1  1875 157 EMERGING ROLE OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND DNA METHYLATION ENRICHMENT ON DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF SUBJECTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS (AUD). BACKGROUND: CEREBELLUM IS AN AREA OF THE BRAIN PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DECREASES CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELL OUTPUT BY INCREASING GABA RELEASE FROM GOLGI CELLS ONTO EXTRASYNAPTIC ALPHA6/DELTA-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTORS LOCATED ON GLUTAMATERGIC GRANULE CELLS. HERE, WE STUDIED WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION INDUCES CHANGES IN GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS VIA DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: WE USED A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM CEREBELLUM FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS, HERE DEFINED AS ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS SUBJECTS (N=25/GROUP). S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE WERE MEASURED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. MRNA LEVELS OF VARIOUS GENES WERE ASSESSED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. PROMOTER METHYLATION ENRICHMENT WAS ASSESSED USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXY-METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: MRNAS ENCODING KEY ENZYMES OF 1-CARBON METABOLISM THAT DETERMINE THE S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE RATIO WERE INCREASED, INDICATING HIGHER "METHYLATION INDEX" IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. WE FOUND THAT INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE CEREBELLUM OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS. NO CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN ALPHA1- OR ALPHA6-CONTAINING GABAA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (1, 3A, AND 3B) WAS UNALTERED, WHEREAS THE MRNA LEVEL OF TET1, WHICH PARTICIPATES IN THE DNA DEMETHYLATION PATHWAY, WAS DECREASED. HENCE, INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE DELTA SUBUNIT GABAA RECEPTOR PROMOTER MAY RESULT FROM ALCOHOL-INDUCED REDUCTION OF DNA DEMETHYLATION. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. FURTHERMORE, THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES OF HUMAN CEREBELLAR GABAA RECEPTOR FUNCTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  2319  62 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING BRAIN DISORDER. GABAA RECEPTOR (GABAAR) SUBUNITS ARE A TARGET FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. NEUROSTEROIDS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE FINE-TUNING OF GABAAR FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN. RECENTLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT AUD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS AND GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN AUD PATIENTS REMAINS UNDER-INVESTIGATED. METHODS: IN A COHORT OF POSTMORTEM BRAINS FROM 20 MALE CONTROLS AND AUD PATIENTS, WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION OF GABAAR SUBUNITS AND NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES AND THEIR REGULATION BY DNA METHYLATION MECHANISMS. NEUROSTEROID LEVELS WERE QUANTIFIED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. RESULTS: THE ALPHA 2 SUBUNIT EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED DUE TO INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AT THE GENE PROMOTER REGION IN THE CEREBELLUM OF AUD PATIENTS, A BRAIN AREA PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL. ALCOHOL-INDUCED ALTERATION IN GABAAR SUBUNITS WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS WAS ALSO AFFECTED WITH REDUCED CEREBELLAR EXPRESSION OF THE 18KDA TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN AND 3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE MRNAS. NOTABLY, INCREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED AT THE PROMOTER REGION OF 3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MARKEDLY REDUCED LEVELS OF ALLOPREGNANOLONE AND PREGNANOLONE IN THE CEREBELLUM. CONCLUSION: GIVEN THE KEY ROLE OF NEUROSTEROIDS IN MODULATING THE STRENGTH OF GABAAR-MEDIATED INHIBITION, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENTS IN GABAERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION MIGHT BE PROFOUNDLY IMPACTED BY REDUCED NEUROSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS MOST LIKELY VIA DNA HYPERMETHYLATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  3331  51 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT REVERSES HYPOSENSITIVITY TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IS IMPORTANT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. MOUSE VTA NEURONS ARE HYPOSENSITIVE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DURING ETHANOL (ETOH) WITHDRAWAL, AND GABA RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMALIZED BY IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI). THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED HDACI, SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON GABA SENSITIVITY, AND RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN VTA NEURONS DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETOH INTAKE IN RATS. METHODS: SPRAGUE DAWLEY MALE ADULT RATS WERE FED WITH LIEBER-DECARLI DIET (9% ETOH OR CONTROL DIET) FOR 16 DAYS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL DIET-FED AND ETOH DIET-FED (0- OR 24-HOUR WITHDRAWAL) RATS TREATED WITH EITHER SAHA OR VEHICLE INJECTION. SINGLE-UNIT RECORDINGS WERE USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONSE OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE LEVELS OF HDAC2, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (ACH3K9), AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS IN THE VTA; QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. RESULTS: VTA NEURONS FROM THE WITHDRAWAL GROUP EXHIBITED GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY. IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT 2 HOURS BEFORE SACRIFICE NORMALIZED THE SENSITIVITY OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. ETOH WITHDRAWAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED ACH3K9 PROTEIN LEVELS; SAHA TREATMENT NORMALIZED ACH3K9 LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2. THE MRNA LEVELS, BUT NOT PROTEIN LEVELS, OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS WERE INCREASED DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION, AND THIS GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY IS NORMALIZED BY IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT. DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING IN THE VTA PRODUCED BY ALTERATION OF GABA NEUROTRANSMISSION COULD BE 1 NEUROADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS LEADING TO CRAVING AND RELAPSE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACI PHARMACOTHERAPY WITH AGENTS LIKE SAHA MIGHT BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  6019  39 THE ASSOCIATION OF HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AND CRAVING IN HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT) 3 RECEPTOR PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CRAVING OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. RECENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE CAUSES CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION OF 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AND CRAVING IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. OBJECTIVES: THE AIM OF THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AND CRAVING IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 50 MALE HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND 46 MALE HAN CHINESE HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE INVESTIGATED THE CHANGES OF HTR3A MRNA, WHICH ENCODES THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR A SUBUNIT, AND H3K9 ACETYLATION IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DRINKING SCALE (OCDS) WAS USED TO ASSESS THE CRAVING OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS RELATIVE TO CONTROLS. RESULTS: HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND ACETYLATION LEVELS OF H3K9 IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH OCDS SCORES. MOREOVER, HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ACETYLATION LEVELS OF H3K9 IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. CONCLUSION: THE CURRENT FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CRAVING IN HAN CHINESE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. THE REGULATION OF H3K9 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN HTR3A PROMOTER REGION MAY OFFER A TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5  4212  50 METHAMPHETAMINE DOWNREGULATES STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE (METH) EXPOSURE CAUSES NEUROADAPTATIONS AT GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSES. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY THE METH-INDUCED EPIGENETIC UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE NEUROADAPTATIONS, WE INJECTED INCREASING METH DOSES TO RATS FOR 2 WEEKS AND MEASURED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION. WE THEN QUANTIFIED THE EFFECTS OF METH EXPOSURE ON HISTONE ACETYLATION. WE ALSO MEASURED METH-INDUCED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. RESULTS: CHRONIC METH DECREASED TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF GLUA1 AND GLUA2 ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLE PROPIONIC ACID RECEPTOR (AMPAR) AND GLUN1 N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES IN STRIATAL NEURONS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED THAT METH DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H4 ON GLUA1, GLUA2, AND GLUN1 PROMOTERS. METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE ALSO INCREASED REPRESSOR ELEMENT-1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST) COREPRESSOR 1, METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 ENRICHMENT, BUT NOT OF SIRTUIN 1 OR SIRTUIN 2, ONTO GLUA1 AND GLUA2 GENE SEQUENCES. MOREOVER, METH CAUSED INTERACTIONS OF REST COREPRESSOR 1 AND METHYLATED CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 AND OF REST WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1. SURPRISINGLY, METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REVEALED METH-INDUCED DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AT GLUA1 AND GLUA2 PROMOTER SEQUENCES. IMPORTANTLY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, VALPROIC ACID, BLOCKED METH-INDUCED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF AMPAR AND N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. FINALLY, VALPROIC ACID ALSO ATTENUATED METH-INDUCED DECREASE H4K16AC RECRUITMENT ON AMPAR GENE SEQUENCES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE H4 HYPOACETYLATION MAY BE THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF METH-INDUCED DECREASED STRIATAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6   872  53 CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERS ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AS WELL AS DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN THE LIVER, IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPAIRS METHIONINE SYNTHASE (MS) ACTIVITY LEADING TO A DECREASE IN S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE/S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE (SAM/SAH) RATIO WHICH RESULTS IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR ALTERATIONS OF SAM AND SAH LEVELS ARE ALSO PRODUCED IN BRAIN. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE FED CHRONICALLY WITH LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL (ETOH) (9% V/V) OR CONTROL DIET. THE ETOH-DIET-FED RATS WERE WITHDRAWN FOR 0 AND 24 HOURS. THE CEREBELLUM AND LIVER TISSUES WERE DISSECTED AND USED TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, SAM, AND SAH LEVELS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAM LEVELS, SAM/SAH RATIO, MS, METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE, AND BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (BHMT) EXPRESSION AND INCREASED METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE-2B (MAT2B) BUT NOT MAT2A EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED SAH LEVELS, INCREASED SAM/SAH RATIO AND THE EXPRESSION OF MAT2A AND S-ADENOSYL HOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF SAM OR BHMT EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLUM REMAINED UNALTERED. HOWEVER, IN BOTH LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MS AND INCREASED MAT2B EXPRESSION. ALL CHRONIC ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN CEREBELLUM, BUT NOT LIVER, RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL LEVELS DURING ETOH WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE A DECREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN LIVER AND AN INCREASED "METHYLATION INDEX" IN CEREBELLUM. THE OPPOSING CHANGES OF THE "METHYLATION INDEX" SUGGEST ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER AND CEREBELLUM, THUS IMPLICATING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  3321  41 HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE HTR3A GENE IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF WISTAR RATS REGULATES ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. PREVIOUS REPORTS SHOWED THAT DECREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS, AND THAT ENCODING OF THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR BY THE HTR3A GENE WAS RELATED TO ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. USING QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON HISTONE-ACETYLATION-MEDIATED CHANGES IN HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION. THE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE PROCEDURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL EFFECTIVELY ELICITED PLACE CONDITIONING. IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE HTR3A PROMOTER REGION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE ETHANOL GROUP THAN IN THE SALINE GROUP. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE POTENTIATED THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON HTR3A MRNA EXPRESSION AND ENHANCED ETHANOL-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCES. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ETHANOL UPREGULATES HTR3A LEVELS THROUGH MECHANISMS INVOLVING H3K9 ACETYLATION, AND THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATING ETHANOL ABUSE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  5014  51 PERSISTENCE OF CEREBELLAR ATAXIA DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC UP-REGULATION OF FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT CEREBELLUM. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL INTOXICATION PRODUCES ATAXIA BY AFFECTING THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH COORDINATES MOVEMENTS. FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION (FMR) PROTEIN IS A COMPLEX REGULATOR OF RNA AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IMPLICATED IN FRAGILE X-ASSOCIATED TREMOR/ATAXIA SYNDROME, WHICH FEATURES ATAXIA AND INCREASED FMR1 MRNA EXPRESSION RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF FMRP. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT ACUTE ETHANOL-INDUCED ATAXIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CEREBELLAR FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION VIA HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN RATS, BUT IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON ATAXIA AND EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED CHANGES IN FMR1 EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TRAINED ON THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD AND THEN FED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL OR A CONTROL LIEBER-DECARLI DIET WHILE UNDERGOING PERIODIC BEHAVIORAL TESTING FOR ATAXIA DURING ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. CEREBELLAR TISSUES WERE ANALYZED FOR EXPRESSION OF THE FMR1 GENE AND ITS TARGETS USING A REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: ATAXIC BEHAVIOR MEASURED BY THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD BEHAVIORAL TEST DEVELOPED DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND PERSISTED AT BOTH THE 8-H AND 24-H WITHDRAWAL TIME POINTS COMPARED TO CONTROL DIET-FED RATS. IN ADDITION, CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT RESULTED IN UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF FMR1 MRNA AND INCREASED ACTIVATING EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K27 ACETYLATION AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION AT 2 SITES WITHIN THE FMR1 PROMOTER. FINALLY, MEASUREMENT OF THE EXPRESSION OF RELEVANT FMRP MRNA TARGETS IN THE CEREBELLUM SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL UP-REGULATED CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING (CREB) CREB1, PSD95, GRM5, AND GRIN2B MRNA EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING GRIN2A, EAA1, OR HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) OR P300 MRNA TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 AND SUBSEQUENT FMRP REGULATION OF TARGET MRNA TRANSCRIPTS CONSTITUTE NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM THAT MAY UNDERLIE THE PERSISTENCE OF ATAXIC BEHAVIOR DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9   286  51 AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO ALTER HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: AGING AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ARE BOTH MODIFIERS OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT IT IS NOT YET KNOWN WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALSO ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, A NEWLY DISCOVERED EPIGENETIC MARK PRODUCED BY OXIDATION OF METHYLCYTOSINE. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED WHETHER AGING AND ALCOHOL INTERACT TO MODIFY THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON, THEREBY HAVING AN INDEPENDENT EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: OLD (18 MONTHS) AND YOUNG (4 MONTHS) MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE PAIR-FED EITHER A LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID DIET WITH ALCOHOL (18% OF ENERGY) OR AN ISOCALORIC LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET FOR 5 WEEKS. GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED FROM HEPATIC DNA USING A NEW LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. HEPATIC MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE TET ENZYMES WERE MEASURED VIA QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN YOUNG MICE, MILD CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL MICE (0.22 +/- 0.01 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.004). ALCOHOL DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS IN OLD MICE. OLD MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET SHOWED DECREASED GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION COMPARED WITH YOUNG MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET (0.24 +/- 0.02 VS. 0.29 +/- 0.06%, P = 0.04). THIS MODEL SUGGESTS AN INTERACTION BETWEEN AGING AND ALCOHOL IN DETERMINING DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (PINTERACTION = 0.009). EXPRESSION OF TET2 AND TET3 WAS DECREASED IN THE OLD MICE RELATIVE TO THE YOUNG (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: THE OBSERVATION THAT ALCOHOL ALTERS DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION INDICATES A NEW EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND AGING ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  4989  41 PCSK9 IS INCREASED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALCOHOL USE AFFECTS THE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9). WHILE A MAJOR ROLE OF PCSK9 IN HEPATIC FUNCTION AND LIPID REGULATION HAS BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED, OTHER PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EXISTING RESEARCH SUGGESTS A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF PCSK9 IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PCSK9 ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE WOULD INCREASE PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 LEVELS IN CSF WERE MEASURED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD (N = 42) ADMITTED TO AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM AND CONTROLS (N = 25). CSF SAMPLES IN AUD WERE ASSESSED AT 2 TIME POINTS, AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 AFTER ADMISSION. FURTHERMORE, PLASMA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND MEASURED FROM THE INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 IN CSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE AUD GROUP AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). PLASMA PCSK9 LEVELS WERE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH CSF PCSK9 LEVELS IN AUD (P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT PCSK9 IS ELEVATED IN THE CSF OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD, WHICH MAY INDICATE A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PCSK9 IN AUD. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE FUNCTIONS OF PCSK9 IN THE BRAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  3841  47 IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE REDUCTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN HEPATIC DNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN RATS. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL IS KNOWN TO AFFECT TWO EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, AND IRON IS A COFACTOR OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE THE CONVERSION FROM METHYLCYTOSINE TO HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND FURTHER EFFECTS OF IRON ON ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. METHODS: TWENTY-FOUR MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED EITHER LIEBER-DECARLI ALCOHOL DIET (36% CALORIES FROM ETHANOL) OR LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET ALONG WITH OR WITHOUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION (0.6% CARBONYL IRON) FOR 8 WEEKS. HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED BY COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS. PROTEIN LEVELS OF HEPATIC FERRITIN AND TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. METHYLCYTOSINE, HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AND UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE IN DNA WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. RESULTS: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONTENTS (P < 0.05) BUT ALCOHOL ALONE DID NOT. HOWEVER, BOTH ALCOHOL AND IRON SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC FERRITIN LEVELS AND DECREASED HEPATIC TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR LEVELS (P < 0.05). ALCOHOL REDUCED HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (0.21% +/- 0.04% VS. 0.33% +/- 0.04%, P = 0.01) COMPARED TO CONTROL, WHILE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION TO ALCOHOL DIET DID NOT CHANGE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN METHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS, WHILE UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ALCOHOL-FED GROUPS COMPARED TO CONTROL (95.61% +/- 0.08% VS. 95.26% +/- 0.12%, P = 0.03), SUGGESTING THAT ALCOHOL FURTHER INCREASES THE CONVERSION FROM HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE TO UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE. CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALTERS GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN THE LIVER BUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  4397  48 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  1831  44 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  6108  46 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

15  1800  35 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   893  44 CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL IMPAIR SYNAPTIC GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED NEUROTRANSMISSION IN DEEP-LAYER PREFRONTAL CORTEX. BACKGROUND: THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) ACTS AS AN INTEGRATIVE HUB FOR THE PROCESSING OF CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL INPUT INTO MEANINGFUL EFFERENT SIGNALING, PERMITTING COMPLEX ASSOCIATIVE BEHAVIORS. PFC DYSFUNCTION IS CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED WITH ETHANOL (ETOH) DEPENDENCE AND IS A CORE COMPONENT OF THE PATHOLOGY OF ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS IN CURRENT MODELS OF ADDICTION. WHILE INTRACORTICAL GAMMA-AMINOBUTRYRIC ACID (GABA)ERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING COORDINATED NETWORK ACTIVITY WITHIN THE CORTEX, RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN REGARDING FUNCTIONAL GABAERGIC ADAPTATIONS IN PFC DURING ETOH DEPENDENCE. METHODS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MALE AND FEMALE (> POSTNATAL DAY 60) SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE ADMINISTERED ETOH (5.0 G/KG; INTRAGASTRIC GAVAGE) FOR 14 TO 15 CONSECUTIVE DAYS. TWENTY-FOUR HOURS AFTER THE FINAL ADMINISTRATION, ANIMALS WERE SACRIFICED AND BRAINS EXTRACTED FOR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS OF ISOLATED GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED CURRENTS OR ANALYSIS OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DEEP-LAYER PFC NEURONS. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SPONTANEOUS GABA(A) RECEPTOR-MEDIATED INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENT (IPSC) FREQUENCY WITH NO EFFECT ON AMPLITUDE. FURTHERMORE, ANALYSIS OF IPSC DECAY KINETICS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ENHANCEMENT OF IPSC DECAY TIME THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREMENTS IN EXPRESSION OF THE ALPHA1 GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT, INDICATIVE OF FURTHER IMPAIRED PHASIC INHIBITION. THESE PHENOMENA OCCURRED IRRESPECTIVE OF NEURON PROJECTION DESTINATION AND SEX. BASED ON PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS BY OUR LABORATORY OF AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES IN CORTICAL GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED TO WATER- AND ETOH-EXPOSED ANIMALS, AND PREVENTED ETOH-INDUCED CHANGES IN SPONTANEOUS IPSC FREQUENCY, IPSC DECAY KINETICS, AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE IMPAIRS SYNAPTIC INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMISSION IN DEEP-LAYER PYRAMIDAL NEURONS OF THE MEDIAL PFC IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE RATS. THESE MALADAPTATIONS OCCUR IN NEURONS PROJECTING TO NUMEROUS REGIONS IMPLICATED IN THE SEQUELAE OF ETOH DEPENDENCE, OFFERING A MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN THE MANIFESTATION OF PFC DYSFUNCTION AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES OBSERVED WITH EXTENDED CONSUMPTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  2750  43 EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE GENE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND ITS PROMOTER IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTION. WE STUDIED WHETHER MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN MRNA LEVELS OF THE CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYME, TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH), ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AROUND THE PROMOTER OF THIS GENE IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) OF RATS. METHODS: DEPENDENCE WAS INDUCED IN RATS BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF MORPHINE FOR 11 DAYS. THE ANIMALS WERE KILLED 2 H (CHRONIC MORPHINE), 24 H AND 7 DAYS (SPONTANEOUS WITHDRAWAL) AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF OUR REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR RESULTS BY 1-WAY ANOVA SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION (5.13 +/- 0.39 FOLDS) OF LC LEVELS OF THE TH TRANSCRIPT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE TO RATS, WHEN COMPARED WITH 2 H AND 7 DAYS TIME POINTS. CHRONIC MORPHINE AND MORPHINE ABSTINENCE FAILED TO CAUSE ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF TH MRNA IN THE VTA AFTER CESSATION OF MORPHINE. CONSISTENTLY, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS REVEALED THAT 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION OF MORPHINE, LEVELS OF H3 ACETYLATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (4.12 +/- 0.38 FOLDS) AT THE PROMOTER OF THE TH GENE IN THE LC BUT NOT IN THE VTA. OUR DATA ALSO SHOWED THAT HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION FAILED TO CHANGE AROUND THE TH GENE PROMOTER EITHER IN THE VTA OR IN THE LC AFTER MORPHINE ABSTINENCE. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY, FOR THE FIRST TIME, DEMONSTRATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF TH GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LC OF RATS DURING FORCED ABSTINENCE FROM MORPHINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  1813  47 EFFECTS OF CAFFEIC ACID ON EPIGENETICS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY HYPOTHESIZED THAT CAFFEIC ACID (3,4?DIHYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID; CAA) MAY EXERT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECTS IN RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) MODEL WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF CAA ON BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES, AND TO EVALUATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF 5?METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5?HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. MRNA LEVELS OF THE GENES ENCODING BRAIN?DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND CATECHOL?O?METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT), AND KEY ENZYMES REGULATING DNA METHYLATION [DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)1 AND DNMT3A] AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION [TEN?ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET)1?3] WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR. FURTHERMORE, ENRICHMENT OF 5MC AND 5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES WAS QUANTIFIED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION?QPCR. BEHAVIORAL DATA SHOWED THAT CAA EXERTED A SLIGHT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECT. BDNF AND COMT GENES SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PATTERNS DUE TO CUMS. CAA INTERVENTION INDUCED DIFFERENT DNMT1/DNMT3A AND TET1/TET2 MRNA LEVELS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX, RESPECTIVELY. CAA REGULATED THE RATIO OF 5MC/5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGION OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES AND THEREFORE INFLUENCED GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY BE A VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). IN CONCLUSION, THERE WERE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN CUMS RATS, AND CAA MAY FUNCTION AS A MODULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION TO REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR THE USE OF THIS PHYTOCHEMICAL AGENT IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  1809  36 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  1610  63 DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK EXPRESSION IN PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT PROTRACTED AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL USE INDUCES AN EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN AND RODENT BRAINS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS ARE ALTERED IN BRAINS OF PSYCHOTIC (PS) PATIENTS, INCLUDING SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER PATIENTS. BECAUSE PS PATIENTS ARE OFTEN COMORBID WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, WE EXAMINED WHETHER THE ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE MEMBERS OF THE DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK OBSERVED IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF PS PATIENTS WAS MODIFIED IN PS PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE. METHODS: DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 (DNMT1) MRNA-POSITIVE NEURONS WERE COUNTED IN SITU IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM THE HARVARD BRAIN TISSUE RESOURCE CENTER, BELMONT, MA. 10-11-TRANSLOCATION (TETS 1, 2, 3), APOLIPOPROTEIN B EDITING COMPLEX ENZYME (APOBEC-3C), GROWTH AND DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 45BETA (GADD45BETA), AND METHYL-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN-4 (MBD4) MRNAS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN INFERIOR PARIETAL CORTICAL LOBULE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM THE STANLEY FOUNDATION NEUROPATHOLOGY CONSORTIUM, BETHESDA, MD. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DNMT1 MRNA-POSITIVE NEURONS IN PS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-PS SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A PRONOUNCED DECREASE IN APOBEC-3C AND A PRONOUNCED INCREASE IN GADD45BETA AND TET1 MRNAS IN PS PATIENTS WITH NO HISTORY OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. IN PS PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, THE NUMBERS OF DNMT1-POSITIVE NEURONS WERE NOT INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY. FURTHERMORE, THE DECREASE IN APOBEC-3C MRNA WAS LESS PRONOUNCED, WHILE THE INCREASE IN TET1 MRNA HAD A TENDENCY TO BE POTENTIATED IN THOSE PS PATIENTS THAT WERE CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSERS. GADD45BETA AND MBD4 MRNAS WERE NOT INFLUENCED BY ALCOHOL ABUSE. THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE ON DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK ENZYMES CANNOT BE ATTRIBUTED TO CONFOUNDING DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OR TO THE TYPE AND DOSE OF MEDICATION USED. CONCLUSIONS: BASED ON THESE RESULTS, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT PS PATIENTS MAY ABUSE ALCOHOL AS A POTENTIAL ATTEMPT AT SELF-MEDICATION TO NORMALIZE ALTERED DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, BEFORE ACCEPTING THIS CONCLUSION, WE NEED TO STUDY ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION PATHWAYS AND THE DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS IN A SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF ALCOHOLIC PS AND NON-PS PATIENTS. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION MAY ALSO BE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE ALTERED DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS ARE DIRECT OR THE CONSEQUENCE OF AN INDIRECT INTERACTION OF ALCOHOL WITH THE NEUROPATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PSYCHOSIS.	2013