1  3701 97 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO REGULATED CELL DEATH IN GOUT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS. GOUT, A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS DISEASE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERURICEMIA AND CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METABOLIC FACTORS. ACUTE GOUT SYMPTOMS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTALS, WHICH IS MEDIATED BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNE CELLS (E.G., MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS), THE NACHT, LRR, AND PYD DOMAINS-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 (NLRP3) INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION, AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE (E.G., IL-1BETA) RELEASE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE MULTIPLE PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INCLUDE PYROPTOSIS, NETOSIS, NECROPTOSIS, AND APOPTOSIS, WHICH INITIATE INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE CORRELATION AND INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GOUT TO PROVIDE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF GOUT PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  6669 28 URIC ACID IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: DOES URIC ACID HAVE A DEFINITIVE ROLE? INCREASED SERUM URIC ACID (SUA) LEVELS ARE COMMONLY SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ARE WIDELY ACCEPTED AS RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION, GOUT, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ALTHOUGH SOME AMBIGUITY FOR THE EXACT ROLE OF URIC ACID (UA) IN THESE DISEASES IS STILL PRESENT, SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SUCH AS INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE IN GENOMICS ENLIGHTENS GENETIC VARIABILITIES AND SOME EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERURICEMIA. HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF UA WITHIN METABOLISM AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WHILE PROVIDING NEWFOUND EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UA AND GUT MICROBIOTA AND VITAMIN D. INCREASED SUA LEVELS AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF LOWERING SUA LEVELS NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED MORE TO UNDERSTAND ITS COMPLICATED FUNCTION WITHIN DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND SET OPTIMAL TARGET LEVELS FOR SUA FOR REDUCING RISKS FOR METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3   537 30 ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA: IS IT REALLY ASYMPTOMATIC? PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HYPERURICEMIA IS HIGHLY PREVALENT, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 38 MILLION INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA - HYPERURICEMIA IN THE ABSENCE OF GOUT - CONTINUES TO BE DEBATED. RECENT FINDINGS: ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA RESULTS IN MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN TISSUES, WHICH MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTRACELLULARLY, HYPERURICEMIA INHIBITS THE MASTER REGULATOR ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE AND MAY CONDITION INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES THROUGH DURABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. AT THE POPULATION LEVEL, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND DIABETES; LIMITATIONS OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE THAT MOST ARE RETROSPECTIVE AND SOME DO NOT RIGOROUSLY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT. TREATMENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT URATE LOWERING MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF INCIDENCE OR PROGRESSION OF SOME OF THESE COMORBIDITIES; UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THESE TREATMENT STUDIES ARE SMALL OR FLAWED, AND NOT ALL STUDY RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT. SUMMARY: ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO THE COMORBIDITIES WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES AND THAT PROPER ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA TREATMENT MAY REDUCE FUTURE RISK. ADDITIONAL PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH CAUSALITY AND SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING AS TO WHETHER, AND WHICH PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WOULD WARRANT URATE-LOWERING TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  2969 55 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GOUT. GOUT IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY URIC ACID (UA) ACCUMULATION IN THE JOINTS, CAUSING INFLAMMATION. TWO UA FORMS - MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU) AND SOLUBLE URIC ACID (SUA) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INTERACT PHYSICALLY WITH INFLAMMASOMES, ESPECIALLY WITH THE NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR (NLR) FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (NLRP3), ALBEIT THE ROLE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO UA IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, GIVEN THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA DOES ALSO EXIST. MACROPHAGE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF UA ACTIVATE NLRP3, LEAD TO CYTOKINES RELEASE, AND ULTIMATELY, LEAD TO CHEMOATTRACT NEUTROPHILS AND LYMPHOCYTES TO THE GOUT FLARE JOINT SPOT. GENETIC VARIANTS OF INFLAMMASOME GENES AND OF GENES ENCODING THEIR MOLECULAR PARTNERS MAY INFLUENCE HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT SUSCEPTIBILITY, WHILE ALSO INFLUENCING OTHER COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC GOUT, SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON INNATE IMMUNE CELL MECHANISMS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATING MOLECULES. UNPRECEDENTLY, A NOVEL UA BINDING PROTEIN - THE NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR PROTEIN (NAIP) - IS SUGGESTED AS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA PARADOX.ABBREVIATION: BETA2-INTEGRINS: LEUKOCYTE-SPECIFIC ADHESION MOLECULES; ABCG2: ATP-BINDING CASSETE FAMILY/BREAST CANCER-RESISTANT PROTEIN; ACR: AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY; AIM2: ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2, TYPE OF PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; ALPK1: ALPHA-PROTEIN KINASE 1; ANGPTL2: ANGIOPOIETIN-LIKE PROTEIN 2; ASC: APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN; BIR: BACULOVIRUS INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEIN REPEAT; BIRC1: BACULOVIRUS IAP REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1; BIRC2: BACULOVIRAL IAP REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2; C5A: COMPLEMENT ANAPHYLATOXIN; CAMP: CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; CARD: CASPASE ACTIVATION AND RECRUITMENT DOMAINS; CARD8: CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 8; CASP1: CASPASE 1; CCL3: CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) LIGAND 3; CD14: CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 14; CD44: CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 44; CG05102552: DNA-METHYLATION SITE, USUALLY CYTOSINE FOLLOWED BY GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES; CONTAINS ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; CIDEC: CELL DEATH-INDUCING DNA FRAGMENTATION FACTOR-LIKE EFFECTOR FAMILY; CKD: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CNV: COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CPT1A: CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE - TYPE 1A; CXCL1: CHEMOKINE (CXC MOTIF) LIGAND 1; DAMPS: DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS; DC: DENDRITIC CELLS; DNMT(1): MAINTENANCE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; EQTL: EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ERK1: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE 1; ERK2: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE 2; EULAR: EUROPEAN LEAGUE AGAINST RHEUMATISM; GMCSF: GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; GWAS: GLOBAL WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES; H3K27ME3: TRI-METHYLATION AT THE 27TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; H3K4ME1: MONO-METHYLATION AT THE 4TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; H3K4ME3: TRI-METHYLATION AT THE 4TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; HOTAIR: HUMAN GENE LOCATED BETWEEN HOXC11 AND HOXC12 ON CHROMOSOME 12; IKAPPABALPHA: CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEIN/NF-KAPPAB TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITOR; IAP: INHIBITORY APOPTOSIS PROTEIN; IFNGAMMA: INTERFERON GAMMA; IL-1BETA: INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA; IL-12: INTERLEUKIN 12; IL-17: INTERLEUKIN 17; IL18: INTERLEUKIN 18; IL1R1: INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR; IL-1RA: INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IL-22: INTERLEUKIN 22; IL-23: INTERLEUKIN 23; IL23R: INTERLEUKIN 23 RECEPTOR; IL-33: INTERLEUKIN 33; IL-6: INTERLEUKIN 6; IMP: INOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; INSIG1: INSULIN-INDUCED GENE 1; JNK1: C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE 1; LNCRNA: LONG NON-CODING RIBONUCLEIC ACID; LRR: LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS; MIR: MATURE NON-CODING MICRORNAS MEASURING FROM 20 TO 24 NUCLEOTIDES, ANIMAL ORIGIN; MIR-1: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-145: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-146A: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE, "A" STANDS FOR MIR FAMILY; "A" FAMILY PRESENTS SIMILAR MIR SEQUENCE TO "B" FAMILY, BUT DIFFERENT PRECURSORS; MIR-20B: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "B" STANDS FOR MIR FAMILY; "B" FAMILY PRESENTS SIMILAR MIR SEQUENCE TO "A" FAMILY, BUT DIFFERENT PRECURSORS; MIR-221: MIR - FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-221-5P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "5P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 5' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MIR-223: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-223-3P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "3P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 3' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MIR-22-3P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE, "3P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 3' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MLKL: MIXED LINEAGE KINASE DOMAIN-LIKE PSEUDO KINASE; MM2P: INDUCTOR OF M2-MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION; MSU: MONOSODIUM URATE; MTOR: MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MYD88: MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION PRIMARY RESPONSE 88; N-3-PUFAS: N-3-POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; NACHT: ACRONYM FOR NAIP (NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR PROTEIN), C2TA (MHC CLASS 2 TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR), HET-E (INCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS PROTEIN FROM PODOSPORA ANSERINA) AND TP1 (TELOMERASE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN); NAIP: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN (HUMAN); NAIP1: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 1 (MURINE); NAIP5: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 5 (MURINE); NAIP6: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 6 (MURINE); NBD: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING DOMAIN; NEK7: SMALLEST NIMA-RELATED KINASE; NET: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS; NF-KAPPAB: NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-LIGHT-CHAIN-ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS; NFIL3: NUCLEAR-FACTOR, INTERLEUKIN 3 REGULATED PROTEIN; NIIMA: NETWORK OF IMMUNITY IN INFECTION, MALIGNANCY, AND AUTOIMMUNITY; NLR: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR; NLRA: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING ACIDIC DOMAIN; NLRB: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING BIR DOMAIN; NLRC: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING CARD DOMAIN; NLRC4: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY CARD DOMAIN CONTAINING 4; NLRP: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING PYD DOMAIN; NLRP1: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT, AND PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 1; NLRP12: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT, AND PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 12; NLRP3: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3; NOD2: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN; NRBP1: NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-BINDING PROTEIN; NRF2: NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2; OR: ODDS RATIO; P2X: GROUP OF MEMBRANE ION CHANNELS ACTIVATED BY THE BINDING OF EXTRACELLULAR; P2X7: P2X PURINOCEPTOR 7 GENE; P38: MEMBER OF THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE FAMILY; PAMPS: PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERS; PBMC: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS; PGGT1B: GERANYLGERANYL TRANSFERASE TYPE-1 SUBUNIT BETA; PHGDH: PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE; PI3-K: PHOSPHO-INOSITOL; PPARGAMMA: PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PPARGC1B: PEROXISOME PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR, GAMMA, COACTIVATOR 1 BETA; PR3: PROTEINASE 3 ANTIGEN; PRO-CASP1: INACTIVE PRECURSOR OF CASPASE 1; PRO-IL1BETA: INACTIVE PRECURSOR OF INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA; PRR: PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS; PYD: PYRIN DOMAIN; RAPTOR: REGULATORY ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF MTOR COMPLEX 1; RAS: RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; REDD1: REGULATED IN DNA DAMAGE AND DEVELOPMENT 1; ROS: REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RS000*G: SINGLE NUCLEAR POLYMORPHISM, "*G" IS RELATED TO SNP WHERE REPLACED NUCLEOTIDE IS GUANINE, USUALLY PRECEDED BY AN ID NUMBER; SLC2A9: SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 2, MEMBER 9; SLC7A11: SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 7, MEMBER 11; SMA: SMOOTH MUSCULAR ATROPHY; SMAC: SECOND MITOCHONDRIAL-DERIVED ACTIVATOR OF CASPASES; SNP: SINGLE NUCLEAR POLYMORPHISM; SP3: SPECIFICITY PROTEIN 3; ST2: SERUM STIMULATION-2; STK11: SERINE/THREONINE KINASE 11; SUA: SOLUBLE URIC ACID; SYK: SPLEEN TYROSINE KINASE; TAK1: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA ACTIVATED KINASE; TH1: TYPE 1 HELPER T CELLS; TH17: TYPE 17 HELPER T CELLS; TH2: TYPE 2 HELPER T CELLS; TH22: TYPE 22 HELPER T CELLS; TLR: TOOL-LIKE RECEPTOR; TLR2: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TLR4: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TNFALPHA: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TNFR1: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; TNFR2: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; UA: URIC ACID; UBAP1: UBIQUITIN ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; ULT: URATE-LOWERING THERAPY; URAT1: URATE TRANSPORTER 1; VDAC1: VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION-SELECTIVE CHANNEL 1.	2023	

5  5760 31 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  6737 34 WHAT MAKES GOUTY INFLAMMATION SO VARIABLE? ACUTE GOUT ARTHRITIS FLARES CONTRIBUTE DOMINANTLY TO GOUT-SPECIFIC IMPAIRED HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE, REPRESENTING A PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. FLARES CAN BE COMPLEX AND EXPENSIVE TO TREAT, PARTLY DUE TO THE FREQUENT COMORBIDITIES. UNMET NEEDS IN GOUT MANAGEMENT ARE MORE PRESSING GIVEN THE MARKEDLY INCREASING GOUT FLARE HOSPITAL ADMISSION RATES. IN ADDITION, CHRONIC GOUTY ARTHRITIS CAN CAUSE JOINT DAMAGE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES NEW KNOWLEDGE ON THE BASIS FOR THE MARKED, INHERENT VARIABILITY OF RESPONSES TO DEPOSITED URATE CRYSTALS, INCLUDING THE UNPREDICTABLE AND SELF-LIMITED ASPECTS OF MANY GOUT FLARES. SPECIFIC TOPICS REVIEWED INCLUDE HOW INNATE IMMUNITY AND TWO-SIGNAL INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION INTERSECT WITH DIET, METABOLISM, NUTRITIONAL BIOSENSING, THE MICROBIOME, AND THE PHAGOCYTE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL FATE. THE PAPER DISCUSSES THE ROLES OF ENDOGENOUS CONSTITUTIVE REGULATORS OF INFLAMMATION, INCLUDING CERTAIN NUTRITIONAL BIOSENSORS, AND EMERGING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE BASIS OF VARIABILITY IN RESPONSES TO URATE CRYSTALS IN GOUT PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS, AND HAVE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL NEW TARGETS AND STRATEGIES FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF GOUTY ARTHRITIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  6667 41 URATE-INDUCED IMMUNE PROGRAMMING: CONSEQUENCES FOR GOUTY ARTHRITIS AND HYPERURICEMIA. TRAINED IMMUNITY IS A PROCESS IN WHICH INNATE IMMUNE CELLS UNDERGO FUNCTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO PATHOGENS OR DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULES LEADING TO AN ENHANCED NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT STIMULATION. WHILE THIS CAPACITY TO RESPOND MORE STRONGLY TO STIMULI IS BENEFICIAL FOR HOST DEFENSE, IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES IT CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE PROGRAMMING AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. GOUT IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NUMBER OF COMORBIDITIES. HYPERURICEMIA IS THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR GOUT AND IS LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBIDITIES. SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT URATE CAN MECHANISTICALLY ALTER THE INFLAMMATORY CAPACITY OF MYELOID CELLS, WHILE OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES HAVE INDICATED AN ASSOCIATION OF HYPERURICEMIA TO A WIDE SPECTRUM OF COMMON ADULT INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE ARGUE THAT HYPERURICEMIA IS A MAIN CULPRIT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LONG-TERM SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION SEEN IN GOUT. WE REVISIT EXISTING EVIDENCE FOR URATE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING THAT COULD LEAD TO AN ALTERED FUNCTIONAL STATE OF CIRCULATING MONOCYTES CONSISTING IN ENHANCED RESPONSIVENESS AND MALADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES. BY DISCUSSING SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES INDUCED BY SOLUBLE URATE OR MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTALS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, WE FURTHER ENFORCE THAT URATE IS A METABOLITE THAT CAN INDUCE INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY AND WE DISCUSS FUTURE RESEARCH AND POSSIBLE NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR GOUT AND ITS COMORBIDITIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  1183 30 CONVERGING RELATIONSHIPS OF OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METABOLIC DISORDERS AND PLAUSIBLE THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. BACKGROUND: OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA MUTUALLY INFLUENCE METABOLIC SYNDROME. THIS STUDY DISCUSSES THE METABOLIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA IN TERMS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, COMPLICATIONS, AND TREATMENTS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED FOR PRECLINICAL OR CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, COMPLICATIONS, AND THERAPY OF OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA ON THE PUBMED DATABASE. RESULTS: IN THIS SYSTEMIC REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED OUR SEARCHING RESULTS ON TOPICS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, COMPLICATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, WE FIRSTLY INTRODUCE GENETIC VARIATIONS FOR OBESITY, HYPERURICEMIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS BY GENETIC STUDIES. SECONDLY, WE TALK ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA. THIRDLY, WE DESCRIBE THE CENTRAL METABOLIC REGULATION AND THE ROLE OF HYPERURICEMIA. THEN, WE REFER TO THE CHARACTER OF ADIPOSE TISSUE INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA. IN THE LAST PART OF THIS TOPIC, WE REVIEWED THE CRITICAL LINKS OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA. IN THE FOLLOWING PART, WE REVIEW THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR COMPLICATIONS IN OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND CANCERS. FINALLY, WE RECAPITULATE THE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES ESPECIALLY THE NOVEL PHARMACEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA, WHICH CONCURRENTLY SHOW THE MUTUAL METABOLIC INFLUENCES BETWEEN TWO DISEASES. CONCLUSION: THE DATA REVIEWED HERE DELINEATE THE METABOLIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OBESITY AND HYPERURICEMIA, AND PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROMES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  5594 32 ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS AN IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INCENTIVES, POLYGENIC GENETIC CONTROL, AND IMMUNE REGULATION. THE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENE ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2 (AIM2) WAS IDENTIFIED AS A SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE FOR PSORIASIS. AIM2 INFLAMMASOME FORMED FROM THE COMBINATION OF AIM2, PYD-LINKED APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN (ASC) AND CASPASE-1 PROMOTES THE MATURATION AND RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS IL-1BETA AND IL-18, AND TRIGGERS AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. STUDIES SHOWED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AIM2 GENE AND PSORIASIS. AIM2 GENE HAS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSORIASIS, AND THE INHIBITORS OF AIM2 INFLAMMASOME WILL BE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PSORIASIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE ROLES OF THE AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS, HOPEFULLY PROVIDING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND NEW INSIGHT INTO THE ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PSORIASIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  6713 29 VISCERAL ADIPOSITY SYNDROME. THE ASSOCIATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC (WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE) AND HEMODYNAMIC (BLOOD PRESSURE) CHANGES WITH ABNORMALITIES IN GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM HAS BEEN MOTIVATION FOR A LOT OF DISCUSSIONS IN THE LAST 30 YEARS. NOWADAYS, BLOOD PRESSURE, BODY MASS INDEX/ABDOMINAL CIRCUMFERENCE, GLYCEMIA, TRIGLYCERIDEMIA, AND HDL-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN THE DEFINITION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME, REFERRED AS VISCERAL ADIPOSITY SYNDROME (VAS) IN THE PRESENT REVIEW. HOWEVER, MORE THAN 250 YEARS AGO AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL AND MEDIASTINAL OBESITY WITH HYPERTENSION, GOUT, AND OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA HAD ALREADY BEEN RECOGNIZED. EXPANSION OF VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC OVER-CONSUMPTION OF CALORIES STIMULATES THE RECRUITMENT OF MACROPHAGES, WHICH ASSUME AN INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE AND PRODUCE CYTOKINES THAT DIRECTLY INTERFERE WITH INSULIN SIGNALING, RESULTING IN INSULIN RESISTANCE. IN TURN, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR) MANIFESTS ITSELF IN VARIOUS TISSUES, CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL PHENOTYPE OF VAS. FOR EXAMPLE, IN WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE, IR RESULTS IN LIPOLYSIS, INCREASED FREE FATTY ACIDS RELEASE AND WORSENING OF INFLAMMATION, SINCE FATTY ACIDS CAN BIND TO TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. IN THE LIVER, IR RESULTS IN INCREASED HEPATIC GLUCOSE PRODUCTION, CONTRIBUTING TO HYPERGLYCEMIA; IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AND KIDNEY, IR RESULTS IN VASOCONSTRICTION, SODIUM RETENTION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OTHER PLAYERS HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VAS, SUCH AS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AN UNFAVOURABLE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GUT MICROBIOTA. MORE RECENTLY, EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARTICIPATES IN MODULATING VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE. THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS RELATED TO ADIPOSE TISSUE FUNCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH BETA1, BETA2, BETA3, ALPHA1, AND ALPHA2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. THE RELATION IS BIDIRECTIONAL: SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE BLOCKS LIPOLYSIS TO A VARIETY OF LIPOLYTIC STIMULI AND ADIPOSE TISSUE SEND INPUTS TO THE BRAIN. AN IMBALANCE OF SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC AND ALPHA2 ADRENERGIC/BETA3 RECEPTOR IS RELATED TO VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE STORAGE AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY. THUS, IN ADDITION TO THE WELL-KNOWN FACTORS CLASSICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH VAS, ABNORMAL AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY ALSO EMERGES AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR REGULATING WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE, WHICH HIGHLIGHTS COMPLEX ROLE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE VAS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  6648 28 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS A CHRONIC COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WHICH MAY EVENTUALLY LEAD TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE (ESKD). DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN GLYCAEMIC CONTROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT WITH RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) BLOCKADE, THE CURRENT THERAPY CANNOT COMPLETELY HALT DKD PROGRESSION TO ESKD IN SOME PATIENTS. DKD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE ENTITY IN TERMS OF ITS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND THE RATE OF PROGRESSION, WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS. IT WAS FORMERLY CONSIDERED THAT ALBUMINURIA PRECEDED KIDNEY FUNCTION DECLINE IN DKD, BUT RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT A DISTINCT GROUP OF PATIENTS PRESENTED KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION WITHOUT DEVELOPING ALBUMINURIA. OTHER COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, OBESITY AND GOUT, ALSO AFFECT THE CLINICAL COURSE OF DKD. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DKD IS COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING BOTH METABOLIC AND HAEMODYNAMIC FACTORS. THESE INDUCE ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, DYSREGULATED AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH RESULT IN KIDNEY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RECENTLY, TWO GROUPS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITORS AND GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) RECEPTOR AGONISTS, WERE DEMONSTRATED TO PROVIDE RENOPROTECTION ON TOP OF THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFECTS. SEVERAL OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS ARE ALSO BEING DEVELOPED AND EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  6441 27 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY COMPLEX PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHICH OFTEN DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD INCLUDE DIET, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS, INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS, OXIDATIVE/NITROSATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY DYSREGULATION, HEPATIC INFLAMMATION, GUT-LIVER AXIS, GUT MICROBES, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. SOME OF THE NEW DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD ARE INTRODUCED HERE. ALL OF THEM ACHIEVE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES BY INTERFERING WITH CERTAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (FGF) ANALOGUES, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) AGONISTS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS), SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-2I), FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR), FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR (FASNI), ANTIOXIDANTS, ETC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NAFLD AND ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  6891 19 [SIGNAL RECEPTORS OF CONGENITAL IMMUNITY: A NEW MOLECULAR TARGET FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES]. THE DISCOVERY OF SIGNAL RECEPTORS OF CONGENITAL IMMUNITY (SIGNAL PRR) NOT ONLY PROVIDED A NOVEL VIEW OF BASIC ASPECTS OF PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO CREATED A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR THESE PATHOLOGIES AND NEW PHARMACEUTICALS FOR THEIR TREATMENT. REDUCED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF PRR DUE TO MUTATIONS/POLYMORPHISMS OR EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES OF REGULATION CAN BE REGARDED AS IMMUNODEFICIENT CONDITIONS MANIFEST AS SEVERE INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. IN CONTRAST, EXCESSIVE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION OF PRR AS A RULE LEADS TO CHRONIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY, AUTOIMMUNE, AND ATOPIC DISEASES INVOLVING ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AND AGGRESSION AGAINST OWN TISSUES AND CELLS. ASSESSMENT OF CERTAIN MUTATIONS IN PRR GENES, THEIR EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION PROVIDES A POWERFUL TOOL FOR IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTICS OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. SIMULTANEOUSLY, NEW LINES OF IMMUNOSTIMULATING AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY ARE DEVELOPED BASED ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF PRR WITH THE USE OF SYNTHETIC AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS OF SIGNAL PRR.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  3456 28 HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENES IS LINKED TO THE DYSBALANCE IN IL1BETA/IL-1RA AXIS IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. INFLAMMATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM). SUPPORTING THIS CONCEPT, ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND INCREASED INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES ARE OBSERVED IN PANCREATIC ISLETS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM. ALTHOUGH IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA) PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING OF IL-1BETA-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION, ITS COUNTERACTION EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN T2DM ARE LESS STUDIED. THUS, WE AIMED TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN IL1RN, RELA (P65) AND NFKB1 (P50) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM TREATED T2DM PATIENTS (N = 35) AND AGE-/SEX- MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 31). PRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WAS ANALYZED IN PLASMA AND SUPERNATANTS FROM LPS-INDUCED PBMCS. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WERE STUDIED ON THP-1 CELLS. AVERAGE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN T2DM PATIENTS IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS (P< 0.05), WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASED IL-1RA (P< 0.001) AND IL-1BETA (P = 0.039) PLASMA LEVELS IN T2DM PATIENTS. NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AVERAGE METHYLATION OF IL1RN GENE AND IL-1RA PLASMA LEVELS WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE T2DM PATIENTS. METHYLATION OF NFKB1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-1RA LEVELS IN THE PATIENTS AND POSITIVELY WITH IL-1BETA LEVELS IN FEMALE PATIENTS. LPS-STIMULATED PBMCS FROM FEMALE PATIENTS FAILED TO RAISE IL-1BETA PRODUCTION, WHILE THE CELLS FROM HEALTHY FEMALES INCREASED IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN COMPARISON WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS (P< 0.001). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS MAY PROMOTE THE INCREASED IL-1BETA/IL-1RA PRODUCTION AND REGULATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN T2DM. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THE CAUSAL DIRECTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS AND POTENTIAL ROLE OF IL-1RA IN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN TREATED PATIENTS WITH T2DM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  6502 23 TRAINED IMMUNITY: LONG-TERM ADAPTATION IN INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES. ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY AND INDUCTION OF LIFELONG IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN ALSO BUILD IMMUNE MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS-A PROCESS TERMED TRAINED IMMUNITY. TRAINED IMMUNITY DESCRIBES THE PERSISTENT HYPERRESPONSIVE PHENOTYPE THAT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN DEVELOP AFTER BRIEF STIMULATION. PATHOGENIC STIMULI SUCH AS MICROORGANISMS, AND ALSO ENDOGENOUS MOLECULES INCLUDING URIC ACID, OXIDIZED LDL (LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN), AND CATECHOLAMINES, ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING MEMORY IN MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES. WHILE TRAINED IMMUNITY PROVIDES FAVORABLE CROSS-PROTECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THE HEIGHTENED IMMUNE RESPONSE CAN BE MALADAPTIVE IN DISEASES DRIVEN BY CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS. TRAINED IMMUNITY IS MAINTAINED BY DISTINCT EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MECHANISMS AND PERSISTS FOR AT LEAST SEVERAL MONTHS IN VIVO DUE TO REPROGRAMMING OF MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, CERTAIN NONIMMUNE CELLS ARE ALSO FOUND TO EXHIBIT TRAINED IMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS. THUS, TRAINED IMMUNITY PRESENTS AN EXCITING FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO VACCINATION AND ALSO NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  6887 25 [ROLE OF METAFLAMMATION AS A SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATION OF METABOLIC DISEASES]. VISCERAL OBESITY AS A COMPONENT OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IS CHARACTERIZED BY SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL INFLAMMATION, WHICH CAN BE QUANTIFIED IN ORGANS (METAFLAMMATION). THIS PROCESS CAN BE REGARDED AS A CHRONIC, STERILE, AND LOW-GRADE STATE OF INFLAMMATION WITHOUT INFECTION, TRAUMA, TUMOR OR AUTOIMMUNITY. IT IS CAUSED BY AN INFLAMMATION OF THE VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE (ADIPOSE INFLAMMATION OR ADIPOFLAMMATION) DUE TO ADIPOCYTE HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA WITH INCREASED INFILTRATION BY MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES. IMPORTANT IS THE PRESENCE OF PROINFLAMMATORY, SO-CALLED POLARIZED M1 MACROPHAGES THAT ARE INDUCED BY INTERFERON GAMMA (IFN-GAMMA) AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES (LPS) WITH SECRETION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF) AND IL?1. IN CONTRAST, THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, SO-CALLED POLARIZED M2 MACROPHAGES INDUCED BY IL?4 AND IL-13 WITH SECRETION OF IL?8 AND IL-10 DECREASE. IN ADDITION, THE SECRETED ADIPOKINE PATTERN CHANGES FROM ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TO PROINFLAMMATORY. ADIPOCYTE NECROSIS, LOCAL HYPOXIA, DYSREGULATED AUTOPHAGY, ACTIVATION OF INFLAMMASOMES, MODULATION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS PLAY A COMPLEX ROLE. THIS MECHANISM RESULTS IN LOCAL INSULIN RESISTANCE AND SUBSEQUENTLY A SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE OF PERIPHERAL ORGANS AS WELL AS A SPILLOVER OF LOCAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (MEASURED AS OBESITY C?REACTIVE PROTEIN, CRP). THE ACTIVATION OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CASCADES LEADS TO INHIBITORY PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY AND A WEAKENING OF THE EFFECT OF INSULIN. IN PARALLEL, ECTOPIC LIPID ACCUMULATION OCCURS IN THE LIVER, MUSCULATURE, PANCREAS, PERICARDIUM AND LUNGS. DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG) ACTIVATES SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF PROTEIN KINASE C (EPSILON IN THE LIVER AND TAU IN THE MUSCULATURE), WHICH IN TURN LEAD TO INHIBITION OF THE INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY. INSULIN RESISTANCE IN OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. THE AIM OF FUTURE TRANSLATIONAL APPROACHES IS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, MOLECULARLY INDIVIDUALIZED (PRECISION MEDICINE) TREATMENT IN ADIPOSE TISSUE (TARGETED THERAPY) AND IN ORGANS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  4044 24 MACROPHAGES IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MODELS TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION OF DIETARY NATURAL COMPOUNDS. ANTIOXIDANT TESTING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING INTEREST IN RECENT YEARS, MAINLY DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ANTIOXIDANT-RICH DIET MIGHT PROVIDE HEALTH BENEFITS. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES, AND PEROXYNITRITE GENERATED THROUGH THE SO-CALLED RESPIRATORY BURST. CONSTITUTIVELY RELEASED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE, ESPECIALLY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, TRIGGERS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 TRANSLOCATION LEADING TO THE OVER PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES IN MACROPHAGES. ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE LONG-LIVED TISSUE-RESIDENT MACROPHAGES AND/OR MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES, TRIGGER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. NUTRACEUTICALS INCLUDING LIPID RAFT STRUCTURE DISRUPTION AGENT, CHOLESTEROL DEPLETION AGENT, FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB BLOCKER (ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS), GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AGONIST, AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AGONIST HAVE LONG BEEN USED TO INACTIVE MACROPHAGE. THE INHIBITION EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE, SUPEROXIDE, AND NITRITE PEROXIDE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONALITIES. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE MODELS COULD BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL DIETS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A MULTIPLE TARGETS STRATEGY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  3853 25 IS MIR-223 UPREGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES A PROTECTIVE RESPONSE? INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DAMAGE OF COLONOCYTES WITH ETIOLOGY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE INCREASED IN BOTH IBD PATIENTS AND ANIMAL COLITIS MODELS. HOWEVER, CONTENTIOUS OPINIONS RELEVANT TO THE ROLES OF MIR-223 IN IBD HAVE BEEN REPORTED. NOTWITHSTADING THAT MOST STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED THAT MIR-223 HAS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, SEVERAL REPORTS HAVE PROGRESSED A PRO-INFLAMMATORY VIEW. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARISE BOTH THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF MIR-223 ON KEY MOLECULES IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN BOTH ANIMAL MODELS AND IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH IBD AND OBJECTIVELY DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE BASIS FOR THE DISCREPANCIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  6476 26 TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS, INFECTIONS, AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) THAT BELONG TO THE GROUP OF PROTEIN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR (PPR) PROVIDE AN INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE FOLLOWING THE SENSING OF CONSERVED PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MICROBIAL PATTERNS (PAMPS) AND CHANGES IN DANGER-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (DAMPS) THAT ARE GENERATED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CELLULAR INJURY. ANALYSIS OF THE TLR PATHWAY HAS MOREOVER OFFERED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA). INDEED, A DYSFUNCTIONAL TLR-MEDIATED RESPONSE CHARACTERIZES RA PATIENTS AND PARTICIPATES IN ESTABLISHMENT OF A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATE. SUCH AN INAPPROPRIATE TLR RESPONSE HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED (I) TO THE REPORT OF IMPORTANT ALTERATIONS IN THE MICROBIOTA AND ABNORMAL RESPONSES TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS PART OF RA; (II) TO THE ABNORMAL PRESENCE OF TLR-LIGANDS IN THE SERUM AND SYNOVIAL FLUID OF RA PATIENTS; (III) TO THE OVEREXPRESSION OF TLR MOLECULES; (IV) TO THE PRODUCTION OF A LARGE PANEL OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES DOWNSTREAM OF THE TLR PATHWAY; AND (V) TO GENETIC VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN SUSCEPTIBLE RA PATIENTS PROMOTING A HYPER TLR RESPONSE. AS A CONSEQUENCE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING TLRS FOR THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF RA IS EMERGING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  4971 25 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A FOCUS ON CURRENT AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AROUND THE GLOBE AND IS ONE OF THE MAIN COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES. THE STANDARD TREATMENT FOR DKD IS DRUGS CONTROLLING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM BLOCKADE AND SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITION HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS IN DKD, BUT MANY DIABETIC PATIENTS ON SUCH TREATMENTS NEVERTHELESS CONTINUE TO DEVELOP DKD, LEADING TO KIDNEY FAILURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMORBIDITIES. NEW THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED. WE REVIEW HERE THE PROMISING THERAPEUTIC AVENUES BASED ON INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF DKD THAT HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED, INCLUDING MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, SGLT2 INHIBITORS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST, ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR A INHIBITION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATORS AND EPIGENETIC REMODELLING. THE INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN DKD PATHOGENESIS, TOGETHER WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY OF THIS CONDITION, MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO TARGET THIS HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION WITH A SINGLE DRUG. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE GENETIC AND MECHANISTIC VARIABILITY, MAY THEREFORE IMPROVE RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH DKD.	2020