1  4227 96 METHYLATION OF FREE-FLOATING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRAGMENTS IN THE BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID OF DOGS WITH CHRONIC BRONCHITIS EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE. BACKGROUND: THE ETIOLOGY OF CANINE CHRONIC BRONCHITIS (CB) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) AFFECTS THE AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN SOME DOGS WITH CB. THE MECHANISM BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. FINDINGS: WE INVESTIGATED THE CONCENTRATIONS AND METHYLATION RATES OF FREE-FLOATING DNA FRAGMENTS IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF) FROM DOGS WITH CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. BASED ON SERUM COTININE LEVELS, DOGS WITH CB WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS: DOGS THAT EITHER HAD OR HAD NOT BEEN EXPOSED TO ETS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE TOTAL NUCLEATED CELL AND MACROPHAGE NUMBERS INCREASED IN BALF OF ETS-EXPOSED DOGS WITH CB. THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN DNA CONCENTRATIONS AND METHYLATION RATES IN BALF BETWEEN THE 2 GROUPS. HOWEVER, 3 OUT OF 8 DOGS EXPOSED TO ETS HAD HIGH DNA METHYLATION RATES IN THEIR BALF SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ETS EXPOSURE LEADS TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS IN BALF IN DOGS DIAGNOSED WITH CB.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2   745 40 CANNABIS ALTERS EPIGENETIC INTEGRITY AND ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING IN THE HUMAN FOLLICULAR NICHE. STUDY QUESTION: DO PHYTOCANNABINOIDS (PCS) AFFECT FOLLICULAR ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING AND THE EPIGENOME IN THE SURROUNDING GRANULOSA CELLS (GCS)? SUMMARY ANSWER: EXPOSURE TO PCS INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS AND REDUCES DNA METHYLATION ENZYME EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN NAIVE GCS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: CANNABIS PLANT DERIVATIVES, KNOWN AS PCS, ARE USED FOR MEDICINAL AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES. THE MAIN PC, TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC), IS THE THIRD MOST COMMONLY USED SUBSTANCE BY WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE, HENCE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECT IT HAS ON REPRODUCTION IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE. THC EXERTS ITS EFFECTS VIA RECEPTORS OF THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS) AND CAN INTERFERE WITH FOLLICULOGENESIS, OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND OVULATION. ENDOCANNABINOIDS HAVE BEEN MEASURED IN FOLLICULAR FLUID (FF) OBTAINED DURING OOCYTE RETRIEVAL AND ARE IMPLICATED IN CONTROLLING FOLLICULOGENESIS. IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED THAT IN THE PLACENTA, PCS DISRUPT ENDOCANNABINOID HOMEOSTASIS VIA IMPAIRMENT OF THE SYNTHETIC AND DEGRADING ENZYMES, LEADING TO A NET INCREASE OF ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS. FINALLY, PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THC ALTERS METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN SPERM, BRAIN AND BLOOD CELLS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: THIS STUDY INCLUDED AN IN VIVO COHORT ASSESSMENT OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FOLLICLE AND IN VITRO ASSAYS CONDUCTED TO VALIDATE THE IN VIVO FINDINGS AND TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A TOTAL OF 318 FF SAMPLES, FROM 261 PATIENTS UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT AT A PRIVATE FERTILITY CLINIC WHO CONSENTED FOR BIOBANKING BIOLOGICAL WASTE MATERIAL BETWEEN JANUARY 2018 AND JULY 2019, WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. CONCENTRATIONS OF PCS AND ENDOCANNABINOIDS WERE ASSESSED IN FF BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS/MS). EXPOSURE TO PCS WAS DETERMINED BASED ON THESE MEASURED LEVELS. LEVELS OF BOTH ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB1R, CB2R) AND THE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATING ENZYME, DNMT3B, IN GCS WERE ASSESSED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSESSED IN VITRO BY ELISA. IN VIVO EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED BY COMPARING SAMPLES POSITIVE FOR AT LEAST ONE PC, WITH SAMPLES NEGATIVE FOR ALL MEASURED PCS. IN VITRO EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED IN NAIVE GCS, OBTAINED CONCURRENTLY WITH FF SAMPLES THAT HAD TESTED NEGATIVE FOR ALL PCS. THESE GCS WERE TREATED WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE MAIN THREE PCS. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: OVERALL, 17 PATIENTS (6.4%) WERE POSITIVE FOR CANNABIS CONSUMPTION. FURTHERMORE, THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS POSITIVITY IN THE FF INCREASED FROM 4% OF THE TESTED SAMPLES THAT WERE COLLECTED PRIOR TO NATIONAL LEGALISATION IN OCTOBER 2018 TO 12% OF THOSE COLLECTED FOLLOWING LEGALISATION. OF NOTE, 59% OF PATIENTS WHO TESTED POSITIVE FOR PCS (10 OF 17) REPORTED PREVIOUS OR ONGOING EXPOSURE TO CANNABIS UPON THEIR INITIAL INTAKE. ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF PCS. CB2R WAS MORE PREVALENT THAN CB1R IN GCS AND ITS EXPRESSION INCREASED FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO PCS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B AND GLOBAL METHYLATION DECREASED FOLLOWING EXPOSURE, SUGGESTING THAT CANNABIS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME IN THE FOLLICULAR NICHE. THE ACUTE CHANGES WERE SUSTAINED THROUGHOUT CHRONIC TREATMENT. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: OUR STUDY IS LIMITED BY LACK OF DETAILS REGARDING MODE, FREQUENCY AND TIMING OF PC CONSUMPTION. MOREOVER, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO ADEQUATELY ASSESS THE EFFECT OF PCS ON IMMEDIATE OR LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES, DUE TO THE SMALL SAMPLE SIZE AND THE LACK OF FOLLOW UP. FUTURE, LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON ASSESS THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE, VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS, AND DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT CANNABIS AFFECTS THE EPIGENOME OVARIAN FOLLICLE AND THE DEVELOPING OOCYTE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY MEASURING PCS IN FF BY LC-MS/MS. WE SHOW THAT CONSUMING CANNABIS ALTERS THE ECS IN THE DEVELOPING FOLLICLE, AND DIRECTLY AFFECTS DNMT EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. CANNABIS LEGALISATION AND USE IS INCREASING WORLDWIDE, THEREFORE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING ITS ROLE IN FEMALE FERTILITY AND FOLLICULOGENESIS IS CRITICAL. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): ALL FUNDING WAS PROVIDED BY CREATE FERTILITY CENTRE THROUGH THE REINVESTMENT OF CLINICAL EARNINGS. THE AUTHORS DECLARE NO COMPETING INTERESTS.	2021	

3  4989 31 PCSK9 IS INCREASED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALCOHOL USE AFFECTS THE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN 9 (PCSK9). WHILE A MAJOR ROLE OF PCSK9 IN HEPATIC FUNCTION AND LIPID REGULATION HAS BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED, OTHER PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. EXISTING RESEARCH SUGGESTS A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF PCSK9 IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PCSK9 ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE WOULD INCREASE PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN CSF. METHODS: PCSK9 LEVELS IN CSF WERE MEASURED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD (N = 42) ADMITTED TO AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAM AND CONTROLS (N = 25). CSF SAMPLES IN AUD WERE ASSESSED AT 2 TIME POINTS, AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 AFTER ADMISSION. FURTHERMORE, PLASMA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND MEASURED FROM THE INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD. RESULTS: PCSK9 IN CSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE AUD GROUP AT DAY 5 AND DAY 21 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). PLASMA PCSK9 LEVELS WERE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH CSF PCSK9 LEVELS IN AUD (P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT PCSK9 IS ELEVATED IN THE CSF OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUD, WHICH MAY INDICATE A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PCSK9 IN AUD. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE FUNCTIONS OF PCSK9 IN THE BRAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  5324 34 PULMONARY MICRORNA PROFILING: IMPLICATIONS IN UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANT LUNG DISEASE. BACKGROUND: NUMEROUS PULMONARY DISEASES MANIFEST WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS, SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND TUBERCULOSIS. ZONAL HYPOXIA, CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE PULMONARY MALADIES, AND OXYGEN STRESS IN GENERAL IS KNOWN TO EXERT PROFOUND EFFECTS ON VARIOUS IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CELL BIOLOGY. LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE PULMONARY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO HYPOXIA MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASE. MICRORNAS ARE UBIQUITOUS REGULATORS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY AND EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES ALTERED MICRORNA EXPRESSION MODULATES RESPIRATORY DISEASE PROCESSES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE EPIGENETIC AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INFLUENCING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LUNG DISEASE BY INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE LUNG. ALL STUDIES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (N = 10) OR BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (N = 16) ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS. MICRORNA WAS ASSAYED VIA THE NANOSTRING NCOUNTER MICRORNA ASSAY. RESULTS: DIVERGENT MOLECULAR PATTERNS OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED IN ALTERNATE LUNG LOBES, SPECIFICALLY NOTED WAS DISPARATE EXPRESSION OF MIR-93 AND MIR-4454 IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES ALONG WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MIR-451A AND MIR-663A IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID. GENE ONTOLOGY WAS USED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF DIVERGENT MICRORNAS. TARGETS INCLUDE CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, MOLECULES THAT COULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS SHOW VARIANT REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOXIA IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND BAL FLUID IN THE LUNG-UPPER VS LOWER LOBE. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ADDRESS WHETHER THESE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS MAY ACT INTRACELLULARLY, IN A PARACRINE/ENDOCRINE MANNER TO DIRECT THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OR MAY ULTIMATELY BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY HOST-TO-PATHOGEN TRANS-KINGDOM CROSS-TALK.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5   169 28 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  3665 23 INFECTION AS A POTENTIAL COFACTOR IN THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC THEORY POSTULATES THAT ENDOMETRIOSIS IS TRIGGERED BY A CUMULATIVE SET OF GENETIC-EPIGENETIC (GE) INCIDENTS. PELVIC AND UPPER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION MIGHT INDUCE GE INCIDENTS AND THUS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THUS, THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO REVIEW THE ASSOCIATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PELVIC INFECTIONS. METHODS: PUBMED, SCOPUS AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE SEARCHED FOR 'ENDOMETRIOSIS AND (INFECTION OR PID OR BACTERIA OR VIRUSES OR MICROBIOME OR MICROBIOTA)', FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMETRIOSIS', RESPECTIVELY. ALL 384 ARTICLES, THE FIRST 120 'BEST MATCH' ARTICLES IN PUBMED FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND THE FIRST 160 HITS IN GOOGLE SCHOLAR FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMYTRIOSIS' WERE HAND SEARCHED FOR DATA DESCRIBING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND BACTERIAL, VIRAL OR OTHER INFECTIONS. ALL 31 ARTICLES FOUND WERE INCLUDED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT. RESULTS: WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS HAVE A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RISK OF LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION, CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS, SEVERE PID AND SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS AFTER HYSTERECTOMY. THEY HAVE MORE COLONY FORMING UNITS OF GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ENTEROCOCCI AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN THE ENDOMETRIUM. IN THE CERVIX ATOPOBIUM IS ABSENT, BUT GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA, SHIGELLA, AND UREOPLASMA ARE INCREASED. THEY HAVE HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS IN MENSTRUAL BLOOD. A SHIGELLA/ESCHERICHIA DOMINANT STOOL MICROBIOME IS MORE FREQUENT. THE PERITONEAL FLUID OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS CONTAINS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MOLLICUTES AND OF HPV VIRUSES. ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS HAVE A SPECIFIC BACTERIAL COLONISATION WITH MORE FREQUENTLY MOLLICUTES (54%) AND BOTH HIGH AND MEDIUM-RISK HPV INFECTIONS (11%). THEY CONTAIN DNA WITH 96% HOMOLOGY WITH SHIGELLA. IN MICE TRANSPLANTED ENDOMETRIUM CHANGES THE GUT MICROBIOME WHILE THE GUT MICROBIOME INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF THESE ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PERITONEAL INFECTIONS. THESE INFECTIONS MIGHT BE CO-FACTORS CAUSING GE INCIDENTS AND INFLUENCING ENDOMETRIOSIS GROWTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  3299 31 HIGH-FAT DIET RELATED LUNG FIBROSIS-EPIGENETIC REGULATION MATTERS. PULMONARY FIBROSIS (PF) IS AN INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE DESTRUCTION OF THE PULMONARY PARENCHYMA CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEPOSITION. DESPITE THE WELL-KNOWN ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS SENESCENCE, ABERRANT EPITHELIAL CELL AND FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, PF HAS RECENTLY BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A METABOLIC DISEASE AND ABNORMAL LIPID SIGNATURE WAS OBSERVED BOTH IN SERUM AND BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF) OF PF PATIENTS AND MICE PF MODEL. CLINICALLY, OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES SUGGEST A SIGNIFICANT LINK BETWEEN HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) AND PF AS MANIFESTED BY HIGH INTAKE OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS (SFAS) AND MEAT INCREASES THE RISK OF PF AND MICE LUNG FIBROSIS. HOWEVER, THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS BETWEEN HFD AND PF REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW WE EMPHASIZE THE DIVERSITY EFFECTS OF THE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION INDUCED BY HFD ON THE FIBROTIC FACTORS SUCH AS EPITHELIAL CELL INJURY, ABNORMAL FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL WAYS FOR PATIENTS TO IMPROVE THEIR CONDITIONS AND EMPHASIZE THE PROSPECT OF TARGETED THERAPY BASED ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS OR DRUG DEVELOPERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  5054 33 PHARMACOPROTEOMICS REVEAL NOVEL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING 4 INHIBITORS ON VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS IN TLR3-MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. WE REPORT A SYSTEMS-LEVEL PHARMACOPROTEOMICS IN A STANDARDIZED MURINE MODEL OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR TLR3-NFKAPPAB/RELA INNATE INFLAMMATION IN THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF A HIGHLY SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITOR (ZL0454) OR NONSELECTIVE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN INHIBITOR (JQ1). PROTEOMICS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF) SECRETOME AND EXOSOMAL PROTEINS FROM THIS MURINE MODEL REVEALED INCREASED, SELECTIVE, CAPILLARY LEAK ASSOCIATED WITH PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, A PHENOMENON BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. BALF PROTEOMICS ALSO SUGGESTED THAT ZL0454 BETTER REDUCED THE VASCULAR LEAKAGE AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEPOSITION THAN JQ1. A SIGNIFICANT SUBSET OF INFLAMMATION-MEDIATED REMODELING FACTORS WAS ALSO IDENTIFIED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS PRODUCED BY BLEOMYCIN. BALF EXOSOME ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT BRD4 INHIBITORS REDUCED THE INDUCTION OF EXOSOMES ENRICHED IN COAGULATION FACTORS WHOSE PRESENCE CORRELATED WITH INTERSTITIAL FIBRIN DEPOSITION. FINALLY, BALF SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR UPREGULATIONS OF ORM2, APCS, SPARCL1, FGA, AND FN1, SUGGESTING THEIR POTENTIAL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF AIRWAY REMODELING AND/OR MONITORING OF THERAPY RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANCE: REPETITIVE AND CHRONIC VIRAL UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS TRIGGER TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING WHICH IS LINKED TO A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. OUR STUDY REVEALED THAT THE ACTIVATION OF (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA PATHWAY IN THE LUNG INDUCED AN ELEVATION IN COAGULATION, COMPLEMENT, AND PLATELET FACTORS, INDICATING THE INCREASED VASCULAR LEAK DURING AIRWAY REMODELING. THE MECHANISM OF VASCULAR LEAKAGE WAS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. FINALLY, PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR FINDINGS THAT WE OBSERVED IN THE ANIMAL MODEL.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  5129 27 POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIA: IS THERE A GENETIC BASIS TO THE OPIOID CRISIS? BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN DETERMINING WHY CERTAIN PATIENTS HAVE INCREASED POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP CHRONIC PAIN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO: 1) IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE GENES THAT AFFECT POSTOPERATIVE PAIN PERCEPTION AND CONTROL; 2) ADDRESS MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS THAT RESULT IN EPIGENETIC ALTERED RESPONSES TO PAIN; AND 3) CHARACTERIZE DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY AND THRESHOLDS BETWEEN OPIOID-NAIVE AND OPIOID-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THREE ELECTRONIC DATABASES WERE USED TO CONDUCT THE LITERATURE SEARCH: PUBMED, EBSCO HOST, AND SCOPUS. A TOTAL OF 372 ABSTRACTS WERE REVIEWED, OF WHICH 46 STUDIES WERE DEEMED RELEVANT AND ARE INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW. RESULTS: SPECIFIC GENE ALTERATIONS THAT WERE SHOWN TO AFFECT POSTOPERATIVE PAIN CONTROL INCLUDED SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN THE MU, KAPPA, AND DELTA OPIOID RECEPTORS, ION CHANNEL GENES, CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS, GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS AND CYTOKINE GENES, AMONG OTHERS. ALCOHOLISM, OBESITY, AND SMOKING WERE ALL LINKED WITH GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS THAT ALTERED PAIN SENSITIVITY. OPIOID ABUSE WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH A POORER RESPONSE TO ANALGESICS POSTOPERATIVELY, AS WELL AS A RISK FOR PRESCRIPTION OVERDOSE. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH PAIN PERCEPTION HAS MULTIPLE COMPLEX INFLUENCES, THE GREATEST VARIABILITY SEEN IN RESPONSE TO OPIOIDS AMONG POSTOPERATIVE PATIENTS KNOWN TO DATE CAN BE TRACED TO GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN OPIOID METABOLISM. FURTHER STUDY IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  5882 26 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LUNG FUNCTION AND COPD WITH PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN POPULATION BASED STUDIES. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD HAVE POTENTIAL AS BIOMARKERS FOR DISEASE. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ASSESSES THE ASSOCIATION OF LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) WITH DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM POPULATION-BASED STUDIES. METHODS: ONLINE DATABASES MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND WEB OF SCIENCE WERE SEARCHED. GOOGLE SCHOLAR WAS SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY GREY LITERATURE. AFTER REMOVING DUPLICATE ARTICLES, 1155 ARTICLES WERE INDEPENDENTLY SCREENED BY TWO INVESTIGATORS. PEER REVIEWED REPORTS ON POPULATION-BASED STUDIES THAT EXAMINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IN PARTICIPANTS WITH MEASURED LUNG FUNCTION (FEV1, FEV1/FVC RATIO) OR KNOWN COPD STATUS WERE SELECTED FOR FULL-TEXT REVIEW. SIX ARTICLES WERE SUITABLE FOR INCLUSION. INFORMATION REGARDING STUDY CHARACTERISTICS, DESIGNS, METHODOLOGIES AND CONCLUSIONS WAS EXTRACTED. A NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS WAS PERFORMED BASED ON PUBLISHED RESULTS. RESULTS: THREE OF THE SIX ARTICLES ASSESSED THE ASSOCIATION OF COPD WITH DNA METHYLATION, AND TWO OF THESE ALSO INCLUDED ASSOCIATIONS WITH LUNG FUNCTION. OVERALL, FIVE REPORTS EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF LUNG FUNCTION WITH DNA METHYLATION PROFILES. FIVE OF THE SIX ARTICLES REPORTED 'SIGNIFICANT' RESULTS. HOWEVER, NO CONSISTENT CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED ACROSS STUDIES FOR COPD STATUS OR LUNG FUNCTION VALUES. CONCLUSIONS: DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION OR COPD MAY BE DIFFERENT TO THOSE IN PEOPLE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW DID NOT FIND ANY CONSISTENT ASSOCIATIONS OF LUNG FUNCTION OR COPD WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES. LARGE STUDIES WITH A LONGITUDINAL DESIGN TO ADDRESS REVERSE CAUSALITY MAY PROVE A MORE FRUITFUL AREA OF RESEARCH. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2016: CRD42016037352 .	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11   983 27 CHRONIC PROSTATITIS AFFECTS MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 12 RECEPTOR C-X-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 4. BACKGROUND/AIMS/OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC PROSTATITIS/CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME (CP/CPPS) HAS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE INCLUDING THE ASPECT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY IF THERE WAS AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE MALE GENITAL COMPARTMENT AND IF THERE ARE SYSTEMIC OR COMPARTMENT-SPECIFIC LOCAL SIGNALS FOR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY FACTORS IN CP/CPPS PATIENTS. METHODS: ONE HUNDRED FIVE NIH IIIB CP/CPPS PATIENTS AND 41 HEALTHY MEN WERE RECRUITED AND UNDERWENT INVESTIGATIONS OF URINES, SEMEN AND BLOOD. PROMOTER METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE CHEMOKINE C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 12 AND ITS RECEPTOR C-X-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 4 (CXCR4) (INVOLVED IN THE RECRUITMENT OF MAST CELLS) WERE ANALYZED IN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELL LINES AND IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS' AND PATIENTS' BLOOD, EJACULATE CELL PELLETS, AND SEPARATED EJACULATE FRACTIONS (SPERM AND SEMINAL SOMATIC CELLS). RESULTS: INDEPENDENTLY FROM AGE, CP/CPPS NIH IIIB WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT OF SPERM MOTILITY, MORPHOLOGY AND SEMEN PH (P < 0.001). PATIENTS OLDER THAN 33 YEARS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED SEMINAL INTERLEUKIN-8 AND SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN VALUES. IN PATIENTS, THE CXCR4 MRNA-EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN WHOLE BLOOD AND EJACULATE CELL PELLETS DUE TO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. ANALYSES ON SEPARATED FRACTIONS OF SPERM AND SEMINAL SOMATIC CELLS REVEALED THAT SPERM DNA WAS UNAFFECTED, WHEREAS SOMATIC CELL DNA WAS DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED. CONCLUSIONS: NIH IIIB CP/CPPS HAS NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SURROGATE PARAMETERS OF MALE FERTILITY AND IS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF CXCR4.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  6323 25 THE ROLE OF A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN PATIENTS WITH MIGRAINE: REVIEW AND NEW INSIGHTS. INTRODUCTION: THE SEARCH FOR AN IDEAL BIOMARKER FOR MIGRAINE HAS PERSISTED FOR A LONG TIME. THERE IS PLENTIFUL EVIDENCE OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR MIGRAINE FOUND IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, BLOOD, AND SALIVA.AREAS COVERED: HEREIN, THE AUTHORS HIGHLIGHT AND DISCUSS THE MOST PROMISING CANDIDATES IN THE LITERATURE. AN ELECTRONIC SEARCH WAS PERFORMED FOR STUDIES PUBLISHED BETWEEN 2010 AND 2020 IN MEDLINE, PUBMED, AND EMBASE, RELATED TO POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN MIGRAINE PATIENTS, FOUND IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, SALIVA, AND SERUM, FOCUSING ON BIOMARKERS THAT CAN BE RELATED TO TREATMENT AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES.EXPERT OPINION: AN IDEAL BIOMARKER, OR A PANEL OF BIOMARKERS, COULD REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY WE ADDRESS AND PROPOSE TREATMENTS FOR THIS DISEASE. ONCE SEVERE PRESENTATIONS AND PHENOTYPES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED USING A RELIABLE BIOMARKER, PATIENTS COULD BE TREATED AT EARLIER DISEASE STAGES WITH MORE SPECIFIC MEDICATIONS. THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOMARKERS WITH THE MOST SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF EVIDENCE COMPRISED CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), GLUTAMATE, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, SOME INFLAMMATORY (CRP, TNF-ALPHA, INTERLEUKINS) AND OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS. CGRP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH EPISODIC, CHRONIC MIGRAINE AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE IS AN EMERGING NEUROPEPTIDE INVOLVED IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS AND SEVERITY. NEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS WILL BE CANDIDATES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  3631 32 INCORPORATING BIOMARKERS IN COPD MANAGEMENT: THE RESEARCH KEEPS GOING. GLOBALLY, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) REMAINS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, HAVING A SIGNIFICANT SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECT. SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RELATED TO COPD INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE SHORTENING, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. NOWADAYS, THERE IS AN INCREASING NEED FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COPD. THESE TREATMENT STRATEGIES SHOULD BE BASED ON FINDING THE SOURCE OF ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD EPISODES AND ESTIMATING THE PATIENT'S OWN RISK. THE USE OF BIOMARKERS AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THEIR LEVELS IN CONJUNCTION WITH COPD EXACERBATION RISK AND DISEASE PROGNOSIS IS CONSIDERED AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH. MANY TYPES OF COPD BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WHICH INCLUDE BLOOD PROTEIN BIOMARKERS, CELLULAR BIOMARKERS, AND PROTEASE ENZYMES. THEY HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES INCLUDING PERIPHERAL BLOOD, SPUTUM, BRONCHOALVEOLAR FLUID, EXHALED AIR, AND GENETIC MATERIAL. HOWEVER, THERE IS STILL NOT AN EXCLUSIVE BIOMARKER THAT IS USED FOR THE EVALUATION OF COPD BUT RATHER A COMBINATION OF THEM, AND THIS IS ATTRIBUTED TO DISEASE COMPLEXITY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COPD-RELATED BIOMARKERS, THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OUTCOMES, AND COPD PATIENTS' MANAGEMENT. FINALLY, WE DEPICT THE VARIOUS SAMPLES THAT ARE USED FOR IDENTIFYING AND MEASURING THESE BIOMARKERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14   642 31 BIOMARKERS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: IN RECENT YEARS, AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS. ELEVATED LEVELS OF PM IN POLLUTED AIR HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BIOMARKERS THAT COULD REFLECT THE EFFECTS OF PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STUDIES PUBLISHED ON BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD BETWEEN JANUARY 01, 2012 AND JUNE 30, 2022 IN PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE DATABASES. STUDIES THAT INCLUDED DATA ON BIOMARKERS WITH COPD EXPOSED PM WERE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. BIOMARKERS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MECHANISMS. RESULTS: OF THE 105 STUDIES IDENTIFIED, 22 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. NEARLY 50 BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW, AND THE MOST STUDIED IN RELATION TO PM ARE SEVERAL INTERLEUKINS. VARIOUS MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY WHICH PM INDUCES AND AGGRAVATES COPD. SIX STUDIES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, ONE RELATED TO DIRECT EFFECT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS, 16 ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND TWO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY WERE FOUND. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS WERE DETECTED IN SERUM, SPUTUM, URINE, EXHALED BREATH CONCENTRATION (EBC), AND SHOWED VARIOUS CORRELATIONS WITH PM IN COPD. CONCLUSIONS: VARIOUS BIOMARKERS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL IN PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF PM EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGULATION TO REDUCE AIRBORNE PM, WHICH COULD BE USED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  5856 22 SUBSTRATE UTILISATION OF CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CFS. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) PATIENTS OFTEN SUFFER FROM SEVERE MUSCLE PAIN AND AN INABILITY TO EXERCISE DUE TO MUSCLE FATIGUE. IT HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN SHOWN THAT CFS SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS HAVE LOWER LEVELS OF ATP AND HAVE AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DYSFUNCTION. THIS STUDY OUTLINES EXPERIMENTS LOOKING AT THE UTILISATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES BY SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS (N = 9) AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 11) USING EXTRACELLULAR FLUX ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOW THAT CFS SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS ARE UNABLE TO UTILISE GLUCOSE TO THE SAME EXTENT AS HEALTHY CONTROL CELLS. CFS SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WERE SHOWN TO OXIDISE GALACTOSE AND FATTY ACIDS NORMALLY, INDICATING THAT THE BIOENERGETIC DYSFUNCTION LIES UPSTREAM OF THE TCA CYCLE. THE DYSFUNCTION IN GLUCOSE OXIDATION IS SIMILAR TO WHAT HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN SHOWN IN BLOOD CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS. THE CONSISTENCY OF CELLULAR BIOENERGETIC DYSFUNCTION IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CFS IS A SYSTEMIC DISEASE. THE RETENTION OF BIOENERGETIC DEFECTS IN CULTURED CELLS INDICATES THAT THERE IS A GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC COMPONENT TO THE DISEASE. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO USE CELLS DERIVED FROM SKELETAL MUSCLE BIOPSIES IN CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS TO LOOK AT CELLULAR BIOENERGETIC FUNCTION IN WHOLE CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  4611 23 NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY ADULT IMMUNE CHALLENGE INDUCES EPIGENETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGGRAVATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. BACKGROUND: ABDOMINAL PAIN IS ONE OF THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS RELEASED BY COLON INFLAMMATION ARE KNOWN TO SENSITIZE THE AFFERENT NEURONS, WHICH IS ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN. HOWEVER, NOT ALL IBD PATIENTS HAVE ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND SOME PATIENTS REPORT ABDOMINAL PAIN DURING REMISSION, SUGGESTING CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES FOUND EARLY-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS A RISK FACTOR FOR IBD SYMPTOMS AND ADULT-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS MAY TRIGGER THE ONSET OF IBD. WE INVESTIGATED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEONATAL COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE UPREGULATES SPINAL CORD BDNF THAT AGGRAVATES VISCERAL SENSITIVITY OVER AND ABOVE THAT INDUCED BY ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE ALONE. METHODS: WE INDUCED NEONATAL AND ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGES BY INTRALUMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID TO THE RAT COLON. KEY RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT UPREGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN THE LOCUS CERULEUS WHEN THESE RATS ARE SUBJECTED TO AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE. THE UPREGULATION OF LOCUS CERULEUS TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE, UPREGULATES NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID THAT ACTS ON ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS TO ENHANCE PCREB BINDING TO THE CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT, WHICH RECRUITS HISTONE ACETYLENE TRANSFERASE (HAT) TO THE BDNF GENE TO ENHANCE ITS TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN AGGRAVATED VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION. HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS BLOCK THE AGGRAVATION OF VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR INHIBITORS MAY SERVE AS ALTERNATES TO OPIOIDS AND NSAIDS IN SUPPRESSING ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  4806 27 OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND THE IMPACT ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS) ARE GLOBAL EPIDEMICS, DRIVEN BY AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT. THIS IS MEDIATED BY COMPLEX UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, IN WHICH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS AN IMPORTANT AETIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC PHENOMENON. A SHIFT TOWARDS A SUBCLINICAL T(H) 1-LYMPHOCYTE MEDIATED INNATE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS WELL DEFINED IN OBESITY AND METS, DEMONSTRATED IN MULTIPLE SYSTEMS INCLUDING VISCERAL ADIPOSITY, BRAIN (HYPOTHALAMUS), MUSCLES, VASCULATURE, LIVER, PANCREAS, TESTES, EPIDIDYMIS, PROSTATE AND SEMINAL FLUID. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES DISRUPT THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-TESTES AXIS AND STEROIDOGENESIS CASCADES (HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM), SPERMATOGENESIS (POOR SEMEN PARAMETERS, INCLUDING DNA FRAGMENTATION AND DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION) AND RESULTS IN SUBCLINICAL PROSTATITIS AND PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY AND METS, CYTOKINES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, THE IMPACT ON STEROIDOGENESIS AND SPERMATOGENESIS, PROSTATE PATHOLOGY AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. CURRENTLY, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION IN OBESE AND METS PATIENTS INCLUDES INFLAMMATION ASSESSMENT (HIGHLY SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN), AND APPROPRIATE ADVICE AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ARE INCORPORATED IN THE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  5787 19 SPUTUM ANALYSIS: NON-INVASIVE EARLY LUNG CANCER DETECTION. LUNG CANCER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS OVER THE WORLD, CHARACTERIZED BY A VERY HIGH MORTALITY RATE. MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT TRIES TO FOCUS ON EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS BY STUDYING MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE CANCER CELLS. WORLDWIDE LUNG CANCER RESEARCH HAS FOCUSED ON AN EVER-INCREASING NUMBER OF MOLECULAR ELEMENTS OF CARCINOGENESIS AT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PROTEIN LEVELS. THE NON-INVASIVENESS IS THE CHARACTERISTIC THAT ALL CLINICAL TRIALS ON CANCER DETECTION SHOULD HAVE. ABNORMAL CHEST IMAGING AND/OR NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS ARE INITIAL SIGNALS OF LUNG CANCER THAT APPEAR IN AN ADVANCED STAGE OF DISEASE. THIS FACT REPRESENTS THE CAUSE OF THE LOW 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE: OVER 90% OF PATIENTS DYING WITHIN 5 YEARS OF DIAGNOSIS. SINCE SMOKERS HAVE HIGHER QUANTITY OF SPUTUM CONTAINING EXFOLIATED CELLS FROM THE BRONCHIAL TREE, AND THE SPUTUM REPRESENTS THE MOST EASILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL FLUID AND ITS COLLECTION IS NON-INVASIVE, ANALYSIS OF THIS SAMPLE REPRESENTS A GOOD AREA OF RESEARCH IN EARLY LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS. CONTINUED CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), WITH AN ESTIMATED ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FACTOR EXCEEDING 80% IN SMOKING AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. LUNG CANCER IS FOUND IN 40-70% OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, PARTICULARLY IN SEVERE DISEASE, AND IT IS A COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN THESE PATIENTS. A LARGE PROSPECTIVE TRIAL OF ALMOST HALF A MILLION NON-SMOKERS SHOWED AS LUNG CANCER IS ALSO COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH COPD WHO HAVE NEVER SMOKED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES ISSUES RELATED TO EARLY LUNG CANCER SCREENING USING NON-INVASIVE METHODS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  2093 27 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. INTRODUCTION: ACUTE EXERCISE AND EXERCISE TRAINING MAY CONFER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AFTER EXERCISE HAVE BEEN SHOWED IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE AIM OF THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS TO SUMMARIZE THE EVIDENCE FROM AVAILABLE CLINICAL TRIALS THAT STUDY EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS AFTER EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. METHODS: THE SEARCH STRATEGY WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED AND CENTRAL DATABASES ON ARTICLES PUBLISHED UNTIL SEPTEMBER 2020. STUDIES WITH TITLES AND ABSTRACTS RELEVANT TO EXERCISE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION APPLIED TO CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS WERE FULLY EXAMINED. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA WERE UTILIZED FOR STUDIES SCREENING. QUALITY ASSESSMENT WITH PEDRO SCALE AND EVALUATION BY TWO INDEPENDENT REVIEWERS WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: OF THE 1714 ARTICLES RETRIEVED, 88 ARTICLES WERE ASSESSED FOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND 8 ARTICLES MATCHED OUR SEARCH CRITERIA AND FINALLY INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. THE ACUTE EXERCISE EPIGENETIC (MIRNAS) EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED IN THREE STUDIES AND THE CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING EFFECTS (MIRNAS AND DNA METHYLATION) IN SIX STUDIES. THE RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT THERE IS POSSIBLY AN ACUTE SIGNIFICANT EXERCISE EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC TARGETS WHICH IS MORE EVIDENT AFTER CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING. CONCLUSIONS: BY THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE PROVIDE PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MORE CONTROLLED STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO CONFIRM SUCH EVIDENCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  1795 28 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET ON ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY IN MALE RAT OFFSPRING. PURPOSE: ADIPOSE TISSUE EXPANSION CAN OCCUR THROUGH SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS AND, UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, CAN BE CONNECTED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. TNF-ALPHA IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CYTOKINES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. PROLONGED INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY CAN LEAD TO OBESITY-RELATED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TISSUE DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE HOW DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET AFFECTS OFFSPRING ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY AND ADIPOSE TISSUE TNF-ALPHA EXPRESSION. METHODS: TEN FEMALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS, 9 WEEKS OLD, WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS AND FED EITHER STANDARD LABORATORY CHOW OR FOOD RICH IN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS DURING 6 WEEKS AND THEN MATED WITH THE SAME MALE RAT. AFTER BIRTH AND LACTATION MALE RAT OFFSPRING FROM BOTH GROUPS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR SUBGROUPS DEPENDING ON THE DIET THEY WERE FED UNTIL 22 WEEKS OLD. SAMPLES OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE WERE TAKEN FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS, EPIDIDYMAL, AND PERIRENAL FAT PAD. ON TISSUE SECTIONS, HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING CELLPROFILER PROGRAM V 2.1.1, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR TNF-ALPHA WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: GREATER MEAN SURFACE AREA OF SUBCUTANEOUS AND EPIDIDYMAL ADIPOCYTES WAS FOUND IN GROUPS OF MALE RAT OFFSPRING WITH ALTERED DIET. IN PERIRENAL ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF ADIPOCYTES WAS MEASURED IN THE GROUP WHERE BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET. ADIPOCYTE STAINING INTENSITY FOR TNF-ALPHA DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: TOGETHER WITH OUR PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATA, OUR RESULTS LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ALTERATION OF POSTNATAL DIET CAN LEAD TO TNF-ALPHA AND ADIPOCYTE MORPHOLOGY CHANGES.	2019