOL USE AFFECTS THE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9). WHILE A MAJOR ROLE OF PCSK9 IN HEPATIC FUNCTION AND LIPID REGULATION HAS BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED, OTHER PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EXISTING RESEARCH SUGGESTS A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF PCSK9 IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PCSK9 ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE WOULD INCREASE PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 LEVELS IN CSF WERE MEASURED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD (N = 42) ADMITTED TO AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM AND CONTROLS (N = 25). CSF SAMPLES IN AUD WERE ASSESSED AT 2 TIME POINTS, AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 AFTER ADMISSION. FURTHERMORE, PLASMA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND MEASURED FROM THE INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 IN CSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE AUD GROUP AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). PLASMA PCSK9 LEVELS WERE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH CSF PCSK9 LEVELS IN AUD (P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT PCSK9 IS ELEVATED IN THE CSF OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD, WHICH MAY INDICATE A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PCSK9 IN AUD. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE FUNCTIONS OF PCSK9 IN THE BRAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  3388  32 HOMOCYSTEINE INDUCES PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS BY REGULATING MIR-1929-5P EXPRESSION THROUGH C-MYC, DNMT1 AND EZH2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A COMMON AND COMPLEX DISEASE IN KIDNEYS WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA. ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE (HCY) LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CKD BY REGULATING PODOCYTE INJURY AND APOPTOSIS. TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS TRIGGERED IN PODOCYTES BY HCY, WE USED CBS(+/-) MICE AND OBSERVED THAT HIGHER HCY LEVELS INCREASED THE APOPTOSIS RATE OF PODOCYTES WITH ACCOMPANYING GLOMERULAR DAMAGE. HCY-INDUCED PODOCYTE INJURY AND APOPTOSIS IN CBS(+/-) MICE WAS REGULATED BY INHIBITION OF MICRORNA (MIR)-1929-5P EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P IN PODOCYTES INHIBITED APOPTOSIS BY UPREGULATING BCL-2. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P WAS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF ITS PROMOTER. HCY UPREGULATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) AND ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) LEVELS, RESULTING IN INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND H3K27ME3 LEVELS ON THE MIR-1929-5P PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT C-MYC RECRUITED DNMT1 AND EZH2 TO THE MIR-1929-5P PROMOTER AND SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P. IN SUMMARY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT HCY PROMOTES PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS THROUGH THE REGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS DNMT1 AND EZH2, WHICH ARE RECRUITED BY C-MYC TO THE PROMOTER OF MIR-1929-5P TO SILENCE MIR-1929-5P EXPRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  1875  35 EMERGING ROLE OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND DNA METHYLATION ENRICHMENT ON DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF SUBJECTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUD). BACKGROUND: CEREBELLUM IS AN AREA OF THE BRAIN PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DECREASES CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELL OUTPUT BY INCREASING GABA RELEASE FROM GOLGI CELLS ONTO EXTRASYNAPTIC ALPHA6/DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTORS LOCATED ON GLUTAMATERGIC GRANULE CELLS. HERE, WE STUDIED WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION INDUCES CHANGES IN GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS VIA DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: WE USED A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM CEREBELLUM FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS, HERE DEFINED AS ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS SUBJECTS (N=25/GROUP). S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE WERE MEASURED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. MRNA LEVELS OF VARIOUS GENES WERE ASSESSED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. PROMOTER METHYLATION ENRICHMENT WAS ASSESSED USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXY-METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: MRNAS ENCODING KEY ENZYMES OF 1-CARBON METABOLISM THAT DETERMINE THE S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE RATIO WERE INCREASED, INDICATING HIGHER "METHYLATION INDEX" IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. WE FOUND THAT INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE CEREBELLUM OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. NO CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN ALPHA1- OR ALPHA6-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (1, 3A, AND 3B) WAS UNALTERED, WHEREAS THE MRNA LEVEL OF TET1, WHICH PARTICIPATES IN THE DNA DEMETHYLATION PATHWAY, WAS DECREASED. HENCE, INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR PROMOTER MAY RESULT FROM ALCOHOL-INDUCED REDUCTION OF DNA DEMETHYLATION. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. FURTHERMORE, THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES OF HUMAN CEREBELLAR GABAA RECEPTOR FUNCTION.	2017	

12  5268  30 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION OF CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-SYNTHETASE GENE CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN RATS. HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H(2)S), AN ENDOGENOUS GAS MOLECULE SYNTHESIZED BY CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-SYNTHETASE (CBS), IS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION AND NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF CBS-H(2)S SIGNALING IN PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING REMAIN UNKNOWN. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND ADJUVANT SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF CBS AT BOTH PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THE CBS INHIBITORS HYDROXYLAMINE AND AMINOOXYACETIC ACID ATTENUATED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER AND REVERSED HYPEREXCITABILITY OF DRG NEURONS IN INFLAMED RATS. INTRAPLANTAR ADMINISTRATION OF NAHS (ITS ADDITION MIMICS CBS PRODUCTION OF H(2)S) OR L-CYSTEINE IN HEALTHY RATS ELICITED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA. APPLICATION OF NAHS IN VITRO ENHANCED EXCITABILITY AND TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)-RESISTANT SODIUM CURRENT OF DRG NEURONS FROM HEALTHY RATS, WHICH WAS ATTENUATED BY PRETREATMENT OF PROTEIN KINASE A INHIBITOR H89. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING DEMONSTRATED THAT PROMOTER REGION OF CBS GENE WAS LESS METHYLATED IN DRG SAMPLES FROM INFLAMED RATS THAN THAT FROM CONTROLS. PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION DID NOT ALTER EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A AND 3B, THE 2 MAJOR ENZYMES FOR DNA METHYLATION, BUT LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UP-REGULATION OF METHYL-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN 4 AND GROWTH ARREST AND DNA DAMAGE INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 45ALPHA, THE ENZYMES INVOLVED IN ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CBS EXPRESSION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. H(2)S SEEMS TO INCREASE TTX-RESISTANT SODIUM CHANNEL CURRENT, WHICH MAY BE MEDIATED BY PROTEIN KINASE A PATHWAY, THUS IDENTIFYING A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13   339  33 ALTERATIONS IN HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS--CLINICAL, PATHOBIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS. ADDICTION RESEARCH FOCUSING ON HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE HAS REVEALED IMPORTANT FINDINGS. RECENT LITERATURE ON THIS TOPIC HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE REVIEW PROVIDED. METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM. PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) MTHFR C677T. BESIDES GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA LEVELS TOO. THUS, CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS. ELEVATION OF PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATION IS CONSIDERED AS A PREDICTOR FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES AND--AS HOMOCYSTEINE IS A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR--MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGHER RISK FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS. HOMOCYSTEINE ACTS AS AN N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTOR AGONIST AND HAS EXCITOTOXIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE HAS NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS ESPECIALLY ON DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. AS THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ARE MEDIATED BY THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, A HOMOCYSTEINE-DEPENDENT IMPAIRMENT OF THE REWARD SYSTEM POSSIBLY LEADS TO AN ALTERED DRINKING BEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO THE DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS OF ADDICTION. HOMOCYSTEINE IS INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF METHYL GROUPS AND DNA-METHYLATION PLAYS A ROLE IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTOR. IT REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED WHETHER ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS BENEFIT FROM HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING STRATEGIES, E.G., VIA SUPPLEMENTATION OF FOLATE, VITAMIN B6 AND B12. IN THIS RESPECT IT IS NOT CLEAR YET, IF A SUPPLEMENTATION THERAPY CAN REDUCE THE RISK FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14   286  35 AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO ALTER HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: AGING AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ARE BOTH MODIFIERS OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT IT IS NOT YET KNOWN WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALSO ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, A NEWLY DISCOVERED EPIGENETIC MARK PRODUCED BY OXIDATION OF METHYLCYTOSINE. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED WHETHER AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO MODIFY THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, THEREBY HAVING AN INDEPENDENT EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: OLD (18 MONTHS) AND YOUNG (4 MONTHS) MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE PAIR-FED EITHER A LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID DIET WITH ALCOHOL (18% OF ENERGY) OR AN ISOCALORIC LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET FOR 5 WEEKS. GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED FROM HEPATIC DNA USING A NEW LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. HEPATIC MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE TET ENZYMES WERE MEASURED VIA QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN YOUNG MICE, MILD CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL MICE (0.22 +/- 0.01 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.004). ALCOHOL DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS IN OLD MICE. OLD MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET SHOWED DECREASED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH YOUNG MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET (0.24 +/- 0.02 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.04). THIS MODEL SUGGESTS AN INTERACTION BETWEEN AGING AND ALCOHOL IN DETERMINING DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (PINTERACTION = 0.009). EXPRESSION OF TET2 AND TET3 WAS DECREASED IN THE OLD MICE RELATIVE TO THE YOUNG (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: THE OBSERVATION THAT ALCOHOL ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION INDICATES A NEW EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND AGING ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  2197  28 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF MEDIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA MIR-30A-3P/EP300 AXIS IN CCI RATS. RECENT INVESTIGATION OF MICRORNAS ON CHRONIC PAIN HAS DEVELOPED A BREAKTHROUGH IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-30A-3P WAS REPORTED USING QRT-PCR ANALYSIS AND LOSS OF MIR-30A-3P PROMOTED NEUROPATHIC PAIN PROGRESSION IN SCIATIC NERVE CHRONIC CONSTRICTIVE INJURY RATS THROUGH DETERMINING THE PAIN THRESHOLD. WE PREDICTED MIR-30A-3P COULD TARGET E-CADHERIN TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR (EP300) VIA BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS. MEANWHILE, WE FOUND THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE EXHIBITED THAT EP300 EPIGENETICALLY UP-REGULATED BDNF VIA ENHANCING ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AND H4 ON THE PROMOTER. FOR ANOTHER, MIR-30A-3P WAS ABLE TO MODIFY THE LEVEL OF BDNF AND ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AND H4. LOSS OF MIR-30A-3P ENHANCED EP300 AND BDNF COLOCALIZATION IN CCI RATS. SUBSEQUENTLY, IT WAS SHOWN THAT INCREASED EP300 INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY AN ENHANCEMENT OF NEURONAL BDNF LEVEL IN VIVO. TO SUM UP, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF PROMOTED NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA EP300 INDUCED BY MIR-30A-3P IN CCI RATS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  2709  33 EXERCISE INDUCES AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES ON EPIGENETIC PARAMETERS IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. REGULAR EXERCISE IMPROVES LEARNING AND MEMORY, INCLUDING DURING AGING PROCESS. INTERESTINGLY, THE IMBALANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAS BEEN LINKED TO AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DEFICITS. HOWEVER, STUDIES ABOUT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AFTER EXERCISE DURING THE AGING PROCESS ARE RARE. IN THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF AGING AND EXERCISE ON DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS IN HIPPOCAMPUS FROM 3 AND 20-MONTHS AGED WISTAR RATS. THE ANIMALS WERE SUBMITTED TO TWO EXERCISE PROTOCOLS: SINGLE SESSION OR CHRONIC TREADMILL PROTOCOL. DNMT1 AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS WERE DECREASED IN HIPPOCAMPUS FROM AGED RATS. THE SINGLE EXERCISE SESSION DECREASED BOTH DNMT3B AND DNMT1 LEVELS IN YOUNG ADULT RATS, WITHOUT ANY EFFECT IN THE AGED GROUP. BOTH EXERCISE PROTOCOLS REDUCED H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS IN YOUNG ADULT RATS, WHILE THE SINGLE SESSION REVERSED THE CHANGES ON H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS INDUCED BY AGING. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AN IMBALANCE ON DNMTS AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS MIGHT BE LINKED TO THE BRAIN AGING PROCESS AND THAT THE OUTCOME TO EXERCISE SEEMS TO VARY THROUGH LIFESPAN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  3497  24 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AS SPUTUM BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG CANCER RISK AMONG SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS. OBJECTIVES: SMOKING IS A COMMON RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. ALTHOUGH COPD PATIENTS HAVE HIGHER RISK OF LUNG CANCER COMPARED TO NON-COPD SMOKERS, THE MOLECULAR LINKS BETWEEN THESE DISEASES ARE NOT WELL-DEFINED. THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY GENES THAT ARE DOWNREGULATED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE AND COMMONLY REPRESSED IN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PRIMARY HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (HAEC) WERE EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE-SMOKE-EXTRACT (CSE) FOR 10-WEEKS AND SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY TRANSCRIPTOME ARRAY. EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OF THESE GENES IN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA (LUAD) FROM PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT COPD WERE DETERMINED USING GENOME-WIDE AND GENE-SPECIFIC ASSAYS AND BY IN VITRO TREATMENT OF CELL LINES WITH TRICHOSTATIN-A OR 5-AZA-2-DEOXYCYTIDINE. RESULTS: THE TEN MOST COMMONLY DOWNREGULATED GENES FOLLOWING CHRONIC CSE EXPOSURE OF HAEC AND SHOW PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN LUAD WERE SELECTED. AMONG THESE, EXPRESSION OF CCNA1, SNCA, AND ZNF549 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN LUNG TISSUES FROM COPD COMPARED WITH NON-COPD CASES WHILE EXPRESSION OF CCNA1 AND SNCA WAS FURTHER DOWNREGULATED IN TUMORS WITH COPD. THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ALL THREE GENES WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN LUAD BUT NOT NORMAL OR COPD LUNGS. THE REDUCED EXPRESSION AND ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF THESE GENES IN LUAD WERE INDEPENDENTLY VALIDATED USING DATA FROM THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROJECT. IMPORTANTLY, SNCA AND ZNF549 METHYLATION DETECTED IN SPUTUM DNA FROM LUAD (52% AND 38%) CASES WERE MORE PREVALENT COMPARED TO CANCER-FREE SMOKERS (26% AND 15%), RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SHOW THAT SUPPRESSION OF CCNA1, SNCA, AND ZNF549 IN LUNG CANCER AND COPD OCCURS WITH OR WITHOUT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, RESPECTIVELY. DETECTING METHYLATION OF THESE AND PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED GENES IN SPUTUM OF CANCER-FREE SMOKERS MAY SERVE AS NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LUNG CANCER AMONG HIGH RISK SMOKERS INCLUDING COPD PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18   165  24 ABNORMAL HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM: AN INSIGHT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE FROM DNA METHYLATION. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT HAS COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS IN THE ELDERLY. THE CURRENT REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AD, ACCORDING TO THE LATEST FINDINGS. ONE OF THE BEST-CHARACTERIZED CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS DNA METHYLATION. HIGHLY REPLICABLE DATA SHOWS THAT AD OCCURRENCE IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY METHYLATION LEVEL CHANGES OF THE AD-RELATED GENE. HOMOCYSTEINE (HCY) IS NOT ONLY AN INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM BUT ALSO AN IMPORTANT INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR OF AD; IT CAN AFFECT THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN BY CHANGING THE ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND INTERFERING WITH THE DNA METHYLATION PROCESS, RESULTING IN CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE. IN GENERAL, HCY MAY BE AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR THAT AFFECTS AD VIA THE DNA METHYLATION PATHWAY WITH A SERIES OF CHANGES IN AD-RELATED SUBSTANCE. THIS REVIEW WILL CONCENTRATE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND HCY AND TRY TO FIGURE OUT THEIR RULE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19   683  32 BRAIN PLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AFTER ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN C57BL/6J MICE. ACUTE OR CHRONIC ADMINISTRATIONS OF HIGH DOSES OF ETHANOL IN MICE ARE KNOWN TO PRODUCE SEVERE COGNITIVE DEFICITS LINKED TO HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE. HOWEVER, WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE IN C57BL/6J MICE INDUCED CHROMATIN REMODELING WITHIN THE BDNF PROMOTERS, LEADING TO BOTH ENHANCED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS UNDER FREE-CHOICE PROTOCOL. WE PERFORMED HERE A SERIES OF CELLULAR AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES TO ANALYZE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE MODIFICATIONS. WE SHOWED THAT A 3-WEEK CHRONIC FREE-CHOICE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN C57BL/6J MICE LED TO A DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF GENE WITHIN THE CA1 AND CA3 SUBFIELDS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND UPREGULATED HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF SIGNALING PATHWAYS MEDIATED BY ERK, AKT AND CREB. HOWEVER, THIS ACTIVATION DID NOT AFFECT LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN THE CA1. CONVERSELY, ETHANOL INTAKE IMPAIRED LEARNING AND MEMORY CAPACITIES ANALYZED IN THE CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TEST AND THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TASK. IN ADDITION, ETHANOL INCREASED BEHAVIORAL PERSEVERATION IN THE BARNES MAZE TEST BUT DID NOT ALTER THE MOUSE OVERALL SPATIAL CAPACITIES. THESE DATA SUGGESTED THAT IN CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE, THE CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO BDNF SIGNALING UPREGULATION IS PROBABLY AN ADAPTIVE PROCESS, ENGAGED VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS, TO COUNTERACT THE COGNITIVE DEFICITS INDUCED BY ETHANOL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  4212  27 METHAMPHETAMINE DOWNREGULATES STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE (METH) EXPOSURE CAUSES NEUROADAPTATIONS AT GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSES. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY THE METH-INDUCED EPIGENETIC UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE NEUROADAPTATIONS, WE INJECTED INCREASING METH DOSES TO RATS FOR 2 WEEKS AND MEASURED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION. WE THEN QUANTIFIED THE EFFECTS OF METH EXPOSURE ON HISTONE ACETYLATION. WE ALSO MEASURED METH-INDUCED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. RESULTS: CHRONIC METH DECREASED TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF GLUA1 AND GLUA2 ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLE PROPIONIC ACID RECEPTOR (AMPAR) AND GLUN1 N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES IN STRIATAL NEURONS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED THAT METH DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H4 ON GLUA1, GLUA2, AND GLUN1 PROMOTERS. METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE ALSO INCREASED REPRESSOR ELEMENT-1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) COREPRESSOR 1, METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 ENRICHMENT, BUT NOT OF SIRTUIN 1 OR SIRTUIN 2, ONTO GLUA1 AND GLUA2 GENE SEQUENCES. MOREOVER, METH CAUSED INTERACTIONS OF REST COREPRESSOR 1 AND METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 AND OF REST WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1. SURPRISINGLY, METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED METH-INDUCED DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AT GLUA1 AND GLUA2 PROMOTER SEQUENCES. IMPORTANTLY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, VALPROIC ACID, BLOCKED METH-INDUCED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF AMPAR AND N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. FINALLY, VALPROIC ACID ALSO ATTENUATED METH-INDUCED DECREASE H4K16AC RECRUITMENT ON AMPAR GENE SEQUENCES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE H4 HYPOACETYLATION MAY BE THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF METH-INDUCED DECREASED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION.	2014