1  3420 145 HUMAN LUNG DNA METHYLATION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI COLOCALIZE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION LOCI. RATIONALE: AS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES, THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) MAKES IDENTIFICATION OF ITS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWASS) HAVE IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. HOWEVER, GENETIC VARIATION ONLY EXPLAINS A SMALL FRACTION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COPD, AND SUB-GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT LOCI MAY PLAY A ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS. OBJECTIVES: REGULATORY ANNOTATION WITH EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE MAY GIVE PRIORITY FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION, PARTICULARLY FOR GWAS ASSOCIATIONS IN NONCODING REGIONS. WE PERFORMED INTEGRATIVE GENOMICS ANALYSES USING DNA METHYLATION PROFILING AND GENOME-WIDE SNP GENOTYPING FROM LUNG TISSUE SAMPLES FROM 90 SUBJECTS WITH COPD AND 36 CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED METHYLATION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI (MQTL) ANALYSES, TESTING FOR SNPS ASSOCIATED WITH PERCENT DNA METHYLATION AND ASSESSED THE COLOCALIZATION OF THESE RESULTS WITH PREVIOUS COPD GWAS FINDINGS USING BAYESIAN METHODS IN THE R PACKAGE COLOC TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL REGULATORY FEATURES OF THE LOCI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 942,068 UNIQUE SNPS AND 33,996 UNIQUE CPG SITES AMONG THE SIGNIFICANT (5% FALSE DISCOVERY RATE) CIS-MQTL RESULTS. THE GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT AND SUBTHRESHOLD (P < 10(-4)) GWAS SNPS WERE ENRICHED IN THE SIGNIFICANT MQTL SNPS (HYPERGEOMETRIC TEST P < 0.00001). WE OBSERVED ENRICHMENT FOR SITES LOCATED IN CPG SHORES AND SHELVES, BUT NOT CPG ISLANDS. USING BAYESIAN COLOCALIZATION, WE IDENTIFIED LOCI IN REGIONS NEAR KCNK3, EEFSEC, PIK3CD, DCDC2C, TCERG1L, FRMD4B, AND IL27. CONCLUSIONS: COLOCALIZATION OF MQTL AND GWAS LOCI PROVIDES REGULATORY CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNIFICANT AND SUBTHRESHOLD GWAS FINDINGS, SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR GENETIC CONTROL OF METHYLATION IN COPD PATHOGENESIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  3056  35 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IMPLICATES ENRICHMENT OF INTERFERON PATHWAY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND EUROPEAN AMERICANS WITH LUPUS NEPHRITIS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM, INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS WOMEN. TRENDS IN SLE PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL COURSE DIFFER BY ANCESTRY, WITH THOSE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ANCESTRY PRESENTING WITH MORE ACTIVE, SEVERE AND RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE DISEASE THAN EUROPEAN AMERICANS. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ESTABLISHED ALTERED EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN SLE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. HOWEVER, THE CONTRIBUTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) TO THE RISK OF SLE BY ANCESTRY AND DIFFERENCES AMONG PATIENTS WITH SLE-ASSOCIATED LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN) HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. WE EVALUATED THE DNA METHYLOMES OF 87 INDIVIDUALS INCLUDING 41 SLE PATIENTS, WITH AND WITHOUT LN, AND 46 CONTROLS ENROLLED IN AN ANCESTRY DIVERSE, WELL-CHARACTERIZED COHORT STUDY OF ESTABLISHED SLE (41 SLE PATIENTS [20 SLE-LN+, 21 SLE-LN-] AND 46 SEX-, RACE- AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS; 55% AFRICAN AMERICAN, 45% EUROPEAN AMERICAN). PARTICIPANTS WERE GENOTYPED USING THE INFINIUM GLOBAL DIVERSITY ARRAY (GDA), AND GENETIC ANCESTRY WAS ESTIMATED USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS INITIALLY MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC 850K BEADCHIP ARRAY FOLLOWED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC QPCR TO VALIDATE THE METHYLATION STATUS AT PUTATIVE LOCI. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMP) WERE IDENTIFIED USING A CASE-CONTROL APPROACH ADJUSTED FOR ANCESTRY. WE IDENTIFIED A TOTAL OF 51 DMPS IN CPGS AMONG SLE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. GENES PROXIMAL TO THESE CPGS WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED FOR INVOLVEMENT IN TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING. DMPS AMONG EUROPEAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH LN WERE SIMILAR TO AFRICAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT LN. OUR FINDINGS WERE VALIDATED USING AN ORTHOGONAL, METHYL-SPECIFIC PCR FOR THREE SLE-ASSOCIATED DMPS NEAR OR PROXIMAL TO MX1, USP18, AND IFITM1. OUR STUDY CONFIRMS PREVIOUS REPORTS THAT DMPS IN CPGS ASSOCIATED WITH SLE ARE ENRICHED IN TYPE I INTERFERON GENES. HOWEVER, WE SHOW THAT EUROPEAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH LN HAVE SIMILAR DNAM PATTERNS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS IRRESPECTIVE OF LN, SUGGESTING THAT ABERRANT DNAM ALTERS ACTIVITY OF TYPE I INTERFERON PATHWAY LEADING TO MORE SEVERE DISEASE INDEPENDENT OF ANCESTRY.	2023	

3  5371  34 RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC BASIS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A POLYGENIC CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE LEADING TO MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE. A LARGE HERITABILITY OF UP TO 66% IS ESTIMATED IN SLE, WITH ROUGHLY 180 REPORTED SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED MOSTLY BY GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWASS) AND ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 30% OF GENETIC HERITABILITY. A VAST MAJORITY OF RISK VARIANTS RESIDE IN NON-CODING REGIONS, WHICH MAKES IT QUITE CHALLENGING TO INTERPRET THEIR FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE SLE-AFFECTED IMMUNE SYSTEM, SUGGESTING THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REGULATION AROUND SLE GWAS VARIANTS. THE LATEST GENETIC STUDIES HAVE BEEN HIGHLY FRUITFUL AS SEVERAL DOZENS OF SLE LOCI WERE NEWLY DISCOVERED IN THE LAST FEW YEARS AND MANY LOCI HAVE COME TO BE UNDERSTOOD IN SYSTEMIC APPROACHES INTEGRATING GWAS SIGNALS WITH OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE SLE-ASSOCIATED GENETIC VARIANTS IN BOTH THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) AND NON-MHC LOCI, EXAMINING POLYGENETIC RISK SCORES FOR SLE AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH CLINICAL FEATURES. FINALLY, VARIANT-DRIVEN PATHOGENETIC FUNCTIONS UNDERLYING GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS ARE DESCRIBED, COUPLED WITH DISCUSSION ABOUT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN GENETIC STUDIES ON SLE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  2643  39 EPIGENOMIC ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION SITES IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, AND DISEASE RISK CAN OFTEN BE MANAGED BY SMOKING CONTROL. SMOKING CAN INDUCE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CHANGES, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, BUT THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAUSED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING AT THE GENE LEVEL HAVE NOT BEEN WELL UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) SITES IN CAUCASIANS. TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE SAME DNAM SITES ASSOCIATE WITH SMOKING IN AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND TO IDENTIFY NOVEL SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES, WE CONDUCTED A METHYLOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING USING A DISCOVERY SAMPLE OF 972 AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND A REPLICATION SAMPLE OF 239 AFRICAN AMERICANS WITH TWO ARRAY-BASED METHODS. AMONG 15 DNAM SITES SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING IN OUR DISCOVERY SAMPLE, 5 DNAM SITES ARE REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT, AND 14 SITES IN THE REPLICATION SAMPLE HAVE EFFECTS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS IN THE DISCOVERY SAMPLE. THE TOP TWO SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES IN F2RL3 (FACTOR II RECEPTOR-LIKE 3) AND GPR15 (G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 15) OBSERVED IN AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS IN CAUCASIANS. THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE REPLICATED DNAM SITES AND SMOKING REMAIN SIGNIFICANT AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GENETIC BACKGROUND. DESPITE THE DISTINCT GENETIC BACKGROUND BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND CAUCASIANS, THE DNAM FROM THE TWO ETHNIC GROUPS SHARES COMMON ASSOCIATIONS WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING, WHICH SUGGESTS A COMMON MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  6761  39 X CHROMOSOME-WIDE ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES DNA METHYLATION SITES INFLUENCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING. BACKGROUND: TOBACCO SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC DISEASE WORLDWIDE. SMOKING MAY INDUCE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CHANGES INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WITH BOTH SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MODIFICATION PATTERNS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF DISEASES. RECENT EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED DOZENS OF SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) SITES. HOWEVER, THE X CHROMOSOMAL DNAM SITES HAVE BEEN LARGELY OVERLOOKED DUE TO A LACK OF AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEALING WITH THE SEX-DIMORPHIC DISTRIBUTION. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES ON THE X CHROMOSOME, WE EXAMINED THE MODALITY OF EACH X CHROMOSOMAL DNAM SITE AND CONDUCTED A SEX-SPECIFIC ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING. RESULTS: WE USED A DISCOVERY SAMPLE OF 139 MIDDLE-AGE TWINS, AND THREE REPLICATION SAMPLES OF 78 TWINS, 464 AND 333 UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS INCLUDING 47, 17, 22, AND 89 CURRENT SMOKERS, RESPECTIVELY. AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING, THE TOP SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES IN BCOR AND TSC22D3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED AND HYPOMETHYLATED, RESPECTIVELY, AMONG CURRENT SMOKERS. THESE SMOKING-ASSOCIATED SITES WERE REPLICATED WITH META-ANALYSIS P-VALUES OF 9.17 X 10(-12) AND 1.61 X 10(-9). FOR BOTH SITES, THE SMOKING EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE LARGER IN MALES THAN THAT IN FEMALES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF INVESTIGATING X CHROMOSOME METHYLATION PATTERNS AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND DEMONSTRATE A ROBUST STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR SUCH STUDY. EXISTING EWAS OF HUMAN DISEASES SHOULD INCORPORATE THE X CHROMOSOMAL SITES TO COMPLETE A COMPREHENSIVE EPIGENOME-WIDE SCAN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  2588  33 EPIGENETICS OF PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS. PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE WITH NON-SUPPURATIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. THE INTERPLAY OF GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS CONTRIBUTES TO THE ONSET OF THE DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENTLY RESULTS IN CHOLESTASIS AND PROGRESSIVE FIBROSIS. RECENTLY, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE GENES INFLUENCING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PBC IN HLA AND NON-HLA LOCI. HOWEVER, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE KNOWN RISK VARIANTS MERELY ACCOUNT FOR NO MORE THAN 20% OF THE HERITABILITY OF PBC AND CAUSES OF THE REMAINING HERITABILITY REMAIN UNCERTAIN. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY EXPLAIN THE "MISSING HERITABILITY" THAT CANNOT BE CAPTURED BY GWAS. AMONG THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND NONCODING RNAS (I.E. MIRNA AND LNCRNA) ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PBC. ADDITIONALLY, TELOMERE DYSREGULATION IN BILIARY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BECS) MAY PLAY A ROLE IN DISEASE ONSET, WHEREAS A DEFICIENCY IN SEX CHROMOSOME AND SKEWED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE X CHROMOSOME MAY TO SOME EXTENT EXPLAIN THE FEMALE DOMINANCE IN PBC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  3507  27 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET GENES AT JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS GWAS LOCI IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS. JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS (JIA) IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC RHEUMATIC DISEASE AMONG CHILDREN WHICH COULD CAUSE SEVERE DISABILITY. GENOMIC STUDIES HAVE DISCOVERED SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF RISK LOCI FOR JIA, HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF HOW THESE LOCI AFFECT JIA DEVELOPMENT IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. NEUTROPHIL IS AN IMPORTANT CELL TYPE INVOLVED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF GENETIC LOCI IN NEUTROPHILS DURING JIA DEVELOPMENT, WE TOOK AN INTEGRATED MULTI-OMICS APPROACH TO IDENTIFY TARGET GENES AT JIA RISK LOCI IN NEUTROPHILS AND CONSTRUCTED A PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK VIA A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH. WE IDENTIFIED GENES LIKELY TO BE JIA RISK LOCI TARGETED GENES IN NEUTROPHILS WHICH COULD CONTRIBUTE TO JIA DEVELOPMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  3557  37 IMPACT OF BMI AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE ON EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN BLOOD: AN EWAS IN MULTI-ETHNIC ASIAN INDIVIDUALS. BACKGROUND: THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND ITS RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES HAVE BEEN INCREASING ESPECIALLY IN ASIAN COUNTRIES. OBESITY-RELATED GENETIC VARIANTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, BUT THESE EXPLAIN LITTLE OF THE VARIATION IN BMI. RECENT STUDIES REPORTED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND OBESITY, MOSTLY IN NON-ASIAN POPULATIONS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS) ON GENERAL ADIPOSITY (BODY MASS INDEX, BMI) AND ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY (WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, WC) IN 409 MULTI-ETHNIC ASIAN INDIVIDUALS AND REPLICATED BMI AND WAIST-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION CPGS IDENTIFIED IN OTHER POPULATIONS. THE CROSS-LAGGED PANEL MODEL AND MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION WERE USED TO ASSESS THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METHYLATION AND BMI. THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IDENTIFIED CPGS AND INFLAMMATION AND METABOLIC MARKERS WAS ALSO EXAMINED. RESULTS: EWAS IDENTIFIED 116 DNA METHYLATION CPGS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND EIGHT INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH WC AT FALSE DISCOVERY RATE P(FDR) < 0.05 IN 409 ASIAN SAMPLES. WE REPLICATED 110 BMI-ASSOCIATED CPGS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED IN EUROPEANS AND IDENTIFIED SIX NOVEL BMI-ASSOCIATED CPGS AND TWO NOVEL WC-ASSOCIATED CPGS. WE OBSERVED HIGH CONSISTENCY IN ASSOCIATION DIRECTION OF EFFECT COMPARED TO STUDIES IN OTHER POPULATIONS. CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSES INDICATED THAT BMI WAS MORE LIKELY TO BE THE CAUSE OF DNA METHYLATION ALTERATION, RATHER THAN THE CONSEQUENCE. THE CAUSAL ANALYSES USING BMI-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION RISK SCORE ALSO SUGGESTED THAT HIGHER LEVELS OF THE INFLAMMATION MARKER IL-6 WERE LIKELY THE CONSEQUENCE OF METHYLATION CHANGE. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND DNA METHYLATION IN MULTI-ETHNIC ASIANS AND SUGGESTS THAT OBESITY CAN DRIVE METHYLATION CHANGE. THE RESULTS ALSO SUGGESTED POSSIBLE CAUSAL INFLUENCE THAT OBESITY-RELATED METHYLATION CHANGES MIGHT HAVE ON INFLAMMATION AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  2622  35 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN ASTHMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: ASTHMA IS A COMMON CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AIRWAY DISEASE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND POSSIBLY THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE HUMAN GENOME CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE MAINLY INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OR TRAITS, EXPOSURE FACTORS OR GENE EXPRESSION. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMED TO IDENTIFY ALL EWAS ASSESSING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA IN HUMANS. DESIGN: STRUCTURED SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH FOLLOWING PRISMA GUIDELINES, NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE (NOS) FOR COHORT STUDIES WAS USED FOR BIAS ASSESSMENT. DATA SOURCES: WE SEARCHED PUBMED AND EMBASE DATABASES FROM 2005 TO 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TESTING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND ASTHMA IN HUMANS. RESULTS: OVERALL, WE IDENTIFIED 16 EWAS STUDIES COMPLYING WITH OUR SEARCH CRITERIA. TWELVE STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON CHILDREN, AND 10 WERE CONDUCTED ON SAMPLE SIZES <150 SUBJECTS. FOUR HUNDRED AND NINETEEN CPGS WERE REPORTED IN CHILDREN STUDIES AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING. IN THE ADULT STUDIES, THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES WERE IDENTIFIED. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN INFLAMMATORY-RELATED GENES CORRELATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF GENE EXPRESSIONS OF INFLAMMATORY MODULATORS IN ASTHMA. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA INCLUDED SMAD3, SERPINC1, PROK1, IL13, RUNX3 AND TIGIT. FORTY-ONE CPGS WERE REPLICATED AT LEAST ONCE IN BLOOD SAMPLES, AND 28 CPGS WERE REPLICATED IN NASAL SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH MANY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS IN GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN ASTHMA HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN EWAS TO DATE, WE CONCLUDE THAT FURTHER STUDIES OF LARGER SAMPLE SIZES AND ANALYSES OF DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO COMPREHENSIVELY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HETEROGENEITY OF ASTHMA, AND THE POTENTIAL CLINICAL UTILITY TO PREDICT OR CLASSIFY PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10    57  48 A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EMPHYSEMA IN KOREAN POPULATIONS. EMPHYSEMA IS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). GENETIC FACTORS LIKELY AFFECT EMPHYSEMA PATHOGENESIS, BUT THIS QUESTION HAS PREDOMINANTLY BEEN STUDIED IN THOSE OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE GENETIC COMPONENTS OF EMPHYSEMA SEVERITY AND CHARACTERIZE THE POTENTIAL FUNCTION OF THE ASSOCIATED LOCI IN KOREAN POPULATION. WE PERFORMED A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) ON QUANTITATIVE EMPHYSEMA IN SUBJECTS WITH OR WITHOUT COPD FROM TWO KOREAN COPD COHORTS. WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOCI USING EPIGENETIC ANNOTATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA. WE ALSO COMPARED OUR GWAS RESULTS WITH AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY AND PREVIOUS DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS. IN TOTAL, 548 SUBJECTS (476 [86.9%] MALE) INCLUDING 514 COPD PATIENTS WERE EVALUATED. WE IDENTIFIED ONE GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT SNP (P < 5.0 X 10(-8)), RS117084279, NEAR PIBF1. WE IDENTIFIED AN ADDITIONAL 57 SNPS (P < 5.0 X 10(-6)) ASSOCIATED WITH EMPHYSEMA IN ALL SUBJECTS, AND 106 SNPS (P < 5.0 X 10(-6)) IN COPD PATIENTS. OF THESE CANDIDATE SNPS, 2 (RS12459249, RS11667314) NEAR CYP2A6 WERE EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI IN LUNG TISSUE AND A SNP (RS11214944) NEAR NNMT WAS AN EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS IN WHOLE BLOOD. OF NOTE, RS11214944 WAS IN LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM WITH VARIANTS IN ENHANCER HISTONE MARKS IN LUNG TISSUE. SEVERAL GENES NEAR ADDITIONAL SNPS WERE IDENTIFIED IN OUR PREVIOUS EWAS STUDY WITH NOMINAL LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE. WE IDENTIFIED A NOVEL SNP ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTITATIVE EMPHYSEMA ON CT. INCLUDING THE NOVEL SNP, SEVERAL CANDIDATE SNPS IN OUR STUDY MAY PROVIDE CLUES TO THE GENETIC ETIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA IN ASIAN POPULATIONS. FURTHER RESEARCH AND VALIDATION OF THE LOCI WILL HELP DETERMINE THE GENETIC FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPHYSEMA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  2973  35 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. BACKGROUND: ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CAUSED BY THE COMPLEX INTERACTION OF GENETIC, IMMUNE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THERE HAVE MANY RECENT DISCOVERIES INVOLVING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF AD. METHODS: A RETROSPECTIVE PUBMED SEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT FROM JUNE 2009 TO JUNE 2016 USING THE TERMS "ATOPIC DERMATITIS", "ASSOCIATION", "ECZEMA", "GENE", "POLYMORPHISM", "MUTATION", "VARIANT", "GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY", "MICROARRAY" "GENE PROFILING", "RNA SEQUENCING", "EPIGENETICS" AND "MICRORNA". A TOTAL OF 132 PUBLICATIONS IN ENGLISH WERE IDENTIFIED. RESULTS: TO ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC FACTORS FOR AD PATHOGENESIS, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING ASSAYS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN THIS PERIOD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR AD DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING GENOMIC DNA MODIFICATION AND MICRORNA POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, HAVE BEEN EXPLORED. TO DATE, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INDICATE THAT FILAGGRIN (FLG) NULL GENE MUTATIONS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR AD, AND GENES IN THE TYPE 2 T HELPER LYMPHOCYTE (TH2) SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE THE SECOND REPLICATED GENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR AD. GWAS STUDIES IDENTIFIED 34 RISK LOCI FOR AD, THESE LOCI ALSO SUGGEST THAT GENES IN IMMUNE RESPONSES AND EPIDERMAL SKIN BARRIER FUNCTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AD. ADDITIONALLY, GENE PROFILING ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED AD IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX GENES AND ELEVATED TH2 AND TH17 GENES. HYPOMETHYLATION OF TSLP AND FCER1G IN AD WERE REPORTED; AND MIR-155, WHICH TARGET THE IMMUNE SUPPRESSOR CTLA-4, WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY OVER-EXPRESSED IN INFILTRATING T CELLS IN AD SKIN LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TWO MAJOR BIOLOGIC PATHWAYS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR AD ETIOLOGY: SKIN EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND INNATE/ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL EPIDERMAL BARRIER AND IMMUNE RESPONSES RECIPROCALLY AFFECT EACH OTHER, AND THEREBY DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12   938  33 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) RISK IS MEDIATED BY MULTIPLE ENHANCER VARIANTS WITHIN CLL RISK LOCI. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON ADULT LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. IT HAS A STRONG GENETIC BASIS, SHOWING A ~ 8-FOLD INCREASED RISK OF CLL IN FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED 41 RISK VARIANTS ACROSS 41 LOCI. HOWEVER, FOR A MAJORITY OF THE LOCI, THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AND THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR CAUSAL ROLES REMAIN UNDEFINED. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH 12 INDEX VARIANTS, ALONG WITH ANY CORRELATED (R2 >/= 0.5) VARIANTS, AT THE CLL RISK LOCI LOCATED OUTSIDE OF GENE PROMOTERS. BASED ON PUBLICLY AVAILABLE CHIP-SEQ AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY DATA AS WELL AS OUR OWN CHIP-SEQ DATA FROM CLL PATIENTS, WE IDENTIFIED SIX CANDIDATE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AT SIX LOCI AND AT LEAST TWO CANDIDATE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AT EACH OF THE REMAINING SIX LOCI. THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS ARE PREDOMINANTLY LOCATED WITHIN ENHANCERS OR SUPER-ENHANCERS, INCLUDING BI-DIRECTIONALLY TRANSCRIBED ENHANCERS, WHICH ARE OFTEN RESTRICTED TO IMMUNE CELL TYPES. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT, AT 78% OF THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS, THE ALTERNATIVE ALLELES ALTERED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING MOTIFS OR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, INDICATING THE INVOLVEMENT OF THESE VARIANTS IN THE CHANGE OF LOCAL CHROMATIN STATE. FINALLY, THE ENHANCERS CARRYING FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS PHYSICALLY INTERACTED WITH GENES ENRICHED IN THE TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING PATHWAY, APOPTOSIS, OR TP53 NETWORK THAT ARE KNOWN TO PLAY KEY ROLES IN CLL. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE REGULATORY ROLES FOR INHERITED NONCODING VARIANTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  6651  26 UPDATE ON GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS IN METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS BECOMING THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. METABOLIC (DYSFUNCTION) ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) IS SUGGESTED TO REPLACE THE NOMENCLATURE OF NAFLD. FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, MULTIPLE NAFLD-RELATED FACTORS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MAFLD INCLUDING GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS. THE APPLICATION OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) AND EXOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS) UNCOVERS SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN MAFLD. IN ADDITION TO THE CLASSIC SNPS IN PNPLA3, TM6SF2, AND GCKR, SOME NEW SNPS HAVE BEEN FOUND RECENTLY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER STEATOSIS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, NON-CODING RNAS REGULATIONS, AND RNA METHYLATION ALSO PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MAFLD. DNA METHYLATION IS THE MOST REPORTED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. DEVELOPING A NON-INVASION BIOMARKER TO DISTINGUISH METABOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (MASH) OR LIVER FIBROSIS IS ONGOING. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED AND DISCUSSED THE LATEST PROGRESS IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS OF NAFLD/MAFLD, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE POTENTIAL CLUES FOR MAFLD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  4256  31 METHYLOMIC MARKERS OF PERSISTENT CHILDHOOD ASTHMA: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ASTHMA-DISCORDANT MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER IN CHILDREN. THE AETIOLOGY OF ASTHMA PATHOLOGY IS COMPLEX AND HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS, INVOLVING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS THAT IS HYPOTHESIZED TO INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. OUR AIM WAS TO EXPLORE WHETHER METHYLOMIC VARIATION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISCORDANCE FOR ASTHMA SYMPTOMS WITHIN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWIN PAIRS RECRUITED FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK (E-RISK) LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDY. WE ALSO AIMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA THAT DEVELOPS IN CHILDHOOD AND PERSISTS INTO EARLY ADULTHOOD AS THESE MAY REPRESENT USEFUL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. RESULTS: WE EXAMINED GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION IN BUCCAL CELL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 37 MZ TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT FOR ASTHMA AT AGE 10. DNA METHYLATION AT INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT VARIABILITY WITHIN DISCORDANT MZ TWIN PAIRS WITH THE TOP-RANKED NOMINALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITION (DMP) LOCATED IN THE HGSNAT GENE. WE STRATIFIED OUR ANALYSIS BY ASSESSING DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES IN A SUB-GROUP OF MZ TWIN PAIRS WHO REMAINED PERSISTENTLY DISCORDANT FOR ASTHMA AT AGE 18. THE TOP-RANKED NOMINALLY SIGNIFICANT DMP ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTING ASTHMA IS LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE HLX GENE, WHICH HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY IMPLICATED IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN PERIPHERAL DNA SAMPLES FROM DISCORDANT MZ TWIN PAIRS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA WHICH PERSISTS INTO EARLY ADULTHOOD ARE DISTINCT FROM THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA WHICH REMITS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  2512  36 EPIGENETICS AND PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR AUTOIMMUNITY. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS BASED UPON THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. RECENT GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED DOZENS OF PREDISPOSING VARIANTS INCLUDING HLA, IL12A, AND CTLA4 BUT HAVE BEEN DISAPPOINTED IN IDENTIFYING A "SMOKING GUN." THESE DISCOVERIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GENETIC BACKGROUND INVOLVED IN IMMUNOLOGICAL DYSREGULATION. ALTHOUGH CONCORDANCE RATE OF PBC IN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS IS AMONG THE HIGHEST REPORTED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCOMPLETE DISEASE CONCORDANCE IN TWINS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE DISEASE AND WHY MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE. AS A RESULT, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WHICH CONVERT SIGNALS INDICATING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES INTO DYNAMIC AND HERITABLE ALTERATIONS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL POTENTIAL, ARE GETTING INCREASED ATTENTION BY RESEARCHERS IN BOTH BASIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES. AMONG EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THE INSTABILITY AND SKEWED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE X CHROMOSOME MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE FEMALE PREPONDERANCE IN PBC. IN ADDITION, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF HISTONE MODIFICATION AND DNA METHYLATION UNDERSCORES POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNIQUES ARE BEING USED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE ATTEMPT TO OUTLINE RECENT PROGRESS REGARDING EPIGENETICS IN PBC AND OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  5222  21 PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: FAMILY STORIES. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY WHICH AFFECTS MOSTLY WOMEN IN MIDDLE AGE. FAMILIAL PBC IS WHEN PBC AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE MEMBER OF THE SAME FAMILY, AND DATA SUGGEST THAT FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES OF PBC PATIENTS HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE. MOST OFTEN, THESE FAMILIAL CLUSTERS INVOLVE MOTHER-DAUGHTER PAIRS, WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH THE FEMALE PREPONDERANCE OF THE DISEASE. THESE CLUSTERS PROVIDE EVIDENCE TOWARDS A GENETIC BASIS UNDERLYING PBC. HOWEVER, CLUSTERS OF NONRELATED INDIVIDUALS HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED, GIVING STRENGTH TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT. TWIN STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A HIGH CONCORDANCE FOR PBC IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS AND A LOW CONCORDANCE AMONG DIZYGOTIC TWINS. IN CONCLUSION, STUDIES OF PBC IN FAMILIES CLEARLY DEMONSTRATE THAT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17   972  44 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN BAL LUNG CELLS. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC PULMONARY OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE (COPD) MIGHT OFFER NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. TO ASSESS METHYLATION PROFILES IN THE MAIN COPD TARGET ORGAN, WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY ON BAL CELLS. BRONCHOSCOPIES WERE PERFORMED IN 18 SUBJECTS WITH COPD AND 15 CONTROL SUBJECTS (EX- AND CURRENT SMOKERS). DNA METHYLATION WAS MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP KIT, COVERING MORE THAN 850,000 CPGS. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) WERE EXAMINED FOR 1) ENRICHMENT IN PATHWAYS AND FUNCTIONAL GENE RELATIONSHIPS USING THE KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES AND GENE ONTOLOGY, 2) ACCELERATED AGING USING HORVATH'S EPIGENETIC CLOCK, 3) CORRELATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION, AND 4) COLOCALIZATION WITH GENETIC VARIATION. WE FOUND 1,155 BONFERRONI-SIGNIFICANT (P < 6.74 X 10(-8)) DMPS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD, MANY WITH LARGE EFFECT SIZES. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE PATHWAYS AND GENE RELATIONSHIPS, INCLUDING ENRICHMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVITY. STRONG CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE BUT NOT BETWEEN COPD AND ACCELERATED AGING. FOR 79 UNIQUE DMPS, DNA METHYLATION CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN BAL CELLS. THIRTY-NINE PERCENT OF DMPS WERE COLOCALIZED WITH COPD-ASSOCIATED SNPS. TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF COPD ON BAL CELLS, AND OUR ANALYSES REVEALED MANY DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES. INTEGRATION WITH MRNA DATA SHOWED A STRONG FUNCTIONAL READOUT FOR RELEVANT GENES, IDENTIFYING SITES WHERE DNA METHYLATION MIGHT DIRECTLY AFFECT EXPRESSION. ALMOST HALF OF DMPS WERE COLOCATED WITH SNPS IDENTIFIED IN PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF COPD, SUGGESTING JOINT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18   406  32 ANALYSIS OF FIVE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IDENTIFIES 27 NEW ASSOCIATIONS AND HIGHLIGHTS DISEASE-SPECIFIC PATTERNS AT SHARED LOCI. WE SIMULTANEOUSLY INVESTIGATED THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, CROHN'S DISEASE, PSORIASIS, PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS TO INVESTIGATE PLEIOTROPY AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE CLINICALLY RELATED DISEASES. USING HIGH-DENSITY GENOTYPE DATA FROM MORE THAN 86,000 INDIVIDUALS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY, WE IDENTIFIED 244 INDEPENDENT MULTIDISEASE SIGNALS, INCLUDING 27 NEW GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI AND 3 UNREPORTED SHARED RISK LOCI. COMPLEX PLEIOTROPY WAS SUPPORTED WHEN CONTRASTING MULTIDISEASE SIGNALS WITH EXPRESSION DATA SETS FROM HUMAN, RAT AND MOUSE TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC AND EXPRESSED ENHANCER PROFILES. THE COMORBIDITIES AMONG THE FIVE IMMUNE DISEASES WERE BEST EXPLAINED BY BIOLOGICAL PLEIOTROPY RATHER THAN HETEROGENEITY (A SUBGROUP OF CASES GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THOSE WITH ANOTHER DISEASE, POSSIBLY OWING TO DIAGNOSTIC MISCLASSIFICATION, MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OR EXCESSIVE COMORBIDITY). IN PARTICULAR, THE STRONG COMORBIDITY BETWEEN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IS LIKELY THE RESULT OF A UNIQUE DISEASE, WHICH IS GENETICALLY DISTINCT FROM CLASSICAL INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PHENOTYPES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19  1343  42 DETECTING CORD BLOOD CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS AND EARLY CHILDHOOD GROWTH. BACKGROUND: EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE PROVIDED OPPORTUNITIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, AN IMPORTANT LIMITATION OF CONVENTIONAL EWAS IS THAT PROFILES OF EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY ARE OFTEN OBTAINED IN SAMPLES OF MIXED CELL TYPES. HERE, WE AIM TO ASSESS WHETHER CHANGES IN CORD BLOOD DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) ASSOCIATED WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) EXPOSURE AND EARLY CHILDHOOD GROWTH MARKERS OCCUR IN A CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC MANNER. RESULTS: WE ANALYZED 275 CORD BLOOD SAMPLES COLLECTED AT DELIVERY FROM A PROSPECTIVE PRE-BIRTH COHORT WITH GENOME-WIDE DNAM PROFILED BY THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC ARRAY. WE ESTIMATED PROPORTIONS OF SEVEN COMMON CELL TYPES IN EACH SAMPLE USING A CORD BLOOD-SPECIFIC DNAM REFERENCE PANEL. LEVERAGING A RECENTLY DEVELOPED APPROACH NAMED CELLDMC, WE PERFORMED CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC EWAS TO IDENTIFY CPG LOCI SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH GDM, OR 3-YEAR-OLD BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) Z-SCORE. A TOTAL OF 1410 CPG LOCI DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANT CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION LEVEL BETWEEN 23 GDM CASES AND 252 CONTROLS WITH A FALSE DISCOVERY RATE < 0.05. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT LDL TRANSPORTATION EMERGED FROM CPG SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED FROM B-CELLS DNAM ANALYSES AND THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PATHWAY EMERGED FROM CPG SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED FROM NATURAL KILLER CELLS DNAM ANALYSES. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFIED FOUR AND SIX LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH 3-YEAR-OLD BMI Z-SCORE THAT WERE SPECIFIC TO CD8+ T-CELLS AND MONOCYTES, RESPECTIVELY. BY PERFORMING GENOME-WIDE PERMUTATION TESTS, WE VALIDATED THAT MOST OF OUR DETECTED SIGNALS HAD LOW FALSE POSITIVE RATES. CONCLUSION: COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL EWAS ADJUSTING FOR THE EFFECTS OF CELL TYPE HETEROGENEITY, THE PROPOSED APPROACH BASED ON CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC EWAS COULD PROVIDE ADDITIONAL BIOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CPG METHYLATION, PRENATAL MATERNAL GDM OR 3-YEAR-OLD BMI. WITH CAREFUL VALIDATION, THESE FINDINGS MAY PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS, PROGRAMMING, AND CONSEQUENCES OF RELATED CHILDHOOD METABOLIC DYSREGULATION. THEREFORE, WE PROPOSE THAT CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC ANALYSES ARE WORTH CAUTIOUS EXPLORATIONS.	2021	
                
20  3026  37 GENETICS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE: FUNCTIONAL GENETIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATING DISEASE HERITABILITY. BEHCET'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS. ALTHOUGH ITS ETIOLOGY REMAINS UNCLEAR, IT IS THOUGHT THAT BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATED VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. LARGE-SCALE GENETIC STUDIES PERFORMED TO DATE REVEALED 21 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE AT A GWAS LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (P-VALUE = 5 X 10(-8)). WE PERFORMED EPIGENETIC PATTERN ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IN BEHCET'S DISEASE ASSOCIATED LOCI, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OUR DATA SUGGEST THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL IMMUNE CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NATURAL KILLER CELLS, MONOCYTES, AND B CELLS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED. USING LARGE-SCALE GENETIC DATA AVAILABLE FROM ~200 IMMUNE-RELATED LOCI (IMMUNOCHIP), WE ESTIMATE BEHCET'S DISEASE HERITABILITY TO BE AT LEAST 16%. WE FURTHER USED THE SAME APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE HERITABILITY EXPLAINED BY THE KNOWN BEHCET'S DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, SUGGESTING THAT THEY EXPLAIN ~ 60% OF THE GENETIC COMPONENT UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN CAUSING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND THAT ADDITIONAL GENETIC VARIATION INFLUENCING THE RISK OF BEHCET'S DISEASE REMAINS TO BE IDENTIFIED. FINALLY, WE CALCULATED A CUMULATIVE GENETIC RISK SCORE ACROSS POPULATIONS REINFORCING THE LINK BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN DISEASE PREVALENCE WITH ITS GENETIC COMPONENT.	2021