1  3024 149 GENETICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA. BACKGROUND: DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMAS (DLBCLS) ARE PHENOTYPICALLY AND GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS. GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILING HAS IDENTIFIED SUBGROUPS OF DLBCL (ACTIVATED B-CELL-LIKE [ABC], GERMINAL-CENTER B-CELL-LIKE [GCB], AND UNCLASSIFIED) ACCORDING TO CELL OF ORIGIN THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY AND TARGETED AGENTS. WE SOUGHT TO EXTEND THESE FINDINGS BY IDENTIFYING GENETIC SUBTYPES OF DLBCL BASED ON SHARED GENOMIC ABNORMALITIES AND TO UNCOVER THERAPEUTIC VULNERABILITIES BASED ON TUMOR GENETICS. METHODS: WE STUDIED 574 DLBCL BIOPSY SAMPLES USING EXOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCING, ARRAY-BASED DNA COPY-NUMBER ANALYSIS, AND TARGETED AMPLICON RESEQUENCING OF 372 GENES TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH RECURRENT ABERRATIONS. WE DEVELOPED AND IMPLEMENTED AN ALGORITHM TO DISCOVER GENETIC SUBTYPES BASED ON THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED FOUR PROMINENT GENETIC SUBTYPES IN DLBCL, TERMED MCD (BASED ON THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF MYD88(L265P) AND CD79B MUTATIONS), BN2 (BASED ON BCL6 FUSIONS AND NOTCH2 MUTATIONS), N1 (BASED ON NOTCH1 MUTATIONS), AND EZB (BASED ON EZH2 MUTATIONS AND BCL2 TRANSLOCATIONS). GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN MULTIPLE GENES DISTINGUISHED EACH GENETIC SUBTYPE FROM OTHER DLBCLS. THESE SUBTYPES DIFFERED PHENOTYPICALLY, AS JUDGED BY DIFFERENCES IN GENE-EXPRESSION SIGNATURES AND RESPONSES TO IMMUNOCHEMOTHERAPY, WITH FAVORABLE SURVIVAL IN THE BN2 AND EZB SUBTYPES AND INFERIOR OUTCOMES IN THE MCD AND N1 SUBTYPES. ANALYSIS OF GENETIC PATHWAYS SUGGESTED THAT MCD AND BN2 DLBCLS RELY ON "CHRONIC ACTIVE" B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING THAT IS AMENABLE TO THERAPEUTIC INHIBITION. CONCLUSIONS: WE UNCOVERED GENETIC SUBTYPES OF DLBCL WITH DISTINCT GENOTYPIC, EPIGENETIC, AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL NOSOLOGY FOR PRECISION-MEDICINE STRATEGIES IN DLBCL. (FUNDED BY THE INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH AND OTHERS.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  4430  35 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ONCOGENIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. I. NON-ONCOGENIC AND ONCOGENIC PATHOGENS, INTRINSIC INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS WITHOUT PATHOGENS, AND MICRORNA/DNA INTERACTIONS (REVIEW). IN SOME INFLAMMASOMES TUMOR CELLS ARE GENERATED. THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE INFLAMMASOME IS CONDUCIVE TO THE INDUCTION OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INITIATE THIS PROCESS. THE SUBVERTED STROMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS ACT TO PROMOTE AND SUSTAIN THE PROCESS OF MALIGNANT TRANS-FORMATION. IN ITS EARLY STAGES, THE PREMALIGNANT CELLS DEPEND ON PARACRINE CIRCUITRIES FOR THE RECEPTION OF GROWTH FACTORS. THE LIGANDS ARE DERIVED FROM THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND THE RECEPTORS ARE EXPRESSED ON THE RECIPIENT PREMALIGNANT CELLS. THE INITIAL EVENTS ARE NOT A DIRECT ATTACK ON THE PROTO-ONCOGENES, AND THUS IT MAY BE ENTIRELY REVERSIBLE. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE GENES AT THE PROMOTERS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TO SILENCE THEM), AND DEACETYLATION OF THE HISTONES AIMED AT THE PROMOTERS OF PROTO-ONCOGENES (TO ACTIVATE THEM) ARE ON-GOING. A LARGE NUMBER OF SHORT RNA SEQUENCES (INTERFERING, MICRO-, SHORT HAIRPIN, NON-CODING RNAS) SILENCE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, BY NEUTRALIZING THEIR MRNAS. IN A SERIAL SEQUENCE ONCOGENES UNDERGO AMPLIFICATIONS, POINT-MUTATIONS, TRANSLOCATIONS AND FUSIONS. IN ITS EARLIEST STAGE, THE PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE BY DEMETHYLATION OF THE SILENCED SUPPRESSOR GENE PROMOTERS (TO REACTIVATE THEM), OR RE-ACETYLATION OF THE HISTONES OF THE ONCOGENE PROMOTERS, THUS DE-ACTIVATING THEM. THE EXTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS USUALLY LEADS TO THE RESTORATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION. IN TIME, THE UNCORRECTED PROCESSES SOLIDIFY INTO CONSTITUTIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE GENE MUTATIONS. SOME OF THE PATHOGENS INDUCING INFLAMMATIONS WITH CONSQUENTIAL MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION CONTAIN ONCOGENIC GENE SEQUENCES (PAPILLOMA VIRUSES, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, KAPOSI'S SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS, HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES, MERKEL CELL POLYOMA VIRUS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI, ENTEROTOXIGENIC BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS). THESE INDUCED MALIGNANCIES MAY BE MULTIFOCAL. OTHER PATHOGENS ARE DEVOID OF ANY KNOWN ONCOGENIC GENOMIC SEQUENCES (MYCOPLASMA VAV-CARCINOGENESIS, CHLAMYDIA MALT-LYMPHOMA GENESIS). IN THESE CASES THE HOST'S INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS INDUCE THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION IN SERIAL SEQUENCES OF GENE ALTERATIONS INITIATED BY HYPOXIA AND REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES GENERATION. CARCINOGENIC INTRINSIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES ENDOGENOUSLY INITIATED WITHOUT A PATHOGEN ARE RECOGNIZED. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES SIGNAL THE RNA/DNA COMPLEX. IN RESPONSE, THE DNA MAY REVERT INTO ITS ANCIENT PRIMORDIAL 'IMMORTAL' FORMAT, WHICH THE CLINICS RECOGNIZE AS 'ONCOGENESIS'. THE DNA REMAINS THE ULTIMATE MASTER OF BIOENGINEERING IN ORDER TO SUSTAIN LIFE. A DISCUSSION ON THE MOST VERSATILE AND RESISTANT PRIMORDIAL RNA/DNA COMPLEX AND THE PRE-, PROTO-, AND UNICELLULAR WORLD IN WHICH THEY CO-EXISTED IS INCLUDED.	2012	

3  5475  28 RESTORING MLL REACTIVATES LATENT TUMOR SUPPRESSION-MEDIATED VULNERABILITY TO PROTEASOME INHIBITORS. MLL UNDERGOES MULTIPLE DISTINCT CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS TO YIELD AGGRESSIVE LEUKEMIA WITH DISMAL OUTCOMES. BESIDES THEIR WELL-ESTABLISHED ROLE IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, MLL FUSIONS ALSO POSSESS LATENT TUMOR-SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY, WHICH CAN BE EXPLOITED AS EFFECTIVE CANCER TREATMENT STRATEGIES USING PHARMACOLOGICAL MEANS SUCH AS PROTEASOME INHIBITORS (PIS). HERE, USING MLL-REARRANGED XENOGRAFTS AND MLL LEUKEMIC CELLS AS MODELS, WE SHOW THAT WILD-TYPE MLL IS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE LATENT TUMOR-SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY OF MLL FUSIONS. MLL DYSFUNCTION, SHOWN AS LOSS OF THE CHROMATIN ACCUMULATION AND SUBSEQUENT DEGRADATION OF MLL, COMPROMISES THE LATENT TUMOR SUPPRESSION OF MLL-AF4 AND IS INSTRUMENTAL FOR THE ACQUIRED PI RESISTANCE. MECHANISTICALLY, MLL DYSFUNCTION IS CAUSED BY CHRONIC PI TREATMENT-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING THROUGH THE H2BUB-ASH2L-MLL AXIS AND CAN BE SPECIFICALLY RESTORED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS, WHICH INDUCE HISTONE ACETYLATION AND RECRUITS MLL ON CHROMATIN TO PROMOTE CELL CYCLE GENE EXPRESSION. OUR FINDINGS NOT ONLY DEMONSTRATE THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE INEVITABLE ACQUISITION OF PI RESISTANCE IN MLL LEUKEMIC CELLS, BUT ALSO ILLUSTRATE THAT PREVENTING THE EMERGENCE OF PI-RESISTANT CELLS CONSTITUTES A NOVEL RATIONALE FOR COMBINATION THERAPY WITH PIS AND HDAC INHIBITORS IN MLL LEUKEMIAS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4  1704  35 DYNAMICS OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS. NEUROBLASTOMA IS A COMMON EXTRACRANIAL SOLID TUMOR OF NEURAL CREST (NC) ORIGIN THAT ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 15% OF ALL PEDIATRIC CANCER DEATHS. THE DISEASE ARISES FROM A TRANSIENT POPULATION OF NC CELLS THAT UNDERGO AN EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND GENERATE DIVERSE CELL-TYPES AND TISSUES. PATIENTS WITH NEUROBLASTOMA ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR EXTREME HETEROGENEITY RANGING FROM SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION TO MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. MORE THAN HALF OF NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS PRESENT HIGHLY METASTATIC TUMORS AND ARE STRATIFIED INTO A HIGH-RISK GROUP WITH DISMAL OUTCOME. AS MANY AS 20% OF HIGH-RISK PATIENTS HAVE RESIDUAL DISEASE THAT IS REFRACTORY OR PROGRESSIVE DURING INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH A MAJORITY OF HIGH-RISK PATIENTS ACHIEVE REMISSION, LARGER PART OF THOSE PATIENTS HAS MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE (MRD) THAT CAUSES RELAPSE EVEN AFTER ADDITIONAL CONSOLIDATION THERAPY. MRD IS COMPOSED OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUMOR CELLS AND DYNAMICALLY PRESENTED AS CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCS) IN RESIDUAL TUMORS, CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS (CTCS) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB), AND DISSEMINATED TUMOR CELLS (DTCS) IN BONE MARROW (BM) AND OTHER METASTATIC SITES. EMT APPEARS TO BE A KEY MECHANISM FOR CANCER CELLS TO ACQUIRE MRD PHENOTYPES AND MALIGNANT AGGRESSIVENESS. DUE TO THE RESTRICTED AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL TUMORS, PB AND BM HAVE BEEN USED TO ISOLATE AND ANALYZE CTCS AND DTCS TO EVALUATE MRD IN CANCER PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, RECENT TECHNICAL ADVANCES MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA (CTDNA) SHED FROM TUMOR CELLS INTO PB FOR MRD EVALUATION. BECAUSE MRD CAN BE DETECTED BY TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND MRNAS, NUMEROUS ASSAYS USING DIFFERENT METHODS AND SAMPLES HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO DETECT MRD IN CANCER PATIENTS. IN CONTRAST TO THE TUMOR-SPECIFIC GENE-REARRANGEMENT-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) AND THE ONCOGENIC FUSION-GENE-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND SEVERAL SOLID TUMORS, THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MRD REMAINS TO BE ESTABLISHED IN NEUROBLASTOMA. GIVEN THE EXTREME HETEROGENEITY OF NEUROBLASTOMA, DYNAMICS OF MRD IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS WILL HOLD A KEY TO THE CLINICAL VALIDATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE BIOLOGY AND DETECTION METHODS OF CANCER MRD IN GENERAL AND EVALUATE THE AVAILABLE ASSAYS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUROBLASTOMA MRD TO CLARIFY ITS DYNAMICS IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5   331  27 ALTERATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS PROMOTES THE PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF MICROGLIA AND IS INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION OF YOUNG AND AGED MICE FOLLOWING LPS EXPOSURE. CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION IS IMPLICATED IN IMPAIRED MOTOR COORDINATION AND BALANCE, THUS DISTURBING THE DYNAMICS OF SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION. NEUROINFLAMMATION AND AGING COULD BE PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS TO CEREBELLAR ABERRATION. ADDITIONALLY, CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS MAY PRECEDE MICROGLIA ACTIVATION IN SEVERAL CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE USING LPS (1 MG/KG I.P. FOR FOUR CONSECUTIVE DAYS) STIMULATION IN BOTH YOUNG (3 MONTHS OLD) AND AGED (12 MONTHS OLD) MICE, FOLLOWED BY MOLECULAR ANALYSIS ON THE 21ST DAY, WE HAVE EXPLORED THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AGING AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMIC ALTERATION IN THE BACKDROP OF CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION. FOLLOWING LPS STIMULATION, WE OBSERVED MICROGLIA ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENT ELEVATION IN PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (M1; TNF-ALPHA, IFN-GAMMA) WITH NLRP3 ACTIVATION AND A CONCOMITANT REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS (M2; YM1, TGF-BETA1) IN THE CEREBELLAR TISSUE OF AGED MICE COMPARED WITH THE YOUNG LPS AND AGED CONTROLS. REMARKABLY, SENESCENCE (P21, P27, P53) AND EPIGENETIC (HDAC2) MARKERS WERE FOUND UPREGULATED IN THE CEREBELLUM TISSUE OF THE AGED LPS GROUP, SUGGESTING THEIR CRUCIAL ROLE IN LPS-INDUCED CEREBELLAR DEFICIT. FURTHER, WE DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION IN THE ANTAGONISTIC FORCES OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION AND FISSION WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION-RELATED GENE [FIS1] AND DECREASED FUSION-RELATED GENES [MFN1 AND MFN2]. WE NOTED INCREASED MTDNA COPY NUMBER, MICROGLIA ACTIVATION, AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF IL1-BETA AND IFN-GAMMA POST-CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION IN AGED LPS GROUP. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS AND ALTERED MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION PARADIGM IN CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS MAY BE THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE CEREBELLAR MOLECULAR MECHANISM.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  1828  20 EFFECTS OF INHALED TOBACCO SMOKE ON THE PULMONARY TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. TOBACCO SMOKE IS A MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE OF CHEMICAL, ORGANIC, AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AS WELL AS ADDITIVE SUBSTANCES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. MANY STUDIES HAVE PROVED THE CARCINOGENICITY OF VARIOUS OF THESE COMPOUNDS THROUGH THE INDUCTION OF DNA ADDUCTS, MUTATIONAL POTENTIAL, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, GENE FUSIONS, AND CHROMOSOMAL EVENTS. THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TUMOR FORMATION AND PROGRESSION THROUGH THE REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF KEY MOLECULES WHICH MEDIATE THE RECRUITMENT OF IMMUNE CELLS TO THE TUMOR SITE AND SUBSEQUENTLY REGULATE TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE DISCUSS THE EFFECTS OF INHALED TOBACCO SMOKE IN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE EFFECTS AS WELL AS THEIR LINK WITH TUMOR PROGRESSION ARE ANALYZED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  5301  24 PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA PLAYS A MYD88-DEPENDENT, CENTRAL ROLE IN THE GENE-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE. MYD88, THE INTRACELLULAR ADAPTOR OF MOST TLRS, MEDIATES EITHER PROINFLAMMATORY OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE SIGNALING THAT CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH GENE-SPECIFIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS REGULATE INFLAMMATION, THE ROLE OF MYD88 SIGNALING IN ESTABLISHING SUCH EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPES UNDER DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY STATES REMAINS ELUSIVE. USING QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS TO ENUMERATE THE INFLAMMATION-PHENOTYPIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE MYD88 INTERACTOME, WE FOUND THAT IN ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA (PP2AC) ENHANCES ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MYD88 AND IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED. KNOCKDOWN OF PP2AC PREVENTS SUPPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENES AND RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS. THROUGH SITE-SPECIFIC DEPHOSPHORYLATION, CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC DISRUPTS THE SIGNAL-PROMOTING TLR4-MYD88 COMPLEX AND BROADLY SUPPRESSES THE ACTIVITIES OF MULTIPLE PROINFLAMMATORY/PROAPOPTOTIC PATHWAYS AS WELL, SHIFTING PROINFLAMMATORY MYD88 SIGNALING TO A PROSURVIVAL MODE. CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC TRANSLOCATED WITH MYD88 INTO THE NUCLEI OF TOLERANT MACROPHAGES ESTABLISHES THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE PATTERN OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND REPRESSES CHROMATIN REMODELING TO SELECTIVELY SILENCE PROINFLAMMATORY GENES, COORDINATING THE MYD88-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATION CONTROL AT BOTH SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS UNDER ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT CONDITIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  5477  26 RESTORING THE FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA USING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MALIGNANCY ARISING FROM IMMUNE CELLS (B-LYMPHOCYTES) ENDOWED WITH INTRINSIC ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CAPABILITIES. SUCH A FUNCTION HOWEVER IS LOST DURING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND CLL CELLS ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR INABILITY TO PROCESS AND PRESENT ANTIGENS TO THE T-CELL ARM OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. INSTEAD, MALIGNANT CLL CELLS ELICIT A VAST ARRAY OF IMMUNE REGULATORY MECHANISMS CONDUCIVE TO T-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. PREVIOUSLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TREATMENT OF CLL CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE UNLEASHED TARGET ANTIGEN EXPRESSION. HERE WE SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT COMBINING TWO EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR LAQ824 EFFECTIVELY RESTORES THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF CLL CELL LINES AS WELL AS PRIMARY CELLS OBTAINED FROM CLL PATIENTS. INDEED, SUCH A COMBINATION INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF NOVEL AND HIGHLY ANTIGENIC CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) AND COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES. THESE CHANGES FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF ROBUST SUPRAMOLECULAR ACTIVATION COMPLEXES (SMAC) BETWEEN CLL CELLS AND RESPONDER T-CELLS LEADING TO INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, LYTIC GRANULE MOBILIZATION, AND POLARIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL AND RELEVANT T-CELL RESPONSES. THIS CASCADE OF T-CELL ACTIVATING EVENTS TRIGGERED BY CLL CELLS WITH RESTORED APC FUNCTION, POINTS TO COMBINED EPIGENETIC MODIFIER TREATMENT AS A POTENTIAL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CLL PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  1031  29 CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA DETECTION AND ITS APPLICATION STATUS IN GASTRIC CANCER: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA (CTDNA) IS THE SMALL GENOMIC FRAGMENT RELEASED BY TUMOR CELLS INTO THE CIRCULATING SYSTEM, WHICH CARRIES THE GENE VARIATION FEATURES, SUCH AS MUTATION, INSERTION, DELETION, REARRANGEMENT, COPY NUMBER VARIATION (CNV) AND METHYLATION, RENDERING IT AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER. IT CAN BE USED NOT ONLY TO DIAGNOSE CERTAIN TYPES OF SOLID TUMORS, BUT ALSO TO MONITOR THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE AND EXPLORE THE MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE (MRD) AND RESISTANT MUTATION OF TARGETED THERAPY. THEREFORE, CTDNA DETECTION MAY BECOME THE PREFERRED NON-INVASIVE TUMOR SCREENING METHOD. FOR PATIENTS WHO CANNOT RECEIVE FURTHER GENE DETECTION DUE TO INSUFFICIENT OR RESTRICTED SAMPLE COLLECTION WITH THE DEFINED PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS, CTDNA DETECTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE GENE MUTATION TYPE, WITH NO NEED FOR REPEATED SAMPLING. GASTRIC CANCER (GC) IS A MALIGNANCY WITH EXTREMELY HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, AND ITS GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT ARE THE CONSEQUENCE OF INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE FACTORS, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENT, DIET, HEREDITY, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATION, AND PRECANCEROUS LESION. AS THE RESEARCH ON GC MOVES FORWARD, THE EXISTING RESEARCH MAINLY FOCUSES ON GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, NON-CODING RNA CHANGES, GENE MUTATION, GENE HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. THIS PAPER AIMED TO SUMMARIZE THE CONTENTS OF CTDNA DETECTION, ITS APPLICATION STATUS IN GC AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  5184  23 PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION ASSAY TO STUDY INFLUENCE OF HIGH-LEVEL NATURAL RADIATION ON THE INITIAL DNA DOUBLE STRAND BREAK REPAIR IN HUMAN G(0) LYMPHOCYTES. THE INHERENT CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO EFFICIENTLY REPAIR IONIZING RADIATION INDUCED DNA DOUBLE STRAND BREAKS (DSBS) MAY BE INHERITED, HOWEVER, IT IS INFLUENCED BY SEVERAL EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. A PILOT STUDY TESTED WHETHER CHRONIC LOW DOSE NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE INFLUENCES THE REJOINING OF INITIAL DNA DSBS INDUCED BY A 2 GY GAMMA-IRRADIATION IN 22 INDIVIDUALS FROM HIGH (>1.5 MGY/YEAR) AND NORMAL (</=1.5 MGY/YEAR) LEVEL NATURAL RADIATION AREAS (H&NLNRA) OF KERALA. REJOINING OF DSBS (DURING 1 H AT 37 DEGREES C, IMMEDIATELY AFTER IRRADIATION) WAS EVALUATED AT THE CHROMOSOME LEVEL IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF WORTMANNIN (A POTENT INHIBITOR OF DSB REPAIR IN NORMAL HUMAN CELLS) USING A CELL FUSION-INDUCED PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION (PCC) ASSAY. THE PCC ASSAY QUANTITATES DSBS IN THE FORM OF EXCESS CHROMOSOME FRAGMENTS IN HUMAN G(0) LYMPHOCYTES WITHOUT THE REQUIREMENT FOR CELL DIVISION. A QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN THE EARLY REJOINING OF DNA DSBS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS FROM HLNRA AND NLNRA, WITH HLNRA INDIVIDUALS SHOWING A HIGHER (P = 0.05) MEAN INITIAL REPAIR RATIO. THE RESULTS INDICATE AN INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC LOW DOSE NATURAL RADIATION ON INITIAL DNA DSB REPAIR IN INHABITANTS OF HLNRA OF THE KERALA COAST.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  2971  20 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  2436  32 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOCS3 IDENTIFIES A SUBSET OF PROSTATE CANCER WITH AN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND SUBSEQUENT TISSUTAL ALTERATIONS MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS WAY, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3 (SOCS3), ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INHIBITORY MOLECULE OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CIRCUITRIES, COULD CONTRIBUTE TO EXPLAIN THE PLEIOTROPIC ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) IN THIS TYPE OF CANCER. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF SOCS3 IN 20 BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIAS (BPH) AND IN 51 PROSTATE CANCER SPECIMENS. WE ANALYZED THE SOCS3 METHYLATION STATUS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. HYPERMETHYLATION WAS CONFIRMED BY SEQUENCING AFTER SUBCLONING. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THIS GENE WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. RESULTS AND CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL DATA WERE STATISTICALLY ANALYZED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE PROMOTER OF SOCS3 WAS METHYLATED IN 39.2% OF PROSTATE CANCER. ON THE CONTRARY, ALL BPH AND NORMAL CONTROLS HAD AN UNMETHYLATED PATTERN. REAL-TIME ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT IN METHYLATED CASES SOCS3 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED BY THREE AND FOUR FOLDS AS COMPARED TO BPH AND UNMETHYLATED CASES, RESPECTIVELY. INTERESTINGLY, SOCS3 MRNA LEVEL WAS HIGHER IN UNMETHYLATED PROSTATE CANCER THAN IN BPH. THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING ANALYSIS FOR SOCS 3 CONFIRMED MRNA RESULTS. MOREOVER, METHYLATION OF SOCS3 PROMOTER SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INTERMEDIATE-HIGH GRADE GLEASON SCORE (P = 0.0007) AND WITH AN UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL OUTCOME (P = 0.0019). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SOCS3 HYPERMETHYLATION MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER AND COULD IDENTIFY A TUMOR SUBSET WITH AN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  2765  29 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  2437  27 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  3132  37 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) HAS BEEN A GOOD MODEL SYSTEM TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MC) IN CANCER PROGRESSION. MORE RECENTLY, AN OXIDIZED FORM OF 5-MC, 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMC) HAS GAINED LOT OF ATTENTION AS A REGULATORY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WITH PROGNOSTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS FOR SEVERAL CANCERS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO GLOBAL STUDY EXPLORING THE ROLE OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMC) LEVELS IN CLL. HEREIN, USING MASS SPECTROMETRY AND HMEDIP-SEQUENCING, WE ANALYSED THE DYNAMICS OF 5-HMC DURING B CELL MATURATION AND CLL PATHOGENESIS. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT NAIVE B-CELLS HAD HIGHER LEVELS OF 5-HMC AND 5-MC COMPARED TO NON-CLASS SWITCHED AND CLASS-SWITCHED MEMORY B-CELLS. WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN GLOBAL 5-MC LEVELS IN CLL PATIENTS (N = 15) COMPARED TO NAIVE AND MEMORY B CELLS, WITH NO CHANGES DETECTED BETWEEN THE CLL PROGNOSTIC GROUPS. ON THE OTHER HAND, GLOBAL 5-HMC LEVELS OF CLL PATIENTS WERE SIMILAR TO MEMORY B CELLS AND REDUCED COMPARED TO NAIVE B CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, 5-HMC LEVELS WERE INCREASED AT REGULATORY REGIONS SUCH AS GENE-BODY, CPG ISLAND SHORES AND SHELVES AND 5-HMC DISTRIBUTION OVER THE GENE-BODY POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH DEGREE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. IMPORTANTLY, CLL SAMPLES SHOWED ABERRANT 5-HMC AND 5-MC PATTERN OVER GENE-BODY COMPARED TO WELL-DEFINED PATTERNS IN NORMAL B-CELLS. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF 5-HMC AND RNA-SEQUENCING FROM CLL DATASETS IDENTIFIED THREE NOVEL ONCOGENIC DRIVERS THAT COULD HAVE POTENTIAL ROLES IN CLL DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THUS, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GLOBAL LOSS OF 5-HMC, ACCOMPANIED BY ITS SIGNIFICANT INCREASE AT THE GENE REGULATORY REGIONS, CONSTITUTE A NOVEL HALLMARK OF CLL PATHOGENESIS. OUR COMBINED ANALYSIS OF 5-MC AND 5-HMC SEQUENCING PROVIDED INSIGHTS INTO THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF 5-HMC IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES DURING CLL PATHOGENESIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16   709  29 C-MYC ONCOPROTEIN DICTATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER GENES IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS REMAINS ONE OF THE MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). MISREGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF A SPECIFIC GROUP OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (ABC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING THE INTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF DRUGS IN LEUKEMIC CELLS. MOREOVER, A CONSISTENT BODY OF EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT ABC TRANSPORTERS PLAY A ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION BEYOND THE EFFLUX OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS. DESPITE A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTION OF THE ABC TRANSPORTERS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ABC GENES. HERE, WE PRESENT DATA SHOWING THAT THE ONCOPROTEIN C-MYC IS A DIRECT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR OF A LARGE SET OF ABC TRANSPORTERS IN CML. FURTHERMORE, MOLECULAR ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT IN CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC CELL PRECURSORS OF 21 CML PATIENTS REVEALS THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS DRIVEN BY C-MYC IS A PECULIAR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CD34+ POPULATION IN CML AND WAS NOT FOUND EITHER IN THE POPULATION OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM WHICH THEY HAD BEEN PURIFIED NOR IN CD34+ CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE HOW THE METHYLATION STATE OF CPG ISLANDS MAY REGULATE THE ACCESS OF C-MYC TO ABCG2 GENE PROMOTER, A WELL-STUDIED GENE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE IN CML, HENCE, AFFECTING ITS EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORT A MODEL IN WHICH C-MYC-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS, COMBINED WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DIRECT AND REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ABC GENES WITH POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN TUMOR MALIGNANCY AND DRUG EFFLUX IN CML.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  1036  32 CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASES REGULATE P53/NF-KAPPAB CROSSTALK IN CANCER CELLS. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS NF-KAPPAB AND P53 AS WELL AS THEIR CROSSTALK DETERMINE THE FATE OF TUMOR CELLS UPON THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. REPLICATIVE STRESS AND CYTOKINES PROMOTE SIGNALING CASCADES THAT LEAD TO THE CO-REGULATION OF P53 AND NF-KAPPAB. CONSEQUENTLY, NUCLEAR P53/NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING COMPLEXES ACTIVATE NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL GENES. THE 18 HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT FALL INTO FOUR CLASSES (I-IV). INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACI) BECOME INCREASINGLY APPRECIATED AS ANTI-CANCER AGENTS. BASED ON THEIR EFFECTS ON P53 AND NF-KAPPAB, WE ADDRESSED WHETHER CLINICALLY RELEVANT HDACI AFFECT THE NF-KAPPAB/P53 CROSSTALK. THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS HYDROXYUREA, ETOPOSIDE, AND FLUDARABINE HALT CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION, INDUCE DNA DAMAGE, AND LEAD TO DNA FRAGMENTATION. THESE AGENTS CO-INDUCE P53 AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION IN CELL LINES FROM BREAST AND COLON CANCER AND IN PRIMARY CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS. USING SPECIFIC HDACI, WE FIND THAT THE CLASS I SUBGROUP OF HDACS, BUT NOT THE CLASS IIB DEACETYLASE HDAC6, ARE REQUIRED FOR THE HYDROXYUREA-INDUCED CROSSTALK BETWEEN P53 AND NF-KAPPAB. HDACI DECREASE THE BASAL AND STRESS-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF P53 AND BLOCK NF-KAPPAB-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT CLASS I HDACI INDUCE SENESCENCE IN PANCREATIC CANCER CELLS WITH MUTANT P53.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  3413  35 HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. AIM: TO INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL SAMPLES AND THEIR VALUES AS GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS BIOMARKERS. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA WERE ANALYSED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSION PROFILES IN THE GROUPED SAMPLES WAS EVALUATED BY ANOVA AND STUDENT'S T-TEST TESTS. THE RESULTS WERE ADJUSTED FOR MULTIPLE TESTING BY USING BONFERRONI'S CORRECTION. P VALUES </= 0.05 WERE CONSIDERED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. TO EVALUATE HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSIONS AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, WE PERFORMED A RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS AND THE DERIVED AREA UNDER THE CURVE, AND A CATEGORICAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS. IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENETIC TARGETS OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B WAS PERFORMED USING DIFFERENT PREDICTION TOOLS, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE GENES INVOLVED IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HSA-MIR-29C WERE HIGHER IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSAL SAMPLES, AND DECREASED PROGRESSIVELY IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA SAMPLES. THE EXPRESSION OF HSA-MIR-29C IN THE GASTRIC LESIONS SHOWED THAT NON-ATROPHIC GASTRITIS HAVE AN INTERMEDIATE PROFILE TO GASTRIC NORMAL MUCOSA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA, AND THAT INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES PRESENTED AN EXPRESSION PATTERN SIMILAR TO THAT IN INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA. THIS MICRORNA (MIRNA) HAS A GOOD DISCRIMINATORY ACCURACY BETWEEN NORMAL GASTRIC SAMPLES AND (1) INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA; AND (2) INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND REGULATES THE DMNT3A ONCOGENE. HSA-MIR-135B IS UP-REGULATED IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES AND DOWN-REGULATED IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA SAMPLES. NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA SAMPLES. HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSION PRESENTED A GREATER DISCRIMINATORY ACCURACY BETWEEN NORMAL SAMPLES AND GASTRIC LESIONS. THIS MIRNA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI PRESENCE IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES AND REGULATES THE APC AND KLF4 TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND SUGGEST THAT HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B ARE PROMISING BIOMARKERS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                             
19  6680  30 USING PERIPHERAL BLOOD CIRCULATING DNAS TO DETECT CPG GLOBAL METHYLATION STATUS AND GENETIC MUTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER. SEVERAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE DEEPLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF MDS. ALTHOUGH BONE MARROW (BM) ASPIRATION IS A COMMON STRATEGY TO OBTAIN MDS CELLS FOR EVALUATING THEIR GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, BM ASPIRATION IS DIFFICULT TO PERFORM REPEATEDLY TO OBTAIN SERIAL SAMPLES BECAUSE OF PAIN AND SAFETY CONCERNS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT CIRCULATING CELL-FREE DNAS FROM PLASMA AND SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH MDS CAN BE USED TO DETECT GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. THE PLASMA DNA CONCENTRATION WAS FOUND TO BE RELATIVELY HIGH IN PATIENTS WITH HIGHER BLAST CELL COUNTS IN BM, AND ACCUMULATION OF DNA FRAGMENTS FROM MONO-/DI-NUCLEOSOMES WAS CONFIRMED. USING SERIAL PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB) SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS TREATED WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, GLOBAL METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED AT THE SPECIFIC CPG SITES OF THE LINE-1 PROMOTER. THE RESULTS CONFIRMED A DECREASE OF THE METHYLATION PERCENTAGE AFTER TREATMENT WITH AZACITIDINE (DAYS 3-9) USING DNAS FROM PLASMA, SERUM, AND PB MONO-NUCLEAR CELLS (PBMNC). PLASMA DNA TENDS TO SHOW MORE RAPID CHANGE AT DAYS 3 AND 6 COMPARED WITH SERUM DNA AND PBMNC. FURTHERMORE, THE TET2 GENE MUTATION IN DNAS FROM PLASMA, SERUM, AND BM CELLS WAS QUANTITATED BY PYROSEQUENCING ANALYSIS. THE EXISTENCE RATIO OF MUTATED GENES IN PLASMA AND SERUM DNA SHOWED ALMOST EQUIVALENT LEVEL WITH THAT IN THE CD34+/38- STEM CELL POPULATION IN BM. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ANALYSES USING PB CIRCULATING DNA CAN BE A SAFER AND PAINLESS ALTERNATIVE TO USING BM CELLS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  2133  20 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-34A IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-34A IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGET OF P53 AND IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. WE STUDIED THE ROLE OF MIR-34A METHYLATION IN A PANEL OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE LEUKEMIA [ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)], CHRONIC LEUKEMIA [CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)], MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 12 CELL LINES AND 188 DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT METHYLATED IN 75% LYMPHOMA AND 37% MYELOMA CELL LINES. HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT LED TO RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-34A TRANSCRIPT IN LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH HOMOZYGOUS MIR-34A METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-34A METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 4% CLL, 5.5% MM SAMPLES AND 18.8% OF NHL AT DIAGNOSIS BUT NONE OF ALL, AML AND CML (P = 0.011). IN MM PATIENTS WITH PAIRED SAMPLES, MIR-34A METHYLATION STATUS REMAINED UNCHANGED AT PROGRESSION. AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL (P = 0.018), IN PARTICULAR NATURAL KILLER (NK)/T-CELL LYMPHOMA. IN CONCLUSION, AMONGST HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A METHYLATION IS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, IN PARTICULAR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER, THEREFORE THE ROLE OF MIR-34A IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2010