1   579 163 BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN PRENATALLY STRESSED MICE: RELEVANCE FOR THE STUDY OF CHROMATIN REMODELING PROPERTIES OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT MICE BORN FROM DAMS STRESSED DURING PREGNANCY (PRS MICE), IN ADULTHOOD, HAVE BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS REMINISCENT OF BEHAVIORS OBSERVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) AND BIPOLAR (BP) DISORDER PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE FRONTAL CORTEX (FC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT PRS MICE, LIKE THAT OF POSTMORTEM CHRONIC SZ PATIENTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASES IN DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), TEN-ELEVEN METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) AND EXHIBIT AN ENRICHMENT OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) AT NEOCORTICAL GABAERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE PROMOTERS. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS AND THE INCREASED 5MC AND 5HMC AT GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 67 (GAD1), REELIN (RELN) AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTERS AND THE REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE MESSENGER RNAS (MRNAS) AND PROTEINS CORRESPONDING TO THESE GENES IN FC OF ADULT PRS MICE IS REVERSED BY TREATMENT WITH CLOZAPINE (5 MG KG(-1) TWICE A DAY FOR 5 DAYS) BUT NOT BY HALOPERIDOL (1 MG KG(-1) TWICE A DAY FOR 5 DAYS). INTERESTINGLY, CLOZAPINE HAD NO EFFECT ON EITHER THE BEHAVIOR, PROMOTER METHYLATION OR THE EXPRESSION OF THESE MRNAS AND PROTEINS WHEN ADMINISTERED TO OFFSPRING OF NONSTRESSED PREGNANT MICE. CLOZAPINE, BUT NOT HALOPERIDOL, REDUCED THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF DNMT1 AND TET1, AS WELL AS THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF DNMT1 BINDING TO GAD1, RELN AND BDNF PROMOTERS IN PRS MICE SUGGESTING THAT CLOZAPINE, UNLIKE HALOPERIDOL, MAY LIMIT DNA METHYLATION BY INTERFERING WITH DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE PRS MOUSE MODEL MAY BE USEFUL PRECLINICALLY IN SCREENING FOR THE POTENTIAL EFFICACY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ACTING ON ALTERED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. FURTHERMORE, PRS MICE MAY BE INVALUABLE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF SZ AND BP DISORDER AND FOR PREDICTING TREATMENT RESPONSES AT EARLY STAGES OF THE ILLNESS ALLOWING FOR EARLY DETECTION AND REMEDIAL INTERVENTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  3416  32 HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C AND HTR6 GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE EFFECTS IN HALOPERIDOL-TREATED PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA. SCHIZOPHRENIA IS A SERIOUS, CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER REQUIRING LIFELONG TREATMENT. EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE EFFECTS (EPS) ARE COMMON ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS. IN ADDITION TO THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING SEROTONIN (5-HT) RECEPTORS, MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN EPS DEVELOPMENT. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXAMINE MOLECULAR ASSOCIATIONS OF HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C AND HTR6 GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH ACUTE EPS IN 229 MALE SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS, FOLLOWING TWO WEEKS OF HALOPERIDOL MONOTHERAPY. THE SIMPSON-ANGUS RATING SCALE FOR EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE EFFECTS (SAS), BARNES AKATHISIA RATING SCALE (BARS) AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM RATING SCALE (ESRS) WERE USED TO EVALUATE EPS SEVERITY. GENOTYPING WAS PERFORMED USING REAL-TIME PCR, FOLLOWING EXTRACTION OF BLOOD DNA. SIGNIFICANT ACUTE EPS APPEARED IN 48.03% OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS. FOR THE RS13212041 HTR1B GENE POLYMORPHISM, AFFECTING MICRORNA REGULATION OF HTR1B GENE EXPRESSION, A HIGHER FREQUENCY OF TT CARRIERS WAS FOUND AMONG HALOPERIDOL-TREATED PATIENTS WITH AKATHISIA WHEN COMPARED TO THE GROUP WITHOUT AKATHISIA SYMPTOMS. IN COMPARISON TO C-ALLELE CARRIERS, PATIENTS CARRYING THE TT GENOTYPE HAD HIGHER AKATHISIA SEVERITY, AS DETERMINED BY THE SAS, BARS AND ESRS SCALES. THESE MOLECULAR FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF 5-HT(1B) RECEPTORS IN AKATHISIA DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING HALOPERIDOL TREATMENT, AS WELL AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF SEROTONERGIC MODULATION ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIPSYCHOTIC-INDUCED EPS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  1809  45 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  4829  36 OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CEREBELLUM IN GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH THERE IS INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MAY INVOLVE MODULATION OF DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION, THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MEDIATE THEIR EFFECTS BY EPIGENETIC MODULATION. HERE, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC, OLANZAPINE, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. METHODS: FORTY-EIGHT HOURS AFTER THE LAST DOSE OF OLANZAPINE/VEHICLE, RATS WERE HABITUATED TO AN OPEN-FIELD ACTIVITY-MONITORING CHAMBER FOR 30 MIN TO VERIFY WHETHER STRESS-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WAS REDUCED IN OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 49 GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM THE CEREBELLUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED (N=2) AND CONTROL (N=2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS CONFIRMED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THE DRUG ADMINISTERED. THE EFFECTS OF OLANZAPINE HAVE BEEN SHOWN THROUGH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (P<0.01) DNA METHYLATION OF GENES AFFECTING SEVERAL NETWORKS MAINLY (I) NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND (II) CANCER, CELL DEATH AND SURVIVAL, TUMOR MORPHOLOGY. ALSO, PROLINE DEGRADATION AND L-DOPA DEGRADATION WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. FURTHER, FROM A SET OF GENES IN THE 22Q11.2 MICRODELETIONS THAT HAS BEEN IMPLICATED PREVIOUSLY IN PSYCHOSIS, 29 GENES SHOWED INCREASED METHYLATION FOLLOWING OLANZAPINE TREATMENT. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF GENES (34/49) MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF OLANZAPINE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5   881  44 CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT RESTRAINS VIA HDAC2 THE PERFORMANCE OF MGLU2 RECEPTOR AGONISM IN A RODENT MODEL OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC ACTIVITY. PRECLINICAL FINDINGS IN RODENT MODELS POINTED TOWARD ACTIVATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE 2/3 (MGLU2/3) RECEPTORS AS A NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH TO TREAT PSYCHOSIS. HOWEVER, MORE RECENT STUDIES FAILED TO SHOW CLINICAL EFFICACY OF MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONISM IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS. WE PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED THAT LONG-TERM ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION RESTRICTED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF THESE GLUTAMATERGIC AGENTS. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE POTENTIAL REPERCUSSION OF PREVIOUS ANTIPSYCHOTIC EXPOSURE ON THE THERAPEUTIC PERFORMANCE OF MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. HERE WE SHOW THAT THIS MALADAPTIVE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT IS MEDIATED MOSTLY VIA HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2). CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC CLOZAPINE LED TO A DECREASE IN MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX MGLU2 MRNA, AN EFFECT THAT REQUIRED EXPRESSION OF BOTH HDAC2 AND THE SEROTONIN 5-HT(2A) RECEPTOR. THIS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ALTERATION OCCURRED IN ASSOCIATION WITH HDAC2-DEPENDENT REPRESSIVE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE MGLU2 PROMOTER. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT DECREASED VIA HDAC2 THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONIST LY379268 TO ACTIVATE G-PROTEINS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE. CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT BLUNTED THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC-RELATED BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF LY379268, AN EFFECT THAT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN HDAC2 KNOCKOUT MICE. MORE IMPORTANTLY, CO-ADMINISTRATION OF THE CLASS I AND II HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA (VORINOSTAT) PRESERVED THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC PROFILE OF LY379268 AND FRONTAL CORTEX MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR DENSITY IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THESE FINDINGS RAISE CONCERNS ON THE DESIGN OF PREVIOUS CLINICAL STUDIES WITH MGLU2/3 AGONISTS, PROVIDING THE RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HDAC2 INHIBITORS AS A NEW EPIGENETIC-BASED APPROACH TO IMPROVE THE CURRENTLY LIMITED RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH GLUTAMATERGIC ANTIPSYCHOTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  1299  30 DECREASED REELIN EXPRESSION IN THE LEFT PREFRONTAL CORTEX (BA9) IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: REELIN IS UNDER EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE DECREASED IN CORTICAL REGIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. METHODS: TO ESTABLISH IF EXPRESSION OF REELIN IS ALTERED IN SPECIFIC CORTICAL, HIPPOCAMPAL OR THALAMIC REGIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS, WE MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN A POSTMORTEM STUDY OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND NON-AFFECTED CONTROLS IN BOTH HEMISPHERES DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN GRAY AND WHITE MATTER. WE COMPARED CEREBRAL POSTMORTEM SAMPLES (DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX BA9 AND BA46, SUPERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX BA22, ENTORHINAL CORTEX BA28, SENSORIC CORTEX BA1-3, HIPPOCAMPUS, CA4, MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS) FROM 12 SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS WITH 13 NORMAL SUBJECTS INVESTIGATING GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN THE GRAY AND WHITE MATTER OF BOTH HEMISPHERES BY IN SITU-HYBRIDIZATION. RESULTS: THE LEFT PREFRONTAL AREA (BA9) OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS REVEALED A DECREASED EXPRESSION OF REELIN-MRNA OF 29.1% IN THE WHITE (P = 0.022) AND 13.6% IN THE GRAY MATTER (P = 0.007) COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. NONE OF THE OTHER REGIONS EXAMINED SHOWED ANY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. CONCLUSION: SINCE REELIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MIGRATION AND SYNAPSE FORMATION, THE DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN THE LEFT PREFRONTAL AREA OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS POINTS TO NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DEFICITS IN NEURONAL MIGRATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, OUR STUDY GROUP WAS SMALL, AND RESULTS SHOULD BE VERIFIED USING LARGER SAMPLES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  1831  42 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  1740  33 EARLY ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT PREVENTS EPIGENETIC P11 GENE CHANGES INDUCED BY ADULTHOOD STRESS IN MICE. POSITIVE EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE MAY IMPROVE THE CAPACITY TO COPE WITH ADULTHOOD STRESS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER AN ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) IN THE POSTNATAL PERIOD AFFECTED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE P11 GENE INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS (CUS) IN ADULT C57BL/6J MICE. EE WAS INTRODUCED FOR 5 WEEKS DURING POSTNATAL DAYS 21-55. AFTER EE, THE MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO CUS FOR 4 WEEKS. EE PREVENTED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY ADULT CUS. EE PREVENTED A DECREASE IN P11 MRNA AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION INDUCED BY CUS, WITH CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5. MOREOVER, EE PREVENTED CHANGES IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4) AND H3K27 INDUCED BY CUS. FURTHERMORE, EE HAD POSITIVE EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN ADULT MICE WITHOUT CUS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ONE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF EARLY-LIFE EE MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL P11 GENE PROMOTER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  5158  37 PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS AND FLUOXETINE TREATMENT IN RATS AFFECT OFFSPRING A-TO-I RNA EDITING, GENE EXPRESSION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. ADENOSINE TO INOSINE RNA EDITING IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT ENTAILS SITE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS IN DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULES, CATALYZED BY ADENOSINE DEAMINASES ACTING ON RNA (ADARS). USING THE MULTIPLEX MICROFLUIDIC PCR AND DEEP SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT EXPOSING ADOLESCENT FEMALE RATS TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS BEFORE REPRODUCTION AFFECTS EDITING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND AMYGDALA OF THEIR NEWBORN OFFSPRING, PARTICULARLY AT THE SEROTONIN RECEPTOR 5-HT2C (ENCODED BY HTR2C). HERE, WE USED THE SAME TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE WHETHER POST-STRESS, PRE-REPRODUCTIVE MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE (5 MG/KG, 7 DAYS) REVERSES THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON EDITING. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF ADAR ENZYMES IN THESE REGIONS, AND ASKED WHETHER SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN ADULT OFFSPRING WOULD BE ALTERED BY MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS AND/OR FLUOXETINE. MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE ALTERED HTR2C EDITING IN OFFSPRING AMYGDALA AT BIRTH, ENHANCED THE EXPRESSION OF HTR2C MRNA AND RNA EDITING ENZYMES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND REVERSED THE EFFECTS OF PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS ON HTR2C EDITING IN THIS REGION. FURTHERMORE, MATERNAL FLUOXETINE TREATMENT ENHANCED DIFFERENCES IN EDITING OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS BETWEEN OFFSPRING OF CONTROL AND STRESS-EXPOSED RATS, AND LED TO ENHANCED SOCIAL PREFERENCE IN ADULT OFFSPRING. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT PRE-GESTATIONAL FLUOXETINE TREATMENT AFFECTS PATTERNS OF RNA EDITING AND EDITING ENZYME EXPRESSION IN NEONATAL OFFSPRING BRAIN IN A REGION-SPECIFIC MANNER, IN INTERACTION WITH PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS. OVERALL, THESE FINDINGS IMPLY THAT FLUOXETINE TREATMENT AFFECTS SEROTONERGIC SIGNALING IN OFFSPRING BRAIN EVEN WHEN TREATMENT IS DISCONTINUED BEFORE GESTATION, AND ITS EFFECTS MAY DEPEND UPON PRIOR EXPOSURE TO STRESS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  4212  40 METHAMPHETAMINE DOWNREGULATES STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE (METH) EXPOSURE CAUSES NEUROADAPTATIONS AT GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSES. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY THE METH-INDUCED EPIGENETIC UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE NEUROADAPTATIONS, WE INJECTED INCREASING METH DOSES TO RATS FOR 2 WEEKS AND MEASURED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION. WE THEN QUANTIFIED THE EFFECTS OF METH EXPOSURE ON HISTONE ACETYLATION. WE ALSO MEASURED METH-INDUCED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. RESULTS: CHRONIC METH DECREASED TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF GLUA1 AND GLUA2 ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLE PROPIONIC ACID RECEPTOR (AMPAR) AND GLUN1 N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES IN STRIATAL NEURONS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED THAT METH DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H4 ON GLUA1, GLUA2, AND GLUN1 PROMOTERS. METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE ALSO INCREASED REPRESSOR ELEMENT-1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) COREPRESSOR 1, METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 ENRICHMENT, BUT NOT OF SIRTUIN 1 OR SIRTUIN 2, ONTO GLUA1 AND GLUA2 GENE SEQUENCES. MOREOVER, METH CAUSED INTERACTIONS OF REST COREPRESSOR 1 AND METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 AND OF REST WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1. SURPRISINGLY, METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED METH-INDUCED DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AT GLUA1 AND GLUA2 PROMOTER SEQUENCES. IMPORTANTLY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, VALPROIC ACID, BLOCKED METH-INDUCED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF AMPAR AND N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. FINALLY, VALPROIC ACID ALSO ATTENUATED METH-INDUCED DECREASE H4K16AC RECRUITMENT ON AMPAR GENE SEQUENCES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE H4 HYPOACETYLATION MAY BE THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF METH-INDUCED DECREASED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  1813  45 EFFECTS OF CAFFEIC ACID ON EPIGENETICS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY HYPOTHESIZED THAT CAFFEIC ACID (3,4?DIHYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID; CAA) MAY EXERT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECTS IN RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) MODEL WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF CAA ON BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES, AND TO EVALUATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF 5?METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5?HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. MRNA LEVELS OF THE GENES ENCODING BRAIN?DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND CATECHOL?O?METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT), AND KEY ENZYMES REGULATING DNA METHYLATION [DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)1 AND DNMT3A] AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION [TEN?ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET)1?3] WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR. FURTHERMORE, ENRICHMENT OF 5MC AND 5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES WAS QUANTIFIED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION?QPCR. BEHAVIORAL DATA SHOWED THAT CAA EXERTED A SLIGHT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECT. BDNF AND COMT GENES SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PATTERNS DUE TO CUMS. CAA INTERVENTION INDUCED DIFFERENT DNMT1/DNMT3A AND TET1/TET2 MRNA LEVELS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX, RESPECTIVELY. CAA REGULATED THE RATIO OF 5MC/5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGION OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES AND THEREFORE INFLUENCED GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY BE A VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). IN CONCLUSION, THERE WERE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN CUMS RATS, AND CAA MAY FUNCTION AS A MODULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION TO REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR THE USE OF THIS PHYTOCHEMICAL AGENT IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  5976  37 TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS MEDIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) MEDIATES THE CONVERSION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5 MC) TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC), HENCE PROMOTING DNA DEMETHYLATION. ALTHOUGH RECENT STUDIES HAVE LINKED THE DNA DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, THE ROLE OF SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DNA DEMETHYLATION IN NOCICEPTION HYPERSENSITIVITY DEVELOPMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE REPORT CORRELATED WITH BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) UPREGULATED TET1 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THAT HYDROXYLATE 5 MC TO 5 HMC AT CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER TO PROMOTE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION. FOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL TET1 EXPRESSION DECREASED TET1 BINDING AND 5 HMC ENRICHMENT, FURTHER INCREASED 5 MC ENRICHMENT AT CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER AND DECREASED SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY THE ALLEVIATION OF THE DEVELOPED ALLODYNIA. MOREOVER, AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED THE BINDING OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS, I.E., DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B) TO THE BDNF PROMOTER, A REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING BY CATALYSING 5-CYTOSINE (5C) TO 5 MC. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST AT CPG SITES OF THE BDNF PROMOTER, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION PROMOTES DNA DEMETHYLATION BOTH BY CONVERTING 5 MC TO 5 HMC AND INHIBITING DNMT BINDING TO REGULATE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION, HENCE CONTRIBUTING TO BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4397  37 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  3177  37 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  1783  37 EFFECT OF AGOMELATINE ON MEMORY DEFICITS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO INDUCE NOT ONLY ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN MICE BUT ALSO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, FOR WHICH THE ACTION OF CLASSICAL ANTIDEPRESSANT COMPOUNDS REMAINS UNSATISFACTORY. IN THIS CONTEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (CSDS) ON ANXIETY-, SOCIAL- AND COGNITIVE-RELATED BEHAVIORS, AS WELL AS HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY MARKERS (PSD-95, SYNAPTOPHYSIN, SPINOPHILIN, SYNAPSIN I AND MAP-2), AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES (MYST2, HDAC2, HDAC6, MLL3, KDM5B, DNMT3B, GADD45B) GENE EXPRESSION IN C57BL/6J MICE. CSDS FOR 10 DAYS PROVOKED LONG-LASTING ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN THE OPEN FIELD AND EPISODIC MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST. WHILE TOTAL BDNF MRNA LEVEL WAS UNCHANGED, BDNF EXON IV, MAP-2, HDAC2, HDAC6 AND MLL3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE CSDS MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. IN CSDS MICE TREATED 3 WEEKS WITH 50 MG/KG/D AGOMELATINE, AN ANTIDEPRESSANT WITH MELATONERGIC RECEPTOR AGONIST AND 5-HT(2C) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROPERTIES, THE ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE WAS NOT REVERSED, BUT THE TREATMENT SUCCESSFULLY PREVENTED THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS. ALTOGETHER, THESE DATA EVIDENCED THAT, IN MICE, AGOMELATINE WAS EFFECTIVE IN ALLEVIATING STRESS-INDUCED ALTERED COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH A MECHANISM INVOLVING BDNF SIGNALING, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16   434  49 ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF SODIUM BUTYRATE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TET1 AND IN 5-HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN THE BDNF GENE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC DRUGS LIKE SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB) SHOW ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES, BUT THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS REMAIN UNKNOWN. WHILE RESEARCH USING NAB HAS MAINLY FOCUSED ON ITS ROLE AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI), THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT NAB AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE NAB'S PUTATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFICACY IN RELATION TO DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF AN ESTABLISHED GENETIC RAT MODEL OF DEPRESSION (THE FLINDERS SENSITIVE LINE [FSL]) AND ITS CONTROLS (THE FLINDERS RESISTANT LINE). RESULTS: THE FSL RATS HAD LOWER LEVELS OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), WHICH CATALYZES THE CONVERSION OF DNA METHYLATION TO HYDROXYMETHYLATION. AS INDICATED BY THE BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR TEST, CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF NAB HAD ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE FSL AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF TET1. THE TET1 UPREGULATION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND A DECREASE OF METHYLATION IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), A GENE ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROGENESIS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A CORRESPONDING BDNF OVEREXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY OF HDACIS AND SUGGEST THAT THEIR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MAY ALSO INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT ARE MEDIATED BY DEMETHYLATION-FACILITATING ENZYMES LIKE TET1.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  2672  37 ETHANOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS AT THE BDNF GENE IN C57BL/6J MICE. HIGH ETHANOL INTAKE IS WELL KNOWN TO INDUCE BOTH ANXIOLYTIC AND ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS, IN CORRELATION WITH CHROMATIN REMODELING IN THE AMYGDALOID BRAIN REGION AND DEFICITS IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RODENTS. WHETHER ONLY MODERATE BUT CHRONIC ETHANOL INTAKE IN C57BL/6J MICE COULD ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT ON CHROMATIN REMODELING AND NEUROPLASTICITY WAS ADDRESSED HERE. CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN A FREE CHOICE PARADIGM WAS FOUND TO INDUCE MARKED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IMPLICATED IN NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN THE MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING NEURAL BHLH ACTIVATORS AND THOSE FROM BDNF EXONS II, III AND VI WERE UPREGULATED, WHEREAS THOSE FROM BDNF EXON VIII AND HDACS WERE DOWNREGULATED BY ETHANOL COMPARED WITH WATER CONSUMPTION. THESE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT IN BOTH ACETYLATED H3 AT BDNF PROMOTER PVI AND TRIMETHYLATED H3 AT PII AND PIII. CONVERSELY, ACETYLATED H3 AT PIII AND PVIII AND TRIMETHYLATED H3 AT PVIII WERE DECREASED IN ETHANOL-EXPOSED MICE. IN PARALLEL, HIPPOCAMPAL BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) LEVELS AND TRKB-MEDIATED NEUROGENESIS IN THE DENTATE GYRUS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED BY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN C57BL/6J MICE, CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE PRODUCES MARKED EPIGENETIC CHANGES UNDERLYING BDNF OVEREXPRESSION AND DOWNSTREAM HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  1751  45 EARLY LIFE STRESS INCREASES STRESS VULNERABILITY THROUGH BDNF GENE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) EXERTS LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE BRAIN AND MAKES AN INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBLE TO LATER DEPRESSION. IT IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER ELS AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT CHRONIC STRESS MODULATE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE STRESS VULNERABILITY TO POSTNATAL MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND ADULT RESTRAINT STRESS (RS). RAT PUPS WERE SEPARATED FROM THEIR DAMS (3 H/DAY FROM P1-P21). WHEN THE PUPS REACHED ADULTHOOD (8 WEEKS OLD), WE INTRODUCED RS (2 H/DAY FOR 3 WEEKS) FOLLOWED BY ESCITALOPRAM TREATMENT. WE SHOWED THAT BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS EXPRESSED REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA. FURTHERMORE, RS POTENTIATED MS-INDUCED DECREASES IN THESE EXPRESSION LEVELS. SIMILARLY, BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS SHOWED DECREASED LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AND H4 AT BDNF PROMOTER IV, AND RS EXACERBATED MS-INDUCED DECREASES OF H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION. BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS HAD INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS AT BDNF PROMOTER IV, AS WELL AS INCREASED HDAC5 MRNA, AND THE COMBINATION OF MS AND RS EXERTED A GREATER EFFECT ON THESE PARAMETERS THAN DID RS ALONE. IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST, THE IMMOBILITY TIME OF THE MS + RS GROUP WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF THE RS GROUP. ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM TREATMENT RECOVERED THESE ALTERATIONS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT POSTNATAL MS AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT RS MODULATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BDNF GENE, AND THAT THESE CHANGES MAY BE RELATED TO BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPE. THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN ESCITALOPRAM ACTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  1320  38 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  6108  37 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019