1  5052 132 PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETING OF HEME OXYGENASE-1 IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A COMMON AGING-ASSOCIATED DISEASE THAT CLINICALLY MANIFESTS AS JOINT PAIN, MOBILITY LIMITATIONS, AND COMPROMISED QUALITY OF LIFE. TODAY, OA TREATMENT IS LIMITED TO PAIN MANAGEMENT AND JOINT ARTHROPLASTY AT THE LATER STAGES OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. OA PATHOGENESIS IS PREDOMINANTLY MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO JOINT CARTILAGE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND LOCAL CELLS SUCH AS CHONDROCYTES, OSTEOCLASTS, OSTEOBLASTS, AND SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS. UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, CELLS PREVENT THE ACCUMULATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) UNDER OXIDATIVELY STRESSFUL CONDITIONS THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE CYTOPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS. HEME OXYGENASE-1 (HO-1) IS AN IRON-DEPENDENT CYTOPROTECTIVE ENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS AS THE INDUCIBLE FORM OF HO. HO-1 AND ITS METABOLITES CARBON MONOXIDE AND BILIVERDIN CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE MAINTENANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS. HO-1 EXPRESSION IS PRIMARILY REGULATED AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2 (NF-E2)-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), SPECIFICITY PROTEIN 1 (SP1), TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR BTB-AND-CNC HOMOLOGY 1 (BACH1), AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT THAT HO-1 EXPRESSION CAN BE REGULATED USING VARIOUS ANTIOXIDATIVE FACTORS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, SUGGESTING THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS IN OA PATHOGENESIS AS WELL AS IN THE WIDER CONTEXT OF JOINT DISEASE. HERE, WE REVIEW THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HO-1 IN OA WITH A FOCUS ON THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE HO-1 ACTIVITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  6615  31 ULTRAVIOLET-A1 IRRADIATION THERAPY FOR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (LUPUS, SLE) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRODUCTION OF AUTOANTIBODIES, WHICH BIND TO ANTIGENS AND ARE DEPOSITED WITHIN TISSUES TO FIX COMPLEMENT, RESULTING IN WIDESPREAD SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. THE STUDIES PRESENTED HEREIN ARE CONSISTENT WITH HYPERPOLARIZED, ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)-DEFICIENT MITOCHONDRIA BEING CENTRAL TO THE DISEASE PROCESS. THESE HYPERPOLARIZED MITOCHONDRIA RESIST THE DEPOLARIZATION REQUIRED FOR ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. THE MITOCHONDRIAL ATP DEFICITS ADD TO THIS RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS AND ALSO REDUCE THE MACROPHAGE ENERGY THAT IS NEEDED TO CLEAR APOPTOTIC BODIES. IN BOTH CASES, NECROSIS, THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF CELL DEATH, RESULTS. INTRACELLULAR CONSTITUENTS SPILL INTO THE BLOOD AND TISSUES, ELICITING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DIRECTED AT THEIR REMOVAL. WHAT RESULTS IS "AUTOIMMUNITY." ULTRAVIOLET (UV)-A1 PHOTONS HAVE THE CAPACITY TO REMEDIATE THIS ABERRANCY. EXOGENOUS EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSE, FULL-BODY, UV-A1 RADIATION GENERATES SINGLET OXYGEN. SINGLET OXYGEN HAS TWO MAJOR PALLIATIVE ACTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH LUPUS AND THE UV-A1 PHOTONS THEMSELVES HAVE SEVERAL MORE. SINGLET OXYGEN DEPOLARIZES THE HYPERPOLARIZED MITOCHONDRION, TRIGGERING NON-ATP-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS THAT DETERS NECROSIS. NEXT, SINGLET OXYGEN ACTIVATES THE GENE ENCODING HEME OXYGENASE (HO-1), A MAJOR GOVERNOR OF SYSTEMIC HOMEOSTASIS. HO-1 CATALYZES THE DEGRADATION OF THE OXIDANT HEME INTO BILIVERDIN (CONVERTED TO BILIRUBIN), FE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE (CO), THE FIRST THREE OF THESE EXERTING POWERFUL ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS, AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FOURTH, CO, PROTECTING AGAINST INJURY TO THE CORONARY ARTERIES, THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE LUNGS. THE UV-A1 PHOTONS THEMSELVES DIRECTLY ATTENUATE DISEASE IN LUPUS BY REDUCING B CELL ACTIVITY, PREVENTING THE SUPPRESSION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, SLOWING AN EPIGENETIC PROGRESSION TOWARD SLE, AND AMELIORATING DISCOID AND SUBACUTE CUTANEOUS LUPUS. FINALLY, A COMBINATION OF THESE MECHANISMS REDUCES LEVELS OF ANTICARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODIES AND PROTECTS DURING LUPUS PREGNANCY. CAPPING ALL OF THIS IS THAT UV-A1 IRRADIATION IS AN ESSENTIALLY INNOCUOUS, HIGHLY MANAGEABLE, AND COMFORTABLE THERAPEUTIC AGENCY.	2017	

3  6425  36 THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST UP-REGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE AND ANTIAPOPTOTIC GENES AND PROTECTS DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS AGAINST MANGANESE TOXICITY. DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, AND THEIR IMPAIRMENT LEADS TO NEURODEGENERATION, A HALLMARK OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD). CHRONIC MANGANESE (MN) EXPOSURE CAUSES THE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER MANGANISM, PRESENTING SYMPTOMS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF PD. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS LINKED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) TO PD AND ALSO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. BUT REST'S ROLE IN DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IS UNCLEAR. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER REST PROTECTS DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS AGAINST MN-INDUCED TOXICITY AND ENHANCES EXPRESSION OF THE DOPAMINE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYME TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH). WE REPORT THAT REST BINDS TO RE1 CONSENSUS SITES IN THE TH GENE PROMOTER, STIMULATES TH TRANSCRIPTION, AND INCREASES TH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN DOPAMINERGIC CELLS. REST BINDING TO THE TH PROMOTER RECRUITED THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER CAMP-RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN/P300 AND THEREBY UP-REGULATED TH EXPRESSION. REST RELIEVED MN-INDUCED REPRESSION OF TH PROMOTER ACTIVITY, MRNA, AND PROTEIN LEVELS AND ALSO REDUCED MN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS IN DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. REST REDUCED MN-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN 1BETA (IL-1BETA), IL-6, AND INTERFERON GAMMA. MOREOVER, REST INHIBITED THE MN-INDUCED PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS BCL-2-ASSOCIATED X PROTEIN (BAX) AND DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 6 (DAXX) AND ATTENUATED AN MN-INDUCED DECREASE IN THE ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS BCL-2 AND BCL-XL. REST ALSO ENHANCED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTEINS, INCLUDING CATALASE, NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), AND HEME OXYGENASE 1 (HO-1). OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT REST ACTIVATES TH EXPRESSION AND THEREBY PROTECTS NEURONS AGAINST MN-INDUCED TOXICITY AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH DOPAMINERGIC NEURODEGENERATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4  2892  37 GARDENIAE FRUCTUS ATTENUATES THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS IN MICE VIA BOTH AMPK/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY AND NRF2 SIGNALING. LIVER FIBROSIS, WHICH MEANS A SORT OF THE EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES (ECMS) COMPONENTS THROUGH THE LIVER TISSUE, IS CONSIDERED AS TISSUE REPAIR OR WOUND-HEALING STATUS. THIS PATHOLOGICAL STAGE POTENTIALLY LEADS TO CIRRHOSIS, IF NOT CONTROLLED, IT PROGRESSIVELY RESULTS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEREIN, WE INVESTIGATED THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF GARDENIAE FRUCTUS (GF) AGAINST THIOACETAMIDE (TAA)-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS OF MICE MODEL. GF NOT ONLY ATTENUATED HEPATIC TISSUE OXIDATION BUT ALSO IMPROVED HEPATIC INFLAMMATION. WE FURTHER CONFIRMED THAT GF LED TO AMELIORATING LIVER FIBROSIS BY ECMS DEGRADATIONS. REGARDING THE POSSIBLE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF GF, WE OBSERVED GF REGULATED EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1), IN TAA-INJECTED LIVER TISSUE. THESE ALTERATIONS WERE WELL SUPPORTED BY SIRT1 RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS THROUGH REGULATIONS OF ITS DOWNSTREAM PROTEINS INCLUDING, AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (AMPK), P47(PHOX), NADPH OXIDASE 2, NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), AND HEME OXYGENASE-1, RESPECTIVELY. TO VALIDATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF GF, WE USED HEPG2 CELLS WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS VIA DETERIORATIONS OF CELLULAR SIRT1. MOREOVER, GF REMARKABLY ATTENUATED ECMS ACCUMULATIONS IN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1-INDUCED LX-2 CELLS RELYING ON THE SIRT1 EXISTENCE. TAKEN TOGETHER, GF ATTENUATED LIVER FIBROSIS THROUGH AMPK/SIRT1 PATHWAY AS WELL AS NRF2 SIGNALING CASCADES. THEREFORE, GF COULD BE A CLINICAL REMEDY FOR LIVER FIBROSIS PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   594  29 BET PROTEIN INHIBITOR JQ1 MODULATES MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. AMONG THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF KIDNEY DISEASE, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS SPECIAL RELEVANCE. EPIGENETIC DRUGS SUCH AS INHIBITORS OF EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS (IBET) HAVE SHOWN BENEFICIAL EFFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL KIDNEY DISEASE, MAINLY BY INHIBITING PROLIFERATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. THE IMPACT OF IBET ON MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE WAS EXPLORED IN IN VITRO STUDIES IN RENAL CELLS STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND IN VIVO IN MURINE UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODEL OF PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DAMAGE. IN VITRO, JQ1 PRETREATMENT PREVENTED THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF COMPONENTS OF THE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION CHAIN (OXPHOS), SUCH AS CYTOCHROME C AND CV-ATP5A IN HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS. IN ADDITION, JQ1 ALSO PREVENTED THE ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS BY AVOIDING THE INCREASE IN THE DRP-1 FISSION FACTOR. IN UUO MODEL, RENAL GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CYTOCHROME C AND CV-ATP5A AS WELL AS PROTEIN LEVELS OF CYTOCHROME C WERE REDUCED THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY JQ1 ADMINISTRATION. IN ADDITION, JQ1 DECREASED PROTEIN LEVELS OF THE DRP1 FISSION PROTEIN AND INCREASED THE OPA-1 FUSION PROTEIN, RESTORING MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS. MITOCHONDRIA ALSO PARTICIPATE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF REDOX BALANCE. JQ1 RESTORED THE GENE EXPRESSION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTEINS, SUCH AS CATALASE AND HEME OXYGENASE 1 IN TGF-BETA1-STIMULATED HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS AND IN MURINE OBSTRUCTED KIDNEYS. INDEED, IN TUBULAR CELLS, JQ1 DECREASED ROS PRODUCTION INDUCED BY STIMULATION WITH TGF-BETA1, AS EVALUATED BY MITOSOXTM. IBETS, SUCH AS JQ1, IMPROVE MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS, FUNCTIONALITY, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN KIDNEY DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  3426  28 HUMAN UMBILICAL ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FROM LARGE-FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE NEWBORN HAVE INCREASED ANTIOXIDANT EFFICIENCY AND GENE EXPRESSION. OBESITY IS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE, AND ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE WHERE MORE THAN ONE IN THREE HAVE OBESITY. MATERNAL OBESITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED MATERNAL, PLACENTAL, AND NEWBORN OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A CENTRAL FACTOR IN VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN LARGE-FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE (LGA) NEWBORN. HOWEVER, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THIS EFFECT HAVE NOT BEEN ELUCIDATED. UNTREATED HUMAN UMBILICAL ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HUAEC) FROM LGA (LGA-HUAEC) PRESENTED HIGHER O(2)(-) LEVELS, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY AND HEME OXYGENASE 1 MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) LEVELS, PARALLELED BY REDUCED GSH:GSSG RATIO AND NRF2 MRNA LEVELS. IN RESPONSE TO AN OXIDATIVE CHALLENGE (HYDROGEN PEROXIDE), ONLY HUAEC FROM LGA EXHIBITED AN ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1 (GPX1) EXPRESSION, AS WELL AS A MORE EFFICIENT ANTIOXIDANT MACHINERY MEASURED BY THE BIOSENSOR PROBE, HYPER. AN OPEN STATE OF CHROMATIN IN THE TSS REGION OF GPX1 IN LGA-HUAEC WAS EVIDENCED BY THE DNASE-HS ASSAY. ALTOGETHER, OUR DATA INDICATE THAT LGA-HUAEC HAVE AN ALTERED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM. WE PROPOSE THAT A CHRONIC PRO-OXIDANT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU, AS EVIDENCED IN PREGESTATIONAL OBESITY, COULD INDUCE A MORE EFFICIENT ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN FETAL VASCULAR CELLS, WHICH COULD BE MAINTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM DURING POSTNATAL LIFE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  4170  29 MEETING REPORT: ISN FOREFRONTS IN NEPHROLOGY ON ENDOTHELIAL BIOLOGY AND RENAL DISEASE: FROM BENCH TO PREVENTION. THIS ISN-SPONSORED FOREFRONT IN NEPHROLOGY MEETING, WHICH HAS BROUGHT TOGETHER 120 SCIENTISTS FROM 21 COUNTRIES, HAS BEEN CONCERNED WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND/OR ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THE FOLLOWING THEMES WERE DISCUSSED IN GREAT DEPTH: (1) PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM - PERMEABILITY, SENESCENCE, AND APOPTOSIS; (2) REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SYNTHASE FUNCTION - CAVEOLAR AND SHEAR STRESS MECHANISMS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, S-NITROSYLATION, AND RHO-KINASE REGULATION; (3) OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPOXIA-INDUCED CHANGES; (4) ORGANELLAR DYSFUNCTION - LYSOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; (5) NO-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS OF VASOMOTION - EPOXIDES, HEME OXYGENASE-1 AND CARBON MONOXIDE, THROMBOXANE, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND URIC ACID; (6) ENDOTHELIAL CROSSTALK WITH PODOCYTES, MONOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, AND PLATELETS; (7) CANDIDATE CLINICAL BIOMARKERS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION - FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF MACRO- AND MICRO-VASCULAR FUNCTIONS, SURROGATE MARKERS, CIRCULATING DETACHED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND ENDOTHELIAL PRECURSOR CELLS; AND CULMINATED IN ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ITS TREATMENT OPTIONS. IN CONCLUSION, THIS MEETING HAS FOCUSED ON SEVERAL KEY PROBLEMS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PATHOBIOLOGY RELEVANT TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  5385  42 REDOX BALANCE SIGNALLING IN OCCUPATIONAL STRESS: MODIFICATION BY NUTRACEUTICAL INTERVENTION. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS CAN BE VIEWED AS A SYSTEM-WIDE DERANGEMENT OF CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS, WITH HEIGHTENED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TRIGGERED PROINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TWOFOLD: A) TO REPLICATE FINDINGS THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS INCREASES OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND B) TO DETERMINE WHETHER A FERMENTED PAPAYA PREPARATION KNOWN TO EXERT SIGNIFICANT PROTECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES COULD BUFFER SUCH INCREASES IN NUCLEAR DNA DAMAGE WHILE ALSO INDUCING EPIGENETIC PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS. TWENTY-EIGHT SEDENTARY MEN AND WOMEN (AGE RANGE: 28-52), WHO REPORTED LIVING A STRESSFUL LIFESTYLE BUT WITH AN OVERALL POSITIVE ATTITUDE, WERE RECRUITED FOR THIS STUDY. CHRONIC DISEASES AS WELL AS SEVERE BURNOUT AND USE OF DRUGS FOR ANXIETY CONSTITUTED EXCLUSION CRITERIA. SUBJECTS WERE SUPPLEMENTED FOR 1 MONTH WITH 9 G/DAY (4.5 G TWICE A DAY) OF A CERTIFIED FERMENTED PAPAYA PREPARATION. ALL SUBJECTS WERE GIVEN A STRESS AND SLEEP QUALITY QUESTIONNAIRE TOGETHER WITH A DIET AND LIFE STYLE ASSESSMENT. BLOOD WAS COLLECTED AT 2 AND 4 WEEK, ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUKOCYTE WERE SEPARATED TO ASSESS REDOX BALANCE AND HEME OXYGENASE-1 (HO-1) GENE EXPRESSION WHILE BILIRUBIN OXIDIZED METABOLITES (BOMS) WERE TESTED IN THE URINE. STRESSED INDIVIDUALS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT ABNORMALITY OF REDOX STATUS WITH INCREASED MDA OF ERYTHROCYTE AND INCREASED LEVEL OF 8-0HDG IN LEUKOCYTE AND BOMS EXCRETION (P<0.05). NUTRACEUTICAL SUPPLEMENTATION BROUGHT ABOUT A NORMALIZATION OF SUCH VALUES ALREADY AT THE 2 WEEK OBSERVATION (P<0.05) TOGETHER WITH A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF HO-1 (P<0.01). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY CONFIRM THAT STRESSFUL OCCUPATIONAL LIFE PER SE, WITHOUT ANY OVERT PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS, MAY BE ASSOCIATED TO INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FUNCTIONAL FOOD AFFECTING REDOX REGULATION MAY BE PART OF THE THERAPEUTIC ARMAMENTARIUM TO BE CONSIDERED IN THIS CLINICAL SETTING.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  6456  25 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10   616  38 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED DISEASES: TARGETING THE NRF2/ARE SIGNALING PATHWAY AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OCCURRING DUE TO AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN THE OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS IN THE BODY. NUCLEAR FACTOR E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), ENCODED BY THE GENE NFE2L2, IS THE MASTER REGULATOR OF PHASE II ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES THAT PROTECT AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION. NRF2/ARE SIGNALING HAS BEEN CONSIDERED AS A PROMISING TARGET AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED DISEASES LIKE DIABETES, FIBROSIS, NEUROTOXICITY, AND CANCER. THE CONSUMPTION OF DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS ACTS AS AN EFFECTIVE MODULATOR OF NRF2/ARE IN VARIOUS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE DISCUSSED THE ROLE OF NRF2 IN DIABETES, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD), CANCER, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE DISCUSSED THE PHYTOCHEMICALS LIKE CURCUMIN, QUERCETIN, RESVERATROL, EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE, APIGENIN, SULFORAPHANE, AND URSOLIC ACID THAT HAVE EFFECTIVELY MODIFIED NRF2 SIGNALING AND PREVENTED VARIOUS DISEASES IN BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS. BASED ON THE LITERATURE, IT IS CLEAR THAT DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS CAN PREVENT DISEASES BY (1) BLOCKING OXIDATIVE STRESS-INHIBITING INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS THROUGH INHIBITING KEAP1 OR ACTIVATING NRF2 EXPRESSION AND ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS IN THE NUCLEUS, INCLUDING HO-1, SOD, AND CAT; (2) REGULATING NRF2 SIGNALING BY VARIOUS KINASES LIKE GSK3BETA, PI3/AKT, AND MAPK; AND (3) MODIFYING EPIGENETIC MODULATION, SUCH AS METHYLATION, AT THE NRF2 PROMOTER REGION; HOWEVER, FURTHER INVESTIGATION INTO OTHER UPSTREAM SIGNALING MOLECULES LIKE NRF2 AND THE EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS ON THEM STILL NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED IN THE NEAR FUTURE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  6166  32 THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM: A NEW DRUG TARGET IN NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS. GLUTATHIONE (GSH) HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SIGNALING AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES EITHER BY REACTING DIRECTLY WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN SPECIES OR BY ACTING AS AN ESSENTIAL COFACTOR FOR GSH S-TRANSFERASES AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES. GSH ACTING IN CONCERT WITH ITS DEPENDENT ENZYMES, KNOWN AS THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (ROS/RNS) AND ELECTROPHILES PRODUCED BY XENOBIOTICS. ADEQUATE LEVELS OF GSH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN GENERAL AND T CELL ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PARTICULAR. GSH IS A UBIQUITOUS REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE PER SE. GSH ALSO HAS CRUCIAL FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT, NEUROMODULATOR, NEUROTRANSMITTER, AND ENABLER OF NEURON SURVIVAL. DEPLETION OF GSH LEADS TO EXACERBATION OF DAMAGE BY OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS; HYPERNITROSYLATION; INCREASED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL; DYSFUNCTIONS OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORKS, E.G., P53, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND JANUS KINASES; DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND DNA SYNTHESIS; INACTIVATION OF COMPLEX I OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROME C AND THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY; BLOCKADE OF THE METHIONINE CYCLE; AND COMPROMISED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS SUCH, GSH DEPLETION HAS MARKED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS (O&NS) PATHWAYS, REGULATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL SURVIVAL AS WELL. GSH DEPLETION AND CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN O&NS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVERSE NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SUGGESTING THAT DEPLETED GSH IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE DISEASES. THERAPEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT AIM TO INCREASE GSH CONCENTRATIONS IN VIVO INCLUDE N-ACETYL CYSTEINE; NRF-2 ACTIVATION VIA HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY; DIMETHYL FUMARATE; PHYTOCHEMICALS, INCLUDING CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, AND CINNAMON; AND FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION.	2014	
                                                                                                 
12  6045  34 THE COMPLEXITY OF THE NRF2 PATHWAY: BEYOND THE ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE. THE NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2)-MEDIATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY PROVIDES LIVING ORGANISMS AN EFFICIENT AND PIVOTAL LINE OF DEFENSIVE TO COUNTERACT ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS AND ENDOGENOUS STRESSORS. NRF2 COORDINATES THE BASAL AND INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND PHASE II DETOXIFICATION ENZYMES TO ADAPT TO DIFFERENT STRESS CONDITIONS. THE STABILITY AND CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF NRF2 IS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY ITS INHIBITORY BINDING PROTEIN KELCH-LIKE ECH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1. NRF2 SIGNALLING IS ALSO REGULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS BY OTHER PROTEIN PARTNERS, INCLUDING P62, P21 AND IQ MOTIF-CONTAINING GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1. MANY STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT NRF2 IS A PROMISING TARGET FOR PREVENTING CARCINOGENESIS AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND PULMONARY INJURY. HOWEVER, CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NRF2 IN ADVANCED CANCER CELLS MAY CONFER DRUG RESISTANCE. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NRF2 SIGNALLING, THE DIVERSE CLASSES OF NRF2 ACTIVATORS, INCLUDING BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS AND OTHER CHEMICALS, AND THE CELLULAR FUNCTIONS AND DISEASE RELEVANCE OF NRF2 AND DISCUSS THE DUAL ROLE OF NRF2 IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  4044  23 MACROPHAGES IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MODELS TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION OF DIETARY NATURAL COMPOUNDS. ANTIOXIDANT TESTING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING INTEREST IN RECENT YEARS, MAINLY DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ANTIOXIDANT-RICH DIET MIGHT PROVIDE HEALTH BENEFITS. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES, AND PEROXYNITRITE GENERATED THROUGH THE SO-CALLED RESPIRATORY BURST. CONSTITUTIVELY RELEASED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE, ESPECIALLY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, TRIGGERS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 TRANSLOCATION LEADING TO THE OVER PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES IN MACROPHAGES. ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE LONG-LIVED TISSUE-RESIDENT MACROPHAGES AND/OR MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES, TRIGGER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. NUTRACEUTICALS INCLUDING LIPID RAFT STRUCTURE DISRUPTION AGENT, CHOLESTEROL DEPLETION AGENT, FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB BLOCKER (ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS), GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AGONIST, AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AGONIST HAVE LONG BEEN USED TO INACTIVE MACROPHAGE. THE INHIBITION EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE, SUPEROXIDE, AND NITRITE PEROXIDE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONALITIES. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE MODELS COULD BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL DIETS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A MULTIPLE TARGETS STRATEGY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  5860  32 SULFORAPHANE PREVENTS ANGIOTENSIN II-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY BY ACTIVATION OF NRF2 THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR (NRF2) IS AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF CELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SFN PREVENTED ANG II-INDUCED CARDIAC DAMAGE VIA ACTIVATION OF NRF2. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF SFN'S PERSISTENT CARDIAC PROTECTION REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL OF SFN IN ACTIVATING CARDIAC NRF2 THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WILD-TYPE MICE WERE INJECTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY WITH ANG II, WITH OR WITHOUT SFN. ADMINISTRATION OF CHRONIC ANG II-INDUCED CARDIAC INFLAMMATORY FACTOR EXPRESSION, OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, FIBROSIS AND CARDIAC REMODELLING AND DYSFUNCTION, ALL OF WHICH WERE EFFECTIVELY IMPROVED BY SFN TREATMENT, COUPLED WITH AN UP-REGULATION OF NRF2 AND DOWNSTREAM GENES. BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WERE PERFORMED TO DETECT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE FIRST 15 CPGS AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION (AC-H3) STATUS IN THE NRF2 PROMOTER REGION, RESPECTIVELY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT SFN REDUCED ANG II-INDUCED CPG HYPERMETHYLATION AND PROMOTED AC-H3 ACCUMULATION IN THE NRF2 PROMOTER REGION, ACCOMPANIED BY THE INHIBITION OF GLOBAL DNMT AND HDAC ACTIVITY, AND A DECREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF KEY DNMT AND HDAC ENZYMES. TAKEN TOGETHER, SFN EXERTS ITS CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF NRF2, WHICH MAY PARTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO LONG-TERM ACTIVATION OF CARDIAC NRF2.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  4136  32 MECHANISMS OF MANGANESE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY AND THE PURSUIT OF NEUROTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF MANGANESE VIA OCCUPATIONAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS CAUSES A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER KNOWN AS MANGANISM, RESEMBLING THE SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SUCH AS MOTOR DEFICITS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED TO CHARACTERIZE MANGANESE'S NEUROTOXICITY MECHANISMS IN SEARCH OF EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS, INCLUDING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS TO TREAT MANGANESE TOXICITY. SEVERAL POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS OF MANGANESE TOXICITY AT THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED RECENTLY, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOP MORE PRECISE AND EFFECTIVE GENE THERAPIES. THIS REVIEW UPDATES FINDINGS ON MANGANESE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY MECHANISMS ON INTRACELLULAR INSULTS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, EXCITOTOXICITY, AND MITOPHAGY, AS WELL AS TRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATIONS INVOLVING YIN YANG 1, RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB, AND NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 THAT COULD BE TARGETS OF MANGANESE NEUROTOXICITY THERAPIES. THIS REVIEW ALSO FEATURES INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS SUCH AS PTEN-INDUCIBLE KINASE 1, PARKIN, SIRTUINS, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT KINASE 2, AND ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANGANESE-INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY/MITOPHAGY. IN ADDITION, NEWER THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO TREAT MANGANESE'S NEUROTOXICITY INCLUDING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS MODULATING EXCITOTOXICITY, AUTOPHAGY, AND MITOPHAGY, WERE REVIEWED. TAKEN TOGETHER, IN-DEPTH MECHANISTIC KNOWLEDGE ACCOMPANIED BY ADVANCES IN GENE AND DRUG DELIVERY STRATEGIES WILL MAKE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELIABLE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AGAINST MANGANESE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  4427  38 MOLECULAR BASIS OF ELECTROPHILIC AND OXIDATIVE DEFENSE: PROMISES AND PERILS OF NRF2. INDUCTION OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES THROUGH THE ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE ELEMENT (ARE)-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION WAS INITIALLY IMPLICATED IN CHEMOPREVENTION AGAINST CANCER BY ANTIOXIDANTS. RECENT PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF INDUCTION REVEALED A CRITICAL ROLE OF INDUCTION IN CELLULAR DEFENSE AGAINST ELECTROPHILIC AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. INDUCTION IS MEDIATED THROUGH A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA TWO REGULATORY PROTEINS, THE NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) AND THE KELCH-LIKE ERYTHROID CELL-DERIVED PROTEIN WITH CNC HOMOLOGY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (KEAP1). NRF2 BINDS TO KEAP1 AT A TWO SITE-BINDING INTERFACE AND IS UBIQUITINATED BY THE KEAP1/CULLIN 3/RING BOX PROTEIN-1-UBIQUITIN LIGASE, RESULTING IN A RAPID TURNOVER OF NRF2 PROTEIN. ELECTROPHILES AND OXIDANTS MODIFY CRITICAL CYSTEINE THIOLS OF KEAP1 AND NRF2 TO INHIBIT NRF2 UBIQUITINATION, LEADING TO NRF2 ACTIVATION AND INDUCTION. INDUCTION INCREASES STRESS RESISTANCE CRITICAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL, BECAUSE KNOCKOUT OF NRF2 IN MICE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A VARIETY OF TOXICITY AND DISEASE PROCESSES. COLLATERAL TO DIVERSE FUNCTIONS OF NRF2, GENOME-WIDE SEARCH HAS LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A PLETHORA OF ARE-DEPENDENT GENES REGULATED BY NRF2 IN AN INDUCER-, TISSUE-, AND DISEASE-DEPENDENT MANNER TO CONTROL DRUG METABOLISM, ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE, STRESS RESPONSE, PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION, AND CELL PROLIFERATION. THE PROTECTIVE NATURE OF NRF2 COULD ALSO BE HIJACKED IN A NUMBER OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS BY MEANS OF SOMATIC MUTATION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATION, AND ACCUMULATION OF DISRUPTOR PROTEINS, PROMOTING DRUG RESISTANCE IN CANCER AND PATHOLOGIC LIVER FEATURES IN AUTOPHAGY DEFICIENCY. THE REPERTOIRE OF ARE INDUCERS HAS EXPANDED ENORMOUSLY; THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF THE INDUCERS HAS BEEN EXAMINED BEYOND CANCER PREVENTION. DEVELOPING POTENT AND SPECIFIC ARE INDUCERS AND NRF2 INHIBITORS HOLDS CERTAIN NEW PROMISE FOR THE PREVENTION AND THERAPY AGAINST CANCER, CHRONIC DISEASE, AND TOXICITY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  5868  28 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18   533  34 ASTROCYTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST UPREGULATES GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER EAAT2, PROTECTING DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS FROM MANGANESE-INDUCED EXCITOTOXICITY. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF MANGANESE (MN) LEADS TO MANGANISM, A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER WITH SIMILAR SYMPTOMS TO THOSE INHERENT TO PARKINSON'S DISEASE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF THIS PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION HAVE YET TO BE ESTABLISHED. SINCE THE HUMAN EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 2 (EAAT2) (GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 1 IN RODENTS) IS PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN ASTROCYTES AND ITS DYSREGULATION IS INVOLVED IN MN-INDUCED EXCITOTOXIC NEURONAL INJURY, CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE THE MN-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT IN EAAT2 FUNCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS AGAINST MN NEUROTOXICITY. REPRESSOR ELEMENT 1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) EXERTS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. BUT THE EFFECTS OF REST ON EAAT2 EXPRESSION AND ENSUING NEUROPROTECTION ARE UNKNOWN. GIVEN THAT THE EAAT2 PROMOTER CONTAINS REST BINDING SITES, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF REST IN EAAT2 EXPRESSION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL IN ASTROCYTES AND MN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN AN ASTROCYTE-NEURON COCULTURE SYSTEM. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT ASTROCYTIC REST POSITIVELY REGULATES EAAT2 EXPRESSION WITH THE RECRUITMENT OF AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER, CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN/P300, TO ITS CONSENSUS BINDING SITES IN THE EAAT2 PROMOTER. MOREOVER, ASTROCYTIC OVEREXPRESSION OF REST ATTENUATES MN-INDUCED REDUCTION IN EAAT2 EXPRESSION, LEADING TO ATTENUATION OF GLUTAMATE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN THE ASTROCYTE-NEURON COCULTURE SYSTEM. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT ASTROCYTIC REST PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PROTECTION AGAINST MN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY BY ATTENUATING MN-INDUCED EAAT2 REPRESSION AND THE ENSUING EXCITOTOXIC DOPAMINERGIC NEURONAL INJURY. THIS INDICATES THAT ASTROCYTIC REST COULD BE A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF MN TOXICITY AND OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH EAAT2 DYSREGULATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  4836  41 ONCOGENIC FUNCTIONS OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2. NUCLEAR FACTOR E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) IS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT CONTROLS THE EXPRESSION OF A LARGE POOL OF ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOPROTECTIVE GENES REGULATING THE CELLULAR RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE AND ELECTROPHILIC STRESS. NRF2 IS NEGATIVELY REGULATED BY KELCH-LIKE ECH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (KEAP1) AND, UPON STIMULATION BY AN OXIDATIVE OR ELECTROPHILIC INSULT, IS RAPIDLY ACTIVATED BY PROTEIN STABILIZATION. OWING TO ITS CYTOPROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS, NRF2 HAS BEEN TRADITIONALLY STUDIED IN THE FIELD OF CHEMOPREVENTION; HOWEVER, THERE IS ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE THAT KEAP1/NRF2 MUTATIONS OR UNBALANCED REGULATION THAT LEADS TO OVEREXPRESSION OR HYPERACTIVATION OF NRF2 MAY PARTICIPATE IN TUMORIGENESIS AND BE INVOLVED IN CHEMORESISTANCE OF A WIDE NUMBER OF SOLID CANCERS AND LEUKEMIAS. IN ADDITION TO PROTECTING CELLS FROM REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, NRF2 SEEMS TO PLAY A DIRECT ROLE IN CELL GROWTH CONTROL AND IS RELATED TO APOPTOSIS-REGULATING PATHWAYS. MOREOVER, NRF2 ACTIVITY IS CONNECTED WITH ONCOGENIC KINASE PATHWAYS, STRUCTURAL PROTEINS, HORMONAL REGULATION, OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TUMORS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO COMPILE AND SUMMARIZE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE OF THE ONCOGENIC FUNCTIONS OF NRF2 TO PROVIDE A SOLID BASIS FOR ITS POTENTIAL USE AS A MOLECULAR MARKER AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGET IN CANCER.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  4117  32 MECHANISMS OF AUTOPHAGIC RESPONSES TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS. AUTOPHAGY IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS AND CRITICAL FOR CELLULAR REMODELING AND ORGANELLE QUALITY CONTROL. IN RESPONSE TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS (E.G., FASTING AND FEEDING), AUTOPHAGIC ACTIVITY IS FINELY TUNED BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL, POSTTRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS VIA VARIOUS SIGNALING PATHWAYS, INCLUDING ENERGY SENSORS (E.G., MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR)/ AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE - UNC-51 LIKE AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATING KINASE 1, MTORC1- WD REPEAT DOMAIN, PHOSPHOINOSITIDE INTERACTING 2, MTORC1- TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB, PERILIPIN 5- SIRTUIN 1, AND SIRTUIN 1-MEDIATED DEACETYLATION OF AUTOPHAGY PROTEINS), FASTING OR FEEDING INDUCED HORMONES (E.G., FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR [FGF21]- PROTEIN KINASE A - JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN D3, FGF21- DOWNSTREAM REGULATORY ELEMENT ANTAGONIST MODULATOR - E3 LIGASE MIDLINE-1- TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB, FGF19-SHP- LYSINE-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLASE, INSULIN- INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE - PROTEIN KINASE B - FORKHEAD BOX O, GLUCAGON- PROTEIN KINASE A - CAMP RESPONSE BINDING PROTEIN), AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES (E.G., CATHEPSIN B AND CATHEPSIN L). IN CONTRAST TO FASTING THAT INDUCES AUTOPHAGY AND HEALTH BENEFITS, NUTRIENT OVERSUPPLY (OVERFEEDING OR FEEDING ON HIGH ENERGY DIETS) DYSREGULATES AUTOPHAGY, WHICH HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY OBSERVED IN ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. STUDIES HAVE REVEALED MULTIFACETED EFFECTS OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS ON AUTOPHAGY, BEING EITHER AN INHIBITOR OR ENHANCER OF AUTOPHAGY. THE CONUNDRUM MAY ARISE FROM THE VARIATIONS IN METHODS FOR AUTOPHAGY ANALYSIS, COMPONENTS OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS AND CONTROL DIETS FOR TREATMENTS, TREATMENT DURATIONS, AND THE AGES OF GENETIC BACKGROUNDS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FROM BOTH HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES, PRESENTING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF AUTOPHAGIC RESPONSE TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND DISCUSSING THE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF AND POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THE CURRENT CONUNDRUM CONCERNING THE EXACT ROLE OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS IN AUTOPHAGIC REGULATION.	2022