1  5651 117 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  2187  78 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  4222  32 METHYLATION AT THE CPG ISLAND SHORE REGION UPREGULATES NR3C1 PROMOTER ACTIVITY AFTER EARLY-LIFE STRESS. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION CONFERRING AN INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS-RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS. GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GR) MEDIATE THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ACTIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS (GC) IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY AND THEREFORE PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS AND THE ENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO STRESS. WE HERE SHOW THAT ELS PROGRAMS THE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE (NR3C1) BY SITE-SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE CPG ISLAND (CGI) SHORE IN HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS THAT PRODUCE CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH), THUS PREVENTING CRH UPREGULATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC STRESS. CPGS MAPPING TO THE NR3C1 CGI SHORE REGION ARE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED BY ELS AND UNDERPIN METHYLATION-SENSITIVE CONTROL OF THIS REGION'S INSULATION-LIKE FUNCTION VIA YING YANG 1 (YY1) BINDING. OUR RESULTS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO HOW A GENOMIC ELEMENT INTEGRATES EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE COMPOSITE PROXIMAL NR3C1 PROMOTER, AND ASSIGNS AN INSULATING ROLE TO THE CGI SHORE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3600  53 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  6267  32 THE NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF STRESS: A NEVER ENDING STORY. EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS DEPENDS ON OUR ABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES. THE NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO STRESS IS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF A PLASTIC SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS TO THREATS TO HOMEOSTASIS AND ALTERS ITS OUTPUT TO MEET CURRENT AND EXPECTED FUTURE DEMANDS. AT THE LEVEL OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THE CORTICOTROPH SECRETAGOGUES CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) AND ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) RESPOND RAPIDLY TO AN ACUTE STRESSOR BUT, FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THEY ADAPT WITH A REDUCTION OF CRH BUT A MAJOR INCREASE IN AVP. THE RELEASE OF CRH AND AVP ACTIVATES PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN IN ANTERIOR PITUITARY CORTICOTROPH CELLS AND THE RELEASE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE INTO PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM WHERE IT TARGETS RECEPTORS IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO RELEASE GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES. THESE HORMONES (I.E. CORTICOSTERONE IN THE RAT AND CORTISOL IN MAN) ARE RELEASED IN A PULSATILE ULTRADIAN PATTERN WHICH DEFINES THE NORMAL CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. THE FREQUENCY OF THE PULSES IS INCREASED UNDER STATES OF CHRONIC STRESS, AND IN RATS WITH GENETICALLY DETERMINED HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS. INTERESTINGLY, NEONATAL INFLUENCES CAN ALSO PROGRAMME ALTERATIONS IN ULTRADIAN RHYTHMICITY, IMPLICATING EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN ITS REGULATION. AT THE LEVEL OF TISSUE RECEPTORS, THE ALTERATION IN PATTERN OF GLUCOCORTICOID ULTRADIAN RHYTHM HAS DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) BINDING TO DNA AND OFFERS A MECHANISM FOR TISSUE SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO ALTERED GLUCOCORTICOID DYNAMICS. THE EFFECTS OF NEONATAL EXPERIENCE ARE NOT ONLY SEEN AT THE LEVEL OF CRH AND GR REGULATION, BUT ALSO ARE EVIDENT IN BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES TO STRESS AND IN THE RESPONSIVENESS OF BRAIN STEM SEROTONERGIC PATHWAYS, AS MEASURED BY TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE MRNA IN THE BRAIN STEM.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  5253  42 PROGRAMMING CHANGES OF HIPPOCAMPAL MIR-134-5P/SOX2 SIGNAL MEDIATE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE-EXPOSED FEMALE OFFSPRING. DEPRESSION IS A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND HAS INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO CONFIRM THE DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY IN OFFSPRING RATS INDUCED BY PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE EXPOSURE (PDE) AND TO FURTHER EXPLORE THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM. WISTAR RATS WERE INJECTED WITH DEXAMETHASONE (0.2 MG/KG.D) SUBCUTANEOUSLY DURING THE GESTATIONAL DAYS 9-20 AND PART OF THE OFFSPRING WAS GIVEN CHRONIC STRESS AT POSTNATAL WEEKS 10-12. BEHAVIORAL RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ADULT PDE FEMALE OFFSPRING WAS SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEPRESSION, ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL MIR-134-5P EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y-BOX 2 (SOX2) EXPRESSION, AS WELL AS DISORDERS OF NEURAL PROGENITOR CELLS PROLIFERATION AND HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. THE PDE FEMALE FETAL RATS PRESENTED CONSISTENT CHANGES WITH THE ADULT OFFSPRING, ACCOMPANIED BY THE UPREGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) EXPRESSION. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE H3K9AC LEVEL OF THE MIR-134-5P PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PDE FETAL HIPPOCAMPUS, AS WELL AS IN ADULT OFFSPRING BEFORE AND AFTER CHRONIC STRESS. IN VITRO, THE CHANGES OF GR/SIRT1/MIR-134-5P/SOX2 SIGNAL BY DEXAMETHASONE WERE CONSISTENT WITH IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS, WHICH COULD BE REVERSED BY GR RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, SIRT1 AGONIST, AND MIR-134-5P INHIBITOR. THIS STUDY CONFIRMED THAT PDE LED TO AN INCREASED EXPRESSION LEVEL AS WELL AS H3K9AC LEVEL OF MIR-134-5P BY ACTIVATING THE GR/SIRT1 PATHWAY IN THE FETAL HIPPOCAMPUS AND THEN INHIBITED THE SOX2 EXPRESSION. THE PROGRAMMING EFFECT MEDIATED BY THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD LAST FROM INTRAUTERINE TO ADULTHOOD, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM LEADING TO HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS DISORDERS AND DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM FOR THE INCREASED DEPRESSIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN ADULT FEMALE OFFSPRING BY PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE EXPOSURE (PDE). GR, GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; SIRT1, SIRTUIN 1; SOX2, SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y-BOX 2; NPCS, NEUROPROGENITOR CELLS; H3K9AC, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION; GRE, GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE ELEMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  5834  40 STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN FEMALE RATS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA. STRESS AND ANXIETY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A FEMALE-PREDOMINANT DISORDER OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS, CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO HEIGHTENED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE IN FEMALE RATS WHETHER EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA), IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT 1 H EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) FOR 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE MEDIATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) SIRT-6 AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CBP, RESPECTIVELY. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) INTO THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH BLOCKADE OF SIRT-6 MEDIATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER. IN ADDITION, HDAC INHIBITION WITHIN THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE CRH PROMOTER. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN FEMALES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN REGULATING GR AND CRH EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND OFFER A POTENTIAL EXPLANATION OF HOW STRESS CAN TRIGGER SYMPTOMS IN IBS PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  5815  28 STRESS AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMMING IN TIME AND SPACE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN AND ALTERED INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION THAT MAY RESULT FROM A PERTURBATION IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) EXPLOITS DIVERSE MECHANISMS TO ACTIVATE OR SUPPRESS CONGENERIC GENE EXPRESSION, WITH REGULATORY VARIATION ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS IN PSYCHIATRY AND GASTROENTEROLOGY. PURPOSE: DURING ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE DRIVES SECRETION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE FROM THE PITUITARY, ULTIMATELY LEADING TO THE RELEASE OF CORTISOL (HUMAN) AND CORTICOSTERONE (RODENT) FROM THE ADRENAL GLANDS. CORTISOL BINDS WITH THE GR IN THE CYTOSOL, TRANSLOCATES TO THE NUCLEUS, AND ACTIVATES THE NR3C1 (NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY 3, GROUP C, MEMBER 1 [GR]) GENE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE RAPIDLY DEVELOPING OBSERVATIONS THAT CORTISOL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DRIVING CIRCADIAN AND ULTRADIAN BURSTS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN THE CLOCK (CLOCK CIRCADIAN REGULATOR) AND PER (PERIOD CIRCADIAN CLOCK 1) GENE FAMILIES, AND THIS RHYTHM IS DISRUPTED IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, BIPOLAR DISORDER, AND STRESS-RELATED GASTROINTESTINAL AND IMMUNE DISORDERS. GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR REGULATES DIFFERENT SETS OF TRANSCRIPTS IN A TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER, THROUGH PULSATILE WAVES OF GENE EXPRESSION THAT INCLUDES OCCUPANCY OF GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE ELEMENTS LOCATED WITHIN CONSTITUTIVELY OPEN SPATIAL DOMAINS IN CHROMATIN. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A POTENTIALLY PIVOTAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOW GR INTERACTS WITH OTHER CHROMATIN REGULATORS TO CONTROL THE EXPRESSION OF ITS TARGET GENES. DYSREGULATION OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL GR REGULOME HAS POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES FOR STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS AFFECTING THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  2371  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR PROMOTER 1(7) IN ADULT RATS. REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) LEVELS IS AN IMPORTANT STRESS ADAPTATION MECHANISM. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFGI-A AND ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED GR PROMOTER 1 7 METHYLATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN FINE-TUNING THE EXPRESSION OF GR 1 7 TRANSCRIPTS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED GR PROMOTER 1 7 METHYLATION AND GR 1 7 EXPRESSION IN ADULT RATS EXPOSED TO EITHER ACUTE OR CHRONIC STRESS PARADIGMS. A STRONG NEGATIVE CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN THE SUM OF PROMOTER-WIDE METHYLATION LEVELS AND GR 1 7 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS, INDEPENDENT OF THE STRESSOR. METHYLATION OF INDIVIDUAL SITES DID NOT, HOWEVER, CORRELATE WITH TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. THIS SUGGESTED THAT PROMOTER 1 7 WAS DIRECTLY REGULATED BY PROMOTER-WIDE DNA METHYLATION. ALTHOUGH ACUTE STRESS INCREASED NGFI-A EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN), GR 1 7 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS REMAINED UNAFFECTED DESPITE LOW METHYLATION LEVELS. ACUTE STRESS HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THESE LOW METHYLATION LEVELS, EXCEPT AT FOUR HIPPOCAMPAL CPGS. CHRONIC STRESS ALTERED THE CORTICOSTERONE RESPONSE TO AN ACUTE STRESSOR. IN THE ADRENAL AND PITUITARY GLANDS, BUT NOT IN THE BRAIN, THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE IN METHYLATION LEVELS IN ORCHESTRATED CLUSTERS RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL CPGS. PVN METHYLATION LEVELS, UNAFFECTED BY ACUTE OR CHRONIC STRESS, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE VARIABLE WITHIN- THAN BETWEEN-GROUPS, SUGGESTING THAT THEY WERE INSTATED PROBABLY DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND REPRESENT A PRE-ESTABLISHED TRAIT. THUS, IN ADDITION TO THE KNOWN PERINATAL PROGRAMMING, THE GR 1 7 PROMOTER IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD, AND RETAINS PROMOTER-WIDE TISSUE-SPECIFIC PLASTICITY. DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION SUSCEPTIBILITY BETWEEN THE PVN IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND THE PERIPHERAL HPA AXIS TISSUES IN ADULTHOOD MAY REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT "TRAIT" VS. "STATE" REGULATION OF THE GR GENE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  2243  36 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION. PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) TO ELEVATED CORTICOSTEROIDS (CORT) FACILITATES LONG-TERM ANXIETY AND PAIN THROUGH ACTIVATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GRS) AND CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS MAINTAINING THESE RESPONSES ARE UNKNOWN. SINCE CHRONIC PHENOTYPES CAN BE SUSTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DEACETYLATION, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN INDUCED BY PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THE CEA TO CORT. WE FOUND THAT BILATERAL INFUSIONS OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS SOMATIC AND VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY RESULTING FROM ELEVATED CORT EXPOSURE. MOREOVER, WE DELINEATED A NOVEL PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH HISTONE DEACETYLATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO CORT REGULATION OF GR AND SUBSEQUENT CRF EXPRESSION IN THE CEA. SPECIFICALLY, DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9), THROUGH THE COORDINATED ACTION OF THE NAD+-DEPENDENT PROTEIN DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN-6 (SIRT6) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NFKAPPAB), SEQUESTERS GR EXPRESSION LEADING TO DISINHIBITION OF CRF. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALA, SPECIFICALLY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, IS IMPORTANT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  3816  37 INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING OF CARTILAGINOUS 11BETA-HSD2 INDUCED BY CORTICOSTERONE AND CAFFEINE MEDIATED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ADULT OSTEOARTHRITIS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REPORTED THAT PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE (PCE) COULD INDUCE CHONDRODYSPLASIA AND INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OSTEOARTHRITIS IN OFFSPRING RATS. HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS AND INITIATING FACTORS REMAIN UNKNOWN. THIS STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER 11BETA-HSD2, A GLUCOCORTICOID-METABOLIZING ENZYME, IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OSTEOARTHRITIS INDUCED BY PCE AND TO FURTHER EXPLORE ITS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS AND INITIATING FACTORS. FIRSTLY, WE FOUND THAT PCE REDUCED CARTILAGE MATRIX SYNTHESIS (AGGRECAN/COL2A1 EXPRESSION) IN MALE ADULT OFFSPRING RATS AND EXHIBITED AN OSTEOARTHRITIS PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENTLY REDUCED H3K9AC AND H3K27AC LEVELS AT THE PROMOTER OF 11BETA-HSD2 AS WELL AS ITS EXPRESSION IN THE CARTILAGE FROM FETUS TO ADULTHOOD. THE EXPRESSION OF 11BETA-HSD2, AGGRECAN AND COL2A1 WERE ALL DECREASED BY CORTICOSTERONE IN THE FETAL CHONDROCYTES, WHILE OVEREXPRESSION OF 11BETA-HSD2 COULD PARTIALLY ALLEVIATE THE DECREASE OF MATRIX SYNTHESIS INDUCED BY CORTICOSTERONE IN VITRO. FURTHERMORE, THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) ACTIVATED BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS DIRECTLY BONDED TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF 11BETA-HSD2 TO INHIBIT ITS EXPRESSION. MEANWHILE, THE ACTIVATED GR REDUCED THE H3K9AC AND H3K27AC LEVELS OF 11BETA-HSD2 BY RECRUITING HDAC4 AND PROMOTING GR-HDAC4 PROTEIN INTERACTION TO INHIBIT THE 11BETA-HSD2 EXPRESSION. MOREOVER, CAFFEINE COULD REDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF 11BETA-HSD2 BY INHIBITING THE CAMP/PKA SIGNALING PATHWAY BUT WITHOUT REDUCING THE H3K9AC AND H3K27AC LEVELS OF 11BETA-HSD2, THEREBY SYNERGISTICALLY ENHANCING THE CORTICOSTERONE EFFECT. IN CONCLUSION, THE PERSISTENTLY REDUCED H3K9AC AND H3K27AC LEVELS OF 11BETA-HSD2 FROM FETUS TO ADULTHOOD MEDIATED THE INHIBITION OF CARTILAGE MATRIX SYNTHESIS AND THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OSTEOARTHRITIS. THIS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING CHANGE IN UTERO WAS INDUCED BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS WITH SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF CAFFEINE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  1163  56 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  1920  48 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

14  3812  45 INTRAUTERINE ENDOGENOUS HIGH GLUCOCORTICOIDS PROGRAM OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN FEMALE OFFSPRING SECONDARY TO PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE. OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION HAS AN INTRAUTERINE ORIGIN, AND PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE (PCE) COULD LEAD TO ABNORMAL FOLLICLE COUNTS IN OFFSPRING AFTER BIRTH. HOWEVER, THE EFFECT OF PCE ON OFFSPRING OVARIAN FUNCTION AND ITS MECHANISM OF INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING HAVE NOT BEEN REPORTED THUS FAR. IN THIS STUDY, PREGNANT WISTAR RATS WERE INTRAGASTRICALLY ADMINISTERED CAFFEINE (30 AND 120 MG/KG.D) AT GESTATIONAL DAYS 9-20 (GD9-20). CERTAIN TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THE BLOOD, OVARIES AND HYPOTHALAMUS OF FEMALE OFFSPRING AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS. PCE FEMALE OFFSPRING HAD OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL. FURTHER RESULTS SHOWED THAT IN UTERO OVARIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS WERE INHIBITED BUT RAPIDLY INCREASED DURING PUBERTY IN THE PCE GROUP. THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) LEVEL OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF1) PROMOTER REGION AND ITS EXPRESSION WERE DECREASED IN THE OVARY, WHICH WAS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF FETAL BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION SHIFTED TO INCREASE AFTER BIRTH WITH A DECREASE IN SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. CHRONIC STRESS LED TO INCREASED SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN ADULT OFFSPRING, WHEREAS OVARIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION, AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED. MOREOVER, THE ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN (HPO) AXIS WAS INCREASED IN THE EARLY POSTNATAL PERIOD OF PCE OFFSPRING, AND CHRONIC STRESS REVERSED THESE CHANGES. IN THE KGN CELL LINE, IT WAS FOUND THAT CORTISOL COULD PROMOTE THE TRANSLOCATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) INTO THE NUCLEUS AND UPREGULATE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 10 (HDAC10) TO INHIBIT THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS. IN SUMMARY, PCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN FEMALE ADULT OFFSPRING, AND THE POTENTIAL MECHANISM IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE HIGH GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE BY ACTIVATING THE GR AND RECRUITING HDAC10 TO AFFECT OVARIAN GLUCOCORTICOID-IGF1 AXIS PROGRAMMING AND TO INHIBIT ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  2905  34 GENE DYSREGULATION IN THE ADULT RAT PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS AND AMYGDALA BY PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DEXAMETHASONE. FETAL PROGRAMMING IS THE CONCEPT THAT MATERNAL STRESSORS DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT CAN ALTER OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES POSTNATALLY. EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS CAN INTERACT WITH THE FETUS TO EFFECT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IMPLICATED IN ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES. THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATES HOW CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOID DEXAMETHASONE DURING LATE GESTATION ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO BEHAVIOR IN BRAIN AREAS RELEVANT TO THE REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS. PREGNANT WISTAR KYOTO RATS RECEIVED SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF DEXAMETHASONE (100 MUG/KG) DAILY FROM GESTATIONAL DAY 15-21 OR VEHICLE ONLY AS SHAM CONTROLS. THE AMYGDALA AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) WERE MICRO-PUNCHED TO EXTRACT MRNA FOR REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION AND QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENES. IN THE PVN, THE EXPRESSION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR NR3C1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN FEMALE RATS IN RESPONSE TO PROGRAMMING. THE EXPRESSION OF CACNA1C ENCODING THE CA(V)1.2 PORE SUBUNIT OF L-TYPE VOLTAGE-GATED CALCIUM CHANNELS WAS DOWNREGULATED IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO DEXAMETHASONE. COLLECTIVELY, THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS PLAYS A ROLE IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND POTENTIALLY LEARNING AND MEMORY BY ALTERING THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENES WITHIN THE AMYGDALA AND PVN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   886  31 CHRONIC CORTICOSTERONE EXPOSURE INCREASES EXPRESSION AND DECREASES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION OF FKBP5 IN MICE. THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR HYPERCORTISOLEMIA PLAYING A ROLE IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS AND FOR EPIGENETIC VARIATION WITHIN HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS GENES MEDIATING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPRESSION CHANGES WOULD BE INDUCED IN FKBP5 AND OTHER HPA AXIS GENES BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CORTICOSTERONE AND THAT THESE CHANGES WOULD OCCUR THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF LOSS OR GAIN OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM). WE ADMINISTERED CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) TO C57BL/6J MICE VIA THEIR DRINKING WATER FOR 4 WK AND TESTED FOR BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS USING RNA EXTRACTED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND BLOOD FOR THE FOLLOWING HPA GENES: FKBP5, NR3C1, HSP90, CRH, AND CRHR1. THE CORT MICE EXHIBITED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CORT ALSO CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL AND BLOOD MRNA LEVELS OF NR3C1 AND A DECREASE IN HSP90 IN BLOOD AND CAUSED AN INCREASE IN FKBP5 FOR ALL TISSUES. DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN IN FKBP5 METHYLATION IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS. TO ISOLATE A SINGLE-CELL TYPE, WE FOLLOWED UP WITH AN HT-22 MOUSE HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONAL CELL LINE EXPOSED TO CORT. AFTER 7 D, WE OBSERVED A 2.4-FOLD INCREASE IN FKBP5 EXPRESSION AND A DECREASE IN DNAM. IN THE CORT-TREATED MICE, WE ALSO OBSERVED CHANGES IN BLOOD DNAM IN FKBP5. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST DNAM PLAYS A ROLE IN MEDIATING EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE ON FKBP5 FUNCTION, WITH POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR BEHAVIOR.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  4118  24 MECHANISMS OF BRAIN GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE IN STRESS-INDUCED PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES. EXPOSURE TO STRESS ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND LEADS TO INCREASED LEVELS OF GLUCOCORTICOID (GC) HORMONES. PROLONGED ELEVATION OF GC LEVELS CAUSES NEURONAL DYSFUNCTION, DECREASES THE DENSITY OF SYNAPSES, AND IMPAIRS NEURONAL PLASTICITY. DECREASED SENSITIVITY TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS (GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE) THAT DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF CHRONIC STRESS IS ONE OF THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF STRESS-INDUCED PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEWED THE PUBLISHED DATA ON PROPOSED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE IN BRAIN, INCLUDING CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) GENE, BIOSYNTHESIS OF GR ISOFORMS, AND GR POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. WE ALSO PRESENT DATA ON ALTERATIONS IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE FKBP5 GENE ENCODING THE MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL ULTRA-SHORT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP OF GC SIGNALING REGULATION. RECENT DISCOVERIES ON STRESS- AND GR-INDUCED CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION PATTERNS AS WELL AS NORMALIZING ACTION OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ARE DISCUSSED. GR AND FKBP5 GENE POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS-INDUCED PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES ARE DESCRIBED, AND THEIR ROLE IN GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE IS DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  2201  37 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR PROMOTER I(7) IN MATERNALLY SEPARATED AND RESTRAINT-STRESSED RATS. GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) PROMOTER I(7) IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAS A PERSISTENT IMPACT ON GR EXPRESSION, AS WELL AS BEHAVIOR, IN ADULT RODENTS VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF GR PROMOTER I(7). MOREOVER, VARIOUS STRESSORS CAN INDUCE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THIS REGION DURING ADULTHOOD. THUS, THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER MATERNALLY SEPARATED (MS) RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (RS) WOULD EXHIBIT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF GR PROMOTER I(7) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS (3H PER DAY) ON POSTNATAL DAYS (PND) 1-21. THEN, DURING ADULTHOOD (PND 56-77), THE RATS WERE EXPOSED TO RS (2H PER DAY) FOLLOWED BY TREATMENT WITH ESCITALOPRAM (10MG/KG). THE MS AND RS GROUPS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN TOTAL AND EXON I(7) GR MRNA LEVELS AND THE COMBINATION OF MS AND RS EXERTED A GREATER EFFECT ON THESE MRNA LEVELS THAN EITHER MS OR RS ALONE. ADDITIONALLY, BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AT GR PROMOTER I(7) AND THE COMBINATION OF MS AND RS HAD A GREATER EFFECT THAN DID EITHER MS OR RS ALONE. CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM TREATMENT AMELIORATED THESE CHANGES. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATE THAT POSTNATAL MS AND ADULT RS INFLUENCE GR EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE MODIFICATION AT GR PROMOTER I(7), AND THAT THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO STRESSORS POTENTIATES THESE CHANGES. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN ESCITALOPRAM ACTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  4944  26 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED EXCESSIVE FLUID INTAKE IN MALE MICE. A GROWING NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS. FOR INSTANCE, PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES TO ETHANOL OR STRESS HAVE INDEPENDENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXERT SUCH INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. SINCE ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE WOULD IMPACT STRESS RESPONSIVITY OF OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE BEING MATED WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)- AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED FOR PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS AND THE MALE OFFSPRING WERE FURTHER EXAMINED FOR STRESS-EVOKED 2-BOTTLE CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING. PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTED PLASMA CORT LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING; FEMALES WERE UNAFFECTED. IN A STRESS-EVOKED ETHANOL-DRINKING ASSAY, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF STRESS ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, C-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED INCREASED TOTAL FLUID INTAKE (POLYDIPSIA) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS WHILE E-SIRED MALES WERE RESISTANT TO THIS STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS STRESS HYPORESPONSIVITY TO MALE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  3177  36 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021