1  6456 130 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  1826  38 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  4747  40 NOVEL MODULATORS OF HEPATOSTEATOSIS, INFLAMMATION AND FIBROGENESIS. ALCOHOLIC STEATOSIS, INSTEAD OF BEING INNOCUOUS, PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN LIVER INFLAMMATION AND FIBROGENESIS. THE SEVERITY OF FATTY LIVER IS GOVERNED BY THE CONCERTED BALANCE BETWEEN LIPID TRANSPORT, SYNTHESIS, AND DEGRADATION. WHEREAS SCAVENGER RECEPTOR CLASS B, TYPE I (SR-B1) IS CRITICAL FOR REVERSE CHOLESTEROL UPTAKE BY THE LIVER, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) COACTIVATOR-1ALPHA AND -BETA (PGC1ALPHA AND PGC1BETA) ARE CRITICAL FOR LIPID DEGRADATION AND SYNTHESIS, RESPECTIVELY. BECAUSE BETAINE IS A LIPOTROPIC AGENT, WE HAVE EVALUATED ITS EFFECTS ON ALCOHOLIC STEATOSIS. BETAINE EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED CHRONIC ALCOHOL-MEDIATED (I) IMPAIRED SR-B1 GLYCOSYLATION, PLASMA MEMBRANE LOCALIZATION, AND CONSEQUENT IMPAIRED CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; AND (II) UP REGULATION OF PGC-1BETA, STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 1C AND DOWNSTREAM LIPOGENIC GENES WITH CONCOMITANT INCREASED LIVER CHOLESTEROL, TRIGLYCERIDES AND HEPATIC LIPID SCORE. SIMILARLY, BECAUSE OF ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS IN OTHER ORGANS, WE EVALUATED THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THYMOSIN BETA4 (TBETA4) AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL4)-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RAT. TBETA4 PREVENTED CCL4-INDUCED (I) NECROSIS, INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATION AND UP-REGULATION OF ALPHA1(2)COLLAGEN, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA (PDGF-BETA) RECEPTOR AND FIBRONECTIN MRNA EXPRESSION; (II) DOWN-REGULATION OF ADIPOGENIC GENE, PPARGAMMA AND THE UP-REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR GENE, METHYL CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) MRNA LEVELS, SUGGESTING THAT THE ANTI-FIBROGENIC ACTIONS OF TBETA4 INVOLVE THE PREVENTION OF TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS INTO MYO-FIBROBLASTS LARGELY BY UP-REGULATING PPARGAMMA AND BY DOWN-REGULATING MECP2 GENES. WE THEREFORE CONCLUDE THAT BETAINE AND TBETA4 CAN EFFECTIVELY PROTECT AGAINST ALCOHOLIC HEPATOSTEATOSIS AND HEPATIC FIBROGENESIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1632  32 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  6580  26 TREPONEMA DENTICOLA INCREASES MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION IN THE PERIODONTIUM VIA REVERSIBLE DNA AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. HOST-DERIVED MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND BACTERIAL PROTEASES MEDIATE DESTRUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES AND SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE IN PERIODONTITIS. THE TREPONEMA DENTICOLA DENTILISIN PROTEASE INDUCES MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION IN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (PDL) CELLS, AND DENTILISIN-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF PRO-MMP-2 IS REQUIRED FOR CELLULAR FIBRONECTIN DEGRADATION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT T. DENTICOLA REGULATES MMP-2 EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE PERIODONTIUM. PDL CELLS WERE TREATED WITH EPIGENETIC ENZYME INHIBITORS BEFORE OR AFTER T. DENTICOLA CHALLENGE. FIBRONECTIN FRAGMENTATION, MMP-2 EXPRESSION, AND ACTIVATION WERE ASSESSED BY IMMUNOBLOT, ZYMOGRAPHY, AND QRT-PCR, RESPECTIVELY. CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYME EXPRESSION IN T. DENTICOLA-CHALLENGED PDL CELLS AND PERIODONTAL TISSUES WERE EVALUATED USING GENE ARRAYS. SEVERAL CLASSES OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTION IN DISEASED TISSUE AND T. DENTICOLA-CHALLENGED PDL CELLS. T. DENTICOLA-MEDIATED MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN PDL CELLS TREATED WITH INHIBITORS OF AURORA KINASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES. IN CONTRAST, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAD LITTLE EFFECT, AND INHIBITORS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND DEMETHYLASES EXACERBATED T. DENTICOLA-MEDIATED MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION. CHRONIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES MEDIATED BY T. DENTICOLA OR OTHER ORAL MICROBES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE LIMITED SUCCESS OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND MAY BE AMENABLE TO THERAPEUTIC REVERSAL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  5850  41 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) REDUCES FIBROSIS MARKERS AND DEACTIVATES HUMAN STELLATE CELLS VIA THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS KNOWN AS THE ACCUMULATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS WAS SHOWN WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PCR-BASED STUDIES. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), A SYNTHETIC COMPOUND APPROVED AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDAC) BY THE FDA TO TREAT CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA IS UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF LUNG AND RENAL FIBROSIS. EXPERIMENTAL MODELING FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH AN LX2 CELL LINE ISOLATED FROM HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE MODULATION OF SAHA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS BY DETECTING THE LEVELS OF PROTEINS; (E-CADHERIN (E-CAD), N-CADHERIN (N-CAD), VIMENTIN (VIM), AND GENES; E-CAD, N-CAD, VIM, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA), ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), TYPE 1 COLLAGEN (COL1A1), TYPE 3 COLLAGEN (COL3A1)) THAT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN EMT WITH THE LX2 CELL LINE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE ACTION OF SAHA WITH CELL PROLIFERATION, CLONOGENIC, AND MIGRATION ASSAY. CELL PROLIFERATION WAS PERFORMED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. ALL THE PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. OUR STUDY OBSERVED THAT SAHA TREATMENT DECREASED CELL VIABILITY, COLONY FORMATION AND MIGRATION IN LX2 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT SAHA INCREASED E-CAD EXPRESSION LEVEL, WHILE IT DECREASED N-CAD, VIM, COL1A1, COL3A1, ALPHA-SMA TGF-BETA GENES EXPRESSION LEVELS. SAHA DECREASED THE LEVEL OF E-CAD, N-CAD, AND VIM PROTEIN LEVELS. WE THOUGHT THAT SAHA POSSESSES POTENT ANTIFIBROTIC AND ANTI-EMT PROPERTIES IN LX2.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  2349  36 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS A MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES. MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NASAL POLYPOSIS. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA1-INDUCED MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS (NPDFS). METHODS: NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM NASAL POLYPS OF PATIENTS WHO HAVE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP. TSA WAS TREATED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (SMA), TGF-BETA1, COLLAGEN TYPE I, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, ACETYLATED HISTONE H4, PHOSPHORYLATED SMAD2/3 AND SMAD7 WERE DETERMINED BY RT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND/OR IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. THE TOTAL COLLAGEN AMOUNT PRODUCTION WAS ANALYSED BY SIRCOL SOLUBLE COLLAGEN ASSAY AND CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY WAS MEASURED BY COLLAGEN GEL CONTRACTION ASSAY. HDAC2 INHIBITION BY TSA OR HDAC2 SILENCING WAS ESTABLISHED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON ALPHA-SMA GENE INACTIVATION WAS EXAMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. PROLIFERATION WAS DETERMINED BY KI67-POSITIVE CELL STAINING AND CYTOTOXICITY WAS ASSESSED BY 3-(4,5- DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2YL)-2,5-DIPHENYL-2H-TETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE (MTT) ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMA AND TGF-BETA1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP TISSUES COMPARED TO NORMAL INFERIOR TURBINATE TISSUES. TSA AND HDAC2 SILENCING INHIBITED EXPRESSION LEVELS ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN AND HDAC2. TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONE AND SUPPRESSED OPENING OF ALPHA-SMA GENE PROMOTER IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. TSA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED SMAD 2/3 AND RESCUED TGF-BETA1-SUPPRESSED SMAD7 SIGNALLING PATHWAY. FINALLY, TSA BLOCKED PROLIFERATION IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS AND HAS NO CYTOTOXIC EFFECT IN NPDFS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLUAR MATRIX ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYPOSIS. TSA MAY BE USEFUL AS AN INHIBITOR OF NASAL POLYP GROWTH, AND THUS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS A NOVEL TREATMENT OPTION FOR NASAL POLYPOSIS.	2012	

8   699  34 BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 IS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. LIVER FIBROSIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN LIVER. CHRONIC LIVER INJURY INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELL (HSCS), A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE ACTIVATED HSC IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ECM AND CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO LIVER FIBROSIS. TGFBETA1 IS THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN EPIGENETIC READER OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS, WAS CRUCIAL FOR PROFIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HSCS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF BRD4 IN TGFBETA1-DEPENDENT HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS, FOCUSING ON TGFBETA1-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF THE LEVELS OF THE FIBROTIC-RELATED IMPORTANT PROTEINS IN HSCS BY EMPLOYING THE HETEROZYGOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT MICE AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. RESULTS REVEALED THAT BRD4 PROTEIN LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY TGFBETA1 AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS. BRD4 WAS REQUIRED FOR THE INFLUENCES OF TGFBETA1 ON PDGFBETA RECEPTOR AND ON THE PATHWAYS OF SMAD3, STAT3, AND AKT. BRD4 ALSO MEDIATED TGFBETA1-INDUCED INCREASES IN HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300, THE PIVOTAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY NFKB P65, AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1 WHEREAS BRD4 REDUCED CASPASE-3 PROTEIN LEVELS IN HSCS DURING LIVER INJURY, INDEPENDENT OF TGFBETA1. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS INDICATED THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TGFBETA1-INDUCED BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS AND IN LIVER OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. HUMAN CIRRHOTIC LIVERS WERE DEMONSTRATED A PARALLEL INCREASE IN THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS. THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT BRD4 WAS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9   446  37 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  6298  42 THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ZEBULARINE, AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, ON RENAL TUBULOINTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS, THE FINAL PATHWAY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, IS CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION HAS DRAWN ATTENTION AS A DEVELOPING MECHANISM OF RENAL FIBROSIS, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO RENAL FIBROSIS HAS NOT BEEN CLARIFIED. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, THE EFFECT OF ZEBULARINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, ON RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN THE MURINE UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODEL WAS ANALYZED. ZEBULARINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED RENAL TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION. ZEBULARINE DECREASED TRICHROME, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN IV, AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 STAINING BY 56.2%. 21.3%, 30.3%, AND 29.9%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 3 DAYS, AND BY 54.6%, 41.9%, 45.9%, AND 61.7%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 7 DAYS AFTER UUO. ZEBULARINE DOWNREGULATED MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP)-2, MMP-9, FIBRONECTIN, AND SNAIL1 BY 48.6%. 71.4%, 31.8%, AND 42.4%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 7 DAYS AFTER UUO. ZEBULARINE ALSO SUPPRESSED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA, AND IL-6, BY 69.8%, 74.9%, AND 69.6%, RESPECTIVELY, IN OBSTRUCTED KIDNEYS. FURTHERMORE, INHIBITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE BUTTRESSED THE NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR (ERYTHROID-DERIVED 2)-LIKE FACTOR 2, WHICH UPREGULATED DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS SUCH AS CATALASE (1.838-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.01), SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 1 (1.494-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.05), AND NAD(P)H: QUINONE OXIDOREDUATE-1 (1.376-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.05) IN OBSTRUCTED KIDNEYS. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INHIBITING DNA METHYLATION RESTORES THE DISRUPTED BALANCE BETWEEN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS TO ALLEVIATE RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATING RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  6235  30 THE M(6)A DEMETHYLASE FTO PROMOTES RENAL EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION BY REDUCING THE M(6)A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5. BACKGROUND: RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) IS THE MAIN PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF A VARIETY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-PRONE GENES REGULATE RIF PROGRESSION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M(6)A) MODIFICATION AND ITS ROLE IN REGULATING RIF PROGRESSION. METHODS: UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION (UUO) WAS EMPLOYED TO CONSTRUCT THE RIF IN VIVO MODEL; AND TGF-BETA1-TREATED HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS WERE USED FOR IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE ASSESSED USING QRT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION WERE EVALUATED BY EDU ASSAY AND TRANSWELL ASSAY, RESPECTIVELY. IN ADDITION, LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WERE DETERMINED BY ELISA ASSAY AND QRT-PCR. MOREOVER, LNCRNA GAS5 M(6)A LEVEL WAS DETECTED USING ME-RIP ASSAY. HE AND MASSON STAINING WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE FIBROTIC LESIONS OF THE KIDNEY. RESULTS: FTO EXPRESSION WAS ELEVATED IN HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS AFTER TGF-BETA1 TREATMENT AND MOUSE KIDNEY TISSUE FOLLOWING UUO, AND LNCRNA GAS5 WAS DOWNREGULATED. LNCRNA GAS5 OVEREXPRESSION OR FTO SILENCING SUPPRESSED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED THE INCREASE OF EMT-RELATED PROTEINS (VIMENTIN, SNAIL AND N-CADHERIN) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (IL-6, IL-1BETA AND TNF-ALPHA) LEVELS IN HK-2 CELLS. FTO SUPPRESSED LNCRNA GAS5 EXPRESSION BY REDUCING THE M6A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5. ADDITIONALLY, FTO KNOCKDOWN COULD SUPPRESS EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE INDUCED BY TGF-BETA1 AND UUO IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. AS EXPECTED, FTO KNOCKDOWN ABROGATED THE PROMOTION EFFECTS OF LNCRNA GAS5 SILENCING ON TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE IN HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS. CONCLUSION: FTO PROMOTED EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE THROUGH REDUCING THE M(6)A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  2202  32 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF MIR-10A REGULATES RENAL DAMAGE BY TARGETING CREB1 IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT MICRORNA-MEDIATED GENE EXPRESSION MODULATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, BUT THE NOVEL MIRNAS INVOLVED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND ITS FUNCTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS STILL NEED TO BE DETERMINED. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASSESSED THE ROLE OF MIR-10A IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ACCUMULATION IN THE KIDNEY OF DIABETIC MELLITUS INDUCED BY COMBINING ADMINISTRATION OF CHRONIC HIGH FAT DIET (HFD) AND LOW DOSAGE OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ, 35MG/KG). HERE, WE FOUND THAT HFD/STZ ADMINISTRATION DECREASED THE LEVEL OF MICRORNA (MIR-10A) EXPRESSION IN ICR STRAIN MICE. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-10A ALLEVIATED THE INCREASED RATIO OF URINE ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE (ACR) RATIO OF HFD/STZ MICE. IN CONTRAST, KNOCKDOWN OF MIR-10A INCREASED THE RATIO OF KIDNEY ACR IN NAIVE MICE. FURTHERMORE, CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1 (CREB1) WAS VALIDATED AS A TARGET OF MIR-10A IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. CREB1 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM FIBRONECTIN (FN, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX) WERE INCREASED IN HFD/STZ-TREATED MICE, WHICH WAS REVERSED BY KIDNEY MIR-10A OVEREXPRESSION. THE CONTENT OF CREB1 AND FN WAS INCREASED BY MIR-10A KNOCKDOWN IN KIDNEY OF NAIVE MICE. FURTHERMORE, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) WAS REVEALED TO BE INCREASED IN KIDNEY OF HFD/STZ MICE, ACCOMPANIED WITH THE AUGMENTATION OF ACR RATIO AND FN LEVEL. KNOCKDOWN OF HDAC3 WITH SIRNA SIGNIFICANTLY CAUSED THE INCREASE OF MIR-10A, RESULTING IN THE DECREASE IN CREB1 AND FN EXPRESSION IN KIDNEY OF HFD/STZ MICE. CONTRARILY, HDAC3 OVEREXPRESSION MEDIATED BY LENTIVIRUS DECREASED MIR-10A CONTENT, AND ENHANCED ACR VALUE, CREB1 AND FN FORMATION IN NAIVE MICE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS ELUCIDATE THAT HDAC3/MIR-10A/CREB1 SERVES AS A NEW MECHANISM UNDERLYING KIDNEY INJURY, PROVIDING POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13   766  33 CCL5 SUPPRESSES KLOTHO EXPRESSION VIA P-STAT3/DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1-MEDIATED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED KLOTHO ARE COMMON FEATURES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). INFLAMMATION INDUCES DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS STUDY ASSESSED THE PERFORMANCE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 5 (CCL5) IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION. METHODS: FIFTY CKD PATIENTS AND 25 MATCHED CONTROLS WERE ENROLLED, AND SERUM CCL5 LEVEL, SKLOTHO LEVEL, AND DNA METHYLATION WERE EVALUATED IN THESE SUBJECTS. A RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) MODEL WITH CKD WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN VIVO AND HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL (HK-2) CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5 IN VITRO. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR WAS GIVEN TO UUO MICE. HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (HE) AND MASSON TRICHROME STAINING WERE ADOPTED TO EVALUATE RENAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES (PBLS) FROM CKD PATIENTS AND OBSTRUCTIVE KIDNEY FROM UUO MICE. CCL5, KLOTHO, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) WERE DETERMINED BY ELISAS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, OR WESTERN BLOTTING. HK-2 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO CCL5 WITH OR WITHOUT 5-AZA AND STATTIC, A P-SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) INHIBITOR, AND EXPRESSIONS OF P-STAT3, DNMT1, AND KLOTHO WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. RESULTS: CCL5 UPREGULATION CONCOMITANT WITH KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION IN SERUM AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN PBLS WERE OBSERVED IN CKD SAMPLES. UUO CONTRIBUTED TO SEVERE RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND ENHANCED EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROTIC MARKERS. MOREOVER, UUO INCREASED THE CCL5 LEVEL, INDUCED KLOTHO PROMOTER METHYLATION, SUPPRESSED KLOTHO LEVEL, ACTIVATED P-STAT3 SIGNALING, AND UPREGULATED DNMT1 LEVEL. A SIMILAR OBSERVATION WAS MADE IN HK-2 CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5. MORE IMPORTANTLY, 5-AZA INHIBITED UUO-INDUCED KLOTHO HYPERMETHYLATION, REVERSED KLOTHO, DOWNREGULATED P-STAT3 EXPRESSIONS, AND AMELIORATED RIF IN VIVO. THE CONSISTENT FINDINGS IN VITRO WERE ALSO OBTAINED IN HK-2 CELLS EXPOSED TO 5-AZA AND STATTIC. CONCLUSION: THE CCL5/P-STAT3/DNMT1 AXIS IS IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN CKD. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES FOR REVERSAL OF KLOTHO SUPPRESSION BY CKD.	2022	
                                                                                    
14  3036  33 GENISTEIN AMELIORATES RENAL FIBROSIS THROUGH REGULATION SNAIL VIA M6A RNA DEMETHYLASE ALKBH5. RENAL TUBULE-INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IS RELATED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION AND A TYPICAL FEATURE OF THE AGING KIDNEY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-PRONE GENES REGULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS. AS A KIND OF "EPIGENETIC DIET", SOY ISOFLAVONE GENISTEIN WAS REPORTED TO HAVE RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTION AND EPIGENETIC-MODULATING EFFECTS. HOWEVER, ITS RENAL PROTECTION ROLE AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE YET TO BE FULLY CLARIFIED. HEREIN, WE SHOWED THAT GENISTEIN EXHIBITS A DEMONSTRABLE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT ON KIDNEY IN VIVO UUO (UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION) MODEL AND RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IN VITRO MODEL. THE MECHANISM IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND M6A RNA DEMETHYLASE ALKBH5. MOUSE FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UUO EXHIBITED ADVERSE EXPRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS-RELATED PROTEINS AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE TOTAL M6A LEVEL. AS AN ERASER, ALKBH5 SHOWED SEVERER SUPPRESSION IN THE RENAL FIBROSIS PROCESS. HOWEVER, GENISTEIN PRETREATMENT RESTORED ALKBH5 LOSS REMARKABLY AND REDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS, ABNORMAL PROTEIN, AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS. THE EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE MECHANISMS REVEALED THAT GENISTEIN PROMOTED ALKBH5 AND MAYBE INDUCED THE LEVEL OF MRNA M6A METHYLATION IN SOME EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. WE FOUND SNAIL WAS THE CRITICAL REGULATOR AND CRITICAL FOR THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GENISTEIN. TO VERIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALKBH5 AND SNAIL, WE GENERATED KNOCKDOWN AND OVEREXPRESSION OF ALKBH5 CELLS IN VITRO. ALKBH5 KNOCKDOWN ENHANCED THE MESENCHYMAL PHENOTYPE MARKER ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN AND SNAIL EXPRESSION. IN AGREEMENT, OVEREXPRESSION ALKBH5 INCREASED EPITHELIAL ADHESION MOLECULE E-CADHERIN AND REDUCED SNAIL EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, GENISTEIN INCREASED RENAL ALKBH5 EXPRESSION IN UUO-INDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS AND REDUCED RNA M6A LEVELS AND AMELIORATES RENAL DAMAGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   692  29 BRD4 PROMOTES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND HEPATIC FIBROSIS VIA MEDIATING P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS. HEPATIC FIBROSIS (HF) IS A REVERSIBLE WOUND-HEALING RESPONSE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) DEPOSITION AND SECONDARY TO PERSISTENT CHRONIC INJURY. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) COMMONLY FUNCTIONS AS A "READER" TO REGULATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF HF REMAINS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE ESTABLISHED A CCL(4)-INDUCED HF MODEL AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY MODEL IN MICE AND FOUND ABERRANT BRD4 EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS IN HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS)- LX2 CELLS IN VITRO. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE FOUND THAT DISTRICTION AND INHIBITION OF BRD4 RESTRAINED TGFBETA-INDUCED TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF LX2 CELLS INTO ACTIVATED, PROLIFERATIVE MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ACCELERATED APOPTOSIS, AND BRD4 OVEREXPRESSION BLOCKED MDI-INDUCED LX2 CELLS INACTIVATION AND PROMOTED THE PROLIFERATION AND INHIBITED APOPTOSIS OF INACTIVATED CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS SEROTYPE 8-LOADED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA-MEDIATED BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CCL(4)-INDUCED FIBROTIC RESPONSES INCLUDING HSCS ACTIVATION AND COLLAGEN DEPOSITION. MECHANISTICALLY, BRD4 DEFICIENCY INHIBITED PLK1 EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED LX2 CELLS, AND CHIP AND CO-IP ASSAYS REVEALED THAT BRD4 REGULATION OF PLK1 WAS DEPENDENT ON P300-MEDIATED ACETYLATION MODIFICATION FOR H3K27 ON THE PLK1 PROMOTER. IN CONCLUSION, BRD4 DEFICIENCY IN THE LIVER ALLEVIATES CCL(4)-INDUCED HF IN MICE, AND BRD4 PARTICIPATES IN THE ACTIVATION AND REVERSAL OF HSCS THROUGH POSITIVELY REGULATING THE P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL INSIGHT FOR HF THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16  2784  27 EZH2 PROMOTES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION VIA NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PULPITIS. PULPITIS IS A COMPLICATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS WHICH CAN BE IN A DYNAMIC BALANCE BETWEEN DAMAGE AND REPAIR. THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PLAYS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY ROLE IN WOUND HEALING AND TISSUE REPAIR. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF THE EPIGENETIC MARK, ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) ON THE DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DURING PULPITIS. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND TYPE I COLLAGEN IN HUMAN DENTAL PULP CELLS (HDPCS) UPON EZH2 AND EI1 (EZH2 INHIBITOR) STIMULATION. THE MECHANISM OF EZH2 AFFECTING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX WAS EXPLORED THROUGH QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT. A RAT MODEL OF DENTAL PULP INFLAMMATION WAS ESTABLISHED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN IN DENTAL PULP UNDER EZH2 STIMULATION WAS DETECTED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. EZH2 UPREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, AND MMP-10 AND DECREASED THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN IN HDPCS, WHILE EI1 HAD THE OPPOSITE EFFECT. EZH2 ACTIVATED THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN HDPCS, THE INHIBITION OF WHICH REVERSED THE INDUCTION OF MMPS AND THE SUPPRESSION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN. EZH2 CAN DOWNREGULATE THE TYPE I COLLAGEN LEVELS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DENTAL PULPITIS IN RATS. EZH2 PROMOTES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION VIA NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PULPITIS. EZH2 CAN DECREASE THE TYPE I COLLAGEN LEVELS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  1764  33 EARLY-IMMEDIATE GENE EGR1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH TGFBETA1 REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC READER BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 VIA THE CANONICAL SMAD3 SIGNALING IN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. UPON CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER, MULTIPLE CYTOKINES STIMULATE HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), CAUSING THE ALTERATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES AND THUS LEADING TO HSC ACTIVATION, A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. ACTIVATED HSCS ARE THE DOMINANT CONTRIBUTORS TO LIVER FIBROSIS. BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC READER, WAS DEMONSTRATED TO CONCENTRATE ON HUNDREDS OF ENHANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH GENES INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE PROFIBROTIC PATHWAYS, THEREBY DIRECTING HSC ACTIVATION AND THE FIBROTIC RESPONSES. THE PRESENT STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA-1 (TGFBETA1), THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE, ON BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS AND, IF SO, ELUCIDATED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE EXPERIMENTS EMPLOYED THE HETEROGENEOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT (TGFBETA1(+/-) ) MICE, GENE KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO, AND A MODEL OF THIOACETAMIDE (TAA)-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT TGFBETA1 ENHANCED BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS, WHICH WAS MEDIATED, AT LEAST, BY SMAD3 SIGNALING AND EARLY-IMMEDIATE GENE EGR1 (EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE-1). TGFBETA1-INDUCED SMAD3 SIGNALING INCREASED EGR1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTED EGR1 BINDING TO BRD4 PROMOTER AT A SITE AROUND -111 BP, PROMOTING BRD4 EXPRESSION. EGR1 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY AND LESSENED LIVER FIBROSIS. DOUBLE FLUORESCENCE STAINING DEMONSTRATED A STRONG INCREASE IN BRD4 EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED HSCS IN FIBROTIC AREAS OF THE HUMAN LIVERS, PARALLELING THE UPREGULATION OF P-SMAD3 AND EGR1. THIS RESEARCH SUGGESTED NOVEL MOLECULAR EVENTS UNDERLYING THE ROLES OF THE MASTER PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE TGFBETA1 IN HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  2117  30 EPIGENETIC HISTONE METHYLATION MODULATES FIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) GENES PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. ALTHOUGH MANY KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE KNOWN, MECHANISMS INVOLVING THE NUCLEAR CHROMATIN THAT MODULATE ECM GENE EXPRESSION REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MARKS SUCH AS HISTONE H3 LYSINE METHYLATION (H3KME) IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT MESANGIAL CELLS UNDER NORMAL AND HIGH-GLUCOSE (HG) CONDITIONS. TGF-BETA1 INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE ECM-ASSOCIATED GENES CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR, COLLAGEN-ALPHA1[IOTA], AND PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1. INCREASED LEVELS OF CHROMATIN MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE GENES (H3K4ME1, H3K4ME2, AND H3K4ME3), AND DECREASED LEVELS OF REPRESSIVE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K9ME3) AT THESE GENE PROMOTERS ACCOMPANIED THESE CHANGES IN EXPRESSION. TGF-BETA1 ALSO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE H3K4 METHYLTRANSFERASE SET7/9 AND RECRUITMENT TO THESE PROMOTERS. SET7/9 GENE SILENCING WITH SIRNAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, A TGF-BETA1 ANTIBODY NOT ONLY BLOCKED HG-INDUCED ECM GENE EXPRESSION BUT ALSO REVERSED HG-INDUCED CHANGES IN PROMOTER H3KME LEVELS AND SET7/9 OCCUPANCY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SHOW THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN HISTONE H3KME IN TGF-BETA1-MEDIATED ECM GENE EXPRESSION IN MESANGIAL CELLS UNDER NORMAL AND HG CONDITIONS. PHARMACOLOGIC AND OTHER THERAPIES THAT REVERSE THESE MODIFICATIONS COULD HAVE POTENTIAL RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  5994  35 TGFBETA-INCURRED EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS OF MIRNA AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESS KLOTHO AND POTENTIATE RENAL FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD) AND ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS ABERRANT MIRNA AND DNA METHYLATION. KLOTHO IS AN ANTI-AGING AND ANTI-FIBROTIC PROTEIN AND ITS EARLY DECLINE AFTER RENAL INJURY IS REPORTEDLY ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. HOWEVER, THE KEY UPSTREAM PATHOLOGICAL MEDIATORS AND THE MOLECULAR CASCADE LEADING TO EPIGENETIC KLOTHO SUPPRESSION ARE NOT EXCLUSIVELY ESTABLISHED. HERE WE INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF KLOTHO DEFICIENCY AND ITS FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE IN RENAL FIBROGENESIS. FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION (UUO) DISPLAYED MARKED KLOTHO SUPPRESSION AND THE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE ABNORMALITIES WERE LIKELY DUE TO DEREGULATED TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGFBETA) SINCE TGFBETA ALONE CAUSED THE SIMILAR EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CULTURED RENAL CELLS AND TGFBETA BLOCKADE PREVENTED THE ALTERATIONS IN UUO KIDNEY. FURTHER INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT TGFBETA ENHANCED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 AND DNMT3A VIA INHIBITING MIR-152 AND MIR-30A IN BOTH RENAL CELLS AND FIBROTIC KIDNEYS. ACCORDINGLY THE BLOCKADE OF EITHER TGFBETA SIGNALING OR DNMT1/3A ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY RECOVERED THE KLOTHO LOSS AND ATTENUATED PRO-FIBROTIC PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND RENAL FIBROSIS. MOREOVER, KLOTHO KNOCKDOWN BY RNA INTERFERENCES ABOLISHED THE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF DNMT INHIBITION IN BOTH TGFBETA-TREATED RENAL CELL AND UUO KIDNEY, INDICATING THAT TGFBETA-MEDIATED MIR-152/30A INHIBITIONS, DNMT1/3A ABERRATIONS AND SUBSEQUENT KLOTHO LOSS CONSTITUTE A CRITICAL REGULATORY LOOP THAT ELIMINATES KLOTHO'S ANTI-FIBROTIC ACTIVITIES AND POTENTIATES RENAL FIBROGENESIS. THUS, OUR STUDY ELABORATES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC CASCADE OF RENAL FIBROGENESIS AND REVEALS THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATING THE RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  5868  35 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018