1  4805 126 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2   298  35 AIR POLLUTION AND AIRWAY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE AND/OR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY DISEASE. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO(2)) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), AS WELL AS TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION AS A WHOLE, ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE STRONG EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT RECENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY IN URBAN AREAS, HAVE SUGGESTED A ROLE FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. SIMILARLY, WHILE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF ATOPIC CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MORE COMMON IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL COMMUNITIES, EVIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGY. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO NO(2) , O(3) , PM AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF BIOMASS FUELS AND AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND MORBIDITY FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTION. GIVEN THE CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT TRAFFIC EMISSIONS MAKE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCHERS HAVE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED PM POLLUTANTS. RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN THE ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND AIRWAY DISEASE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES BY COMBUSTION-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND HOW POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CAN MODIFY RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES. OTHER INTERESTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO INCREASED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC PM EXPOSURE DURING CHILDHOOD AND VULNERABILITY TO COPD IN ADULTHOOD, AND THAT INFANTS SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRENATAL LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. WHILE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT COMPONENTS AND SOURCES PROMISE TO GUIDE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS WILL BE NECESSARY IF TARGETED THERAPY/PREVENTION OF POLLUTION-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES IS TO BE DEVELOPED.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  2849  24 FROM AIR POLLUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND A WIDE-RANGING SPECTRUM OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISORDERS-INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES-IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED. EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS TRIGGERS HARMFUL MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH LEAD TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND HEART FAILURE. SUSTAINED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT YEARS TO DISCOVER HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH THROUGH EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMPACT, IN VIEW OF PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4   360  25 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND BIOMARKERS OF HEALTH EFFECT. RECENTLY, THE AIR POLLUTION SITUATION OF OUR COUNTRY IS VERY SERIOUS ALONG WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EXPOSURE OF AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RISE OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF MANY DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), ASTHMA, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AND SO ON. HOWEVER, THERE IS NOW GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SIGNIFICANT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY BIOMARKERS IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY. IN ORDER TO BETTER PREVENT AND CONTROL THE DAMAGE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION, THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES COMPREHENSIVELY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ABOUT THE BAD EFFECTS ON THE BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SYSTEM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5   303  31 AIR POLLUTION STRESS AND THE AGING PHENOTYPE: THE TELOMERE CONNECTION. AGING IS A COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. THE QUESTION WHY SOME SUBJECTS GROW OLD WHILE REMAINING FREE FROM DISEASE WHEREAS OTHERS PREMATURELY DIE REMAINS LARGELY UNANSWERED. WE FOCUS HERE ON THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN BIOLOGICAL AGING. HALLMARKS OF AGING CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. AT BIRTH, THE INITIAL TELOMERE LENGTH OF A PERSON IS LARGELY DETERMINED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENS WITH EACH CELL DIVISION AND EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION AS WELL AS LOW RESIDENTIAL GREENS SPACE EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT THE ESTIMATED EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE ON THE TELOMERE MITOCHONDRIAL AXIS OF AGING MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. THE EXPOSOME ENCOMPASSES ALL EXPOSURES OVER AN ENTIRE LIFE. AS TELOMERES CAN BE CONSIDERED AS THE CELLULAR MEMORIES OF EXPOSURE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE MAINTENANCE MAY BE A PROXY FOR ASSESSING THE "EXPOSOME". IF TELOMERES ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE AGING PHENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION IS AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF TELOMERE LENGTH, THIS MIGHT PROVIDE NEW AVENUES FOR FUTURE PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  5254  41 PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH IN CHILDHOOD: INFLUENCE OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS RECENT EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PROGRAMMING EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT ON LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND RELATED ALLERGIC DISORDERS. RECENT FINDINGS: AIR POLLUTANTS MAY IMPACT ANATOMY AND/OR PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE LUNG AND INTERRELATED SYSTEMS. PROGRAMMING EFFECTS MAY RESULT FROM POLLUTANT-INDUCED SHIFTS IN A NUMBER OF MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND THEIR INTERACTING SYSTEMS. SPECIFIC KEY REGULATORY SYSTEMS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PROGRAMMING MAY INFLUENCE LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND VULNERABILITY TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF NEUROENDOCRINE PATHWAYS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) FUNCTIONING WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. STARTING IN UTERO, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING AIR POLLUTANTS, MAY PERMANENTLY ORGANIZE THESE SYSTEMS TOWARD TRAJECTORIES OF ENHANCED PEDIATRIC (E.G., ASTHMA, ALLERGY) AS WELL AS ADULT DISEASE RISK (E.G., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A CENTRAL ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH SUGGESTS XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM AND SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS, SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA ARE TARGETS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND PLAY A ROLE IN ASTHMA AND ALLERGY PROGRAMMING. MECHANISMS OPERATING AT THE LEVEL OF THE PLACENTA ARE BEING ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE AT THE ROOTS OF ADAPTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. SUMMARY: OPTIMAL COORDINATED FUNCTIONING OF MANY COMPLEX PROCESSES AND THEIR NETWORKS OF INTERACTION ARE NECESSARY FOR NORMAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EARLY PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND IS POTENTIALLY AMENABLE TO INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  5450  44 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF COMBINED EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. CONFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND LIFESTYLE VARIABLES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERIORATION OF HUMAN FECUNDITY. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS OR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY BE FOUND IN A VARIETY OF FOODS, WATER, AIR, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO SMOKE. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS THAT A WIDE RANGE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. HOWEVER, EVIDENCE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IS SPARSE AND/OR CONFLICTING IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IS A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE HAZARDS OF COCKTAILS OF CHEMICALS, CO-EXISTING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF STUDIES EMPHASIZING THE COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO DISRUPT THE DIFFERENT ENDOCRINE AXES, RESULTING IN SEVERE GONADAL DYSFUNCTIONS. TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS HAVE ALSO BEEN INDUCED IN GERM CELLS, MOSTLY THROUGH DNA METHYLATION AND EPIMUTATIONS. SIMILARLY, AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS COMBINATIONS, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS (OS), ELEVATED ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, DISRUPTED REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE, AND REDUCED STEROIDOGENESIS ARE OFTEN REPORTED CONSEQUENCES. THE ARTICLE ALSO DISCUSSES THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) PREDICTION MODELS, WHICH REVEAL THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS SYNERGISTIC ACTIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS MIXTURES. MORE CRUCIALLY, THIS EVIDENCE-BASED STUDY ADDRESSES THE RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION GAPS, AS WELL AS PARTICULARLY PRESENTS THE FUTURE RESEARCH VIEWS ON COMBINED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS TOXICITY ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8   299  40 AIR POLLUTION AND DNA METHYLATION: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IS ESTIMATED TO CONTRIBUTE TO APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION EARLY DEATHS EVERY YEAR WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 3% OF DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS LOST. AIR POLLUTION HAS NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORBIDITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, AND A NUMBER OF LUNG PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). EMERGING DATA INDICATE THAT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE MODULATES THE EPIGENETIC MARK, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), AND THAT THESE CHANGES MIGHT IN TURN INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND EXACERBATION RISK. SEVERAL TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION (TRAP) COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), BLACK CARBON (BC), OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN OXIDES (NO(X)), AND POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNAM; TYPICALLY LOWERING DNAM AFTER EXPOSURE. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM HAVE BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT IT IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL SENSITIVITY OR THE ACCUMULATION OF EXPOSURES HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED DNAM PATTERNS ARE OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LONG-TERM NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASES, A FOCUS IN THIS REVIEW. RECENTLY, INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS EXERCISE AND B VITAMINS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM AND HEALTH. ULTIMATELY, IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EXPOSURE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DNAM IMPACTS HEALTH, BOTH ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY, MAY ENABLE PREVENTATIVE AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9   361  37 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND THROMBOSIS. AIR POLLUTION IS A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO IMPAIR CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, EXACERBATE DISEASE AND INCREASE CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY. SEVERAL PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THESE ASSOCIATIONS, HOWEVER, AT PRESENT, THE PATHWAYS ARE INCOMPLETE. A SEMINAL REVIEW BY THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2010) CONCLUDED THAT THE THROMBOTIC EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION LIKELY CONTRIBUTED TO THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY. THE AIM OF THE CURRENT REVIEW IS TO APPRAISE THE NEWLY ACCUMULATED SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE (2009-2016) ON CONTRIBUTION OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS TOWARDS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO BOTH PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS POLLUTANTS.SEVENTY FOUR PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED IN-DEPTH. THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ACUTE EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)) INDUCES A SHIFT IN THE HAEMOSTATIC BALANCE TOWARDS A PRO-THROMBOTIC/PRO-COAGULATIVE STATE. INSUFFICIENT DATA WAS AVAILABLE TO ASCERTAIN IF A SIMILAR RELATIONSHIP EXISTS FOR GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, AND VERY FEW STUDIES HAVE ADDRESSED LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION. PLATELET ACTIVATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INTERPLAY BETWEEN INTERLEUKIN-6 AND TISSUE FACTOR, ALL APPEAR TO BE POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT MECHANISMS IN POLLUTION-MEDIATED THROMBOSIS, TOGETHER WITH AN EMERGING ROLE FOR CIRCULATING MICROVESICLES AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES.OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY BY PROMOTING HAEMOSTASIS. THE VOLUME AND DIVERSITY OF THE EVIDENCE HIGHLIGHTS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION PROMOTES THROMBOSIS; MULTIPLE PATHWAYS ARE PLAUSIBLE AND IT IS MOST LIKELY THEY ACT IN CONCERT. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD ADDRESS THE ROLE GASEOUS POLLUTANTS PLAY IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION MIXTURE AND DIRECT COMPARISON OF POTENTIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  4062  32 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  1157  31 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  5174  28 PREDICTIVE AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES DUE TO PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE. AIR POLLUTION IS GETTING SEVERE AND CONCERNS ABOUT ITS TOXICITY EFFECTS ON AIRWAY AND LUNG DISEASE ARE ALSO INCREASING. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) IS MAJOR COMPONENT OF AIR POLLUTANT. IT CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, LUNG CANCER, AND SO ON. PM PARTICLES ENTER THE AIRWAY AND LUNG BY INHALATION, CAUSING DAMAGES TO THEM. ESPECIALLY, PM(2.5) CAN PENETRATE INTO THE ALVEOLUS AND PASS TO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. IT CAN AFFECT THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM AND CAUSE CARDIOPULMONARY DISORDERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON PM-INDUCING TOXICITY MECHANISMS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. WE ALSO REVIEWED ITS CORRELATION WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES. IN ADDITION, WE REVIEWED BIOMARKERS RELATED TO PM-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES. THESE BIOMARKERS MIGHT BE USED FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS. WITH RECENT TREND OF USING GENOMIC ANALYSIS TOOLS IN THE FIELD OF TOXICOGENOMICS, RESPIRATORY DISEASE BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM WILL BE CONTINUOUSLY INVESTIGATED. EFFECTIVE BIOMARKERS DERIVED FROM EARLIER STUDIES AND FURTHER STUDIES MIGHT BE UTILIZED TO REDUCE RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13  6483  29 TOXIC STRESS, EPIGENETICS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVES: TO DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF TOXIC STRESS, PRESENT THE BASICS OF EPIGENETICS AND DISCUSS THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DATA SOURCE: NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW THROUGH A SEARCH IN THE SCIELO, LILACS, MEDLINE DATABASES USING THE TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE OR EARLY LIFE STRESS, EPIGENOMIC OR EPIGENETIC, CHILD DEVELOPMENT OR INFANT DEVELOPMENT. DATA SYNTHESIS: CONTINUING STRESS RESPONSE, KNOWN AS TOXIC STRESS, CAN OCCUR WHEN A CHILD EXPERIENCES INTENSE, FREQUENT, AND/OR PROLONGED ADVERSITY-SUCH AS PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL ABUSE, CHRONIC NEGLECT, FOR EXAMPLE-WITHOUT ADEQUATE ADULT SUPPORT. THIS TOXIC STRESS CAN HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LEARNING, BEHAVIOR, AND HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE. EPIGENETICS, AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AREA?, SHOWS HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AFFECT GENE EXPRESSIONS AND EXPLAINS HOW EARLY EXPERIENCES CAN IMPACT THROUGHOUT LIFE. CONCLUSIONS: TOXIC STRESS CAUSES CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY RESPONSE SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH CAN BE TEMPORARY OR LONG-LASTING. PEDIATRICIANS MUST BE AWARE OF THESE MECHANISMS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES, SEEKING TO PREVENT THEM AND THUS PROMOTE THE HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN, CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR FULL DEVELOPMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  6833  34 [HYPOTHETICAL LINK BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND XENOBIOTICS-ASSOCIATED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD]. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN OESTROGEN-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATORY DISEASE AFFECTING 10 % OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGED WOMEN. OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY, ENDOMETRIOSIS RIGOROUSLY INTERFERES WITH WOMEN'S QUALITY OF LIFE. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS UNCLEAR, A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE IMPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS. OVER THE LAST DECADE, AN INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS HAS BEEN REPORTED AND COINCIDES WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS IN OUR DIET. EVEN THOUGH ASSESSMENTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD RISK HAVE NOT INDICATED ANY HAZARD ON HUMAN HEALTH, XENOBIOTICS-ASSOCIATED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD, SUCH AS PESTICIDES RESIDUES AND XENOPROTEINS, COULD BE HARMFUL IN THE LONG-TERM. THE "LOW-DOSE HYPOTHESIS", ACCUMULATION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PESTICIDES-ASSOCIATED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD AND THE MULTIPLIED TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES-FORMULATION ADJUVANTS SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES TOXIC EFFECTS (IN VITRO AND ON ANIMAL MODELS) OF SOME XENOBIOTICS-ASSOCIATED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD, SUCH AS GLYPHOSATE AND CRY1AB PROTEIN, AND EXTRAPOLATES ON THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THEIR ROLES AS IMMUNE TOXICANTS, PRO-OXIDANTS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS ARE DISCUSSED.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15   363  34 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS TO CHILDREN. AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IS PRODUCED BY SOURCES INCLUDING VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND FOREST FIRES. IT CONSISTS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM PRECURSOR GASES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EXACERBATES CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE UNIQUELY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION, BECAUSE THEIR ORGANS ARE DEVELOPING AND THEY HAVE HIGHER AIR PER BODY WEIGHT INTAKE. HEALTH EFFECTS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE NOT ONLY EXACERBATIONS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED ASTHMA INCIDENCE. ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES OF CONCERN INCLUDE PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, IQ LOSS, PEDIATRIC CANCERS, AND INCREASED RISKS FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WITH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, BOTH AIR QUALITY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH IMPROVE. SIMILARLY, THE CLEAN AIR ACT HAS IMPROVED AIR QUALITY, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE INEQUITIES PERSIST. OTHER EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE ENDING RELIANCE ON COAL, OIL, AND GAS; REGULATING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; REDUCING EXPOSURE WITH ATTENTION TO PROXIMITY OF RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES TO TRAFFIC; AND A GREATER AWARENESS OF THE AIR QUALITY INDEX. THIS POLICY REVIEWS BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES. IT EXAMINES INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AIR POLLUTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1644  33 DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MENOPAUSE? A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON MENOPAUSE. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO THESE COMPOUNDS NOT ONLY THROUGH THEIR OCCUPATIONS, BUT ALSO THROUGH DIETARY CONSUMPTION AND EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINATED WATER, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND TEXTILES. CHEMICALS THAT ARE PERSISTENT IN THE BODY AND IN OUR ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. NON-PERSISTENT CHEMICALS INCLUDING BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES AND PARABENS ARE EQUALLY AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HEAVY METALS, INCLUDING LEAD AND CADMIUM, CAN ALSO HAVE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING PROPERTIES. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO STUDY DUE TO THEIR VARIETY OF SOURCES OF EXPOSURES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION, THESE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MENOPAUSE, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS, ALTERED STEROID HORMONE LEVELS AND MARKERS OF DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF THESE EXPOSURES IS IMPORTANT GIVEN THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH CAN ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND RESULT IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FINDINGS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS OR CELL-BASED MODELS FROM THE PAST DECADE OF RESEARCH. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS, CHRONIC EXPOSURES AND NEW COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONTINUOUSLY BEING DEVELOPED AS REPLACEMENTS FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE BEING PHASED OUT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17   754  28 CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY. AMBIENT AIR, OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS, AND THE USE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS ALL SERVE AS CONDUITS FOR TOXICANT EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION. WHILE THE PULMONARY SYSTEM REMAINS A PRIMARY TARGET FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE, CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY CULPABLE FOR INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACUTE OR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESULTING DISTURBANCES REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE DIRECTLY LINKED TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A VARIETY OF INHALED TOXICANTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FOLLOWING PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE AND TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT EXIST ACROSS MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PARADIGMS. WE ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE THESE MOLECULAR SIGNATURES IN AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW ALSO CHARACTERIZES HOW MOLECULAR RESPONSES ARE MODIFIED IN AT-RISK POPULATIONS, SPECIFICALLY THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT. MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER DURING GESTATION CAN LEAD TO FETAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, RESULTING IN LONG-TERM DEFICITS TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. IN BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (GESTATIONAL) EXPOSURES, CONNECTING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS WITH FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS OUTLINES PATHWAYS THAT CAN BE TARGETED FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. ULTIMATELY, FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS INTEGRATING "OMICS"-BASED APPROACHES WILL BETTER ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT ARE ALTERED BY XENOBIOTIC INHALATION EXPOSURE, IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS, AND GUIDE IN CLINICAL DECISION MAKING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  6781  45 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

19   108  35 A REVIEW OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MELATONIN IN PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY. PESTICIDES ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICALS USED IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR. HOWEVER, THEIR EXTENSIVE USE HAS POLLUTED THE ENVIRONMENT AND INCREASED HUMAN VULNERABILITY TO VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE CAUSES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW IS BASED ON THE LITERATURE STUDIES CURRENTLY REPORTED ON PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MELATONIN. SCIENTIFIC DATABASES SUCH AS PUBMED, SCOPUS AND WEB OF SCIENCE WERE SEARCHED USING KEYWORDS 'PESTICIDE' AND 'MELATONIN' UP TO JANUARY 2016. FULL LENGTH ARTICLES RELATED TO ANIMAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE WERE RETRIEVED. A TOTAL NUMBER OF 181 RECORDS WERE OBTAINED, AND AFTER EXCLUDING THE DUPLICATES, 97 PAPERS WERE FURTHER SCREENED ON THE BASIS OF RELEVANCE TO THE TOPIC. EXPERT OPINION: MELATONIN AS A BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIOXIDANT IS ABLE TO PENETRATE CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS SPECIFICALLY THE MITOCHONDRIA. IT IS A POTENT FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER WITH LOW TOXICITY AND DESIRABLE SOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC AND AQUEOUS PHASES. WE ARE OF THE OPINION THAT MELATONIN IS A PROMISING AGENT IN MINIMIZING ORGAN INJURIES INDUCED BY PESTICIDES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  1911  38 ENVIRONMENT IN CHILDREN'S HEALTH: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT. IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, MANY STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD OR INFANCY AS PREDICTORS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE FUTURE. IN THESE TIME WINDOWS, DUE TO THEIR RAPID GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC DEVELOPMENT, WE CAN OBSERVE A HIGHER VULNERABILITY TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT, WITH RESPECT TO ADULTHOOD. THE EVIDENCE OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCES, PARTLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INVOLVE NEUROBEHAVIORAL RESPONSES AND IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS, ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE CHILD OR INDIRECTLY WHEN MEDIATED BY PLACENTAL TRANSFER OR BREAST FEEDING. IN PARTICULAR, DUE TO A GREATER INTAKE OF AIR, FOOD, AND FLUIDS RELATIVE TO BODY WEIGHT, CRAWLING BEHAVIORS AND SHORT STATURE, THE RISK OF EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE IS GREATER IN CHILDREN. HOWEVER, DATA ON THE LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY EXPOSURES ARE SCARCE. ADDITIONALLY, SO THAT PHYSICIANS AND INSTITUTIONS FOR CHILD CARE AND ASSISTANCE OF PREGNANT WOMEN CAN TAKE ACTIONS TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION (I.E., BY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES), A RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE THAT RESPONDS TO THE BIOCOMPLEXITY OF THE HUMAN BEING IS NEEDED. THE PRESENT PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND IN CHILDHOOD, SUGGESTING IN A MORE INTEGRATED WAY, THE NEED OF A NEW RISK-ASSESSMENT APPROACH TO MANAGING CHRONIC DISEASE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.	2021