1  6166 166 THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM: A NEW DRUG TARGET IN NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS. GLUTATHIONE (GSH) HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SIGNALING AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES EITHER BY REACTING DIRECTLY WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN SPECIES OR BY ACTING AS AN ESSENTIAL COFACTOR FOR GSH S-TRANSFERASES AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES. GSH ACTING IN CONCERT WITH ITS DEPENDENT ENZYMES, KNOWN AS THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (ROS/RNS) AND ELECTROPHILES PRODUCED BY XENOBIOTICS. ADEQUATE LEVELS OF GSH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN GENERAL AND T CELL ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PARTICULAR. GSH IS A UBIQUITOUS REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE PER SE. GSH ALSO HAS CRUCIAL FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT, NEUROMODULATOR, NEUROTRANSMITTER, AND ENABLER OF NEURON SURVIVAL. DEPLETION OF GSH LEADS TO EXACERBATION OF DAMAGE BY OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS; HYPERNITROSYLATION; INCREASED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL; DYSFUNCTIONS OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORKS, E.G., P53, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND JANUS KINASES; DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND DNA SYNTHESIS; INACTIVATION OF COMPLEX I OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROME C AND THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY; BLOCKADE OF THE METHIONINE CYCLE; AND COMPROMISED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS SUCH, GSH DEPLETION HAS MARKED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS (O&NS) PATHWAYS, REGULATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL SURVIVAL AS WELL. GSH DEPLETION AND CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN O&NS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVERSE NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SUGGESTING THAT DEPLETED GSH IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE DISEASES. THERAPEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT AIM TO INCREASE GSH CONCENTRATIONS IN VIVO INCLUDE N-ACETYL CYSTEINE; NRF-2 ACTIVATION VIA HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY; DIMETHYL FUMARATE; PHYTOCHEMICALS, INCLUDING CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, AND CINNAMON; AND FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2   558  35 B-VITAMIN DEPENDENT METHIONINE METABOLISM AND ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. CONVINCING EVIDENCE LINKS ABERRANT B-VITAMIN DEPENDENT HEPATIC METHIONINE METABOLISM TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD). THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ESSENTIAL ROLES OF FOLATE AND VITAMINS B6 AND B12 IN HEPATIC METHIONINE METABOLISM, THE CAUSES OF THEIR DEFICIENCIES AMONG CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC PERSONS, AND HOW THEIR DEFICIENCIES TOGETHER WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPACT ON ABERRANT METHIONINE METABOLISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD. FOLATE IS THE DIETARY TRANSMETHYLATION DONOR FOR THE PRODUCTION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM), WHICH IS THE SUBSTRATE FOR ALL METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSIONS IN PATHWAYS OF LIVER INJURY, AS WELL AS A REGULATOR OF THE TRANSSULFURATION PATHWAY THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF GLUTATHIONE (GSH), THE PRINCIPAL ANTIOXIDANT FOR DEFENSE AGAINST OXIDATIVE LIVER INJURY. VITAMIN B12 REGULATES TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS FOR SAM PRODUCTION AND VITAMIN B6 REGULATES TRANSSULFURATION REACTIONS FOR GSH PRODUCTION. FOLATE DEFICIENCY ACCELERATES THE EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALD IN ETHANOL-FED ANIMALS WHILE REDUCING LIVER SAM LEVELS WITH RESULTANT ABNORMAL GENE EXPRESSION AND DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT GSH. THROUGH ITS EFFECTS ON FOLATE METABOLISM, REDUCED SAM ALSO IMPAIRS NUCLEOTIDE BALANCE WITH RESULTANT INCREASED DNA STRAND BREAKS, OXIDATION, HEPATOCELLULAR APOPTOSIS, AND RISK OF CARCINOGENESIS. THE REVIEW ENCOMPASSES REFERENCED STUDIES ON MECHANISMS FOR PERTURBATIONS OF METHIONINE METABOLISM IN ALD, EVIDENCE FOR ALTERED GENE EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD, AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON POTENTIAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ALD BY CORRECTION OF METHIONINE METABOLISM WITH SAM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3   495  33 ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES PERFORMED THUS FAR HAVE PRESENTED ONLY LIMITED EVIDENCE FOR THE CARCINOGENICITY OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TRI) TO HUMANS. HOWEVER, THESE STUDIES HAD DRAWBACKS SUCH AS INSUFFICIENT SIZE OF COHORT, SHORT OBSERVATION PERIOD, AND INADEQUATE TRI EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; THEREFORE, NO CONCRETE CONCLUSION HAS BEEN REACHED CONCERNING TRI CARCINOGENICITY TO HUMANS. DESPITE THE LIMITED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AS TO THE CARCINOGENICITY OF TRI, THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) HAS CHANGED THE CARCINOGENICITY CLASSIFICATION OF TRI FROM GROUP 3 (NOT CLASSIFIABLE AS TO CARCINOGENICITY TO HUMANS) TO GROUP 2A (PROBABLY CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS). IN REGARD TO THE NEW CLASSIFICATION BY THE IARC, THE COMMITTEE FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAS MADE A PROPOSAL THAT IT IS TOO EARLY TO CLASSIFY THE CARCINOGENICITY OF TRI AS GROUP 2A AND THAT IT IS PROPER TO PROMOTE EXPOSURE CONTROL WITH THE CARCINOGENICITY BEING CLASSIFIED AS 2B FOR THE MOMENT. THERE ARE SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN TRI CARCINOGENICITY, PARTICULARLY BETWEEN RATS AND MICE. ALTHOUGH EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE FOUND NO EVIDENCE THAT TRI INDUCES LIVER CANCER IN RATS, THERE IS AMPLE EVIDENCE THAT TRI PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER CANCER IN MICE, PARTICULARLY IN B6C3F1 MICE. THE CARCINOGENICITY OF TRI IN THIS STRAIN OF MICE MAY BE BASED ON AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM RATHER ON A GENOTOXIC MECHANISM AND THE LIVER CANCER MAY BE INDUCED ONLY AFTER TRI HAS BEEN INHALED FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME AT CONCENTRATIONS HIGH ENOUGH TO CAUSE CYTOTOXICITY. CONVERSELY, WITH NO REPORTS SHOWING TRI-INDUCED RENAL TUMORS IN MICE, THE POSSIBILITY HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT THIS CHEMICAL INDUCES SUCH TUMORS IN MALE RATS. THE SPECIES DIFFERENCES ARE MAINLY ACCOUNTED FOR BY DIFFERENCES IN THE METABOLISM OF TRI BETWEEN RATS AND MICE. FROM A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT TRI ITSELF IS NOT MUTAGENIC. HOWEVER, THE CONJUGATION OF TRI WITH GLUTATHIONE (GSH), A MINOR PATHWAY OF TRI METABOLISM, RESULTS IN MUTAGENIC METABOLITES IN THE KIDNEY OF RATS. THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF TRI IS NEUROTOXICITY BASED ON ITS ANESTHETIC ACTION. AN EXPOSURE TO EXTREMELY HIGH LEVELS OF TRI MAY CAUSE THE LIVER AND KIDNEY DISORDERS. REPEATED EXPOSURES TO HIGH LEVELS OF TRI MAY RESULT IN NEURO-, HEPATO-, AND/OR NEPHROTOXICITY. THE MAIN SYMPTOMS APPEARING AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE AT LOW LEVELS ARE NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES REPRESENTED BY SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS RELATING TO CENTRAL AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS, OR BY A LOWERED CONDUCTION VELOCITY OF THE NERVES OR A PROLONGED LATENCY OF THE NERVE RESPONSES. FOR THE PRESENT, IT IS REASONABLE TO USE THE NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS FOR ESTABLISHING THE REFERENCE VALUES OF TRI FOR BOTH WORK AND GENERAL ENVIRONMENTS. A VALUE OF 25 PPM (135 MG/M3) IS PROPOSED AS A REFERENCE VALUE FOR WORK ENVIRONMENTS, AND 25-50 PPB (135-270 MICROGRAMS/M3) FOR THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT (1/1,000 OF THE VALUE FOR WORK ENVIRONMENT).	1997	
                                
4   907  30 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE ALTERS OGG1 AND RAD51 EXPRESSIONS IN MICE: INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE (F) BEYOND THE PERMISSIBLE LIMIT (1.5 PPM) IS KNOWN TO CAUSE DETRIMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS BY INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED DNA DAMAGE OVERPOWERING THE DNA REPAIR MACHINERY. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE ASSESSED F INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS THROUGH MONITORING BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND LOOKED INTO THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC F EXPOSURE ON TWO CRUCIAL DNA REPAIR GENES OGG1 AND RAD51 HAVING IMPORTANT ROLE AGAINST ROS INDUCED DNA DAMAGES. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE EXPOSED SWISS ALBINO MICE TO AN ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE (15 PPM NAF) FOR 8 MONTHS. RESULTS REVEALED HISTOARCHITECTURAL DAMAGES IN LIVER, BRAIN, KIDNEY AND SPLEEN. DEPLETION OF GSH, INCREASE IN LIPID PEROXIDATION AND CATALASE ACTIVITY IN LIVER AND BRAIN CONFIRMED THE GENERATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. QRT-PCR RESULT SHOWED THAT EXPRESSIONS OF OGG1 AND RAD51 WERE ALTERED AFTER F EXPOSURE IN THE AFFECTED ORGANS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DOWNREGULATION OF RAD51. F-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE AND THE COMPROMISED DNA REPAIR MACHINERY TRIGGERED INTRINSIC PATHWAY OF APOPTOSIS IN LIVER AND BRAIN. THE PRESENT STUDY INDICATES THE POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION WITH F INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5   872  36 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  6456  34 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  4214  37 METHIONINE METABOLISM IN YUCATAN MINIATURE SWINE. METHIONINE IS AN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID WHICH WHEN NOT INCORPORATED INTO PROTEIN, CAN BE CONVERTED TO S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, THE UNIVERSAL METHYL DONOR IN OVER 200 TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS, WHICH INCLUDE CREATINE AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC) SYNTHESIS, AS WELL AS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION. FOLLOWING TRANSMETHYLATION, HOMOCYSTEINE IS FORMED, WHICH CAN BE CONVERTED TO CYSTEINE VIA TRANSSULFURATION OR REMETHYLATED TO METHIONINE BY RECEIVING A METHYL GROUP FROM FOLATE OR BETAINE. CHANGES TO METHYL GROUP AVAILABILITY IN UTERO CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN "FETAL PROGRAMMING", A PHENOMENON ASSOCIATED WITH POOR NUTRITION DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT PROGRAMMING CAN ALSO OCCUR IN THE NEONATE. OUR GLOBAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE VARIABILITY OF NUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN METHIONINE METABOLISM CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AND METHYL GROUP AVAILABILITY. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT NUTRIENTS THAT CONVERGE ON METHIONINE METABOLISM CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR ITS VARIOUS FUNCTIONS. IN THIS THESIS, WE USED INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTED (IUGR) PIGLETS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER A GLOBAL NUTRITIONAL INSULT IN UTERO CAN LEAD TO A PERTURBED METHIONINE METABOLISM. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT IUGR PIGLETS HAVE A LOWER CAPACITY TO DISPOSE OF HOMOCYSTEINE VIA BOTH TRANSSULFURATION AND REMETHYLATION PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS A LOWER INCORPORATION OF METHYL GROUPS INTO PC. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE OF THIS THESIS WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER VARIATION IN METHIONINE SUPPLY AND DEMAND CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATING EITHER ACUTE OR CHRONIC CREATINE SYNTHESIS LEADS TO LOWER METHYL INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN AND PC IN PIGS. FURTHERMORE, WHEN METHIONINE IS LIMITING, SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EITHER FOLATE OR BETAINE LEADS TO HIGHER METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. FINALLY, BECAUSE CREATINE IS INCREASINGLY BEING UTILIZED AS AN ERGOGENIC AND NEUROPROTECTIVE SUPPLEMENT, WE WANTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROVISION OF THE CREATINE PRECURSOR, GUANIDINOACETATE (GAA), COULD EFFECTIVELY INCREASE TISSUE CREATINE STORES. WE SHOWED THAT 2.5 WEEKS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH GAA IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN CREATINE AT INCREASING HEPATIC AND MUSCLE CREATINE STORES. THE RESULTS OF THIS THESIS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PRESENCE OF IUGR, AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR CREATINE SYNTHESIS, OR THE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH REMETHYLATION NUTRIENTS CAN EACH AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY; ALL ARE IMPORTANT WHEN CONSIDERING NEONATAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS. FURTHERMORE, ALTHOUGH GAA IS EFFECTIVE AT INCREASING LEVELS OF TISSUE CREATINE, HIGHER GAA METHYLATION CAN LIMIT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR GROWTH AND SYNTHESIS OF PC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  5010  30 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9   318  35 ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CANCER. CHRONIC, HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SERIOUS NEGATIVE HEALTH EFFECTS, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CANCER TYPES. ONE OF THE PATHWAYS AFFECTED BY ALCOHOL TOXICITY IS THE ONE-CARBON METABOLISM. THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF THIS METABOLIC PATHWAY RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE INDUCED BY FOLATE DEFICIENCY AND BY PRODUCTS OF THE ETHANOL METABOLISM. THE CHANGES INDUCED BY LONG-TERM HEAVY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION RESULT IN ELEVATIONS OF HOMOCYSTEINE AND S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE (SAH) AND REDUCTIONS IN S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) AND ANTIOXIDANT GLUTATHIONE (GSH) LEVELS, LEADING TO ABNORMAL PROMOTER GENE HYPERMETHYLATION, GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, AND METABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS. IN ADDITION, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) GENERATED DURING THE ETHANOL METABOLISM INDUCE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS THAT PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ESOPHAGEAL, HEPATIC, AND COLORECTAL CANCERS HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN BLOOD SAMPLES AND PROPOSED TO BE USED CLINICALLY AS EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF THESE CANCERS. ALSO, GENETIC VARIANTS OF GENES INVOLVED IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND ETHANOL METABOLISM WERE FOUND TO MODULATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND CANCER RISK. FURTHERMORE, ALCOHOL METABOLISM PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN NADH LEVELS, WHICH LEAD TO HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT IN TURN INFLUENCE CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY. CHRONIC EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOL ALSO AFFECTS SELECTED MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY OF MICRORNAS, AND AS MIRNAS COULD ACT AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS, THIS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS. IN CONCLUSION, TARGETING ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL CANCER TYPES COULD MAKE AVAILABLE CLINICAL TOOLS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF THESE CANCERS, WITH AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PRECISION MEDICINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  1855  32 ELEVATION IN S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE AND DNA HYPOMETHYLATION: POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR HOMOCYSTEINE-RELATED PATHOLOGY. CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN FOLATE, CHOLINE, METHIONINE, VITAMIN B-6 AND/OR VITAMIN B-12 CAN PERTURB THE COMPLEX REGULATORY NETWORK THAT MAINTAINS NORMAL ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND HOMOCYSTEINE HOMEOSTASIS. GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS IN THESE PATHWAYS CAN ACT SYNERGISTICALLY WITH NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES TO ACCELERATE METABOLIC PATHOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH OCCLUSIVE HEART DISEASE, BIRTH DEFECTS AND DEMENTIA. A MAJOR UNANSWERED QUESTION IS WHETHER HOMOCYSTEINE IS CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS OR WHETHER HOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS SIMPLY A PASSIVE AND INDIRECT INDICATOR OF A MORE COMPLEX MECHANISM. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (SAH), AS THE SUBSTRATE AND PRODUCT OF METHYLTRANSFERASE REACTIONS, ARE IMPORTANT METABOLIC INDICATORS OF CELLULAR METHYLATION STATUS. CHRONIC ELEVATION IN HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS RESULTS IN PARALLEL INCREASES IN INTRACELLULAR SAH AND POTENT PRODUCT INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. SAH-MEDIATED DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND ASSOCIATED ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAY PROVIDE NEW HYPOTHESES FOR PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASES RELATED TO HOMOCYSTEINEMIA.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  4683  40 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FOLATE TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO ALCOHOLISM-INDUCED FOLATE MALABSORPTION--ASSOCIATION WITH EPIGENOME STABILITY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. FOLATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE B-CLASS OF VITAMINS, WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES, AND FOR THE METHYLATION OF ESSENTIAL BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING PHOSPHOLIPIDS, DNA, AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS. FOLATES CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED DE NOVO BY MAMMALS; HENCE, AN EFFICIENT INTESTINAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IS REQUIRED. INTESTINAL FOLATE TRANSPORT IS CARRIER-MEDIATED, PH-DEPENDENT AND ELECTRONEUTRAL, WITH SIMILAR AFFINITY FOR OXIDIZED AND REDUCED FOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. THE VARIOUS TRANSPORTERS, I.E. REDUCED FOLATE CARRIER, PROTON-COUPLED FOLATE TRANSPORTER, FOLATE-BINDING PROTEIN, AND ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS, ARE INVOLVED IN THE FOLATE TRANSPORT PROCESS IN VARIOUS TISSUES. ANY IMPAIRMENT IN UPTAKE OF FOLATE CAN LEAD TO A STATE OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY, THE MOST PREVALENT VITAMIN DEFICIENCY IN WORLD, AFFECTING 10% OF THE POPULATION IN THE USA. SUCH IMPAIRMENTS IN FOLATE TRANSPORT OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CHRONIC USE OF ETHANOL, SOME INBORN HEREDITARY DISORDERS, AND CERTAIN DISEASES. AMONG THESE, ETHANOL INGESTION HAS BEEN THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. ETHANOL-ASSOCIATED FOLATE DEFICIENCY CAN DEVELOP BECAUSE OF DIETARY INADEQUACY, INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION, ALTERED HEPATOBILIARY METABOLISM, ENHANCED COLONIC METABOLISM, AND INCREASED RENAL EXCRETION. ETHANOL REDUCES THE INTESTINAL AND RENAL UPTAKE OF FOLATE BY ALTERING THE BINDING AND TRANSPORT KINETICS OF FOLATE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. ALSO, ETHANOL REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF FOLATE TRANSPORTERS IN BOTH INTESTINE AND KIDNEY, AND THIS MIGHT BE A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR FOR FOLATE MALABSORPTION, LEADING TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. THE MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR FOLATE HOMEOSTASIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ONE-CARBON TRANSFER REACTIONS NECESSARY FOR DNA SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANT IN GENE EXPRESSION, IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DNA INTEGRITY AND STABILITY, IN CHROMOSOMAL MODIFICATIONS, AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUTATIONS. ETHANOL, A TOXIN THAT IS CONSUMED REGULARLY, HAS BEEN FOUND TO AFFECT THE METHYLATION OF DNA. IN ADDITION TO ITS EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION DUE TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY, ETHANOL COULD DIRECTLY EXERT ITS EFFECT THROUGH ITS INTERACTION WITH ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, IMPAIRMENT OF METHYL GROUP SYNTHESIS, AND AFFECTING THE ENZYMES REGULATING THE SYNTHESIS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, THE PRIMARY METHYL GROUP DONOR FOR MOST BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. THUS, ETHANOL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL DISEASES THROUGH ITS POTENTIAL ABILITY TO MODULATE THE METHYLATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF FOLATE MALABSORPTION IN ALCOHOLISM, THE MECHANISM OF METHYLATION-ASSOCIATED SILENCING OF GENES, AND HOW THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHANOL AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY AFFECTS THE METHYLATION OF GENES, THEREBY MODULATING EPIGENOME STABILITY AND THE RISK OF CANCER.	2009	

12   474  20 ARSENIC BIOTRANSFORMATION AS A CANCER PROMOTING FACTOR BY INDUCING DNA DAMAGE AND DISRUPTION OF REPAIR MECHANISMS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER POSES A MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, INCLUDING ALARMING CANCER INCIDENCE AND DEATH RATES. ARSENIC IS BIOTRANSFORMED THROUGH SEQUENTIAL ADDITION OF METHYL GROUPS, ACQUIRED FROM S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). METABOLISM OF ARSENIC GENERATES A VARIETY OF GENOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC SPECIES, DAMAGING DNA DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY, THROUGH THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXIDATIVE SPECIES AND INDUCTION OF DNA ADDUCTS, STRAND BREAKS AND CROSS LINKS, AND INHIBITION OF THE DNA REPAIR PROCESS ITSELF. SINCE SAM IS THE METHYL GROUP DONOR USED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES TO MAINTAIN NORMAL EPIGENETIC PATTERNS IN ALL HUMAN CELLS, ARSENIC IS ALSO POSTULATED TO AFFECT MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, AND GENOMIC STABILITY. THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE CANCER PROMOTING FACTORS OF ARSENIC METABOLISM, RELATED TO DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR, WILL BE DISCUSSED HERE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  5587  40 ROLE OF S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND ITS POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS UTILIZE S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) AS A METHYL DONOR AND ARE CENTRAL TO THE REGULATION OF MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: MORE THAN FIFTY SAM-DEPENDENT METHYLTRANSFERASES METHYLATE A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CELLULAR COMPOUNDS INCLUDING DNA, HISTONES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND OTHER SMALL MOLECULES. COMMON TO ALL SAM-DEPENDENT TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS IS THE RELEASE OF THE POTENT INHIBITOR S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (SAH) AS A BY-PRODUCT. SAH IS REVERSIBLY HYDROLYZED TO ADENOSINE AND HOMOCYSTEINE BY SAH HYDROLASE. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. HOWEVER, A MAJOR UNANSWERED QUESTION IS IF HOMOCYSTEINE IS CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS OR SIMPLY A PASSIVE AND INDIRECT INDICATOR OF A MORE COMPLEX MECHANISM. A CHRONIC ELEVATION IN HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS RESULTS IN A PARALLEL INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR OR PLASMA SAH, WHICH IS A MORE SENSITIVE BIOMARKER OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE THAN HOMOCYSTEINE AND SUGGESTS THAT SAH IS A CRITICAL PATHOLOGICAL FACTOR IN HOMOCYSTEINE-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS. PREVIOUS REPORTS INDICATE THAT SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FOLATE AND B VITAMINS EFFICIENTLY LOWERS HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS BUT NOT PLASMA SAH LEVELS, WHICH POSSIBLY EXPLAINS THE FAILURE OF HOMOCYSTEINE-LOWERING VITAMINS TO REDUCE VASCULAR EVENTS IN SEVERAL RECENT CLINICAL INTERVENTION STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, MORE STUDIES ARE FOCUSING ON THE ROLE AND MECHANISMS OF SAH IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC DISEASES RELATED TO HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, KIDNEY DISEASE, DIABETES, AND OBESITY. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT ROLE OF SAH IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND ITS EFFECT ON SEVERAL RELATED RISK FACTORS. IT ALSO EXPLORES POSSIBLE THE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS EPIGENETICS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, OF SAH. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A DIRECTED ISSUE ENTITLED: EPIGENETIC DYNAMICS IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  1140  23 CONCENTRATION OF FOLIC ACID (FA) IN SERUM OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN. OBJECTIVES EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENIC (IAS) IS A WORLD-WIDE HEALTH CONCERN. WE REPORTED THAT JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE EXPOSED TO MODERATE LEVELS OF IAS THROUGH FOOD. REDUCING IAS CONTAMINATION FROM FOODS OF HIGH IAS IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE UNIQUE IN JAPAN. INTEGRATED IAS IS METHYLATED TO LESS TOXIC ORGANIC FORMS, AND S-ADENOSYL-L-METHYONINE (SAM), A COMMON METHYL-DONOR OF DNA AND HISTONES, IS UTILIZED IN THIS PROCESS. CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF SAM BY IAS METABOLISM DUE TO EXPOSURE TO IAS MIGHT ALTER THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GENOME. THE SAM BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY IS DEPENDENT ON FOLATE CYCLE, AND IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INGESTION OF SUFFICIENT FOLIC ACID (FA) IS PROTECTIVE TO IAS INDUCED TOXICITY. METHODS IN THE COURSE OF OUR CROSS-SECTIONAL BODY BURDEN ANALYSES OF PB AND IAS IN JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN, TERMED "PBAS STUDY", FA CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OF 104 PREGNANT WOMEN WAS MEASURED. RESULTS MEAN (+/-SEM) OF SERUM FA CONCENTRATION WAS 15.8 +/- 1.3 (NG/ML). THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PEOPLE SHOWING VERY HIGH FA (>30 NG/ ML), AND LARGE FRACTION OF THEM WERE TAKING SUPPLEMENTS DAILY. CONCLUSIONS THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT LEVEL OF FA INGESTION OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN IS HIGH FOR SUPPORTING NORMAL FETAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  1781  22 EFFECT OF 1 YEAR B AND D VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENT METHYLATION IN OLDER SUBJECTS. BACKGROUND: DISTURBED DNA METHYLATION IS CAUSALLY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE CANCER AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. B VITAMINS ARE COFACTORS REQUIRED FOR METHYL GROUP SYNTHESIS AND MAY THEREFORE AFFECT DNA METHYLATION. VITAMIN D HAS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. WE TESTED IF B AND D VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION HAS AN EFFECT ON GENOMIC LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 (LINE-1) METHYLATION AND THE METABOLITES S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (SAH). METHODS: FIFTY SUBJECTS (MEDIAN AGE 68.0 YEARS) WERE SUPPLEMENTED WITH A DAILY ORAL DOSE OF B VITAMINS (500 MICROG FOLIC ACID, 500 MICROG VITAMIN B12 AND 50 MG VITAMIN B6), 1200 IU VITAMIN D AND 456 MG CALCIUM. FASTING BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED BEFORE AND AFTER 1 YEAR OF SUPPLEMENTATION. LINE-1 METHYLATION WAS DETERMINED IN GENOMIC DNA FROM BLOOD CELLS AS A SURROGATE FOR WHOLE GENOME METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, SAM, SAH AND TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE (THCY) WERE MEASURED IN PLASMA SAMPLES. RESULTS: PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER SUPPLEMENTATION (12.8 VS. 9.1 MICROMOL/L; P<0.05), WHEREAS SAM, SAH, THE SAM/SAH RATIO AND LINE-1 METHYLATION DID NOT CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY. LINE-1 METHYLATION WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH SAH, HOMOCYSTEINE OR B VITAMINS. CONCLUSIONS: LONG-TERM VITAMIN B SUPPLEMENTATION HAD NO EFFECT ON LINE-1 METHYLATION IN BLOOD CELLS NOR ON PLASMA LEVELS OF SAM AND SAH. VITAMIN B AND D SUPPLEMENTATION SEEMS TO HAVE NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION, ESPECIALLY IN CASES WHERE NO SEVERE DEFICIENCY EXISTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  4398  32 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE PROFILE BY METHYL DONOR STARVATION FOLLOWED BY GAMMA IRRADIATION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL, WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR FUNCTION. ROLE OF ONE-CARBON TRANSFER AGENTS/METHYL DONORS NAMELY FOLATE, CHOLINE AND METHIONINE IN DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATION. THE METHYLATION PATTERN OF DNA IS ESTABLISHED DURING EMBRYOGENESIS BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3 (DNMT3) AND IS SUBSEQUENTLY MAINTAINED BY MAINTENANCE METHYLATION ACTIVITY OF THE ENZYME DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1). IONIZING RADIATION IS KNOWN TO EXTENSIVELY DAMAGE THE DNA. SUFFICIENT DIETARY AVAILABILITY OF METHYL DONORS IS KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS ONE-CARBON TRANSFER MEDIATED REPAIR OF DAMAGED DNA WHERE FOLATE IS INVOLVED IN NUCLEOTIDE BASE SYNTHESIS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MODIFICATION IN ACTIVITIES OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3 BY METHYL DONOR STARVATION FOLLOWED BY GAMMA-IRRADIATION WAS OBSERVED. ASSAYS WERE BASED ON THE CATALYTIC TRANSFER OF (3)H-METHYL GROUPS FROM S-ADENOSYL-L: -METHIONINE TO A DNA SUBSTRATE. EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A DOSE AND METHYL DONORS STARVATION DEPENDENT ATTENUATION IN DNMT1 ACTIVITY. ATTENUATION OF DNMT1 ACTIVITY WAS MOST SIGNIFICANT FOR DIET DEPRIVED OF ALL THE THREE-METHYL DONORS. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN NUCLEAR OR CYTOPLASMIC DNMT3 ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED WHEN EITHER OR ALL THE THREE POSSIBLE SOURCE OF DIETARY METHYL GROUP SUPPLY WERE REMOVED. IONIZING RADIATION AND METHYL DONOR DEFICIENCY WERE OBSERVED TO ACT SYNERGISTICALLY TOWARDS INHIBITING DNMT1 ACTIVITY. PRESENT RESULTS SUGGESTED POSSIBILITY OF INTERACTION AMONG FOLATE, METHIONINE AND CHOLINE DEFICIENCY TO POTENTIATE SYMPTOMS OF IONIZING RADIATION STRESS. THESE ENZYMATIC MODIFICATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ALTERED DNA METHYLATION AFTER CHRONIC FEEDING OF METHYL DONOR FREE DIETS FOLLOWED BY GAMMA IRRADIATION. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT DIETARY AVAILABILITY OF METHYL DONORS AND GAMMA-RADIATION STRESS MIGHT SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER THE DNMT1 PROFILE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  6078  29 THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN ZEBRAFISH. ARSENIC IS A PREVALENT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN AND A GROUP ONE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC AGENT. CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HUMAN DISEASES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL TO ASSESS ARSENIC TOXICITY IN ELEVATED LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE (6 MONTHS) TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC FROM 50 PPB TO 300 PPB, EFFECTS OF ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND PHENOTYPES WERE INVESTIGATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND ZEBRAFISH DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY VISIBLE TUMOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, THE ZEBRAFISH DEMONSTRATE A DYSFUNCTION IN THEIR NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY A REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, ELEVATED LEVELS OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD2) PROTEIN WERE DETECTED IN THE EYE AND LIVER, SUGGESTING INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, THE PROGENIES OF ARSENIC-TREATED PARENTS DISPLAYED A SMALLER BIOMASS (FOUR-FOLD REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT) COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THEIR PARENTAL CONTROLS. THIS RESULT INDICATES THAT ARSENIC MAY INDUCE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE THEN PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ZEBRAFISH IS A CONVENIENT VERTEBRATE MODEL WITH ADVANTAGES IN THE EVALUATION OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS ITS INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  6425  34 THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST UP-REGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE AND ANTIAPOPTOTIC GENES AND PROTECTS DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS AGAINST MANGANESE TOXICITY. DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, AND THEIR IMPAIRMENT LEADS TO NEURODEGENERATION, A HALLMARK OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD). CHRONIC MANGANESE (MN) EXPOSURE CAUSES THE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER MANGANISM, PRESENTING SYMPTOMS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF PD. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS LINKED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) TO PD AND ALSO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. BUT REST'S ROLE IN DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IS UNCLEAR. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER REST PROTECTS DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS AGAINST MN-INDUCED TOXICITY AND ENHANCES EXPRESSION OF THE DOPAMINE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYME TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH). WE REPORT THAT REST BINDS TO RE1 CONSENSUS SITES IN THE TH GENE PROMOTER, STIMULATES TH TRANSCRIPTION, AND INCREASES TH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN DOPAMINERGIC CELLS. REST BINDING TO THE TH PROMOTER RECRUITED THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER CAMP-RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN/P300 AND THEREBY UP-REGULATED TH EXPRESSION. REST RELIEVED MN-INDUCED REPRESSION OF TH PROMOTER ACTIVITY, MRNA, AND PROTEIN LEVELS AND ALSO REDUCED MN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS IN DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. REST REDUCED MN-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN 1BETA (IL-1BETA), IL-6, AND INTERFERON GAMMA. MOREOVER, REST INHIBITED THE MN-INDUCED PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS BCL-2-ASSOCIATED X PROTEIN (BAX) AND DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 6 (DAXX) AND ATTENUATED AN MN-INDUCED DECREASE IN THE ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS BCL-2 AND BCL-XL. REST ALSO ENHANCED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTEINS, INCLUDING CATALASE, NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), AND HEME OXYGENASE 1 (HO-1). OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT REST ACTIVATES TH EXPRESSION AND THEREBY PROTECTS NEURONS AGAINST MN-INDUCED TOXICITY AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH DOPAMINERGIC NEURODEGENERATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  4069  25 MATERNAL CHRONIC FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION AMELIORATES BEHAVIOR DISORDERS INDUCED BY PRENATAL HIGH-FAT DIET THROUGH METHYLATION ALTERATION OF BDNF AND GRIN2B IN OFFSPRING HIPPOCAMPUS. SCOPE: MATERNAL CONSUMPTION OF A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE RISK OF BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS. FOLATE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPLASTICITY AND THE PRESERVATION OF NEURONAL INTEGRITY. THIS STUDY AIMS AT DETERMINING THE INFLUENCE OF DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE ON OFFSPRING BEHAVIOR, AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED. METHODS AND RESULTS: FEMALE MICE WERE FED A CONTROL DIET, AN HFD, CONTROL DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE, OR AN HFD SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE MATING. OPEN FIELD TASK AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE ARE USED TO EVALUATE THE OFFSPRING BEHAVIORS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT OFFSPRING COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO OPEN FIELD EXPLORATION AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED WHEN DAMS WERE TREATED WITH FOLATE IN PREGNANCY. MOREOVER, THE MATERNAL FOLATE SUPPLEMENT DECREASED BDNF AND GRIN2B METHYLATION AND UPREGULATED THEIR EXPRESSIONS IN THE BRAIN OF OFFSPRING, WHICH WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASING THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES COMPARED WITH THOSE DAMS WERE TREATED ONLY HFD IN PREGNANCY. CONCLUSION: MATERNAL FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION AMELIORATES BEHAVIOR DISORDERS INDUCED BY PRENATAL HIGH-FAT DIET. THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION ALTERATION OF BDNF AND GRIN2B GENES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  6445  28 THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ON NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MICE. DESPITE CONSIDERABLE ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN, EFFECTIVE TREATMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. COMORBID CONDITIONS INCLUDING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT FURTHER IMPACT QUALITY OF LIFE. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN BRAIN ANATOMY AND FUNCTION AND WITH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO WIDE-SPREAD AND LONG-LASTING REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX 6 MONTHS AFTER INDUCTION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MODEL. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF INCREASING DNA METHYLATION USING THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IS MARKETED AS A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR A RANGE OF CONDITIONS INCLUDING LIVER DISEASE, DEPRESSION, OSTEOARTHRITIS, FIBROMYALGIA, AND DEMENTIA. THREE MONTHS AFTER SNI OR SHAM SURGERY, ANIMALS WERE TREATED WITH SAM (20 MG/KG, 3X/WEEK) OR SALINE ORALLY FOR 4 MONTHS, AND THE IMPACT ON SENSORY, MOTOR, MOTIVATIONAL, AND COGNITIVE INDICES WAS MEASURED. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REDUCED ACTIVE AVOIDANCE OF MECHANICAL STIMULI BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON COLD SENSITIVITY OR MOTOR CAPACITY. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE COMPLETELY BLOCKED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX. IN SUMMARY, CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR, SAM, ATTENUATED SENSORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH NERVE INJURY IN MICE. THESE EFFECTS MAY BE MEDIATED, IN PART, THROUGH MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR SAM.	2017