1  3113 167 GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA DISEASES. BACKGROUND: HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I) IS ETIOLOGICALLY LINKED TO ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) AND AN INFLAMMATORY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE CALLED HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY OR TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). THE EXACT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL, OR HAM/TSP DISEASES ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD DIADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (FHIT), IS FREQUENTLY LOST IN CANCER THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND/OR DELETION. FHIT IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTING AS GENOME CARETAKER BY REGULATING CELLULAR DNA REPAIR. INDEED, FHIT LOSS LEADS TO REPLICATIVE STRESS AND ACCUMULATION OF DOUBLE DNA STRAND BREAKS. THEREFORE, LOSS OF FHIT EXPRESSION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. METHODS: HERE, WE STUDIED OVER 400 SAMPLES FROM HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH ATL, TSP/HAM, OR ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS (AC) FOR FHIT LOSS AND EXPRESSION. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF FHIT THROUGH METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING; AND CORRELATED THESE RESULTS TO FHIT EXPRESSION IN PATIENT SAMPLES. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF FHIT IS SPECIFICALLY FOUND IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ATL BUT IS ABSENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC HTLV-I CARRIERS AND TSP/HAM PATIENTS' SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, THE EXTENT OF FHIT METHYLATION IN ATL PATIENTS WAS QUANTITATIVELY COMPARABLE IN VIRUS-INFECTED AND VIRUS NON-INFECTED CELLS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT LONGITUDINAL HTLV-I CARRIERS THAT PROGRESSED TO SMOLDERING ATL AND DESCENDANTS OF ATL PATIENTS HARBOR FHIT METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GERMINAL EPIGENETIC MUTATION OF FHIT REPRESENTS A PREEXISTING MARK PREDISPOSING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL DISEASES. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AS PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ATL ARE RARELY CURED. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO THE CURRENT "WAIT AND SEE APPROACH" IN THAT EARLY SCREENING OF HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS FOR GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FHIT AND EARLY TREATMENT MAY OFFER SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL BENEFITS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  5014  41 PERSISTENCE OF CEREBELLAR ATAXIA DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC UP-REGULATION OF FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT CEREBELLUM. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL INTOXICATION PRODUCES ATAXIA BY AFFECTING THE CEREBELLUM, WHICH COORDINATES MOVEMENTS. FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION (FMR) PROTEIN IS A COMPLEX REGULATOR OF RNA AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IMPLICATED IN FRAGILE X-ASSOCIATED TREMOR/ATAXIA SYNDROME, WHICH FEATURES ATAXIA AND INCREASED FMR1 MRNA EXPRESSION RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF FMRP. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT ACUTE ETHANOL-INDUCED ATAXIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CEREBELLAR FMR1 GENE EXPRESSION VIA HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN RATS, BUT IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER SIMILAR BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON ATAXIA AND EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED CHANGES IN FMR1 EXPRESSION IN THE CEREBELLUM. METHODS: MALE ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TRAINED ON THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD AND THEN FED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL OR A CONTROL LIEBER-DECARLI DIET WHILE UNDERGOING PERIODIC BEHAVIORAL TESTING FOR ATAXIA DURING ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. CEREBELLAR TISSUES WERE ANALYZED FOR EXPRESSION OF THE FMR1 GENE AND ITS TARGETS USING A REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: ATAXIC BEHAVIOR MEASURED BY THE ACCELERATING ROTAROD BEHAVIORAL TEST DEVELOPED DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND PERSISTED AT BOTH THE 8-H AND 24-H WITHDRAWAL TIME POINTS COMPARED TO CONTROL DIET-FED RATS. IN ADDITION, CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT RESULTED IN UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF FMR1 MRNA AND INCREASED ACTIVATING EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K27 ACETYLATION AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION AT 2 SITES WITHIN THE FMR1 PROMOTER. FINALLY, MEASUREMENT OF THE EXPRESSION OF RELEVANT FMRP MRNA TARGETS IN THE CEREBELLUM SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL UP-REGULATED CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING (CREB) CREB1, PSD95, GRM5, AND GRIN2B MRNA EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING GRIN2A, EAA1, OR HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) OR P300 MRNA TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FMR1 AND SUBSEQUENT FMRP REGULATION OF TARGET MRNA TRANSCRIPTS CONSTITUTE NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM THAT MAY UNDERLIE THE PERSISTENCE OF ATAXIC BEHAVIOR DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  2830  38 FOCAL 9P INSTABILITY IN HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASIAS REVEALED BY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION AND SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM MICROARRAY ANALYSES. COPY NUMBER LOSSES IN CHROMOSOME ARM 9P ARE WELL-KNOWN ABERRATIONS IN MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING LEUKEMIAS. THE CDKN2A GENE IS SUGGESTED TO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THESE ABERRATIONS. IN THIS STUDY OVERVIEWING 9P LOSSES IN HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASIAS, WE INTRODUCE THE TERM FOCAL 9P INSTABILITY TO INDICATE MULTIPLE AREAS OF COPY NUMBER LOSS OR HOMOZYGOUS LOSS WITHIN A LARGER HETEROZYGOUS ONE IN 9P. WE HAVE USED MICROARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION TO STUDY PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL, N = 140), ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (N = 50), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (N = 20), AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (N = 37). OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT 9P INSTABILITY IS RESTRICTED TO ALL. IN TOTAL, 58/140 (41%) PATIENTS WITH ALL HAD A LOSS IN 9P. THE 9P INSTABILITY WAS DETECTED IN 19% OF THE PATIENTS WITH ALL AND ALWAYS INCLUDED HOMOZYGOUS LOSS OF CDKN2A ALONG WITH LOSS OF CDKN2B. OTHER POSSIBLY IMPORTANT GENES INCLUDED MTAP, IFN, MLLT3, JAK2, PTPLAD2, AND PAX5. 13/27 (48%) PATIENTS WITH THE INSTABILITY HAD THE BCR/ABL1 FUSION GENE OR OTHER ONCOGENE-ACTIVATING TRANSLOCATION OR STRUCTURAL ABERRATIONS. TWO PATIENTS HAD HOMOZYGOUS LOSS OF HSA-MIR -31, A MICRORNA KNOWN TO REGULATE IKZF1. IKZF1 DELETION AT 7P12.1 WAS SEEN IN 10 (37%) PATIENTS WITH THE 9P INSTABILITY. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT, IN ALL LEUKEMOGENESIS, LOSS OF CDKN2A AND OTHER TARGET GENES IN THE INSTABILITY REGION IS FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH BCR/ABL1 AND IKZF1 DYSFUNCTION. THE MULTIPLE MECHANISMS LEADING TO 9P INSTABILITY INCLUDING PHYSICAL OR EPIGENETIC LOSS OF THE TARGET GENES, LOSS OF THE MICRORNA CLUSTER, AND THE ROLE OF FRA9G FRAGILE SITE ARE DISCUSSED.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  4603  36 NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF MGLUR5 PARTIALLY CORRECTS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN A MOUSE MODEL OF RETT SYNDROME. RETT SYNDROME (RTT) IS CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE GENE ENCODING METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2), AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF MRNA TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE REPORT A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF SHARED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RTT AND FRAGILE X, ANOTHER MONOGENIC CAUSE OF AUTISM AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. IN FRAGILE X, THE LOSS OF THE MRNA TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSOR FMRP LEADS TO EXAGGERATED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DOWNSTREAM OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 5 (MGLUR5). WE FOUND THAT MGLUR5- AND PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY WERE SIMILARLY ALTERED IN AREA CA1 OF MECP2 KO MICE. CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC, GENOME-WIDE PROFILING OF RIBOSOME-BOUND MRNAS WAS PERFORMED IN WILD-TYPE AND MECP2 KO HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 NEURONS TO REVEAL THE MECP2-REGULATED "TRANSLATOME." WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT OVERLAP BETWEEN RIBOSOME-BOUND TRANSCRIPTS OVEREXPRESSED IN THE MECP2 KO AND FMRP MRNA TARGETS. THESE TENDED TO ENCODE LONG GENES THAT WERE FUNCTIONALLY RELATED TO EITHER CYTOSKELETON ORGANIZATION OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONAL CONNECTIVITY. IN THE FMR1 KO MOUSE, CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MGLUR5-NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATORS (NAMS) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO AMELIORATE MANY MUTANT PHENOTYPES BY CORRECTING EXCESSIVE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. IN MECP2 KO MICE, WE FOUND THAT MGLUR5 NAM TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE LEVEL OF OVEREXPRESSED RIBOSOME-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTS, PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT WERE ALSO FMRP TARGETS. SOME RETT PHENOTYPES WERE ALSO AMELIORATED BY TREATMENT, MOST NOTABLY HIPPOCAMPAL CELL SIZE AND LIFESPAN. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST A POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN MECP2-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION AND MGLUR5/FMRP-MEDIATED PROTEIN TRANSLATION REGULATION THROUGH COREGULATION OF A SUBSET OF GENES RELEVANT TO SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: ALTERED REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS HAS BEEN HYPOTHESIZED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THAT UNDERLIES MULTIPLE FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER. HERE, WE SHOW IN A MOUSE MODEL OF RETT SYNDROME (MECP2 KO) THAT METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 5 (MGLUR5)- AND PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY ARE ABNORMAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. WE FOUND THAT A SUBSET OF RIBOSOME-BOUND MRNAS WAS ABERRANTLY UPREGULATED IN HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 NEURONS OF MECP2 KO MICE, THAT THESE SIGNIFICANTLY OVERLAPPED WITH FMRP DIRECT TARGETS AND/OR SFARI HUMAN AUTISM GENES, AND THAT CHRONIC TREATMENT OF MECP2 KO MICE WITH AN MGLUR5-NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR TUNES DOWN UPREGULATED RIBOSOME-BOUND MRNAS AND PARTIALLY IMPROVES MUTANT MICE PHENOTYPES.	2016	

5  4408  42 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CATTLE WITH CHRONIC ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA (CEH). THE FHIT (FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD) GENE IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE KNOWN TO BE INACTIVATED IN MANY TUMORS INCLUDING BLADDER TUMORS AND IS SPANNING FRA3B, A VERY ACTIVE COMMON FRAGILE SITE IN THE HUMAN GENOME. WE HAVE RECENTLY ISOLATED THE BOVINE GENE, AND THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO TEST WHETHER FHIT PRESENTS ALTERED EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CATTLE WITH CEH (CHRONIC ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA). CEH IS A COMMON SYNDROME AFFECTING MEDITERRANEAN CATTLE: CLASTOGENIC, MUTAGENIC AND CANCEROGENIC SUBSTANCES RELEASED BY THE BRACKEN FERN (PTERIDIUM SPP) GRAZED BY ANIMALS INDUCE THE FORMATION OF NEOPLASTIC LESIONS, AMONG WHICH BLADDER TUMORS HAVE A HIGH INCIDENCE. WE ANALYSED FHIT IN 23 BLADDER TUMORS OF CEH CATTLE LOOKING AT: 1) THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CPG ISLAND COMPRISING THE PROMOTER AND PART OF EXON 1; 2) THE PRESENCE OF ALTERED FHIT TRANSCRIPTS; 3) THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS MEASURED WITH A QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) APPROACH. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNLIKE IN HUMAN TUMORS, FHIT IN VESICAL TUMORS OF CEH CATTLE IS LARGELY UNMETHYLATED. FURTHERMORE, THE SAME MRNA ISOFORMS OF FHIT WERE DETECTED IN TUMORS AND IN HEALTHY TISSUES, INCLUDING A NOVEL ISOFORM THAT WAS FOUND IN THIS STUDY. FINALLY, QRT-PCR DATA DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED EXPRESSION PROFILES OF FHIT TRANSCRIPTS. FURTHER STUDIES AND LARGER SETS OF CASES WILL BE USEFUL TO CONFIRM THIS FINDING, BUT THE DATA SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FHIT AND ALTERED EXPRESSION PROFILES ARE NOT A HALLMARK OF BOVINE VESICAL TUMORS LIKE THEY ARE IN HUMAN TUMORS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  2971  31 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  2719  35 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  5245  39 PROGNOSTIC RELEVANCE OF INTEGRATED GENETIC PROFILING IN ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA. ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PERIPHERAL T-CELL MALIGNANCIES CHARACTERIZED BY HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION, WHOSE GENETIC PROFILE HAS RECENTLY BEEN FULLY INVESTIGATED. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD HOW THESE ALTERATIONS AFFECT CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS COMMONLY FOUND IN ATL ON DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, BASED ON GENOTYPING DATA OBTAINED FROM 414 AND 463 ATL PATIENTS USING TARGETED-CAPTURE SEQUENCING AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY KARYOTYPING, RESPECTIVELY. AGGRESSIVE (ACUTE/LYMPHOMA) SUBTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED BURDEN OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, HIGHER FREQUENCIES OF TP53 AND IRF4 MUTATIONS, AND MANY COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS (CNAS), INCLUDING PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS AND CDKN2A DELETIONS, COMPARED WITH INDOLENT (CHRONIC/SMOLDERING) SUBTYPES. BY CONTRAST, STAT3 MUTATIONS WERE MORE CHARACTERISTIC OF INDOLENT ATL. HIGHER NUMBERS OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND CNAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH WORSE SURVIVAL. IN A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS INCORPORATING BOTH CLINICAL FACTORS AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS, THE JAPAN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY GROUP PROGNOSTIC INDEX HIGH-RISK, OLDER AGE, PRKCB MUTATIONS, AND PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS WERE INDEPENDENT POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN AGGRESSIVE ATL. IN INDOLENT ATL, IRF4 MUTATIONS, PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS, AND CDKN2A DELETIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER SURVIVAL, ALTHOUGH THE CHRONIC SUBTYPE WITH UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL FACTORS WAS ONLY MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT. THUS, SOMATIC ALTERATIONS CHARACTERIZING AGGRESSIVE DISEASES PREDICT WORSE PROGNOSIS IN INDOLENT ATL, AMONG WHICH PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS ARE A STRONG GENETIC PREDICTOR IN BOTH AGGRESSIVE AND INDOLENT ATL. ATL SUBTYPES ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO MOLECULARLY DISTINCT SUBSETS WITH DIFFERENT PROGNOSIS. GENETIC PROFILING MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVED PROGNOSTICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ATL PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  2132  35 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-124-1 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-124-1 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIR). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF MIRS IS IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF MIR-124-1 WAS STUDIED IN 5 NORMAL MARROW CONTROLS, 4 LYMPHOMA, 8 MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELL LINES, 230 DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL), MM, AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), AND 53 MM SAMPLES AT STABLE DISEASE OR RELAPSE. PROMOTER OF MIR-124-1 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN 4 OF 4 LYMPHOMA AND 4 OF 8 MYELOMA CELL LINES. TREATMENT OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO MIR-124-1 DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIR-124, WHICH ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF EUCHROMATIC TRIMETHYL H3K4 AND CONSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 IN MYELOMA CELLS HARBORING HOMOZYGOUS MIR-124-1 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-124-1 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 2% EACH OF MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, 5% ALL, 15% AML, 14% CLL AND 58.1% OF NHL (P<0.001). AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL THAN MM, CLL OR ALL. IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN B- OR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MIR-124 EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, MIR-124-1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER, WITH A HETEROCHROMATIC HISTONE CONFIGURATION. HYPOMETHYLATION LED TO PARTIAL RESTORATION OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE CODE AND MIR RE-EXPRESSION. INFREQUENT MIR-124-1 METHYLATION DETECTED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND RELAPSE MM SAMPLES SHOWED AN UNIMPORTANT ROLE IN MM PATHOGENESIS, DESPITE FREQUENT METHYLATION FOUND IN CELL LINES. AMONGST HAEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS, MIR-124-1 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, AND HENCE WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  3562  32 IMPACT OF FMR1 PREMUTATION ON NEUROBEHAVIOR AND BIOENERGETICS IN YOUNG MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION (MD) HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN LYMPHOCYTES, FIBROBLASTS AND BRAIN SAMPLES FROM ADULTS CARRYING A 55-200 CGG EXPANSION IN THE FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION 1 (FMR1) GENE (PREMUTATION; PM); HOWEVER, LIMITED DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON THE BIOENERGETICS OF PEDIATRIC CARRIERS. HERE WE DISCUSS A CASE REPORT OF THREE PM CARRIERS: TWO MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (AGED 8 YEARS) HARBORING AN FMR1 ALLELE WITH 150-180 CGG REPEATS, WITH NO COGNITIVE OR INTELLECTUAL ISSUES BUT DIAGNOSED WITH DEPRESSION, MOOD INSTABILITY AND ADHD, AND THEIR MOTHER (ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIER WITH 78 CGG REPEATS). FIBROBLASTS AND LYMPHOCYTES FROM THE TWINS PRESENTED A GENERALIZED OXPHOS DEFICIT, ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL NETWORK, ACCUMULATION OF DEPOLARIZED MITOCHONDRIA, AND INCREASED MITOCHONDRIAL ROS PRODUCTION, OUTCOMES DISTINCT AND MORE SEVERE THAN THE MOTHER'S ONES, SUGGESTING THE INVOLVEMENT OF MODULATORY EFFECTS MEDIATED BY CGG EXPANSION, X-ACTIVATION RATIO, SEX HORMONES AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS (CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, CONSEQUENCE OF LYME DISEASE). THE DEGREE OF THE SEVERITY OF MD APPEARED TO SEGREGATE WITH THE MORBIDITY OF THE PHENOTYPE. THE MITOCHONDRIAL ROS-MEDIATED HIF-1ALPHA STABILIZATION WAS IDENTIFIED AS A KEY PLAYER AT CONTRIBUTING TO THE MD, POINTING IT AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTICAL INTERVENTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3444  38 HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN IN LEUKEMIA. E-CADHERIN GENE IS OFTEN TERMED A "METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR" GENE BECAUSE THE E-CADHERIN PROTEIN CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. INACTIVATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE OCCURS IN UNDIFFERENTIATED SOLID TUMORS BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS; HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF E-CADHERIN IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IS ONLY NOW BEING RECOGNIZED. E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IS ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROBLAST AND NORMOBLAST MATURATION, YET EXPRESSION IS REDUCED OR ABSENT IN LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE IN BONE MARROW AND BLOOD SAMPLES FROM NORMAL DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH LEUKEMIA. WE FOUND THAT ALL NORMAL DONOR SAMPLES EXPRESSED E-CADHERIN MRNA, WHEREAS BOTH SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA HAD A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, NORMAL BLAST COUNTERPARTS EXPRESSED ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF E-CADHERIN SURFACE PROTEIN. SODIUM BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING WAS USED TO FULLY CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE CPG ISLAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER IN THOSE SAMPLES WITH MATCHED DNA. ALL OF THE NORMAL CONTROL SAMPLES WERE ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED; HOWEVER, 14 OF 18 (78%) OF THE LEUKEMIA SAMPLES HAD ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN CPG ISLAND. IN FACT BOTH ALLELES OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE WERE OFTEN HYPERMETHYLATED. WE CONCLUDE THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS A COMMON TARGET FOR HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12   163  46 ABL1 METHYLATION IS A DISTINCT MOLECULAR EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLONAL EVOLUTION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 ONCOGENE IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY WE QUERIED WHETHER BOTH THE PH'-ASSOCIATED AND NORMAL ABL1 ALLELES UNDERGO METHYLATION; WHAT MAY BE THE PROPORTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS BEARING METHYLATED ABL1 PROMOTERS IN CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE PHASE DISEASE; WHETHER METHYLATION AFFECTS THE PROMOTER UNIFORMLY OR IN PATCHES WITH DISCRETE CLINICAL RELEVANCE; AND, FINALLY, WHETHER METHYLATION OF ABL1 REFLECTS A GENERALIZED PROCESS OR IS GENE-SPECIFIC. TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES, WE ADAPTED THE TECHNIQUES OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TO STUDY THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF ABL1 AND OTHER GENES WITH A ROLE IN DNA REPAIR OR GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE. IN CELL LINES ESTABLISHED FROM CML BLAST CRISIS, WHICH ONLY CARRY A SINGLE ABL1 ALLELE NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE, ABL1 PROMOTERS WERE UNIVERSALLY METHYLATED. BY CONTRAST, IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS AT ADVANCED STAGES OF DISEASE, BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE DETECTABLE. TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION AND A MIXED CELL POPULATION PATTERN, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF ABL1 IN COLONIES DERIVED FROM SINGLE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES COEXISTED IN THE SAME COLONY. FURTHERMORE, ABL1 METHYLATION WAS NOTED IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF COLONIES FROM BLAST CRISIS, BUT NOT CHRONIC-PHASE CML. BOTH CELL LINES AND CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM ACUTE-PHASE CML SHOWED NEARLY UNIFORM HYPERMETHYLATION ALONG THE PROMOTER REGION. FINALLY, WE SHOWED THAT ABL1 METHYLATION DOES NOT REFLECT A GENERALIZED PROCESS AND MAY BE UNIQUE AMONG DNA REPAIR/GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE GENES. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION OF THE PH'-ASSOCIATED ABL1 ALLELE ACCOMPANIES CLONAL EVOLUTION IN CML.	1999	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  6366  40 THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CML. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 ONCOGENE IS COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN PRESENTED STUDY WE QUERIED WHETHER BOTH THE PH'-ASSOCIATED AND NORMAL ABL1 ALLELES UNDERGO METHYLATION; WHAT MAY BE THE PROPORTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS BEARING METHYLATED ABL1 PROMOTERS IN CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE PHASE DISEASE; WHETHER METHYLATION AFFECTS THE PROMOTER UNIFORMLY OR IN PATCHES WITH DISCRETE CLINICAL RELEVANCE; AND, FINALLY WHETHER METHYLATION OF ABL1 REFLECTS A GENERALIZED PROCESS OR IS GENE-SPECIFIC. TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES, THE TECHNIQUE OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE-SEQUENCING WAS ADAPTED TO STUDY THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF ABL1 AND OTHER GENES. IN CELL LINES ESTABLISHED FROM CML BLAST CRISIS, WHICH ONLY CARRY A SINGLE ABL1 ALLELE NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE, ABL1 PROMOTERS WERE UNIVERSALLY METHYLATED. IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS AT ADVANCED STAGES OF THE DISEASE, BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE DETECTABLE. IN COLONIES DERIVED FROM SINGLE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE REVEALED AS WELL. ABL1 METHYLATION WAS WAS NOTED IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF COLONIES FROM BLAST CRISIS, BUT NOT CHRONIC-PHASE CML. IT WAS SHOWN FINALLY THAT ABL1 METHYLATION DOES NOT REFLECT A GENERALIZED PROCESS AND MAY BE UNIQUE AMONG DNA REPAIR/GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE GENES. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION OF THE PH'-ASSOCIATED ABL1 ALLELE ACCOMPANIES CLONAL EVOLUTION IN CML.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  6793  39 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15    18  39 5-AZACYTIDINE MODULATES CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) STILL REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA) ON CLONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DNA METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. METHODS: USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), 30 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE ANALYZED IN 15 MDS/CMML PATIENTS WITH EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO AZA. EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING FOR THE GLOBAL METHYLATION MARKER LINE-1 IN PATIENTS AND MYELOID CELL LINES. VARIOUS MYELOID CELL LINES AND A HEALTHY COHORT WERE SCREENED FOR METHYLATION LEVELS IN 23 GENES. SELECTED TARGETS WERE VERIFIED ON THE MDS/CMML COHORT. RESULTS: THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE SHOWED A STABLE VARIANT ALLELE FREQUENCY AND STABLE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVELS IN RESPONDING PATIENTS. A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 WAS REVEALED IN PATIENTS WITH AZA RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: A RESPONSE TO AZA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ERADICATION OF MALIGNANT CLONES, BUT RATHER WITH A STABILIZATION OF THE CLONAL ARCHITECTURE. WE SUGGEST CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 AS POTENTIAL TARGETS OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO AZA TREATMENT WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS USEFUL BIOMARKERS AFTER CLINICAL EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  5979  34 TET2 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) HAS RECENTLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF DIVERSE MUTATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS TET2 OR EZH2 THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE HAVE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS AND MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TET2, IDH1, IDH2, EZH2 AND JAK2 IN A GROUP OF 24 PATIENTS WITH CMML. 249 GENES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN CMML PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. USING INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND PLC, JNK AND ERK SUGGESTING THAT THESE PATHWAYS, WHOSE DEREGULATION HAS BEEN RECENTLY DESCRIBED IN CMML, ARE AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. MUTATIONS OF TET2, JAK2 AND EZH2 WERE FOUND IN 15 PATIENTS (65%), 4 PATIENTS (17%) AND 1 PATIENT (4%) RESPECTIVELY WHILE NO MUTATIONS IN THE IDH1 AND IDH2 GENES WERE IDENTIFIED. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH WILD TYPE TET2 CLUSTERED SEPARATELY FROM PATIENTS WITH TET2 MUTATIONS, SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF HYPERMETHYLATION AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK KARYOTYPES. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE PRESENCE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN CMML AND IDENTIFIES TET2 MUTANT CMML AS A BIOLOGICALLY DISTINCT DISEASE SUBTYPE WITH A DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROFILE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  4485  35 MOLECULAR SIMILARITY BETWEEN MYELODYSPLASTIC FORM OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND REFRACTORY ANEMIA WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SIMILAR TO BUT A SEPARATE ENTITY FROM BOTH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, AND SHOWS EITHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OR MYELODYSPLASTIC FEATURES. WE ASK WHETHER THIS DISTINCTION MAY HAVE A MOLECULAR BASIS. WE ESTABLISHED THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF 39 SAMPLES OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (INCLUDING 12 CD34-POSITIVE) AND 32 CD34-POSITIVE SAMPLES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES BY USING AFFYMETRIX MICROARRAYS, AND STUDIED THE STATUS OF 18 GENES BY SANGER SEQUENCING AND ARRAY-COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION IN 53 SAMPLES. ANALYSIS OF 12 MRNAS FROM CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ESTABLISHED A GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE OF 122 PROBE SETS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN PROLIFERATIVE AND DYSPLASTIC CASES OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. AS COMPARED TO PROLIFERATIVE CASES, DYSPLASTIC CASES OVER-EXPRESSED GENES INVOLVED IN RED BLOOD CELL BIOLOGY. WHEN APPLIED TO 32 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, THIS GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE WAS ABLE TO DISCRIMINATE REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS FROM REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH EXCESS OF BLASTS. BY COMPARING MRNAS FROM THESE TWO FORMS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES WE DERIVED A SECOND GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE. THIS SIGNATURE SEPARATED THE MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS. THESE RESULTS WERE VALIDATED USING TWO INDEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION DATA SETS. WE FOUND THAT MYELODYSPLASTIC CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MUTATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTION/EPIGENETIC REGULATORS (ASXL1, RUNX1, TET2) AND SPLICING GENES (SRSF2) AND THE ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING GENES. MYELODYSPLASTIC CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS AND REFRACTORY ANEMIAS WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS SHARE A COMMON EXPRESSION PROGRAM SUGGESTING THEY ARE PART OF A CONTINUUM, WHICH IS NOT TOTALLY EXPLAINED BY THEIR SIMILAR BUT NOT, HOWEVER, IDENTICAL MUTATION SPECTRUM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  1968  37 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  4555  29 MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA INCLUDES GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION: UTX, EZH2, AND DNMT3A. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), A MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM, IS CHARACTERIZED BY MONOCYTIC PROLIFERATION, DYSPLASIA, AND PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIVERSE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GENES. WE ANALYZED 72 WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENTS WITH CMML (N = 52) AND CMML-DERIVED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (N = 20) FOR RECURRENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES WITH THE USE OF ROUTINE CYTOGENETICS AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAYS ALONG WITH COMPREHENSIVE MUTATIONAL SCREENING. CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 46% OF CASES, WHEREAS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD TO 60%. AT LEAST 1 MUTATION WAS FOUND IN 86% OF ALL CASES; NOVEL UTX, DNMT3A, AND EZH2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN 8%, 10%, AND 5.5% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 49%, ASXL1 IN 43%, CBL IN 14%, IDH1/2 IN 4%, KRAS IN 7%, NRAS IN 4%, AND JAK2 V617F IN 1% OF PATIENTS. VARIOUS MUTANT GENOTYPE COMBINATIONS WERE OBSERVED, INDICATING MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN CMML. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MOLECULAR DEFECTS AFFECTING DISTINCT PATHWAYS CAN LEAD TO SIMILAR CLINICAL PHENOTYPES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  1660  39 DOWN-REGULATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS MASTER REGULATOR PU.1 VIA ABERRANT METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE PU.1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS A CRUCIAL REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIESIS, AND ITS EXPRESSION IS ALTERED IN VARIOUS LEUKEMIC PROCESSES. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT EXPRESSION OF PU.1 IS SEVERELY IMPAIRED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), BUT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS EFFECT REMAINS UNKNOWN. THROUGH BISULFITE SEQUENCING, SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR, AND INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT TECHNIQUES, WE FOUND ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS BOTH IN THE CHRONIC AND BLAST CRISIS PHASES, AS WELL AS IN THE CML BLAST K562 CELL LINE. OF THESE, SEVERAL CPG SITES WERE MORE HIGHLY METHYLATED IN BLAST CRISIS THAN CHRONIC PHASE, WHILE NO METHYLATION OF THESE SITES WAS OBSERVED IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, CML PATIENTS ACHIEVED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION UNDER IMATINIB MESYLATE TREATMENT, BUT THE ABERRANT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 WAS NOT REVERSED. DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1 EXPRESSION AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN ASSOCIATION WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION. THUS, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE HAVE REVEALED A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML, WHICH MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PU.1. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, AND MAY THEREFORE SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET FOR DEMETHYLATING DRUGS.	2012