1  5331 229 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER IN GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF DYSFUNCTION. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A COMPLEX, IDIOPATHIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. IT IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS AND MANIFESTS MORE OFTEN THAN NOT WITH BOTH MOTOR AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT, ALTHOUGH TICS ARE ITS CLINICAL HALLMARK. TICS THEMSELVES PRESENT WITH A COMPLEX PROFILE AS THEY CHARACTERISTICALLY WAX AND WANE AND ARE OFTEN PRECEDED BY PREMONITORY SOMATOSENSORY SENSATIONS TO WHICH IT IS SAID A TIC IS THE RESPONSE. HIGHLY COMORBID WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, IT IS PURPORTED TO BE AN EPIGENETIC, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM DISORDER WITH A COMPLEX GENETIC PROFILE. IT HAS A CHILDHOOD ONSET, OCCURS DISPROPORTIONATELY IN MALES, AND SHOWS SPONTANEOUS SYMPTOMATIC ATTENUATION BY ADULTHOOD IN THE MAJORITY OF THOSE AFFLICTED. ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, ITS NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS IS LINKED TO DYSFUNCTION IN THE CORTICO-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMO-CORTICAL NETWORK. TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME INCLUDE BEHAVIORAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, BUT THERE IS PRESENTLY NO CURE FOR THE DISORDER. FOR THOSE SEVERELY AFFECTED, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) HAS RECENTLY BECOME A VIABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION. A KEY FACTOR TO ATTAINING OPTIMAL RESULTS FROM THIS SURGERY IS TARGET SELECTION, A TOPIC STILL UNDER DEBATE DUE TO THE COMPLEX CLINICAL PROFILE PRESENTED BY GTS PATIENTS. DEPENDING ON ITS PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION AND THE MOST PROBLEMATIC ASPECT OF THE DISORDER FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, ONE OF THREE BRAIN REGIONS IS MOST COMMONLY CHOSEN FOR STIMULATION: THE THALAMUS, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, OR NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF INTRA- AND POST-OPERATIVE HUMAN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM CLINICAL DBS STUDIES SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN TIC BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE THALAMUS AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS. IN PARTICULAR, CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM THE THALAMUS HAVE SHOWN A CORRELATION BETWEEN SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND (1) SPECTRAL ACTIVITY IN GAMMA BAND POWER AND (2) THETA/GAMMA CROSS FREQUENCY COHERENCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST GAMMA OSCILLATIONS AND THETA/GAMMA CROSS CORRELATION DYNAMICS MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR DYSFUNCTION. WHILE ACUTE AND CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDERGOING DBS HAVE PROVIDED BETTER INSIGHT INTO TIC GENESIS AND THE NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME, THESE STUDIES ARE STILL SPARSE AND THE FIELD WOULD GREATLY BENEFIT FROM FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW REPORTS DATA AND DISCOVERIES OF SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS AND PROVIDES UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOMECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME. IT GIVES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND ADDRESSES OPEN QUESTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  1946  51 EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A CHROMOSOME 18(Q21-Q22) INVERSION AND A GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME PHENOTYPE. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME (GTS) IS A POTENTIALLY DEBILITATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF BOTH VOCAL AND MOTOR TICS. DESPITE EVIDENCE THAT THIS AND A RELATED PHENOTYPIC SPECTRUM, INCLUDING CHRONIC TICS (CT) AND OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD), ARE GENETICALLY MEDIATED, NO GENE INVOLVED IN DISEASE ETIOLOGY HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES HAVE LONG BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN ISOLATED CASES OF GTS SPECTRUM PHENOMENA, BUT CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS YET TO BE FORTHCOMING. WE DESCRIBE AN I(18Q21.1-Q22.2) INVERSION IN A PATIENT WITH CT AND OCD. WE HAVE FINE MAPPED THE TELOMERIC ASPECT OF THE REARRANGEMENT TO WITHIN 1 MB OF A PREVIOUSLY REPORTED 18Q22 BREAKPOINT THAT COSEGREGATED IN A FAMILY WITH GTS AND RELATED PHENOTYPES. A COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THIS GENOMIC INTERVAL LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO TRANSCRIPTS, NEITHER OF WHICH WAS FOUND TO BE STRUCTURALLY DISRUPTED. ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION DEMONSTRATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN REPLICATION ASYNCHRONY IN THE PATIENT COMPARED TO CONTROLS, WITH THE INVERTED CHROMOSOME SHOWING DELAYED REPLICATION TIMING ACROSS AT LEAST A 500-KB INTERVAL. THESE FINDINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH LONG-RANGE FUNCTIONAL DYSREGULATION OF ONE OR MORE GENES IN THE REGION. OUR DATA SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GTS AND SUGGEST THAT THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF BALANCED CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS IS WARRANTED IN PATIENTS WITH PHENOTYPES OF INTEREST, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE FINDINGS REGARDING STRUCTURALLY DISRUPTED TRANSCRIPTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  6827  36 [GILLES DE LA TOURETTE'S DISEASE. SYMPTOMS, ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES]. THE GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A USUALLY CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WITH AN EARLY CHILDHOOD ONSET FEATURING MAINLY MOTOR AND VOCAL TICS. IT SEEMS THAT STRONG GENETIC FACTORS MAKE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS DISORDER, BUT THERE ARE ALSO CLUES THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TOURETTE'S SYNDROME, SUCH AS MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY, BIRTH COMPLICATIONS AND HORMONAL INFLUENCES. FIRST IN LINE FOR ADEQUATE TREATMENT ARE NEUROLEPTIC COMPOUNDS OF HIGH POTENCY, BESIDES, SEVERAL OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS HAVE SHOWN SOME THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. LESS EVIDENT IS THE EFFICACY OF NEUROSURGICAL AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	1997	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4491  41 MONOSOMY 7 MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS. LOSS OF CONSTITUTIONAL HETEROZYGOSITY IS A COMMON MOLECULAR FEATURE OF CANCERS IN WHICH INACTIVATION OF ONE OR MORE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO TUMORIGENESIS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1 (NF-1), BELONGS TO THIS CLASS OF HERITABLE CANCER GENES. CHILDREN WITH NF-1 SHOW AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JUVENILE CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (JCML) AND, PERHAPS, THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME (MPS) ASSOCIATED WITH BONE MARROW MONOSOMY 7 (MO 7). WE HAVE INVESTIGATED FIVE CHILDREN WITH MO 7: THREE WITH NF-1 AND TWO OTHERS WITH SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF NF-1. SOUTHERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN FOUR PATIENTS SHOWED NO LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN BONE MARROW SPECIMENS USING PROBES LINKED TO THE NF-1 LOCUS ON THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 17. BOTH OF OUR PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL NF-1 INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AS DID 14 OF 19 OTHER CASES OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH FAMILIAL NF-1. SEVENTEEN OF THESE 21 CHILDREN WERE BOYS. MYELOID LEUKEMIA DEVELOPED IN 12 BOYS AND FOUR GIRLS WHO INHERITED NF-1 FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AND IN FIVE BOYS WHO INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR FATHERS. FATHER-TO-DAUGHTER TRANSMISSION WAS NOT OBSERVED. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE PRESENCE OF CHROMOSOME 7 DELETIONS IN THE LEUKEMIAS OF CHILDREN WITH NF-1, A PATTERN OF INHERITANCE FAVORING MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF NF-1, AND THE MARKED PREDILECTION FOR BOYS TO DEVELOP JCML AND MO 7 SUGGEST A MULTISTEP MECHANISM OF ONCOGENESIS IN WHICH EPIGENETIC FACTORS MIGHT PLAY A ROLE. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO DETERMINE IF THE NF-1 GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC BONE MARROWS OF THESE PATIENTS HAVE ACQUIRED POINT MUTATIONS OR SMALL DELETIONS.	1992	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  6457  65 TIC DISORDERS: WHEN HABIT FORMING NEURAL SYSTEMS FORM HABITS OF THEIR OWN? TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS), OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) AND RELATED CONDITIONS ARE PREVALENT DISORDERS AFFECTING AS MANY AS 0.3-3% OF THE POPULATION. THEY ARE FREQUENTLY CHRONIC AND CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH MARKED IMPAIRMENT AND DISABILITY. ALTHOUGH CLINICAL CARE HAS IMPROVED OVER THE PAST DECADE, A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PATIENTS FAIL TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY OR EXPERIENCE INTOLERABLE SIDE EFFECTS. THE ETIOLOGY OF THESE DISORDERS IS UNKNOWN. COMPELLING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP TS AND OCD IS MEDIATED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THAT NEURAL SYSTEMS LOCATED IN THE BASAL GANGLIA AND FUNCTIONALLY RELATED BRAIN STRUCTURES ARE INVOLVED IN THEIR PATHOGENESIS. BASED ON EXPLICIT MODELS OF PATHOGENESIS FOR TS AND OCD AND BUILDING ON WORK ACCOMPLISHED OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, AN ARRAY OF CLINICAL, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL, GENETIC, NEUROIMAGING, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND TREATMENT STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED OR ARE UNDERWAY AT THE CHILD STUDY CENTER AT YALE UNIVERSITY. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM OF INVESTIGATORS HAS JOINED FORCES TO TEST SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION AND TRANSLATION OF BASIC AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. ALL SUBJECTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED USING IDENTICAL CLINICAL, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL, GENETIC, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES. CURRENT CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF TS HAVE BEEN SHAPED BY ADVANCES IN CLINICAL PHENOMENOLOGY, GENETICS, SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE AND THE EMERGING UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THE BASAL GANGLIA IN IMPLICIT LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION, NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY. AN APPRECIATION OF THE PREMONITORY URGES THAT PRECEDE TICS AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF TICS HAVE PROVIDED USEFUL VIEWPOINTS FROM WHICH TO REGARD THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TS. WHILE THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF TS CAN BE RELATIVELY BENIGN, THE PRESENCE OF COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD), OCD OR A MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDER CAN HAVE LASTING UNTOWARD CONSEQUENCES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN TS WILL DOUBTLESS POINT IN NEW THERAPEUTIC DIRECTIONS FOR TREATMENT, AS WILL THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PUTATIVE AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS ACTIVE IN SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS. CONTINUED SUCCESS IN FUNCTIONAL IN VIVO NEUROIMAGING STUDIES WILL LEAD TO THE TARGETING OF SPECIFIC BRAIN CIRCUITS FOR MORE INTENSIVE STUDY. ALTHOUGH IDEAL ANTI-TIC THERAPIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE, RECENTLY COMPLETED CLINICAL TRIALS WITH ALPHA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS AND ATYPICAL NEUROLEPTICS ARE ENCOURAGING. GIVEN THESE DEVELOPMENTS, TS CAN BE CONSIDERED A MODEL DISORDER TO STUDY THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY OF GENETIC VULNERABILITIES, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ACTIVE DURING EARLY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS UTILIZED IN THESE STUDIES AND MANY OF THE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS RESULTING FROM THEM, WILL BE RELEVANT TO OTHER DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD ONSET AND TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                             
6  2105  40 EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF THE OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR GENE IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER THAT AFFECTS UP TO 3% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION. ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE IN NEURODEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH OCD HAVE RARELY BEEN INVESTIGATED. OXYTOCIN IS A NEUROPEPTIDE INVOLVED IN NEUROBEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS. OXYTOCIN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGULATION OF COMPLEX SOCIO-COGNITIVE PROCESSES SUCH AS ATTACHMENT, SOCIAL EXPLORATION, AND SOCIAL RECOGNITION, AS WELL AS ANXIETY AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED BEHAVIORS. OXYTOCIN HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OCD, ALBEIT INCONSISTENTLY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION IN TWO TARGETS SEQUENCES LOCATED IN THE EXON III OF THE OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR GENE (OXTR), IN OCD PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE USED BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO QUANTIFY DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 42 OCD PATIENTS AND 31 HEALTHY CONTROLS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE LEVEL OF METHYLATION OF THE CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE SITES IN TWO TARGETS SEQUENCES ANALYZED WAS GREATER IN THE OCD PATIENTS THAN IN THE CONTROLS. THE HIGHER METHYLATION IN THE OCD PATIENTS CORRELATED WITH OCD SEVERITY. WE MEASURED DNA METHYLATION IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD, WHICH PREVENTED US FROM DRAWING ANY CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROCESSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CONCLUSION: TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION OF THE OXTR IN OCD. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE ROLES THAT DNA METHYLATION AND OXYTOCIN PLAY IN OCD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  6742  53 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  6743  59 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	

9  2209  31 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: WHAT DO WE KNOW? OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC, SEVERE DISABLING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS NOT YET WELL DEFINED. GENERALLY, THE SYMPTOM ONSET OCCURS DURING PRE-ADULT LIFE AND AFFECTS SUBJECTS IN DIFFERENT LIFE ASPECTS, INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. ALTHOUGH ROBUST EVIDENCE INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF OCD, THE ENTIRELY MECHANISMS ARE NOT TOTALLY CLARIFIED. THUS, THE POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SHOULD BE SOUGHT. THEREFORE, WE PROVIDE A REVIEW OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RELATED TO OCD WITH A DEEP FOCUS ON THE REGULATION OF CRITICAL GENES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SEEKING POSSIBLE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  4848  39 OPIOID-INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY OF MEDIUM-SPINY NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING CLINICAL CONDITION WITH TREMENDOUS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAT FREQUENTLY PERSISTS, DESPITE TREATMENT, DUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC VULNERABILITIES. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE VULNERABILITIES MAY HAVE NEUROCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND MOLECULAR BASES. KEY NEUROPLASTIC EVENTS WITHIN THE MESOCORTICOLIMBIC SYSTEM THAT EMERGE THROUGH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS MAY HAVE A DETERMINATIVE INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH OUD. IN PARTICULAR, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE DENDRITIC SPINES OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND ITS DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) ARE BELIEVED TO FACILITATE THESE BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE. ADDITIONALLY, GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS FROM THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA, THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THE THALAMUS PROJECT TO THESE SAME MSNS, PROVIDING AN ENRICHED TARGET FOR SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HERE, WE REVIEW LITERATURE RELATED TO NEUROADAPTATIONS IN NAC MSNS FROM DOPAMINERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC PATHWAYS IN OUD. WE ALSO DESCRIBE NEW FINDINGS RELATED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN MSN PLASTICITY IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OUD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  1050  34 CLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED TO REFRACTORY OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. SOME PATIENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) EXHIBIT AN UNSATISFACTORY REDUCTION IN SYMPTOM SEVERITY DESPITE BEING TREATED WITH ALL THE AVAILABLE THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES. THE CLINICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS IN OCD ARE INCONSISTENTLY DESCRIBED IN THE LITERATURE. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS OF PATIENTS WITH OCD, WE CONDUCTED A CASE-CONTROL STUDY, COMPARING 23 PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORY OCD TO 26 PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-RESPONDING OCD. RESULTS: THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH REFRACTORINESS OF OCD WERE HIGHER SEVERITY OF SYMPTOMS SINCE THE ONSET OF OCD (P<0.001), CHRONIC COURSE (P=0.003), LACK OF A PARTNER (P=0.037), UNEMPLOYMENT (P=0.025), LOW ECONOMIC STATUS (P=0.015), PRESENCE OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS OF SEXUAL/RELIGIOUS CONTENT (P=0.043), AND HIGHER SCORES ON FAMILY ACCOMMODATION (P<0.001). ONLY THE THREE LATTER VARIABLES REMAINED SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS AFTER REGRESSION ANALYSES. LIMITATIONS: SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE BIASES AND DRAWBACKS INHERENT TO A CASE-CONTROL STUDY, AND THE INCLUSION CRITERIA USED TO DEFINE THE STUDY GROUPS MAY HAVE LIMITED THE GENERALISATION OF THE RESULTS. CONCLUSION: A MAJOR STRENGTH OF THIS STUDY IS THE SYSTEMATIC AND STRUCTURED EVALUATION OF A VAST ARRAY OF VARIABLES RELATED TO THE CLINICAL EXPRESSION OF OCD, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND RATINGS DERIVED FROM INSTRUMENTS EVALUATING FAMILY ACCOMMODATION. THE PRESENCE OF SEXUAL/RELIGIOUS SYMPTOMS, LOW ECONOMIC STATUS AND HIGH MODIFICATION ON FAMILY FUNCTION DUE TO OCD WERE INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS. FUTURE LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO VERIFY IF THESE VARIABLES REPRESENT PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF TREATMENT NON-RESPONSE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12   107  46 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  4632  36 NEUROIMAGING GENETIC APPROACHES TO POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER. NEUROIMAGING GENETIC STUDIES THAT ASSOCIATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION WITH NEURAL ACTIVITY OR STRUCTURE PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY TO LINK GENES TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, OFTEN BEFORE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IS DISCERNABLE IN BEHAVIOR. HERE WE REVIEW NEUROIMAGING GENETICS STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO HAVE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD). RESULTS SHOW THAT GENES RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND ACTIVITY, NEUROENDOCRINE RELEASE), LEARNING AND MEMORY (E.G., PLASTICITY), MOOD, AND PAIN PERCEPTION ARE TIED TO NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH PTSD. THESE GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AND SOMETIMES PREDICT NEURAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AREAS INVOLVED IN ATTENTION, EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, MEMORY, DECISION-MAKING, EMOTION REGULATION, SALIENCE OF POTENTIAL THREATS, AND PAIN PERCEPTION. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THESE RISK POLYMORPHISMS AND NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ARE VULNERABILITIES TOWARD DEVELOPING PTSD IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMA, OR VULNERABILITIES TOWARD PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS ONCE PTSD HAS DEVELOPED. WORK DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND DISSOCIATIVE SUB-TYPES OF PTSD, AND EXAMINING OTHER PTSD SYMPTOM CLUSTERS IN ADDITION TO THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND HYPERAROUSAL SYMPTOMS, WILL FURTHER CLARIFY NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND INCONSISTENT FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, AN EXCITING POSSIBILITY IS THAT GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH PTSD MAY EVENTUALLY BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES OF NEURAL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, POSSIBLY UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT SYMPTOM CLUSTERS SEEN WITHIN PTSD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14   244  39 ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), ENVIRONMENT, EXPOSOME AND EPIGENETICS: A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE OF POSTNATAL NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AIS WITH CONSIDERATION OF A NETWORK APPROACH AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL THERAPY. GENETIC FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS). DISCORDANT FINDINGS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS WITH AIS SHOW THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ETIOLOGY, BUT WHAT THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE IS UNKNOWN. RECENT EVIDENCE FOR COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES MAY UNDERLIE MZ TWIN DISCORDANCE, AND BE THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OPERATING AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GENOME AND ENVIRONMENT TO REGULATE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. THE WORD EXPOSOME REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES FROM CONCEPTION ONWARDS, COMPRISING FACTORS IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE WORD EXPOSOME IS USED HERE ALSO IN RELATION TO PHYSIOLOGIC AND ETIOPATHOGENETIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND MAY INDUCE THE DEFORMITY OF AIS. IN NORMAL POSTNATAL SPINAL GROWTH WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT, PHYSIOLOGIC GROWTH-PLATE EXPOSOME FOR THE NORMAL PROCESSES PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT MAY HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE. IN AIS, WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC SCOLIOGENIC EXPOSOME FOR THE ABNORMAL PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR PATHWAYS PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CURRENTLY EXPRESSED AS ETIOPATHOGENETIC HYPOTHESES; THESE ARE SUGGESTED TO HAVE DEFORMING EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE AT CELL, TISSUE, STRUCTURE AND/OR ORGAN LEVELS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EPIGENETIC. NEW RESEARCH IS REQUIRED FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION IN AIS SUBJECTS AND VERTEBRAL GROWTH PLATES EXCISED AT SURGERY. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION IS NEEDED FOR A POSSIBLE NETWORK APPROACH TO ETIOPATHOGENESIS BY CONSTRUCTING AIS DISEASOMES. THESE APPROACHES MAY LEAD THROUGH SCREENING, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, METABOLIC PHENOTYPES AND PHARMACOGENOMIC RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK AND MODULATE ABNORMAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF AIS. THE POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC-BASED MEDICAL THERAPY FOR AIS CANNOT BE ASSESSED AT PRESENT, AND MUST AWAIT NEW RESEARCH DERIVED FROM THE EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS OF SPINAL GROWTH IN HEALTH AND DEFORMITY. THE TENETS OUTLINED HERE FOR AIS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH DISORDERS INCLUDING INFANTILE AND JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  4647  52 NEUROPEPTIDE AND SMALL TRANSMITTER COEXISTENCE: FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES AND RELEVANCE TO MENTAL ILLNESS. NEUROPEPTIDES ARE AUXILIARY MESSENGER MOLECULES THAT ALWAYS CO-EXIST IN NERVE CELLS WITH ONE OR MORE SMALL MOLECULE (CLASSIC) NEUROTRANSMITTERS. NEUROPEPTIDES ACT BOTH AS TRANSMITTERS AND TROPHIC FACTORS, AND PLAY A ROLE PARTICULARLY WHEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CHALLENGED, AS BY INJURY, PAIN OR STRESS. HERE NEUROPEPTIDES AND COEXISTENCE IN MAMMALS ARE REVIEWED, BUT WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE 29/30 AMINO ACID GALANIN AND ITS THREE RECEPTORS GALR1, -R2 AND -R3. IN PARTICULAR, GALANIN'S ROLE AS A CO-TRANSMITTER IN BOTH RODENT AND HUMAN NORADRENERGIC LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) NEURONS IS ADDRESSED. EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THE GALANIN SYSTEM IN DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THESE RESULTS WAS TESTED BY STUDYING THE GALANIN SYSTEM IN POSTMORTEM HUMAN BRAINS, FIRST IN NORMAL BRAINS, AND THEN IN A COMPARISON OF FIVE REGIONS OF BRAINS OBTAINED FROM DEPRESSED PEOPLE WHO COMMITTED SUICIDE, AND FROM MATCHED CONTROLS. THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALANIN AND THE FOUR GALANIN SYSTEM TRANSCRIPTS IN THE NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN WAS DETERMINED, AND SELECTIVE AND PARALLEL CHANGES IN LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTS AND DNA METHYLATION FOR GALANIN AND ITS THREE RECEPTORS WERE ASSESSED IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS WHO COMMITTED SUICIDE: UPREGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTS, E.G., FOR GALANIN AND GALR3 IN LC, PARALLELED BY A DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT, WHEN EXPOSED TO SEVERE STRESS, THE NORADRENERGIC LC NEURONS FIRE IN BURSTS AND RELEASE GALANIN FROM THEIR SOMA/DENDRITES. GALANIN THEN ACTS ON SOMATO-DENDRITIC, INHIBITORY GALANIN AUTORECEPTORS, OPENING POTASSIUM CHANNELS AND INHIBITING FIRING. THE PURPOSE OF THESE AUTORECEPTORS IS TO ACT AS A 'BRAKE' TO PREVENT OVEREXCITATION, A BRAKE THAT IS ALSO PART OF RESILIENCE TO STRESS THAT PROTECTS AGAINST DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION THEN ARISES WHEN THE INHIBITION IS TOO STRONG AND LONG LASTING - A MALADAPTION, ALLOSTATIC LOAD, LEADING TO DEPLETION OF NA LEVELS IN THE FOREBRAIN. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT DISINHIBITION BY A GALANIN ANTAGONIST MAY HAVE ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY BY RESTORING FOREBRAIN NA LEVELS. A ROLE OF GALANIN IN DEPRESSION IS ALSO SUPPORTED BY A RECENT CANDIDATE GENE STUDY, SHOWING THAT VARIANTS IN GENES FOR GALANIN AND ITS THREE RECEPTORS CONFER INCREASED RISK OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN PEOPLE WHO EXPERIENCED CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY OR RECENT NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS. IN SUMMARY, GALANIN, A NEUROPEPTIDE COEXISTING IN LC NEURONS, MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESILIENCE AGAINST A SERIOUS AND COMMON DISORDER, MDD. EXISTING AND FURTHER RESULTS MAY LEAD TO AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THIS ILLNESS DEVELOPS, WHICH IN TURN COULD PROVIDE A BASIS FOR ITS TREATMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  3606  44 IMPROVING TREATMENT OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON PRECLINICAL STUDIES. INTRODUCTION: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (NDDS) ARE COMMON AND SEVERELY DEBILITATING. THEIR CHRONIC NATURE AND RELIANCE ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAKES STUDYING NDDS AND THEIR TREATMENT A CHALLENGING TASK. AREAS COVERED: HEREIN, THE AUTHORS DISCUSS THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NDDS, AND PRESENT RECOMMENDATIONS ON THEIR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY, OUTLINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL STRESS AND BEHAVIOR SOCIETY. VARIOUS DRUGS CURRENTLY PRESCRIBED TO TREAT NDDS ALSO REPRESENT A HIGHLY DIVERSE GROUP. ACTING ON VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTER AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, THESE DRUGS OFTEN LACK SPECIFICITY OF ACTION, AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT MULTIPLE OTHER PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS. THERE HAS ALSO BEEN RELATIVELY LITTLE PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MEDICATIONS TO TREAT NDDS. BASED ON CLINICAL, PRECLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MODELS OF NDDS, OUR RECOMMENDATIONS COVER A WIDE RANGE OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND CONCEPTUAL STRATEGIES. EXPERT OPINION: TO IMPROVE PHARMACOTHERAPY AND DRUG DISCOVERY FOR NDDS, WE NEED A STRONGER EMPHASIS ON TARGETING MULTIPLE ENDOPHENOTYPES, A BETTER DISSECTION OF GENETIC/EPIGENETIC FACTORS OR "HIDDEN HERITABILITY," AND A CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL/TROPHIC ROLES OF BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS. THE VALIDITY OF ANIMAL NDD MODELS CAN BE IMPROVED THROUGH DISCOVERY OF NOVEL (BEHAVIORAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMAGING) BIOMARKERS, APPLYING PROPER ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT, WIDENING THE SPECTRUM OF MODEL ORGANISMS, TARGETING DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF NDD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND COMORBID CONDITIONS BEYOND TRADITIONAL NDDS. WHILE THESE RECOMMENDATIONS CANNOT BE ADDRESSED ALL IN ONCE, OUR INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF NDD PATHOBIOLOGY MAY TRIGGER INNOVATIVE CROSS-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH EXPANDING BEYOND TRADITIONAL METHODS AND CONCEPTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  6266  29 THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUICIDE. THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL POSITS THAT SUICIDE IS THE RESULT OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE-DEPENDENT (ENVIRONMENTAL) STRESSORS AND A TRAIT-LIKE DIATHESIS OR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR, INDEPENDENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. FINDINGS FROM POST-MORTEM STUDIES OF THE BRAIN AND FROM GENOMIC AND IN-VIVO NEUROIMAGING STUDIES INDICATE A BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THIS DIATHESIS, INDICATING THE IMPORTANCE OF NEUROBIOLOGICAL SCREENING AND INTERVENTIONS, IN ADDITION TO COGNITIVE AND MOOD INTERVENTIONS, IN THE PREVENTION OF SUICIDE. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT EXPLAIN SOME OF THE LINK BETWEEN SUICIDE RISK AND BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY ABNORMALITIES. RESULTS FROM A RANGE OF STUDIES USING DIVERSE DESIGNS AND POST-MORTEM AND IN-VIVO TECHNIQUES SHOW IMPAIRMENTS OF THE SEROTONIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEM AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS STRESS-RESPONSE SYSTEM IN THE DIATHESIS FOR SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR. THESE IMPAIRMENTS MANIFEST AS IMPAIRED COGNITIVE CONTROL OF MOOD, PESSIMISM, REACTIVE AGGRESSIVE TRAITS, IMPAIRED PROBLEM SOLVING, OVER-REACTIVITY TO NEGATIVE SOCIAL SIGNS, EXCESSIVE EMOTIONAL PAIN, AND SUICIDAL IDEATION, LEADING TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THE DIATHESIS MIGHT HELP TO INFORM RISK-ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT CHOICE IN THE PREVENTION OF SUICIDE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  1722  33 DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEMS IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD OR DEPRESSION) IS A DEBILITATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYNDROME WITH GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC DISEASE BURDEN; IT AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE IN SIX INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. A WIDE ARRAY OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS A VARIETY OF NEURONAL PROCESSES AND CIRCUITS UNDERLIE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION-NO ESTABLISHED MECHANISM CAN EXPLAIN ALL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE. MDD SUFFERS FROM A VAST TREATMENT GAP WORLDWIDE, AND LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REQUIRE TREATMENT DO NOT RECEIVE ADEQUATE CARE. THIS MINI-REVIEW FOCUSES ON DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE (DA) SYSTEMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MDD AND DESCRIBING NEW CELLULAR TARGETS FOR POTENTIAL MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT FOCUSED ON DA-MODULATED MICRO-CIRCUITS. WE ALSO EXPLORE HOW NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS MAY MODIFY RISK FOR LATER EMERGENCE OF MDD, POSSIBLY THROUGH DOPAMINERGIC SUBSTRATES IN THE BRAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  5451  40 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20   265  54 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RECREATIONAL AND MEDICAL CANNABIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ADVERSE EFFECTS KNOWN TODAY ABOUT MARIJUANA, FOR EITHER MEDICAL OR RECREATIONAL USE. IT REVIEWS THE ROLE OF CANNABIS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN, COGNITIVE AND NEUROLOGICAL ADVERSE EFFECTS, SPECIAL CASES AND ADDICTION. RECENT FINDINGS: CANNABINOIDS WORK THROUGH THE ENDOCANNABINOIDS SYSTEM AND INHIBIT THE RELEASE OF GABA AND GLUTAMATE IN THE BRAIN, IMPACT NEUROMODULATION, AS WELL AS DOPAMINE, ACETYLCHOLINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE. THEY AFFECT REWARD, LEARNING AND PAIN. THE USE OF CANNABIS IS INCREASING NATIONALLY AND WORLD-WIDE FOR BOTH RECREATIONAL AND MEDICINAL PURPOSES, HOWEVER, THERE IS RELATIVELY ONLY LOW QUALITY EVIDENCE TO THE EFFICACY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THIS. CANNABIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES MAY BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THEY ARE VIA CB1 RECEPTORS THAT ARE THOUGHT TO MODULATE NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALS IN THE BRAIN. CB2 RECEPTORS IN THE DRG LIKELY AFFECT PAIN INTEGRATION IN THE AFFERENT PATHWAYS, AND PERIPHERALLY CB2 ALSO AFFECTS NORADRENERGIC PATHWAYS INFLUENCING PAIN. A LARGE PROPORTION OF USERS MAY SEE MORE THAN 50% OF CHRONIC PAIN ALLEVIATION COMPARED WITH PLACEBO. CANNABIS AFFECTS COGNITION, MOST NOTABLY EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, MEMORY AND ATTENTION, AND MAY DETERIORATE THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN EMOTIONAL AND EXECUTIVE PROCESSING. CANNABIS IMPAIRS MEMORY IN THE SHORT RUN, WHICH BECOME MORE SIGNIFICANT WITH CHRONIC USE, AND MAY ALSO BE ACCOMPANIED BY POORER EFFORT, SLOWER PROCESSING AND IMPACTED ATTENTION. IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT LONG-TERM USE AND EARLIER AGE ARE RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS; NEUROIMAGING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME AND DENSITY. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND MEMORY ARE WORSE IN ADOLESCENT USERS VERSUS ADULTS. CANNABIS ADDICTION IS DIFFERENT AND LIKELY LESS COMMON THAN OTHER ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES, BUT UP TO 10% OF USERS MEET CRITERIA FOR LIFETIME CANNABIS DEPENDENCE. ADDICTION PATTERNS MAY BE LINKED TO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES. IT IS STILL UNCLEAR WHETHER ABSTINENCE REVERSES PATTERNS OF ADDICTION, AND MORE RESEARCH IS REQUIRED INTO THIS TOPIC. SUMMARY: CANNABIS USE HAS BECOME MORE ABUNDANT FOR BOTH MEDICAL AND RECREATIONAL USE. IT CARRIES LIKELY BENEFITS IN THE FORM OF ANALGESIA, ANTI-EMESIS AND IMPROVED APPETITE IN CHRONIC PATIENTS. THE EVIDENCE REVIEWING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THIS USE ARE STILL LIMITED, HOWEVER, EXITING DATA POINTS TO A CLEAR LINK WITH NEUROCOGNITIVE DETERIORATION, BACKED BY LOSS OF BRAIN VOLUME AND DENSITY. ADDICTION IS LIKELY COMPLEX AND VARIABLE, AND NO GOOD DATA EXISTS TO SUPPORT TREATMENT AT THIS POINT. IT IS BECOMING CLEAR THAT USE IN EARLIER AGES CARRIES A HIGHER RISK FOR LONG-TERM DEFICITS. AS WITH ANY OTHER DRUG, THESE RISKS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ALONGSIDE BENEFITS PRIOR TO A DECISION ON CANNABIS USE.	2021