1  2993 122 GENETIC PAIN LOSS DISORDERS. GENETIC PAIN LOSS INCLUDES CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN (CIP), HEREDITARY SENSORY NEUROPATHIES AND, IF AUTONOMIC NERVES ARE INVOLVED, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY (HSAN). THIS HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISORDERS HIGHLIGHTS THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF NOCICEPTION IN PROTECTING AGAINST TISSUE DAMAGE. PATIENTS WITH GENETIC PAIN LOSS HAVE RECURRENT INJURIES, BURNS AND POORLY HEALING WOUNDS AS DISEASE HALLMARKS. CIP AND HSAN ARE CAUSED BY PATHOGENIC GENETIC VARIANTS IN >20 GENES THAT LEAD TO DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS, NEURODEGENERATION OR ALTERED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY OF PERIPHERAL DAMAGE-SENSING NEURONS. THESE GENETIC VARIANTS LEAD TO HYPERACTIVITY OF SODIUM CHANNELS, DISTURBED HAEM METABOLISM, ALTERED CLATHRIN-MEDIATED TRANSPORT AND IMPAIRED GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS AFFECTING EPIGENETIC MARKS, LONG NON-CODING RNAS AND REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. THERAPIES FOR PAIN LOSS DISORDERS ARE MAINLY SYMPTOMATIC BUT THE FIRST TARGETED THERAPIES ARE BEING TESTED. CONVERSELY, CHRONIC PAIN REMAINS ONE OF THE GREATEST UNRESOLVED MEDICAL CHALLENGES, AND THE GENES AND MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN LOSS OFFER NEW TARGETS FOR ANALGESICS. GIVEN THE PROGRESS THAT HAS BEEN MADE, THE COMING YEARS ARE PROMISING BOTH IN TERMS OF TARGETED TREATMENTS FOR PAIN LOSS DISORDERS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE PAIN MEDICINES BASED ON KNOWLEDGE OF THESE GENETIC DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  1940  25 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) SHOWS MARKED VARIATION WORLDWIDE BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS TUMOR IS REFLECTED BY THE OCCURRENCE OF AT LEAST 1 MILLION NEW CASES ANNUALLY AND THE UNIFORMLY DISMAL OUTLOOK WITH MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF <25 MONTHS AFTER RESECTION AND <6 MONTHS WITH SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT. THE STRIKINGLY UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF THIS TUMOR PARALLELS THE PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION WITH RISING INCIDENCE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ATTRIBUTED TO HEPATITIS C INFECTION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS CONSTITUTE THE MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS IN THE MAJORITY OF HCCS AND MAY BE RELATED TO OTHER ETIOLOGIC AGENTS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS INCLUDING NITRITES, HYDROCARBONS, SOLVENTS, ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, AND THE CHEMICALS IN PROCESSED FOODS, CLEANING AGENTS, COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICALS, AS WELL AS PLANT TOXINS SUCH AS ANATOXINS PRODUCED BY FUNGI THAT CAUSE SPOILAGE OF GRAIN AND FOOD IN THE TROPICS. GENETIC DISEASES SUCH AS GENETIC HEMATOCHROMATOSIS, WILSON'S DISEASE, ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY, AND THE INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM INCLUDING HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA AND HEPATIC PORPHYRIA, ARE KNOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HCC. NUMEROUS GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THE MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION ARE RECOGNIZED IN HCC AND IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES COMBINE WITH FACTORS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC HEPATOCYTE DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION TO RESULT IN NEOPLASTIC GROWTH AND MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  6815  19 [EVOLUTIONARY ONTOGENETIC ASPECTS OF PATHOGENETICS OF CHRONIC HUMAN DISEASES]. THIS ARTICLE IS A REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, IN WHICH ISSUES OF PATHOGENETICS OF MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES (MFDS) ARE CONSIDERED FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF EVOLUTION AND ONTOGENY. CONCEPTS EXPLAINING SIGNIFICANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES IN THE FORMATION OF GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES ("THRIFTY" GENOMES AND PHENOTYPES, "DRIFTING GENES," DECANALIZATION) ARE ANALYZED. THE ROLES OF NATURAL SELECTION AND GENETIC DRIFT IN THE FORMATION OF HEREDITARY DIVERSITY OF GENES FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MFDS ARE CONSIDERED. THE MODERN CONCEPT OF DISEASE ONTOGENY (SOMATIC MOSAICISM, LOSS OFHETEROZYGOSITY, PARADOMINANT INHERITANCE, EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY) IS DISCUSSED. IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EVOLUTIONARY AND ONTOGENETIC APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS OF GENIMUC AND OTHER "-OMIC" DATA ARE ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF DISEASES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3593  29 IMPLICATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET ON THE HUMAN EPIGENOME. EPIGENETICS, DEFINED AS "HEREDITARY CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT OCCUR WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE", CONSISTS OF VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MARKS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND NON-CODING RNAS. THE EPIGENOME, WHICH HAS A DYNAMIC STRUCTURE IN RESPONSE TO INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR STIMULI, HAS A KEY ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE ACTIVITY, SINCE IT IS LOCATED AT THE INTERSECTION OF CELLULAR INFORMATION ENCODED IN THE GENOME AND MOLECULAR/CHEMICAL INFORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ORIGIN. THE FOCUS SHIFT OF STUDIES TO EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING HAS LED TO THE FORMATION AND PROGRESSIVE IMPORTANCE OF A CONCEPT CALLED "NUTRIEPIGENETICS", WHOSE AIM IS TO PREVENT DISEASES BY INTERVENING ON NUTRITION STYLE. AMONG THE DIET TYPES ADOPTED IN THE WORLD, THE RENOWNED MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD), BEING RICH IN UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND CONTAINING HIGH LEVELS OF WHOLE GRAIN FOODS AND LARGE QUANTITIES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND LEGUMES, HAS SHOWN NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES IN EXCLUDING CHRONIC DISEASES. ADDITIONALLY, THE FACT THAT THIS DIET IS RICH IN POLYPHENOLS WITH HIGH ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES HAS AN UNDENIABLE EFFECT IN TURNING SOME CELLULAR PATHWAYS AGAINST THE DISEASE. IT IS ALSO APPARENT THAT THE EFFECTS OF POLYPHENOLS ON THE EPIGENOME CAUSE CHANGES IN MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION, WHICH HAVE A REGULATORY EFFECT ON GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF NUTRIENTS FROM THE MD ON THE EPIGENOME AND DISCUSSES THE BENEFITS OF THIS DIET IN THE TREATMENT AND EVEN PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  4957  28 PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC THEORY. OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. DESIGN: OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. SETTING: NOT APPLICABLE. PATIENT(S): NONE. INTERVENTIONS(S): NONE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): THE HYPOTHESIS IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS. RESULT(S): ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIUM-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, HAS A VARIABLE MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE AND A POORLY UNDERSTOOD NATURAL HISTORY. IT IS A HEREDITARY AND HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE WITH MANY BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LESIONS, WHICH ARE CLONAL IN ORIGIN. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN, INFERTILITY, ADENOMYOSIS, AND CHANGES IN THE JUNCTIONAL ZONE, PLACENTATION, IMMUNOLOGY, PLASMA, PERITONEAL FLUID, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY. THE SAMPSON HYPOTHESIS OF IMPLANTED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS FOLLOWING RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, ANGIOGENIC SPREAD, LYMPHOGENIC SPREAD, OR THE METAPLASIA THEORY CANNOT EXPLAIN ALL OBSERVATIONS IF METAPLASIA IS DEFINED AS CELLS WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES AND AN ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR/MORPHOLOGY DUE TO THE ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENT. WE PROPOSE A POLYGENETIC/POLYEPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE SET OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS TRANSMITTED AT BIRTH COULD EXPLAIN THE HEREDITARY ASPECTS, THE PREDISPOSITION, AND THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PLACENTATION. TO DEVELOP TYPICAL, CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS, A VARIABLE SERIES OF ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSIBLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO OCCUR IN A CELL WHICH MAY VARY FROM ENDOMETRIAL TO STEM CELLS. SUBTLE LESIONS ARE VIEWED AS ENDOMETRIUM IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT UNTIL ADDITIONAL INCIDENTS OCCUR. TYPICAL CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS ARE HETEROGENEOUS AND REPRESENT THREE DIFFERENT DISEASES. CONCLUSION(S): THE GENETIC EPIGENETIC THEORY IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ARE DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  2997  28 GENETIC VARIANTS IN DNMT1 AND THE RISK OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY IN WOMEN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES. AIMS/INTRODUCTION: EPIGENETICS PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF METABOLIC MEMORY, A SITUATION IN WHICH HYPERGLYCEMIA EXERTS PROLONGED DELETERIOUS EFFECTS EVEN AFTER ITS NORMALIZATION. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT GENETIC VARIANTS IN AN EPIGENETIC GENE COULD PREDISPOSE TO DIABETES COMPLICATIONS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: WE ASSESSED THE FREQUENCY OF FIVE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN THE GENE ENCODING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1; RS8112895, RS7254567, RS11085721, RS17291414 AND RS10854076), AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE, RETINOPATHY, DISTAL POLYNEUROPATHY AND AUTONOMIC CARDIOVASCULAR NEUROPATHY IN 359 INDIVIDUALS WITH LONG-TERM TYPE 1 DIABETES. RESULTS: NONE OF THE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS STUDIED WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS IN THE OVERALL POPULATION. HOWEVER, AFTER SEX STRATIFICATION, THE MINOR ALLELE C OF RS11085721 CONFERRED RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR NEUROPATHY IN WOMEN AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR CONFOUNDING VARIABLES (ODDS RATIO 2.32; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 1.26-4.33; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: THE FACT THAT HETEROZYGOUS MUTATIONS IN DNMT1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEREDITARY SENSORY AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY PROVIDES PLAUSIBILITY TO THE PRESENT FINDING. IF CONFIRMED IN INDEPENDENT SAMPLES, IT SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC VARIANTS IN EPIGENETIC GENES MIGHT PREDISPOSE TO MORE OR FEWER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE FACE OF SIMILAR METABOLIC DERANGEMENTS TRIGGERED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, CONSTITUTING THE "GENETICS OF EPIGENETICS" FOR MICROVASCULAR DIABETES COMPLICATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  6331  29 THE ROLE OF COX-2 IN INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND COLORECTAL CANCER. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE, INCLUDING AT LEAST THREE MAJOR FORMS: HEREDITARY, SPORADIC AND COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CRC. A LARGE BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT GENETIC MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, DIET AND LIFESTYLE ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CRC. AS ELEVATED CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2) EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN MOST CRC TISSUE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE SURVIVAL AMONG CRC PATIENTS, INVESTIGATORS HAVE SOUGHT TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) AND SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS (COXIBS) ON CRC. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES, CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT NSAIDS ARE AMONG THE MOST PROMISING CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS FOR THIS DISEASE. NSAIDS EXERT THEIR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTITUMOR EFFECTS PRIMARILY BY REDUCING PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCTION BY INHIBITION OF COX-2 ACTIVITY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES OF COX-2 IN CRC AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. THESE RECENT DATA PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR RE-EVALUATING COX-2 AS BOTH THE PROGNOSTIC AND THE PREDICTIVE MARKER IN A WIDE VARIETY OF MALIGNANCIES AND FOR RENEWING THE INTEREST IN EVALUATING RELATIVE BENEFITS AND RISK OF COXIBS IN APPROPRIATELY SELECTED PATIENTS FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  4519  25 MULTI-OMICS IN CROHN'S DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM INSIDE. CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) IS AN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) WITH COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC DIARRHEA, WEIGHT LOSS AND HEMATOCHEZIA. DESPITE THE INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE, CURE OF CD REMAINS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT. THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY WITH INTEGRATED-OMICS ANALYSES IN RECENT YEARS HAS PROVIDED A NEW MEANS FOR EXPLORING THE PATHOGENESIS, MINING THE BIOMARKERS AND DESIGNING TARGETED PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTICS OF CD. HOST GENOMICS AND EPIGENOMICS UNVEIL HEREDITY-RELATED MECHANISMS OF SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, WHILE MICROBIOME AND METABOLOMICS MAP HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS IN CD PATIENTS. PROTEOMICS SHOWS GREAT POTENTIAL IN SEARCHING FOR PROMISING BIOMARKERS. NONETHELESS, SINGLE OMICS TECHNOLOGY CANNOT HOLISTICALLY CONNECT THE MECHANISMS WITH HETEROGENEITY OF PATHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR IN CD. THE RISE OF MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS INTEGRATES GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES WITH PROTEIN/MICROBIAL METABOLITE FUNCTIONALITY, PROVIDING NEW HOPE FOR COMPREHENSIVE AND IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF CD. HEREIN, WE EMPHASIZED THE DIFFERENT OMICS FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF CD AND DISCUSSED THE CURRENT RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS OF MULTI-OMICS IN CD. THIS REVIEW WILL UPDATE AND DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CD FROM INTEGRATION OF BROAD OMICS SPECTRA AND WILL PROVIDE NEW EVIDENCE FOR TARGETED INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  3040  21 GENOME HYPERMETHYLATION IN PINUS SILVESTRIS OF CHERNOBYL--A MECHANISM FOR RADIATION ADAPTATION? ADAPTATION IS A COMPLEX PROCESS BY WHICH POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS RESPOND TO LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES BY PERMANENT GENETIC CHANGE. HERE WE PRESENT DATA FROM THE NATURAL "OPEN-FIELD" RADIATION ADAPTATION EXPERIMENT AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT AND PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ADAPTATION OF A EUKARYOTE-SCOTS PINE (PINUS SILVESTRIS), TO CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE. WE HAVE EVALUATED GLOBAL GENOME METHYLATION OF CONTROL AND RADIATION-EXPOSED PINE TREES USING A METHOD BASED ON CLEAVAGE BY A METHYLATION-SENSITIVE HPAII RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE THAT LEAVES A 5' GUANINE OVERHANG AND SUBSEQUENT SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE EXTENSION WITH LABELED [3H] DCTP. WE HAVE FOUND THAT GENOMIC DNA OF EXPOSED PINE TREES WAS CONSIDERABLY HYPERMETHYLATED. MOREOVER, HYPERMETHYLATION APPEARED TO BE DEPENDENT UPON THE RADIATION DOSE ABSORBED BY THE TREES. SUCH HYPERMETHYLATION MAY BE VIEWED AS A DEFENSE STRATEGY OF PLANTS THAT PREVENTS GENOME INSTABILITY AND RESHUFFLING OF THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL, ALLOWING SURVIVAL IN AN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT. FURTHER STUDIES ARE CLEARLY NEEDED TO ANALYZE IN DETAIL THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND OTHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF RADIATION STRESS AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10   251  27 ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: NOVEL INSIGHTS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIVER CANCER, IS USUALLY A LATENT AND ASYMPTOMATIC MALIGNANCY CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AETIOLOGIES, WHICH IS A RESULT OF VARIOUS ABERRANT MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY AND OFTEN DIAGNOSED AT ADVANCED STAGES. THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BECAUSE OF SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, DIABETES, CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES AND EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXINS. DUE TO ADVANCED INTRA- OR EXTRAHEPATIC METASTASIS, RECURRENCE IS VERY COMMON EVEN AFTER RADICAL RESECTION. IN THIS PAPER, WE HIGHLIGHTED NOVEL THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES, SUCH AS MOLECULAR-TARGETED THERAPIES, TARGETED RADIONUCLIDE THERAPIES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION-BASED THERAPIES. THESE TOPICS ARE TRENDING HEADLINES AND THEIR COMBINATION WITH CELL-BASED IMMUNOTHERAPIES, AND GENE THERAPY HAS PROVIDED PROMISING PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE OF HCC TREATMENT. MOREOVER, A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IS DISCUSSED AND THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF EACH STRATEGY ARE DESCRIBED. FINALLY, VERY RECENT AND APPROVED NOVEL COMBINED THERAPIES AND THEIR PROMISING RESULTS IN HCC TREATMENT HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  2829  14 FLUSHING OUT CARCINOID SYNDROME: BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF THE ANTICANCER EPIGENETIC AGENT RRX-001 IN A PATIENT WITH A TREATMENT-REFRACTORY NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR. NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS (NET) ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF NEOPLASMS DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF CELLS WITH SECRETORY GRANULES AND THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE AND RELEASE HIGH LEVELS OF VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES INTO THE CIRCULATION, LEADING TO SEVERE FLUSHING AND DIARRHEA, WHICH MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT QUALITY OF LIFE. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE CASE OF A 64-YEAR-OLD MAN WITH CHRONIC REFRACTORY DIARRHEA DUE TO PULMONARY NET TREATED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL ANTICANCER AGENT RRX-001 IN A PHASE II TRIAL CALLED TRIPLE THREAT WITH SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTION OF HIS DIARRHEA.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  5106  18 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME IN ADULT WOMEN. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME IS THE MOST PREVALENT ENDOCRINE-METABOLIC PATHOLOGY IN PRE-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN. ITS ETIOPATHOGENESIS IS COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL AND HETEROGENEOUS, INCLUDING THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ANDROGENIC EXCESS CONSTITUTES THE DISEASE'S MAIN PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL MECHANISM AND RESULTS IN REPRODUCTIVE, METABOLIC AND COSMETIC ALTERATIONS WHICH NEGATIVELY IMPACT THESE PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE. THE CRITERIA ESTABLISHED IN THE ROTTERDAM CONSENSUS AND THEIR CORRECT APPLICATION FORM THE NECESSARY BASIS FOR THIS SYNDROME'S PROPER DIAGNOSIS. IN THE ABSENCE OF AN AETIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, THE AIM IS TO IMPROVE THE CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DERIVED FROM HYPERANDROGENISM, OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION AND EXISTING METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS, AND, THEREFORE, THEY MUST BE CHRONIC AND INDIVIDUALISED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13   550  18 AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINOPATHY-CANDIDIASIS-ECTODERMAL DYSTROPHY IN TWO SIBLINGS: SAME MUTATIONS BUT VERY DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES. AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINOPATHY-CANDIDIASIS-ECTODERMAL DYSTROPHY (APECED), CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE AIRE GENE, IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE TRIAD OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, PRIMARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY AND CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS, BUT CAN INCLUDE MANY OTHER MANIFESTATIONS, WITH NO CURRENTLY CLEAR GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATION. WE PRESENT THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF TWO SIBLINGS, A MALE AND A FEMALE, WITH THE SAME MUTATIONS IN THE AIRE GENE ASSOCIATED WITH TWO VERY DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES. INTERESTINGLY, THE BROTHER RECENTLY EXPERIENCED COVID-19 INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA, COMPLICATED BY HYPERTENSION, HYPOKALEMIA AND HYPERCALCEMIA. ALTHOUGH APECED IS A MONOGENIC DISEASE, ITS EXPRESSIVENESS CAN BE EXTREMELY DIFFERENT. IN ADDITION TO THE GENETIC BASIS, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MIGHT INFLUENCE THE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION, ALTHOUGH THEIR EXACT ROLE REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  4929  20 PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS RODENT MODELS: PERSPECTIVES CONCERNING CLASSIC AND NEW CANCER HALLMARKS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), THE MAIN PRIMARY LIVER CANCER, ACCOUNTS FOR 5 % OF ALL INCIDENT CASES AND 8.4 % OF ALL CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE. HCC DISPLAYS A SPECTRUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS (VIRAL CHRONIC INFECTIONS, AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, ALCOHOLIC- AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES) THAT RESULT IN MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY AND HETEROGENEITY, CONTRIBUTING TO A RISING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL BURDEN, POOR PROGNOSIS, AND NON-SATISFACTORY TREATMENT OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF HCC (I.E., HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS) IS A MULTISTEP AND COMPLEX PROCESS THAT ADDRESSES MANY (EPI)GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND PHENOTYPIC TRAITS, THE SO-CALLED CANCER HALLMARKS. "POLYMORPHIC MICROBIOMES", "EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING", "SENESCENT CELLS" AND "UNLOCKING PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY" ARE TRENDING HALLMARKS/ENABLING FEATURES IN CANCER BIOLOGY. AS THE MAIN MOLECULAR DRIVERS OF HCC ARE STILL UNDRUGGABLE, CHEMICALLY INDUCED IN VIVO MODELS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS ARE USEFUL TOOLS IN PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. THUS, THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW AIMED AT RECAPITULATING THE BASIC FEATURES OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED RODENT MODELS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, ELICITING THEIR PERMANENT TRANSLATIONAL VALUE REGARDING THE "CLASSIC" AND THE "NEW" CANCER HALLMARKS/ENABLING FEATURES. WE GATHERED STATE-OF-ART PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE ON NON-CIRRHOTIC, INFLAMMATION-, ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE- AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER-ASSOCIATED HCC MODELS, DEMONSTRATING THAT THESE BIOASSAYS INDEED EXPRESS THE RECENTLY ADDED HALLMARKS, AS WELL AS REFLECT THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND NEW CANCER TRAITS. OUR REVIEW DEMONSTRATED THAT THESE PROTOCOLS REMAIN VALUABLE FOR TRANSLATIONAL PRECLINICAL APPLICATION, AS THEY RECAPITULATE TRENDING FEATURES OF CANCER SCIENCE. FURTHER "OMICS-BASED" APPROACHES ARE WARRANTED WHILE MULTIMODEL INVESTIGATIONS ARE ENCOURAGED IN ORDER TO AVOID "MODEL-BIASED" RESPONSES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  6817  26 [FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: REPORT OF SEVEN PATIENTS]. BACKGROUND: FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IS THE THIRD MOST COMMON MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF 1 PER 20.000 AND A NORMAL LIFE EXPECTANCY IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS. HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY 15% OF PATIENTS BECOME WHEELCHAIR BOUND IN THE COURSE OF THEIR LIFE. IT IS A HEREDITARY AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISEASE WITH HIGH (95%) PENETRANCE BY THE AGE OF 20, BUT WITH VARIABLE DEGREE OF PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE SAME FAMILY GROUP. SYMPTOMS FREQUENTLY START IN THE SECOND DECADE OF LIFE, WITH FACIAL AND SCAPULAR WEAKNESS. AIM: TO REPORT THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF SEVEN PATIENTS WITH THE DISEASE, SEEN AT A PUBLIC HOSPITAL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ANALYSIS OF SEVEN PATIENTS WITH GENETIC STUDY SEEN IN A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN SANTIAGO. RESULTS: THE AGE OF PATIENTS FLUCTUATED FROM 18 TO 61 YEARS AND FOUR WERE FEMALES. THE MEAN AGE AT ONSET OF SYMPTOMS WAS 29 YEARS AND FOUR HAD A FAMILY HISTORY OF THE DISEASE. THE USUAL PRESENTING COMPLAINT WAS ARM OR SHOULDER ASYMMETRIC WEAKNESS. FOUR PATIENTS HAD BONE PAIN. FACIAL INVOLVEMENT WAS PRESENT IN FOUR. A GENETIC STUDY WAS DONE IN FIVE PATIENTS, THE OTHER TWO PATIENTS WERE RELATIVES, CONFIRMING THE CONTRACTION OR LOWER NUMBER OF REPETITIONS IN D4Z4 REGION. AFTER 12 YEARS OF FOLLOW UP ONLY 2 PATIENTS OLDER THAN 60 YEARS CANNOT WORK AND ONE FEMALE PATIENTS IS IN A SEMI DEPENDENT STATE AT THE AGE OF 30. CONCLUSIONS: THE CLINICAL WORKUP IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND THE TIMELY INDICATION OF GENETIC STUDIES ARE HIGHLIGHTED, TO AVOID UNNECESSARY AND INVASIVE PROCEDURES. THE VARIABILITY IN THE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION IN A SIMILAR GENETIC DEFECT IS DISCUSSED AND THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THIS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY ARE DESCRIBED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  3269  25 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE-ONE OF A KIND OR TWO DIFFERENT ENEMIES? HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC) IS A CANCER WITH AN OVERALL POOR PROGNOSIS AND AN ALARMING GLOBALLY RISING INCIDENCE. WHILE VIRAL ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HCC IS DOWN-TRENDING, ALCOHOL AND EXCESS CALORIE INTAKE HAVE EMERGED AS MAJOR CULPRITS. ALCOHOL RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) SHARE SIMILAR PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF HEPATIC INJURY AND IN PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT OF HCC; YET SOME GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES ARE DISTINCT AND MAY PROMISE CLINICAL UTILITY. POPULATION BASED INTERVENTION ARE URGENTLY NEEDED TO REDUCE ALCOHOL USE AND IMPROVE METABOLIC FACTORS SUCH AS OBESITY AND DIABETES. THE GOAL IS TO IDENTIFY AT-RISK PATIENTS, TO LINK THESE PATIENTS TO CARE AND TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HCC. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INCLUDING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERCATION AS WELL AS CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ALD AND NAFLD ASSOCIATED HCC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  3554  31 IMPACT OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES) AND ITS RECEPTOR (RAGE) ON CANCER METABOLIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND ITS PROGRESSION. CANCER IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH A 5-10% HEREDITARY BASE, BUT NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT WE ARE EXPOSED TO INFLUENCE 90-95% OF CANCERS. DUE TO RAPID WESTERNIZATION, THE DIET WE CONSUME IS RICH IN ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES). AGES ARE THE HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF COMPOUNDS FORMED BY NON-ENZYMATIC REACTIONS BETWEEN REDUCING SUGARS AND AMINO GROUPS OF PROTEINS, LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. ITS IMPLICATION IS CONFIRMED IN MANY CHRONIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS DIABETES, RENAL, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND AGING HOWEVER ITS ROLE IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN UNDERSTUDIED. CANCER CELLS ARE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO AGES DUE TO THEIR INCREASED PRODUCTION, OWING TO ITS HIGH METABOLIC RATE AND AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS. AGES ACCUMULATION LED TO GLYCATIVE STRESS WHICH IN TURN STIMULATES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, THROUGH ITS RECEPTOR KNOWN AS RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (RAGE). RAGE MEDIATES CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE TUMOUR CELLS AND ITS MICROENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS TO INDUCE HYPOXIA, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AUTOPHAGY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND CANCER STEMNESS. THIS EMPHASIZES AGES AS AN ESSENTIAL DRIVING FACTOR IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT, BUT THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISM HAS TO BE EXPLORED. THUS, THIS REVIEW GIVES AN INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOLOGICAL ROLE OF AGES AT THE BIO-MOLECULAR LEVEL IN THE TUMOURIGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF CANCER IN TERMS OF THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT, INVASION, AND METASTASIS. FURTHER, THE COMPILED CLINICAL DATA RELATING TO THE AGE-RAGE AXIS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CANCERS AND ITS POTENTIAL INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  5024  12 PERSONALIZED EPIGENETIC MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES. THE NOVEL GENOME-WIDE ASSAYS OF EPIGENETIC MARKS HAVE RESULTED IN A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW GENETICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT INTERACT IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE OF DIABETES. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MULTIPLE ORGANS, CONTRIBUTING TO DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC-MODIFYING COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO ERASE THESE MODIFICATIONS, POSSIBLY SLOWING DOWN THE ONSET OF DIABETES-RELATED COMPLICATIONS. THE CURRENT REVIEW IS AN UPDATE OF THE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED PAPER, DESCRIBING THE MOST RECENT ADVANCES IN THE EPIGENETICS OF DIABETES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  4683  38 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FOLATE TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO ALCOHOLISM-INDUCED FOLATE MALABSORPTION--ASSOCIATION WITH EPIGENOME STABILITY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. FOLATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE B-CLASS OF VITAMINS, WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES, AND FOR THE METHYLATION OF ESSENTIAL BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING PHOSPHOLIPIDS, DNA, AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS. FOLATES CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED DE NOVO BY MAMMALS; HENCE, AN EFFICIENT INTESTINAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IS REQUIRED. INTESTINAL FOLATE TRANSPORT IS CARRIER-MEDIATED, PH-DEPENDENT AND ELECTRONEUTRAL, WITH SIMILAR AFFINITY FOR OXIDIZED AND REDUCED FOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. THE VARIOUS TRANSPORTERS, I.E. REDUCED FOLATE CARRIER, PROTON-COUPLED FOLATE TRANSPORTER, FOLATE-BINDING PROTEIN, AND ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS, ARE INVOLVED IN THE FOLATE TRANSPORT PROCESS IN VARIOUS TISSUES. ANY IMPAIRMENT IN UPTAKE OF FOLATE CAN LEAD TO A STATE OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY, THE MOST PREVALENT VITAMIN DEFICIENCY IN WORLD, AFFECTING 10% OF THE POPULATION IN THE USA. SUCH IMPAIRMENTS IN FOLATE TRANSPORT OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CHRONIC USE OF ETHANOL, SOME INBORN HEREDITARY DISORDERS, AND CERTAIN DISEASES. AMONG THESE, ETHANOL INGESTION HAS BEEN THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. ETHANOL-ASSOCIATED FOLATE DEFICIENCY CAN DEVELOP BECAUSE OF DIETARY INADEQUACY, INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION, ALTERED HEPATOBILIARY METABOLISM, ENHANCED COLONIC METABOLISM, AND INCREASED RENAL EXCRETION. ETHANOL REDUCES THE INTESTINAL AND RENAL UPTAKE OF FOLATE BY ALTERING THE BINDING AND TRANSPORT KINETICS OF FOLATE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. ALSO, ETHANOL REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF FOLATE TRANSPORTERS IN BOTH INTESTINE AND KIDNEY, AND THIS MIGHT BE A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR FOR FOLATE MALABSORPTION, LEADING TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. THE MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR FOLATE HOMEOSTASIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ONE-CARBON TRANSFER REACTIONS NECESSARY FOR DNA SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANT IN GENE EXPRESSION, IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DNA INTEGRITY AND STABILITY, IN CHROMOSOMAL MODIFICATIONS, AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUTATIONS. ETHANOL, A TOXIN THAT IS CONSUMED REGULARLY, HAS BEEN FOUND TO AFFECT THE METHYLATION OF DNA. IN ADDITION TO ITS EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION DUE TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY, ETHANOL COULD DIRECTLY EXERT ITS EFFECT THROUGH ITS INTERACTION WITH ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, IMPAIRMENT OF METHYL GROUP SYNTHESIS, AND AFFECTING THE ENZYMES REGULATING THE SYNTHESIS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, THE PRIMARY METHYL GROUP DONOR FOR MOST BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. THUS, ETHANOL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL DISEASES THROUGH ITS POTENTIAL ABILITY TO MODULATE THE METHYLATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF FOLATE MALABSORPTION IN ALCOHOLISM, THE MECHANISM OF METHYLATION-ASSOCIATED SILENCING OF GENES, AND HOW THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHANOL AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY AFFECTS THE METHYLATION OF GENES, THEREBY MODULATING EPIGENOME STABILITY AND THE RISK OF CANCER.	2009	

20  6655  24 UPDATE ON THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (CSCC) IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON SKIN CANCER, ORIGINATING FROM KERATINOCYTES OF THE SPINOUS LAYER. NUMEROUS RISK FACTORS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED FOR THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF THIS TYPE OF CANCER, SUCH AS EXPOSURE TO UV AND IONIZING RADIATION, CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS, THE PRESENCE OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION STATES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INFECTIONS WITH HIGH-RISK VIRAL STRAINS, AND, LAST BUT NOT LEAST, THE PRESENCE OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC ALTERATIONS. THE IMPORTANT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT, AS WELL AS THE DIFFICULTY ASSOCIATED WITH THERAPY FOR ADVANCED FORMS, HAS MADE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS NEOPLASIA MORE AND MORE INTENSIVELY STUDIED, WITH THE INTENTION OF ACHIEVING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND ADVANCING THE TREATMENT OF THIS PATHOLOGY. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE A BRIEF FORAY INTO THE MOLECULAR, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF THIS CANCER, AS WELL AS THE TREATMENT METHODS, RANGING FROM THE FIRST USED TO THE LATEST TARGETED THERAPIES.	2023