1  6140 62 THE ETIOLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: THE CASE OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES COMPRISE A WIDE VARIETY OF DISORDERS, FROM THOSE THAT ARE ACUTE AND SPONTANEOUSLY REGRESSIVE TO CHRONIC DISEASES. THEIR OCCURRENCE IS THE SIGN OF A LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS. WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, THE ETIOLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED. IN ALL CASES, IT IS COMPLEX, INVOLVING GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IN THIS ARTICLE I WILL ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT HAVE A TRIGGERING OR PROTECTING ROLE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MYASTHENIA GRAVIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  3339 19 HISTONE DEACETYLASE ISOFORMS DIFFERENTIALLY MODULATE INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOANTIBODY RESPONSES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC MUSCLE FATIGUE AND WEAKNESS CAUSED BY AUTOANTIBODIES AND COMPLEMENT-MEDIATED DAMAGE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE CRUCIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION; HOWEVER, IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER HDACS MODULATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR AUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH MG PATHOGENESIS. WE EXAMINED EXPRESSION PROFILES AND SERUM LEVELS OF KEY INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (IL-6 AND IL-21) AND ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR (ACHR)-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODIES FOLLOWING PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF KEY HDAC ISOFORMS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF MG. WE FOUND THAT HDAC INHIBITION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE PRODUCTION OF IL-6, BUT NOT IL-21, IN ACHR-STIMULATED PBMCS AND SPLENOCYTES (N = 5 PER GROUP). TRICHOSTATIN (PAN-HDAC INHIBITOR) TREATMENT OF MG-PBMCS (N = 2) ALSO EXHIBITED REDUCED PRODUCTION OF INDUCED IL-6. ALTHOUGH HDAC1 INHIBITION LOWERED IL-6 LEVELS THE MOST, HDAC2 INHIBITION DEPLETED INTRACELLULAR IL-6 AND MARKEDLY REDUCED SERUM ANTI-ACHR IGG2B IN EAMG MICE. THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING AND PATHWAY MAPPING ALSO REVEALED THAT AUTOIMMUNITY-LINKED, MAJOR CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERED BY HDAC1/2 INHIBITION. HDAC INHIBITION-MEDIATED REDUCTION IN IL-6 AND AUTOANTIBODY LEVELS ALSO CORRELATED WITH MILDER DISEASE AND PRESERVATION OF MUSCLE ACHR IN THE TREATED MICE. OVERALL, OUR FINDINGS REVEALED ISOFORM-SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL VARIANCE OF HDACS IN REDUCING INFLAMMATION AND IDENTIFIED HDAC-REGULATED MANY GENES UNDERLYING SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOANTIBODY PATHWAYS IN EAMG. THUS, THE STUDY PROVIDES A RATIONALE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH TO EVALUATE THE HDACS OR THEIR GENE TARGETS AS A POTENTIAL ADJUNCT TREATMENT FOR MG.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  4576 15 MYOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CANINE CRANIOFACIAL SATELLITE CELLS. THE SKELETAL FIBERS HAVE DIFFERENT EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN; THE EXTRAOCULAR AND JAW-CLOSER MUSCLES DEVELOP FROM PRECHORDAL MESODERM WHILE THE LIMB AND TRUNK MUSCLES FROM SOMITES. THESE DIFFERENT ORIGINS CHARACTERIZE ALSO THE ADULT MUSCLE STEM CELLS, KNOWN AS SATELLITE CELLS (SCS) AND RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIBER GROWTH AND REGENERATION. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PRESOMITIC SCS AND THEIR EPIGENETICS ARE POORLY STUDIED DESPITE THEIR PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS TO PRESERVE MUSCLE INTEGRITY DURING CHRONIC MUSCLE DEGENERATION. HERE, WE ISOLATED SCS FROM CANINE SOMITIC [SOMITE-DERIVED MUSCLE (SDM): VASTUS LATERALIS, RECTUS ABDOMINIS, GLUTEUS SUPERFICIALIS, BICEPS FEMORIS, PSOAS] AND PRESOMITIC [PRE-SOMITE-DERIVED MUSCLE (PSDM): LATERAL RECTUS, TEMPORALIS, AND RETRACTOR BULBI] MUSCLES AS MYOGENIC PROGENITOR CELLS FROM YOUNG AND OLD ANIMALS. IN ADDITION, SDM AND PSDM-SCS WERE OBTAINED ALSO FROM GOLDEN RETRIEVERS AFFECTED BY MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (GRMD). WE CHARACTERIZED THE LIFESPAN, THE MYOGENIC POTENTIAL AND FUNCTIONS, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF BOTH SOMITIC AND PRESOMITIC SCS WITH THE AIM TO REVEAL DIFFERENCES WITH AGING AND BETWEEN HEALTHY AND DYSTROPHIC ANIMALS. THE DIFFERENT PROLIFERATION RATE WAS CONSISTENT WITH HIGHER TELOMERASE ACTIVITY IN PSDM-SCS COMPARED TO SDM-SCS, ALTHOUGH RESTRICTED AT EARLY PASSAGES. SDM-SCS EXPRESS EARLY (PAX7, MYOD) AND LATE (MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN, MYOGENIN) MYOGENIC MARKERS DIFFERENTLY FROM PSDM-SCS RESULTING IN A MORE EFFICIENT AND FASTER CELL DIFFERENTIATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PSDM-SCS ELICIT A STRONGER STEM CELL PHENOTYPE COMPARED TO SDM ONES. FINALLY, MYOMIR EXPRESSION PROFILE REVEALS A UNIQUE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE IN GRMD SCS AND MIR-206, HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN DYSTROPHIC SCS, SEEMS TO PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MUSCLE DEGENERATION. THUS, MIR-206 COULD REPRESENT A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  4975 27 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF AUTOIMMUNITY. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (AIDS) ARE CHRONIC DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS AGAINST SELF-ANTIGENS THAT CAN BE EITHER SYSTEMIC OR ORGAN SPECIFIC. AIDS CAN DIFFER IN THEIR EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES AND CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, YET ALL SHARE A REMARKABLE COMPLEXITY. AIDS RESULT FROM AN INTERPLAY OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH IMBALANCES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. MANY OF THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF AIDS ARE ALSO IMPLICATED IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG), AN AID IN WHICH INFLAMMATION OF THE THYMUS LEADS TO A NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDER. OUR GOAL HERE IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MG AND OTHER AIDS BY REVIEWING THE COMMON TRANSCRIPTOME SIGNATURES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMINAL CENTERS AND BY DISCUSSING SOME UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS ABOUT AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW WILL PROPOSE HYPOTHESES TO EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF REGULATORY T (T(REG) ) CELL DEFECTS AND THE CAUSES OF CHRONICITY AND SPECIFICITY OF AIDS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5    31 16 A CASE OF INFECTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIPROTEINASE-3-NEGATIVE CYTOPLASMIC ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY PAUCI-IMMUNE FOCAL NECROTIZING GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. WE PRESENT THE CASE OF A MAN WITH GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS AND EXPOSURE TO ORAL SILICA WHO DEVELOPED PAUCI-IMMUNE FOCAL NECROTIZING GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (PI-FNGN) IN THE SETTING OF A SUBACUTE POLYMICROBIAL CENTRAL VENOUS LINE (CVL) INFECTION. HE DEVELOPED A CYTOPLASMIC ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODY (C-ANCA) THAT WAS ANTIPROTEINASE-3 (PR-3) AND ANTIMYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO) ANTIBODY NEGATIVE. WE BELIEVE THIS IS THE FIRST REPORTED CASE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED PI-FNGN. CHRONIC SILICA EXPOSURE IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCA VASCULITIS. ORAL SILICA IS A COMMON PHARMACEUTICAL ADDITIVE AND ITS BIOAVAILABILITY IS BEING RECOGNIZED. ORAL SILICA, THEREFORE, MAY ALSO BE A RISK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOREACTIVITY. THE PI-FNGN RESOLVED WITH ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY ALONE. THE C-ANCA TITER DECLINED AS THE PI-FNGN RESOLVED. THE CASE SUPPORTS EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ACT AS ADJUVANTS FOR AN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND ALSO PROVIDE EPIGENETIC TRIGGERS FOR AUTOREACTIVITY. THE C-ANCA WAS NEGATIVE FOR PR-3, ITS MAJOR ANTIGEN. C-ANCA ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY MAY DEPEND ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE UNDERLYING DISEASE, POTENTIALLY ELICITED BY A CROSS-REACTION OF AN ANTIBODY TO FOREIGN AND SELF TARGET ANTIGEN SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY OR ALTERNATIVELY ELICITED BY ANTIGENIC EPITOPE SPREAD.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  6509 16 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RFX1 IS UBIQUITINATED BY E3 LIGASE STUB1 IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CAUSED BY COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REGULATORY FACTOR X 1 (RFX1) IS REDUCED IN T CELLS FROM SLE PATIENTS. RFX1 CAN REGULATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CD70 AND CD11A AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLE. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE REDUCTION OF RFX1 IN SLE ARE UNCLEAR. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT RFX1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION CAN BE TIGHTLY REGULATED BY POLYUBIQUITINATION-MEDIATED PROTEOSOMAL DEGRADATION VIA STIP1 HOMOLOGY AND U-BOX CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (STUB1). THE E3 LIGASE STUB1 IS UPREGULATED IN CD4(+)T CELLS OF SLE PATIENTS COMPARED TO HEALTHY SUBJECTS. OVEREXPRESSION OF STUB1 IN CD4(+)T CELLS LEADS TO UPREGULATION OF LEVELS OF CD70 AND CD11A IN T CELLS. THE MODULATION OF STUB1 ACTIVITY MAY PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR SLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  3626 18 IN-SILICO DISCOVERY OF DUAL ACTIVE MOLECULE TO RESTORE SYNAPTIC WIRING AGAINST AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER VIA HDAC2 AND H3R INHIBITION. METAL-DEPENDENT HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE ESSENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS; THEIR MOLECULAR AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLES IN MEDICALLY CRITICAL DISEASES SUCH AS NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, NEURODEGENERATION, AND CANCER ARE BEING STUDIED GLOBALLY. HDAC2'S DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MAKES IT AN APPEALING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES LIKE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED H3R INHIBITOR MOLECULES THAT ARE COMPUTATIONALLY EFFECTIVE AT BINDING TO THE HDAC2 METAL-COORDINATED BINDING SITE. THE STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF PITOLISANT IN SCREENING THE POTENTIAL H3R INHIBITORS BY USING A HYBRID WORKFLOW OF LIGAND AND RECEPTOR-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY. THE SCREENED LEAD COMPOUNDS WITH PUBCHEM SIDS 103179850, 103185945, AND 103362074 SHOW VIABLE BINDING WITH HDAC2 IN SILICO. THE IMPORTANCE OF LIGAND CONTACTS WITH THE ZN2+ ION IN THE HDAC2 CATALYTIC SITE IS ALSO DISCUSSED AND INVESTIGATED FOR A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN ENZYME INHIBITION. THE PROPOSED H3R INHIBITORS 103179850, 103185945, AND 103362074 ARE ESTIMATED AS DUAL-ACTIVE MOLECULES TO BLOCK THE HDAC2-MEDIATED DEACETYLATION OF THE EAAT2 GENE (SLC1A2) AND H3R-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IRREGULARITY AND ARE, THEREFORE, OPEN FOR EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  2796 15 FBW7 MEDIATES SENESCENCE AND PULMONARY FIBROSIS THROUGH TELOMERE UNCAPPING. TISSUE STEM CELLS UNDERGO PREMATURE SENESCENCE UNDER STRESS, PROMOTING AGE-RELATED DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE REPORT THAT IN RESPONSE TO RADIATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR BLEOMYCIN, THE E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE FBW7 MEDIATES CELL SENESCENCE AND TISSUE FIBROSIS THROUGH TELOMERE UNCAPPING. FBW7 BINDING TO TELOMERE PROTECTION PROTEIN 1 (TPP1) FACILITATES TPP1 MULTISITE POLYUBIQUITINATION AND ACCELERATES DEGRADATION, TRIGGERING TELOMERE UNCAPPING AND DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE. OVEREXPRESSING TPP1 OR INHIBITING FBW7 BY GENETIC ABLATION, EPIGENETIC INTERFERENCE, OR PEPTIDOMIMETIC TELOMERE DYSFUNCTION INHIBITOR (TELODIN) REDUCES TELOMERE UNCAPPING AND SHORTENING, EXPANDING THE PULMONARY ALVEOLAR AEC2 STEM CELL POPULATION IN MICE. TELODIN, SYNTHESIZED FROM THE SEVENTH BETA STRAND BLADE OF FBW7 WD40 PROPELLER DOMAIN, INCREASES TPP1 STABILITY, LUNG RESPIRATORY FUNCTION, AND RESISTANCE TO SENESCENCE AND FIBROSIS IN ANIMALS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. OUR FINDINGS ELUCIDATE A PIVOTAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED PULMONARY EPITHELIAL STEM CELL SENESCENCE AND FIBROSIS, PROVIDING A FRAMEWORK FOR AGING-RELATED DISORDER INTERVENTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9   553 12 AUTOINFLAMMATORY RETINOPATHY IN CHRONIC INFANTILE NEUROLOGICAL CUTANEOUS AND ARTICULAR (CINCA) SYNDROME. CHRONIC INFANTILE NEUROLOGICAL CUTANEOUS AND ARTICULAR (CINCA) SYNDROME IS A RARE AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE. WE REPORT THE CASES OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS WITH CINCA SYNDROME WHOSE PREDOMINANT OCULAR MANIFESTATION WAS INFLAMMATORY ROD-CONE RETINAL DYSTROPHY. ATYPICALLY, THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWINS IN PHENOTYPE SEVERITY, SUGGESTIVE OF EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES AND/OR INVOLVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  2649 19 EPIGENOMIC, GENOMIC, AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC LANDSCAPE OF SCHWANNOMATOSIS. SCHWANNOMATOSIS (SWNTS) IS A GENETIC CANCER PREDISPOSITION SYNDROME THAT MANIFESTS AS MULTIPLE AND OFTEN PAINFUL NEURONAL TUMORS CALLED SCHWANNOMAS (SWNS). WHILE GERMLINE MUTATIONS IN SMARCB1 OR LZTR1, PLUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN NF2 AND LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN CHROMOSOME 22Q HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ALTERATIONS THAT DRIVE SWNTS-RELATED SWNS (SWNTS-SWNS) IN A MAJORITY OF THE CASES. WE PERFORMED MULTIPLATFORM GENOMIC ANALYSIS AND ESTABLISHED THE MOLECULAR SIGNATURE OF SWNTS-SWNS. WE SHOW THAT SWNTS-SWNS HARBOR DISTINCT GENOMIC FEATURES RELATIVE TO THE HISTOLOGICALLY IDENTICAL NON-SYNDROMIC SPORADIC SWNS (NS-SWNS). WE DEMONSTRATE THE EXISTENCE OF FOUR DISTINCT DNA METHYLATION SUBGROUPS OF SWNTS-SWNS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS AND TUMOR LOCATION. WE SHOW SEVERAL NOVEL RECURRENT NON-22Q DELETIONS AND STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENTS. WE DETECTED THE SH3PXD2A-HTRA1 GENE FUSION IN SWNTS-SWNS, WITH PREDOMINANCE IN LZTR1-MUTANT TUMORS. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFIED SPECIFIC GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ACTIONABLE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS ASSOCIATED WITH PAINFUL SWNTS-SWNS INCLUDING PIGF, VEGF, MEK, AND MTOR PATHWAYS, WHICH MAY BE HARNESSED FOR MANAGEMENT OF THIS SYNDROME.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11   760 20 CASZ1: CURRENT IMPLICATIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND CANCERS. CASTOR ZINC FINGER 1 (CASZ1) IS A C2H2 ZINC FINGER FAMILY PROTEIN THAT HAS TWO SPLICING VARIANTS, CASZ1A AND CASZ1B. IT IS INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION AND ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISM. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS OF CASZ1 HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED IN MULTIPLE CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, SUCH AS CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES, CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASES, AND HYPERTENSION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CASZ1 MECHANICALLY PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THESE DISEASES. OVER THE PAST DECADES, AT FIRST GLANCE, PARADOXICAL INFLUENCES ON CELL BEHAVIORS AND PROGRESSIONS OF DIFFERENT CANCER TYPES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED FOR CASZ1, WHICH MAY BE EXPLAINED BY A "DOUBLE-AGENT" ROLE FOR CASZ1. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF CASZ1, AND FOCUS ON THE ASSOCIATION OF CASZ1 ABERRATIONS WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND CANCERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  5763 18 SOME COMMENTS ON MASOCHISM AND THE DELUSION OF OMNIPOTENCE FROM A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE. THIS PAPER EXPLORES THE RELATION OF THE DELUSION OF OMNIPOTENCE TO MASOCHISM AND SUGGESTS THAT THIS FANTASY CONSTITUTES A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE RESISTANCE SO PROMINENT IN WORK WITH MASOCHISTIC PATIENTS. THE CONNECTIONS AMONG MASOCHISM, OMNIPOTENCE, NEGATIVE THERAPEUTIC REACTION, AND CLINGING TO PAIN ARE DISCUSSED. THE CLASSICAL VIEW HAS BEEN THAT THE FAILURE OF INFANTILE OMNIPOTENCE FORCES THE CHILD TO TURN TO REALITY. OUR EXPERIENCE WITH MASOCHISTIC PATIENTS SUGGESTS THAT IT IS THE REAL FAILURE TO ACHIEVE COMPETENT INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS THAT FORCES THE CHILD TO TURN TO OMNIPOTENT SOLUTIONS. THE DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN FANTASIES THAT ENHANCE THE REAL CAPACITIES OF THE SELF AND THOSE AIMED AT DENYING AND TRANSFORMING THE PAIN AND INADEQUACY OF THE MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIP. THE EPIGENETIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF OMNIPOTENT FANTASIES THROUGH ALL LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE DESCRIBED. THE PATIENT'S NEED TO PROTECT THE OMNIPOTENT FANTASY IS DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE AT EACH PHASE OF ANALYSIS.	1991	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  3381 21 HLA AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: TYPE 1 DIABETES (T1D) AS AN EXAMPLE. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES NEED TO BE CONSIDERED AT A GENETIC AND MECHANISTIC LEVEL. T1D IS AN AUTOIMMUNE, CHRONIC, MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE DESTRUCTION OF THE PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG TERM DYSFUNCTION OF SEVERAL ORGANS AND TISSUES. MECHANISMS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE EPI-GENETIC AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTS THAT REGULATE TRANSMISSION AND EXPRESSION OF THE INHERITED GENES. THE HLA COMPLEX, CONSTITUTES THE MOST RELEVANT REGION CONTRIBUTING 50% OF THE INHERITED RISK FOR T1D. AN ADDITIONAL 17 GENES WITH VARIABLE BUT SMALL EFFECTS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. IN NON-CAUCASIANS, THE PRESENCE OF E-DRBETA1-74 AND/OR D-DRBETA1-57 ARE RELEVANT IN PREDISPOSITION. THE "DIABETOGENIC HAPLOTYPES" IN MEXICANS WERE DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 (OR = 21.4); DRB1*0405-DQA1-*0301-DQB1*0302 (OR = 44.5) AND THE SAME DQA1/DQB1 WITH DRB1*0404/*0401 CONFERRING LOWER RISK, INCREASING (OR = 61.3) WITH AN EARLY AGE AT ONSET AND A HETEROZYGOTE DR3/DR4 GENOTYPE. IN MOST POPULATIONS, THE ABSENCE OF D-57 AND THE PRESENCE OF R-52 ARE IMPORTANT TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY, BUT IN HISPANICS, ALL DR4S (INCLUDING THE PROTECTIVE DRB1*0403/*0407/*0411) ARE IN LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM WITH DQA1/DQB1 SUSCEPTIBILITY ALLELES. THUS, SUSCEPTIBILITY ALLELES IN LATIN AMERICAN MESTIZOS ARE OF MEDITERRANEAN ANCESTRY WHEREAS PROTECTIVE ALLELES ARE OF AMERINDIAN ORIGIN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE COMPLEXITY OF T1D AND SOME ASPECTS OF PREVENTION/INTERVENTION BASED ON IMMUNOGENETICS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14   850 19 CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA EXHIBIT HIGH EXPRESSION OF HUMAN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES TRIM28 AND SETDB1. CHRONIC IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA (CITP) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHOSE UNDERLYING BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS REMAIN ELUSIVE. HUMAN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (HERVS) DERIVE FROM ANCESTRAL INFECTIONS AND CONSTITUTE ABOUT 8% OF OUR GENOME. A WEALTH OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS THEIR PIVOTAL PATHOGENETIC ROLE IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS THOSE MODULATED BY TRIM28 AND SETDB1, ARE INVOLVED IN HERV ACTIVATION AND REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE. WE ASSESSED, THROUGH A POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REAL-TIME TAQMAN AMPLIFICATION ASSAY, THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF POL GENES OF HERV-H, HERV-K, AND HERV-W; ENV GENES OF SYNCYTIN (SYN)1, SYN2, AND HERV-W; AS WELL AS TRIM28 AND SETDB1 IN WHOLE BLOOD FROM 34 CHILDREN WITH CITP AND AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (HC). THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS OF ALL HERV SEQUENCES, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF HERV-W-ENV, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED IN CHILDREN WITH CITP AS COMPARED TO HC. PATIENTS ON ELTROMBOPAG TREATMENT EXHIBITED LOWER EXPRESSION OF SYN1, SYN2, AND HERV-W-ENV AS COMPARED TO UNTREATED PATIENTS. THE MRNA CONCENTRATIONS OF TRIM28 AND SETDB1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER AND WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THOSE OF HERVS IN CITP PATIENTS. THE OVER-EXPRESSIONS OF HERVS AND TRIM28/SETDB1 AND THEIR POSITIVE CORRELATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CITP ARE SUGGESTIVE CLUES OF THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE AND SUPPORT INNOVATIVE INTERVENTIONS TO INHIBIT HERV AND TRIM28/SETDB1 EXPRESSIONS IN PATIENTS UNRESPONSIVE TO STANDARD THERAPIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  3479 24 IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE METABOLITES AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IN VIVO ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND ANTIARTHRITIC ACTIVITIES OF ENDOPHYTE FUNGI ISOLATED FROM ELAEOCARPUS FLORIBUNDUS BLUME. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE IS A CHALLENGING CONCERN IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS. ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC DISORDERS, MULTIPLE PATHWAYS ARE REPORTED AS PROMINENT MECHANISM FOR THE PROGRESSION OF RA SYMPTOMS INCLUDING; PAIN, SWELLING AND STIFFNESS OF JOINTS. ELAEOCARPUS FLORIBUNDUS BLUME HAS BEEN USED AS A FOLKLORE MEDICINE FOR RA FROM ANCIENT TIMES. THIS PLANT HARBOURS A SUITE OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI THAT PRODUCE A RANGE OF METABOLITES OF POTENTIAL INTEREST. THUS, FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THIS FOLKLORE USE, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO FIND OUT THE INVOLVEMENT, IF ANY, OF THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI LIVING IN THIS PLANT AND THE METABOLITES THEY ELABORATE, FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RA. AIM OF THE STUDY: THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO ISOLATE, IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IN VIVO ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND ANTIARTHRITIC ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI LIVING IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ELAEOCARPUS FLORIBUNDUS BLUME. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PLANT WERE ISOLATED AND CULTURED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES. CHROMATOGRAPHICALLY FRACTIONATED FUNGAL EXTRACTS WERE ASSESSED FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITIES. FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY, IN VITRO CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX1/COX2) AND 5-LIPOXYGENASE (5-LOX) INHIBITORY ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED. FOR THE EVALUATION OF IN VIVO ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY, HOT PLATE ACETIC ACID INDUCED WRITHING, AND FORMALIN INDUCED PAW LICKING METHODS WERE ADOPTED, WHEREAS COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) INDUCED POLY-ARTHRITIC METHOD WAS ADOPTED FOR THE EVALUATION OF ANTIARTHRITIC ACTIVITY. THE MOST EFFECTIVE FRACTION WAS ANALYZED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY (LC-MS) IN SEARCH OF THE BIOACTIVE EXTRACELLULAR METABOLITES. RESULTS: FIVE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI VIZ. ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS, ASPERGILLUS NIGER, RHIZOCTONIA ORYZAE, RHIZOPUS ORYZAE, AND SYNCEPHALASTRUM RACEMOSUM WERE ISOLATED. COX1/COX2 AND 5-LOX INHIBITORY ASSAYS STATE THAT THE ASPERGILLUS NIGER FRACTION POSSESSES THE GREATEST ACTIVITY AGAINST THESE ENZYMES OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. IN VIVO ANTINOCICEPTIVE SHOWED SIGNIFICANT (***P<0.001) REDUCTION OF PAIN IN A DOSE DEPENDENT MANNER. AS WELL, SIGNIFICANT (***P<0.001) REDUCTION OF PAW VOLUME WAS OBSERVED IN CFA INDUCE POLY-ARTHRITIC TEST. LC/MS ANALYSIS OF THE ASPERGILLUS NIGER FRACTION REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS INCLUDING TENSYUIC ACID, HEXYLITACONIC ACID, CHLOROGENIC ACID, NIGRAGILLIN, TMC-256C1, ASNIPYRONE B, ASPERENONE, FUMARIC ACID AND FUSARUBIN, ALL HAVING REPORTED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES. CONCLUSION: THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI LIVING IN VARIOUS PARTS OF ELAEOCARPUS FLORIBUNDUS BLUME HAD POTENTIAL TO RELIEF PAIN AND INFLAMMATION. THE ENDOPHYTES WERE FOUND TO CONTAIN MULTIPLE BIOMOLECULES EFFECTIVE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE FOLKLORE USE OF THE PLANT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.	2021	

16  6657 16 UPREGULATED KAT7 IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS PROMOTES TH17 CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND INFILTRATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE INVOLVING MULTIPLE CELLULAR PARTICIPANTS, OF WHICH SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (SFS) ARE TIGHTLY CONNECTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF RA. HERE, WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE CONFIRMING THAT KAT7, AN H4-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLASE, IS UPREGULATED IN SFS OF RA PATIENTS, WHICH IS AT LEAST ATTRIBUTED TO THE STIMULATION BY RA-ASSOCIATED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TNF-ALPHA, IL-1BETA OR IFN-GAMMA. IN ADDITION, KAT7 OVEREXPRESSION IN CULTURED HUMAN FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (HFLSS) INDUCES IL-6 AND TGF-BETA EXPRESSION THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND IN VITRO T HELPER 17 (TH17) CELL POLARIZATION CULTURED IN THESE SUPERNATANTS SHOWS PROMOTED CELL DIFFERENTIATION. MOREOVER, KAT7 OVEREXPRESSION IN HFLSS INDUCES CCL20 EXPRESSION VIA P44/42 MAPK PATHWAY, WHEREBY PROMOTING TH17 CELL MIGRATION. THESE TWO ACTIVITIES OF KAT7 IN RA SFS INDICATE ITS POTENTIAL ROLES IN ACCELERATING RA PATHOLOGY. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE SOME CONNECTIONS BETWEEN KAT7 UPREGULATED IN RA SFS AND RA PROGRESSION AND PRESENT THE INHIBITION OF KAT7 ACTIVITY AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR INTERFERING RA DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  3945 13 LNCRNA IL21-AS1 INTERACTS WITH HNRNPU PROTEIN TO PROMOTE IL21 OVEREXPRESSION AND ABERRANT DIFFERENTIATION OF TFH CELLS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. BACKGROUND: THE ABERRANT DIFFERENTIATION OF T FOLLICULAR HELPER (TFH) CELLS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF REGULATING TFH CELLS DIFFERENTIATION REMAINS UNCLEAR. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) ACT AS IMPORTANT REGULATORS IN THE PROCESSES OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. WHETHER LNCRNAS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING TFH CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSES NEED TO BE FURTHER IDENTIFIED. METHODS: THE CHARACTERS AND FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN IL21-AS1 AND ITS MOUSE HOMOLOGOUS LNCRNA (MIL21-AS) WERE INVESTIGATED BY A SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS AND CELL TRANSFECTION ASSAY. MIL21-AS1 REGULATING HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VIVO WAS EXPLORED BY KEYHOLE LIMPET HAEMOCYANIN (KLH) AND CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE (CGVHD) MODEL. RESULTS: HUMAN IL21-AS1 AND ITS MOUSE HOMOLOGOUS LNCRNA (MIL21-AS) WERE IDENTIFIED AND CLONED. WE UNCOVERED THAT IL21-AS1 WAS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN CD4(+) T CELLS OF SLE PATIENTS AND TFH CELLS, WHICH PROMOTED DIFFERENTIATION OF TFH CELLS. MECHANISTICALLY, IL21-AS1 BOUND HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN U AND RECRUITED ACETYLTRANSFERASES CREB-BINDING PROTEIN TO THE PROMOTER OF IL21, LEADING TO THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF IL21 AND TFH CELLS DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH INCREASING HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVEL ON IL21 PROMOTER. MOREOVER, TFH PROPORTION AND ANTIBODIES PRODUCTION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN MIL21-AS KNOCK-IN MICE IMMUNIZED WITH KLH. MIL21-AS1 OVEREXPRESSION ALSO EXACERBATED THE LUPUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN CGVHD MICE MODEL. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT IL21-AS1 ACTIVATES IL21 TRANSCRIPTION VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISM TO PROMOTE GERMINAL CENTRE RESPONSE, ADDING INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR REGULATION OF AUTOIMMUNE PATHOGENESIS AND PROVIDING A NOVEL TARGET FOR SLE TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  3845 14 IS AGING A "RETRO"SPECTIVE EVENT? REACTIVATION OF ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERVS), THE RELICS OF ANCIENT INFECTIONS, HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN A NUMBER OF DISEASE CONTEXTS. IN THIS ISSUE OF CELL, LIU ET AL. SHOW HOW REACTIVATION OF ERVS IN OLD AGE CAN INDUCE SENESCENCE. THIS AWAKENING OF ERVS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR EPIGENETIC DEREPRESSION AND CONTRIBUTES TO AGE-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  1217 20 CREG PROTECTS FROM MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY BY REGULATING MYOCARDIAL AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS. AIMS: HUMAN CELLULAR REPRESSOR OF E1A-STIMULATED GENES (CREG) IS A SECRETED GLYCOPROTEIN THAT REGULATES TISSUE AND CELL HOMEOSTASIS AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ANTAGONIZE HEART FIBROSIS, WHICH INDICATES A POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CREG AGAINST CARDIOMYOCYTE CHRONIC DAMAGE. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE OF CREG IN MYOCARDIAL TISSUE ACUTE INJURY, IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF CREG IN MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION (MI/R) INJURY AND CLARIFY THE MECHANISM OF ACTION. METHODS AND RESULTS: WILD-TYPE CREG (CREG(+/+)), HETEROZYGOUS CREG (CREG(+/-)) MICE AND MICE PRETREATED WITH INFUSION OF RECOMBINANT 0.3MG/KG.D CREG PROTEIN (RECREG(+/+)) WERE SUBJECTED TO 30MIN OF LEFT ASCENDING CORONARY ISCHEMIA AND 24H OF REPERFUSION. EVAN'S BLUE-TRIPHENYL- TETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE (TTC) SOLUTION AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CREG ON MI/R MICE. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS WERE FURTHER DETERMINED BY CULTURED MYOCARDIAL CELLS IN VITRO. OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE LEVEL OF CREG PROTEIN IN MOUSE HEARTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AFTER MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO MI/R. MOREOVER, CREG(+/-) MICE HAD LARGER INFARCTION SIZE 2H AFTER REPERFUSION AND WORSE CARDIAC FUNCTION 28DAYS AFTER MI/R INJURY COMPARED TO THAT IN CREG(+/+) MICE. HOWEVER, RECREG(+/+) MICE COULD MAINTAIN CREG AT A HIGH LEVEL EVEN AFTER MI/R INJURY, AND MITIGATED INFARCTION SIZE AND IMPROVED CARDIAC FUNCTION SIGNIFICANTLY. IN CREG(+/-) MICE, MYOCARDIAL AUTOPHAGY WAS DYSFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZED BY ACCUMULATION OF LC3A AND P62, WHILE APOPTOTIC CELL NUMBER INCREASE WAS DETECTED BY CLEAVED CASPASE-3 BLOTTING AND TUNEL STAINING. CONVERSELY, DECREASED APOPTOSIS AND ACTIVATED AUTOPHAGY WERE DETECTED IN RECREG(+/+) MICE. FURTHERMORE, CHLOROQUINE, A KIND OF AUTOPHAGY BLOCKER, WAS USED TO DEMONSTRATE RECOMBINANT CREG PROTECTED CARDIOMYOCYTES AGAINST APOPTOSIS MEDIATED BY ACTIVATING AUTOPHAGY BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. FINALLY, WE FOUND CREG WAS INVOLVED INTO LYSOSOMAL PROTEIN TRANSFER AND IMPROVE CELLULAR AUTOPHAGY. CONCLUSION: CREG PROTECTS HEART AGAINST MI/R INJURY-INDUCED CARDIOMYOCYTES APOPTOSIS BY ACTIVATING LYSOSOMAL AUTOPHAGY. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEART FAILURE - EDITED BY JUN REN AND MEGAN YINGMEI ZHANG.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20    56 18 A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION META-ANALYSIS OF CIRCULATING SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN REVEALS MULTIPLE LOCI IMPLICATED IN SEX STEROID HORMONE REGULATION. SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN (SHBG) IS A GLYCOPROTEIN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSPORT AND BIOLOGIC AVAILABILITY OF SEX STEROID HORMONES, PRIMARILY TESTOSTERONE AND ESTRADIOL. SHBG HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DISEASES INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) AND WITH HORMONE-SENSITIVE CANCERS SUCH AS BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCER. WE PERFORMED A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) META-ANALYSIS OF 21,791 INDIVIDUALS FROM 10 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND VALIDATED THESE FINDINGS IN 7,046 INDIVIDUALS IN AN ADDITIONAL SIX STUDIES. WE IDENTIFIED TWELVE GENOMIC REGIONS (SNPS) ASSOCIATED WITH CIRCULATING SHBG CONCENTRATIONS. LOCI NEAR THE IDENTIFIED SNPS INCLUDED SHBG (RS12150660, 17P13.1, P = 1.8 X 10(-106)), PRMT6 (RS17496332, 1P13.3, P = 1.4 X 10(-11)), GCKR (RS780093, 2P23.3, P = 2.2 X 10(-16)), ZBTB10 (RS440837, 8Q21.13, P = 3.4 X 10(-09)), JMJD1C (RS7910927, 10Q21.3, P = 6.1 X 10(-35)), SLCO1B1 (RS4149056, 12P12.1, P = 1.9 X 10(-08)), NR2F2 (RS8023580, 15Q26.2, P = 8.3 X 10(-12)), ZNF652 (RS2411984, 17Q21.32, P = 3.5 X 10(-14)), TDGF3 (RS1573036, XQ22.3, P = 4.1 X 10(-14)), LHCGR (RS10454142, 2P16.3, P = 1.3 X 10(-07)), BAIAP2L1 (RS3779195, 7Q21.3, P = 2.7 X 10(-08)), AND UGT2B15 (RS293428, 4Q13.2, P = 5.5 X 10(-06)). THESE GENES ENCOMPASS MULTIPLE BIOLOGIC PATHWAYS, INCLUDING HEPATIC FUNCTION, LIPID METABOLISM, CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND T2D, ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN RECEPTOR FUNCTION, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, AND THE BIOLOGY OF SEX STEROID HORMONE-RESPONSIVE CANCERS INCLUDING BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCER. WE FOUND EVIDENCE OF SEX-DIFFERENTIATED GENETIC INFLUENCES ON SHBG. IN A SEX-SPECIFIC GWAS, THE LOCI 4Q13.2-UGT2B15 WAS SIGNIFICANT IN MEN ONLY (MEN P = 2.5 X 10(-08), WOMEN P = 0.66, HETEROGENEITY P = 0.003). ADDITIONALLY, THREE LOCI SHOWED STRONG SEX-DIFFERENTIATED EFFECTS: 17P13.1-SHBG AND XQ22.3-TDGF3 WERE STRONGER IN MEN, WHEREAS 8Q21.12-ZBTB10 WAS STRONGER IN WOMEN. CONDITIONAL ANALYSES IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL SIGNALS AT THE SHBG GENE THAT TOGETHER ALMOST DOUBLE THE PROPORTION OF VARIANCE EXPLAINED AT THE LOCUS. USING AN INDEPENDENT STUDY OF 1,129 INDIVIDUALS, ALL SNPS IDENTIFIED IN THE OVERALL OR SEX-DIFFERENTIATED OR CONDITIONAL ANALYSES EXPLAINED ~15.6% AND ~8.4% OF THE GENETIC VARIATION OF SHBG CONCENTRATIONS IN MEN AND WOMEN, RESPECTIVELY. THE EVIDENCE FOR SEX-DIFFERENTIATED EFFECTS AND ALLELIC HETEROGENEITY HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING THESE FEATURES WHEN ESTIMATING COMPLEX TRAIT VARIANCE.	2012