1   137 127 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. BACKGROUND: GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA, A COMMON FEATURE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUCUS HYPERSECRETION WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG PATIENTS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SAM-POINTED DOMAIN-CONTAINING ETS-LIKE FACTOR (SPDEF) AND FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN A2 (FOXA2) REGULATE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO (1) INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND (2) COMPARE THIS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROLS DURING MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PRIMARY AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, ISOLATED FROM TRACHEA (NON-COPD CONTROLS) AND BRONCHIAL TISSUE (PATIENTS WITH COPD), WERE DIFFERENTIATED BY CULTURE AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) IN THE PRESENCE OF CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN (IL)-13 TO PROMOTE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT SPDEF EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, WHILE FOXA2 EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED. IMPORTANTLY, CPG NUMBER 8 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER WAS HYPERMETHYLATED UPON DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS DNA METHYLATION OF FOXA2 PROMOTER WAS NOT CHANGED. IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-13, COPD-DERIVED ALI-CULTURED CELLS DISPLAYED HIGHER SPDEF EXPRESSION THAN CONTROL-DERIVED ALI CULTURES, WHEREAS NO DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND FOR FOXA2 EXPRESSION. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBER 6 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER AND ALSO HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBERS 10 AND 11 IN THE FOXA2 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IS ONE OF THE FACTORS UNDERLYING MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN COPD, OPENING NEW AVENUES FOR EPIGENETIC-BASED INHIBITION OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  3976  33 LONG-TERM DEFECTS OF NASAL EPITHELIUM BARRIER FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA POST CHEMO-RADIOTHERAPY. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CHRONIC AND RECURRENT UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION IS COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC) POST CHEMO-RADIOTHERAPY (CRT). WHETHER IT IS DUE TO INTRINSIC (E.G., HOST-DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE EPITHELIUM), EPIGENETIC OR EXTRINSIC FACTORS IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TISSUE BIOPSIES OF THE MIDDLE TURBINATE (MT) AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (IT) FROM NPC PATIENTS AFTER CRT (MEAN OF 3 YEARS, N = 39) WERE COMPARED WITH THE IT BIOPSIES FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS (N = 44). THE EPITHELIAL ULTRASTRUCTURE WAS EXAMINED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM). MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS OF EPITHELIAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS MARKERS, AS WELL MARKERS OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION MARKERS WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL ARCHITECTURE WAS OBSERVED IN ALL TISSUE SAMPLES OF NPC PATIENTS. SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS FOR P63 (BASAL CELLS), KI67 (CELL PROLIFERATION), P63(+)/KRT5(+) (EPITHELIAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS), MUC5AC AND MUC5B (SECRETARY PROTEINS FROM GOBLET CELLS), ALPHA-TUBULIN, BETA-TUBULIN AND TAP73 (CILIATED CELLS), DNAH5 AND DNAI1 AND RSPH4A (MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLIES OF MOTILE CILIA), FOXJ1 AND CP110 (CILIOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED MARKERS) WERE EVIDENT IN MT AND IT BIOPSIES FROM NPC PATIENTS WHEN COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. CONCLUSION: CRT CAUSES LONG-TERM DEFECTS OF EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTIONS AND INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THESE PATIENTS TO UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  4116  33 MECHANISMS OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR IN ASTHMA AND COPD. THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM COMPRISES OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES AND ACTS AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER PREVENTING PATHOGENS, INCLUDING INHALED PARTICLES AND MICROBES, FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS. GOBLET CELLS AND SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS PRODUCE MUCUS THAT TRAPS PATHOGENS, WHICH ARE EXPELLED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT BY CILIATED CELLS. BASAL CELLS ACT AS PROGENITOR CELLS, DIFFERENTIATING INTO DIFFERENT EPITHELIAL CELL TYPES, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS FOLLOWING INJURY. ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS MAINTAIN THE EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION AND REGULATE THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES ACROSS IT. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS HOW ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, CAUSED BY CHRONIC INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR, DRIVES AIRWAY DISEASE AND SPECIFICALLY ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). IN BOTH DISEASES, INHALED ALLERGENS, POLLUTANTS AND MICROBES DISRUPT JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES AND PROMOTE CELL DEATH, IMPAIRING THE BARRIER FUNCTION AND LEADING TO INCREASED PENETRATION OF PATHOGENS AND A CONSTANT AIRWAY IMMUNE RESPONSE. IN ASTHMA, THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE PRECIPITATES THE EPITHELIAL INJURY AND DRIVES ABNORMAL BASAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS LEADS TO REDUCED CILIATED CELLS, GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA AND INCREASED EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE AND AIRWAY REMODELLING. IN COPD, CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION TRIGGER PREMATURE EPITHELIAL CELL SENESCENCE, WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO LOSS OF EPITHELIAL INTEGRITY AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING. INCREASED NUMBERS OF BASAL CELLS SHOWING DEREGULATED DIFFERENTIATION, CONTRIBUTES TO CILIARY DYSFUNCTION AND MUCOUS HYPERPRODUCTION IN COPD AIRWAYS. DEFECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIVIRAL AND DAMAGE REPAIR MECHANISMS, POSSIBLY DUE TO GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC FACTORS, MAY CONFER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THESE DISEASES. THE CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A CONSTANT CYCLE OF INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR OF THE EPITHELIUM DRIVES CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING IN ASTHMA AND COPD. MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INJURY SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DAMAGE RESPONSE MAY LEAD TO IMPROVED THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  2278  36 EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS IS REQUIRED TO PREVENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIFE-THREATENING CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES SUCH AS PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH) AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ORIGINATES FROM A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS THAT IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. LIKEWISE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS THAT MIGHT PREDISPOSE FOR PH OR COPD IN ADULT INDIVIDUALS. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY PATHOLOGY-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN DISEASED LUNG TISSUES, WE SCREENED A COHORT OF HUMAN PATIENTS WITH PH AND COPD FOR CHANGES OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING. TO ANALYZE THE FUNCTION OF H4K20ME2/3 IN LUNG PATHOGENESIS, WE DEVELOPED A SERIES OF SUV4-20H1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE LINES TARGETING CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS AND DIFFERENT HEART AND LUNG CELL TYPES, FOLLOWED BY HEMODYNAMIC STUDIES AND MORPHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE SAMPLES. MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO ANALYZE THE FUNCTION OF SUV4-20H1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. RESULTS: WE DISCOVERED A STRONG REDUCTION OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF H4K20ME2/3 IN HUMAN PATIENTS WITH COPD BUT NOT PATIENTS WITH PH THAT DEPEND ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE H4K20 DI-METHYLTRANSFERASE SUV4-20H1. LOSS OF SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS CAUSED A COPD-LIKE/PH PHENOTYPE IN MICE INCLUDING THE FORMATION OF PERIVASCULAR TERTIARY LYMPHOID TISSUE AND GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA, HYPERPROLIFERATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS/MYOFIBROBLASTS, IMPAIRED ALVEOLARIZATION AND MATURATION DEFECTS OF THE MICROVASCULATURE LEADING TO MASSIVE RIGHT VENTRICULAR DILATATION AND PREMATURE DEATH. MECHANISTICALLY, SUV4-20H1 BINDS DIRECTLY TO THE 5'-UPSTREAM REGULATORY ELEMENT OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 3 (SOD3) GENE TO REPRESS ITS EXPRESSION. INCREASED LEVELS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR SOD3 ENZYME IN SUV4-20H1 MUTANTS INCREASES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONCENTRATIONS, CAUSING VASCULAR DEFECTS AND IMPAIRING ALVEOLARIZATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS REVEAL A PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HISTONE MODIFIER SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY CODEVELOPMENT AND UNCOVER THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES. WE ASSUME THAT THE STUDY WILL FACILITATE THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENIC EVENTS CAUSING PH AND COPD AND AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES.	2021	
                         
5  3758  41 INTEGRATED MRNA AND MICRORNA TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN NASAL POLYP EPITHELIUM REVEALS AN ALTERED CILIOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: HUMAN ADULT BASAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS (BSCS) OBTAINED FROM CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) WHEN DIFFERENTIATED IN AN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) USUALLY PROVIDE A PSEUDOSTRATIFIED AIRWAY EPITHELIUM WITH SIMILAR ABNORMALITIES THAN ORIGINAL IN VIVO PHENOTYPE. HOWEVER, THE INTRINSIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THIS COMPLEX PROCESS ARE NOT WELL DEFINED AND THEIR UNDERSTANDING COULD OFFER POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR CRSWNP (INCURABLE DISEASE). METHODS: WE PERFORMED A TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE ANALYSIS DURING IN VITRO MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN ADULT BSCS FROM CRSWNP, COMPARED TO THOSE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL NASAL MUCOSA (CONTROL-NM), IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH KEY MRNA AND MICRORNAS ARE REGULATING THIS COMPLEX PROCESS IN PATHOLOGICAL AND HEALTHY CONDITIONS. RESULTS: A NUMBER OF GENES, MIRS, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, AND PATHWAYS WERE IDENTIFIED DURING MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION OF BOTH CRSWNP AND CONTROL-NM EPITHELIA, AND NOTABLY, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT GENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM RESPONSIBLE OF CILIOGENESIS AND CILIA FUNCTION IS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED IN CRSWNP EPITHELIUM, PRESUMABLY PRODUCED BY AN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS, PARTICULARLY OF THOSE MIRS BELONGING TO MIR-34 AND MI-449 FAMILIES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES FOR THE FIRST TIME A NOVEL INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF SINONASAL MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION, DEMONSTRATING THAT TRANSCRIPTOME RELATED TO CILIOGENESIS AND CILIA FUNCTION IS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF CRSWNP EPITHELIUM DUE TO AN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  5910  44 TARGETED EPIGENETIC EDITING OF SPDEF REDUCES MUCUS PRODUCTION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS. AIRWAY MUCUS HYPERSECRETION CONTRIBUTES TO THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES. REDUCING MUCUS PRODUCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR IMPROVING PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SAM-POINTED DOMAIN-CONTAINING ETS-LIKE FACTOR (SPDEF) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF MUCUS PRODUCTION AND, THEREFORE, REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET. THIS STUDY AIMS TO REDUCE LUNG EPITHELIAL MUCUS PRODUCTION BY TARGETED SILENCING SPDEF USING THE NOVEL STRATEGY, EPIGENETIC EDITING. ZINC FINGERS AND CRISPR/DCAS PLATFORMS WERE ENGINEERED TO TARGET REPRESSORS (KRAB, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES) TO THE SPDEF PROMOTER. ALL CONSTRUCTS WERE ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY SUPPRESS BOTH SPDEF MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INHIBITION OF DOWNSTREAM MUCUS-RELATED GENES [ANTERIOR GRADIENT 2 (AGR2), MUCIN 5AC (MUC5AC)]. FOR THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A, AND NOT ITS MUTANT OR OTHER EFFECTORS, THE OBTAINED SILENCING WAS MITOTICALLY STABLE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE EFFICIENT SPDEF SILENCING AND DOWNREGULATION OF MUCUS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC EDITING, IN HUMAN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS. THIS OPENS AVENUES FOR EPIGENETIC EDITING AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO INDUCE LONG-LASTING MUCUS INHIBITION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  1826  40 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  1632  35 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  5479  37 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                  
10  3524  44 IL-13 REGULATES HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION VIA H3K4ME3 MODIFICATION. INTRODUCTION: EPIGENETIC REGULATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS AND NASAL POLYPS. THE LATTER ARE CHARACTERIZED BY EPITHELIAL MIS-DIFFERENTIATION AND INFILTRATION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. H3K4ME3 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN REGULATING LINEAGE COMMITMENT. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (HNEPC), REMAIN UNDEREXPLORED. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF H3K4ME3 IN HNEPC DIFFERENTIATION TREATED WITH THE TH2 CYTOKINE IL-13. PATIENTS AND METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MRNA AND PROTEINS WERE INVESTIGATED USING REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT IN NASAL POLYP TISSUES AND HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS RESPECTIVELY. WE MEASURED THESE LEVELS OF H3K4ME3, MLL1 AND TARGETED GENES COMPARED WITH CONTROL SUBJECTS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 AND ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN IL-13-TREATED HNEPC. THIS ELEVATION WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN NASAL POLYPS. EXPRESSION OF CILIA-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOXJ1 AND DNAI2 DECREASED, WHILE GOBLET CELL-DERIVED GENES CLCA1 AND MUC5A INCREASED UPON IL-13 TREATMENT. MECHANISTICALLY, KNOCKDOWN OF MLL1 RESTORED EXPRESSION OF THESE FOUR GENES INDUCED BY IL-13. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT H3K4ME3 IS A CRITICAL REGULATOR IN CONTROL OF NASAL EPITHELIAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION. MLL1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NASAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  6662  32 UPREGULATION OF FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) IS ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN CLINICAL RHINOLOGY. FZD5 IS A RECEPTOR FOR WNT5A, AND ITS COMPLEX WITH WNT5A CONTRIBUTES TO ACTIVATING INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE MODIFICATION. NASAL POLYPS AND EOSINOPHIL/NON-EOSINOPHIL COUNTS ARE REPORTED TO BE DIRECTLY CORRELATED. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FZD5, AND THE ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL INFILTRATION AND FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP PATHOGENESIS. THE PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL LEVELS WAS EVALUATED IN SEVEN PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP. FIFTEEN PATIENTS WITH CRS WERE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE PERCENTAGE OF EOSINOPHILS IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE. METHYLATED GENES WERE DETECTED USING METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN SEQUENCING, AND QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WERE USED TO DETECT FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE SAMPLES. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT MRNA EXPRESSION OF FZD5 WAS UPREGULATED IN NASAL POLYPS. FZD5 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NASAL POLYP SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP THAN IN THOSE FROM PATIENTS WITH NON-EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP, AS INDICATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. FURTHERMORE, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE LEVELS WERE HIGHER IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP-DERIVED EPITHELIAL CELLS THAN IN NORMAL TISSUES. IN CONCLUSION, FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL MUCOSAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IS CORRELATED WITH INFLAMMATORY CELLS AND MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  3460  43 HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL8 PROMOTER IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND: IL-8 IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOKINE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IL8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRS. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER AND CRS IN HAN CHINESE SUBJECTS. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP; N = 187), PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS (CRSSNP; N = 89), AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 57) WERE ENROLLED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS. PURIFIED HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM EACH PARTICIPANT WERE ASSESSED FOR PERCENTAGE DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND FOR FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF METHYLATION STATUS BY USING IN VITRO ASSAYS. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES 1, 2, AND 3, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CRSSNP (P < .001) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (P < .001). PERCENTAGE OF DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG3 SITE WAS CORRELATED NEGATIVELY WITH BOTH TISSUE EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN (P < .01) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE (P < .05) LEVELS. IL-1BETA (P < .001) AND TNF-ALPHA (P < .01) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IL8 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY A REDUCTION IN METHYLATION AT THE CPG3 SITE (P < .001). ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG3 CHANGED THE BINDING OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB. CONCLUSION: DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF PARTICULARLY CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  3767  37 INTEGRATIVE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN PRIMARY BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS) IS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR MANY PULMONARY DISEASES, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR CS EXPOSURE IS THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. ELUCIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING CS EXPOSURE IS KEY TO GAINING A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING INTO HOW MATURE AND DIFFERENTIATED BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS RESPOND TO CS. THEREFORE, WE PERFORMED EPIGENOMIC PROFILING IN CONJUNCTION WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING IN WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (HBE) CELLS CULTURED IN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) EXPOSED TO THE VAPOR PHASE OF CS. THE GENOME-WIDE ENRICHMENT OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION WAS DETECTED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) IN HBE CELLS AND SUGGESTED THE PLAUSIBLE BINDING OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS RELATED TO CS EXPOSURE. ADDITIONALLY, INTERROGATION OF CHIP-SEQ DATA WITH GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF HBE CELLS AFTER CS EXPOSURE FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS (3 HOURS, 2 DAYS, 4 DAYS) SUGGESTED THAT EARLIER EPIGENETIC CHANGES (3 HOURS AFTER CS EXPOSURE) MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH LATER GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INDUCED BY CS EXPOSURE (4 DAYS). THE INTEGRATION OF EPIGENETICS AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA REVEALED SIGNALING PATHWAYS RELATED TO CS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HBE CELLS THAT MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL REGULATORY PATHWAYS RELATED TO CS-INDUCED COPD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  5227  29 PRMT6 MEDIATES INFLAMMATION VIA ACTIVATION OF THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY ON A CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-INDUCED MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL. INTRODUCTION: SMOKE-DRIVEN LUNG INFLAMMATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MAJOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MECHANISM OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)/EMPHYSEMA. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 6 (PRMT6) IS A KEY EPIGENETIC ENZYME, WHICH IS RELATED TO PROTECTING THE TRI-METHYLATION OF H3K4 (H3K4ME3). WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PTMT6 PROTECTS LUNG INFLAMMATION THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. METHODS: MICE WERE INJECTED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR PBS TO ESTABLISH A MICE MODEL, INTRATRACHEALLY INSTILLED WITH OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 OR NEGATIVE CONTROL VECTOR. MORPHOMETRY OF LUNG SLIDES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE MEASURED. WE DETERMINED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF PRMT6 AND ITS RELATED HISTONE TARGETS, THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, THE LEVEL OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA). RESULTS: AFTER PRMT6 OVEREXPRESSION, THE MORPHOMETRY INDEXES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE IMPROVED. ALSO, THE EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 WAS DECREASED. OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SUPPRESS CSE-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATION GENES EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SERVE AS AN INFLAMMATION INHIBITOR, POTENTIALLY THROUGH BLOCKING THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY IN THE MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  4899  36 OXIDATIVE STRESS MEDIATES THE APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER VIA DNMT1 IN A CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED EMPHYSEMA MODEL. BACKGROUND: EMPHYSEMA IS A CRUCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF EMPHYSEMA. HOWEVER, AN ATTEMPT TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY WHETHER THESE MECHANISMS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND HOW THEY ARE TRIGGERED HAS NEVER BEEN CONDUCTED. METHOD: THE TOTAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) LEVEL, PULMONARY APOPTOSIS AND B-CELL LYMPHOMA/LEUKEMIA-2 (BCL-2) EXPRESSION, AN APOPTOSIS REGULATOR, WERE DETECTED IN SAMPLES FROM COPD PATIENTS. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) WAS CONDUCTED TO OBSERVE THE ALTERATIONS IN THE METHYLATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER IN SPECIMENS. THE DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME 1 (DNMT1), A VITAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME, IN THE LUNGS OF PATIENTS WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH WESTERN BLOTTING. TO FIND OUT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA METHYLATION IN EMPHYSEMA, MOUSE MODELS WERE BUILT WITH ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT AND DNMT1 SILENCING, AND WERE EXAMINED WITH THE PULMONARY APOPTOSIS, BCL-2 AND DNMT1 LEVELS, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF BCL-2. RESULTS: HIGHER ROS LEVELS AND PULMONARY APOPTOSIS WERE OBSERVED IN COPD PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS. DOWNREGULATED BCL-2 EXPRESSION WITH INCREASED PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN COPD PATIENTS. ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT REDUCED THE LEVEL OF ROS, DNMT1 PROTEIN AND EMPHYSEMATOUS PROGRESSION IN THE SMOKING MODELS. FOLLOWING DNMT1 BLOCKADE, SMOKING MODELS SHOWED IMPROVED LUNG FUNCTION, PULMONARY APOPTOSIS, EMPHYSEMATOUS PROGRESSION, AND INCREASED BCL-2 PROTEIN LEVEL WITH LESS PROMOTER METHYLATION THAN EMPHYSEMA MICE. CONCLUSION: CIGARETTE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS MEDIATES PULMONARY APOPTOSIS AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER IN EMPHYSEMA MODELS THROUGH DNMT1.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  2406  44 EPIGENETIC RESPONSES TO RHINOVIRUS EXPOSURE IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE CORRELATED WITH KEY TRANSCRIPTIONAL PATHWAYS IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS. BACKGROUND: VIRUSES MAY DRIVE IMMUNE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPOSIS (CRSWNP), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES TO A COMMON UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHOGEN, RHINOVIRUS (RV), THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP USING A PRIMARY SINONASAL EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURE MODEL. METHODS: AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE COLLECTED AT SURGERY FROM PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP (CASES) AND FROM CONTROLS WITHOUT SINUS DISEASE, CULTURED, AND THEN EXPOSED TO RV OR VEHICLE FOR 48 H. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS IN RESPONSE TO RV WERE DETERMINED USING LINEAR MIXED MODELS. WEIGHTED GENE CO-EXPRESSION ANALYSIS (WGCNA) WAS USED TO IDENTIFY (A) CO-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION AND DNAM SIGNATURES, AND (B) GENES, PATHWAYS, AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS SPECIFIC TO CRSWNP. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 5585 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND 261 DNAM RESPONSES (FDR <0.10) TO RV BETWEEN CRSWNP CASES AND CONTROLS. THESE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES FORMED THREE CO-EXPRESSION/CO-METHYLATION MODULES THAT WERE RELATED TO CRSWNP AND THREE THAT WERE RELATED TO RV (BONFERRONI CORRECTED P < .01). MOST (95%) OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS (DMCS) WERE IN MODULES RELATED TO CRSWNP, WHEREAS THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) WERE MORE EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN THE CRSWNP- AND RV-RELATED MODULES. GENES IN THE CRSWNP-RELATED MODULES WERE ENRICHED IN KNOWN CRS AND/OR VIRAL RESPONSE IMMUNE PATHWAYS. CONCLUSION: RV ACTIVATES SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC PROGRAMS AND CORRELATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS IN THE SINONASAL EPITHELIUM OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CRSWNP. THESE NOVEL OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES SPECIFIC TO PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP MODULATE RESPONSE TO VIRAL PATHOGENS AT THE MUCOSAL ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACE. DETERMINING HOW VIRAL RESPONSE PATHWAYS ARE INVOLVED IN EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATION IN CRSWNP COULD LEAD TO THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS BURDENSOME AIRWAY DISORDER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  3329  39 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6-MEDIATED SELECTIVE AUTOPHAGY REGULATES COPD-ASSOCIATED CILIA DYSFUNCTION. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) INVOLVES ABERRANT AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS) THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL CELL DYSFUNCTION, CILIA SHORTENING, AND MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE DISRUPTION. EXPOSURE TO CS REDUCED CILIA LENGTH AND INDUCED AUTOPHAGY IN VIVO AND IN DIFFERENTIATED MOUSE TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (MTECS). AUTOPHAGY-IMPAIRED (BECN1+/- OR MAP1LC3B-/-) MICE AND MTECS RESISTED CS-INDUCED CILIA SHORTENING. FURTHERMORE, CS INCREASED THE AUTOPHAGIC TURNOVER OF CILIARY PROTEINS, INDICATING THAT AUTOPHAGY MAY REGULATE CILIA HOMEOSTASIS. WE IDENTIFIED CYTOSOLIC DEACETYLASE HDAC6 AS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF AUTOPHAGY-MEDIATED CILIA SHORTENING DURING CS EXPOSURE. MICE BEARING AN X CHROMOSOME DELETION OF HDAC6 (HDAC6-/Y) AND MTECS FROM THESE MICE HAD REDUCED AUTOPHAGY AND WERE PROTECTED FROM CS-INDUCED CILIA SHORTENING. AUTOPHAGY-IMPAIRED BECN1-/-, MAP1LC3B-/-, AND HDAC6-/Y MICE OR MICE INJECTED WITH AN HDAC6 INHIBITOR WERE PROTECTED FROM CS-INDUCED MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE (MCC) DISRUPTION. MCC WAS PRESERVED IN MICE GIVEN THE CHEMICAL CHAPERONE 4-PHENYLBUTYRIC ACID, BUT WAS DISRUPTED IN MICE LACKING THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2, SUGGESTING THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ALTERED PROTEOSTASIS CONTRIBUTE TO THE DISRUPTION OF MCC. ANALYSIS OF HUMAN COPD SPECIMENS REVEALED EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF HDAC6 BY HYPOMETHYLATION AND INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AIRWAYS. WE CONCLUDE THAT AN AUTOPHAGY-DEPENDENT PATHWAY REGULATES CILIA LENGTH DURING CS EXPOSURE AND HAS POTENTIAL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR COPD.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  4563  36 MYELOID DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3B DEFICIENCY AGGRAVATES PULMONARY FIBROSIS BY ENHANCING PROFIBROTIC MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION. BACKGROUND: IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE AND SEVERE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE MATRIX DEPOSITION IN THE LUNGS. MACROPHAGES PLAY CRUCIAL ROLES IN MAINTAINING LUNG HOMEOSTASIS BUT ARE ALSO CENTRAL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG DISEASES LIKE PULMONARY FIBROSIS. ESPECIALLY, MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION/ACTIVATION SEEMS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN PATHOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING IS WELL-KNOWN TO REGULATE MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN IPF LUNGS HAVE BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN SPECIFIC CELL TYPES, ESPECIALLY MACROPHAGES, IS POORLY DEFINED. METHODS: IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MACROPHAGES DURING PULMONARY FIBROSIS, WE SUBJECTED MACROPHAGE SPECIFIC DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)3B, WHICH MEDIATES THE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION, DEFICIENT MICE TO THE BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS MODEL. MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND FIBROTIC PARAMETERS WERE EVALUATED AT 21 DAYS AFTER BLEOMYCIN ADMINISTRATION. DNMT3B KNOCKOUT AND WILD TYPE BONE MARROW-DERIVED MACROPHAGES WERE STIMULATED WITH EITHER INTERLEUKIN (IL)4 OR TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA 1 (TGFB1) IN VITRO, AFTER WHICH PROFIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION AT THE ARG1 PROMOTOR WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT DNMT3B DEFICIENCY PROMOTES ALTERNATIVE MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION INDUCED BY IL4 AND TGFB1 IN VITRO AND ALSO ENHANCES PROFIBROTIC MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION IN THE ALVEOLAR SPACE DURING PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN VIVO. MOREOVER, MYELOID SPECIFIC DELETION OF DNMT3B PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS. CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT MYELOID DNMT3B REPRESSES FIBROTIC MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND PROTECTS AGAINST BLEOMYCIN INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  1905  39 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 CONTRIBUTES TO APOPTOSIS BY INACTIVATING JANUS KINASE 2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A PREVALENT WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM FEATURED BY RELAPSING, CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR IN DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL MODELS, SUCH AS CANCER AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EZH2 IN THE IBD DEVELOPMENT IS STILL OBSCURE. AIM: TO EXPLORE THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON IBD PROGRESSION AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. METHODS: THE IBD MOUSE MODEL WAS CONDUCTED BY ADDING DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE (DSS), AND THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON DSS-INDUCED COLITIS WAS ASSESSED IN THE MODEL. THE FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN REGULATING APOPTOSIS AND PERMEABILITY WAS EVALUATED BY ANNEXIN V-FITC APOPTOSIS DETECTION KIT, TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ANALYSIS, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS OF RELATED MARKERS, INCLUDING ZONA OCCLUDENS 1, CLAUDIN-5, AND OCCLUDIN, IN NCM460 AND FETAL HUMAN COLON (FHC) CELLS. THE MECHANICAL INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE COLON LENGTH WAS INHIBITED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE AND WAS ENHANCED BY THE EZH2 DEPLETION IN THE SYSTEM. DSS TREATMENT CAUSED A DECREASED HISTOLOGICAL SCORE IN THE MICE, WHICH WAS REVERSED BY EZH2 DEPLETION. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN-6, AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA, WERE INDUCED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE, IN WHICH THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT. MOREOVER, THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA TREATMENT INDUCED THE APOPTOSIS OF NCM460 AND FHC CELLS, IN WHICH EZH2 DEPLETION COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT IN THE CELLS. MOREOVER, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 ATTENUATED PERMEABILITY OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. MECHANICALLY, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 OR EZH2 INHIBITOR GSK343 WAS ABLE TO ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF JANUS KINASE 2 (JK2) AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION IN THE NCM460 AND FHC CELLS. SPECIFICALLY, EZH2 INACTIVATED JAK2 EXPRESSION BY REGULATING HISTONE H3K27ME3. JAK2 INHIBITOR TG101348 WAS ABLE TO REVERSE EZH2 KNOCKDOWN-MEDIATED COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELL PERMEABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: THUS, WE CONCLUDED THAT EZH2 CONTRIBUTED TO APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY INACTIVATING JAK2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN IBD. EZH2 MAY BE APPLIED AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR IBD THERAPY.	2021	

20  3939  37 LNC-IL7R ALLEVIATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PM(2.5) (PARTICULATE MATTER WITH AN AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER OF </= 2.5 MUM) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY INJURY AND EMPHYSEMA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE INVESTIGATED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE LONG NONCODING RNA LNC-IL7R CONTRIBUTES TO CELLULAR DAMAGE BY INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN COPD PATIENTS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). METHODS: ASSOCIATIONS OF SERUM LNC-IL7R LEVELS WITH LUNG FUNCTION, EMPHYSEMA, AND PREVIOUS PM(2.5) EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. THE LEVELS OF LNC-IL7R AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES, NAMELY P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1), WERE DETERMINED THROUGH LUNG TISSUE SECTION STAINING. THE EFFECTS OF P16(INK4A) OR P21(CIP1/WAF1) REGULATION WERE EXAMINED BY PERFORMING LNC-IL7R OVEREXPRESSION AND KNOCKDOWN ASSAYS. THE FUNCTIONS OF LNC-IL7R-MEDIATED CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL CYCLE, SENESCENCE, COLONY FORMATION, AND APOPTOSIS WERE EXAMINED IN CELLS TREATED WITH PM(2.5). CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF P21(CIP1/WAF1). RESULTS: LNC-IL7R LEVELS DECREASED IN COPD PATIENTS AND WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH EMPHYSEMA OR PM(2.5) EXPOSURE. LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN NORMAL LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS BUT NOT IN COPD CELLS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS INDUCED P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION BY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS. HIGHER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION PROTECTED AGAINST CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS, WHEREAS LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION AUGMENTED INJURY IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. LNC-IL7R AND THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) SYNERGISTICALLY SUPPRESSED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATION. CONCLUSION: LNC-IL7R ATTENUATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT, AND ITS DYSFUNCTION MAY AUGMENT CELLULAR INJURY IN COPD.	2022