1  2239 105 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2   445  52 APABETALONE (RVX-208) REDUCES VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN CVD PATIENTS BY A BET-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: APABETALONE (RVX-208) IS A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEIN INHIBITOR (BETI) THAT IN PHASE II TRIALS REDUCED THE RELATIVE RISK (RR) OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) BY 44% AND IN DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS BY 57% ON TOP OF STATINS. A PHASE III TRIAL, BETONMACE, IS CURRENTLY ASSESSING APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REDUCE MACE IN STATIN-TREATED POST-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TYPE 2 DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS WITH LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN C. THE LEADING CAUSE OF MACE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DRIVEN BY DYSFUNCTIONAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC VASCULAR INFLAMMATION (VI). IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 AS AN EPIGENETIC DRIVER OF INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT BETI MAY BE CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING VI. HERE, WE ASSESSED APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REGULATE INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELL ADHESION IN VITRO AND INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APABETALONE SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON MEDIATORS OF VI WAS ASSESSED WITH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE II CVD PATIENT PLASMA. RESULTS: IN VITRO, APABETALONE PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY (TNFALPHA, LPS, OR IL-1BETA) INDUCTION OF KEY FACTORS THAT DRIVE ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT, ADHESION, AND PLAQUE DESTABILIZATION. BRD4 ABUNDANCE ON INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS WAS REDUCED BY APABETALONE. BRD2-4 DEGRADATION BY MZ-1 ALSO PREVENTED TNFALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF MONOCYTE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, CONFIRMING BET-DEPENDENT REGULATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY APABETALONE TRANSLATED INTO A REDUCTION IN MONOCYTE ADHESION TO AN ENDOTHELIAL MONOLAYER. IN A PHASE II TRIAL, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF MULTIPLE VI MEDIATORS IN THE PLASMA OF CVD PATIENTS (SOMASCAN(R) 1.3 K). THESE PROTEINS CORRELATE WITH CVD RISK AND INCLUDE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES, AND METALLOPROTEINASES. INGENUITY(R) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA(R)) PREDICTED THAT APABETALONE INHIBITS PRO-ATHEROGENIC REGULATORS AND PATHWAYS AND PREVENTS DISEASE STATES ARISING FROM LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE SUPPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION OF VI MEDIATORS IN MONOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY INHIBITING BET-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY STIMULI. IN CVD PATIENTS, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF VI MEDIATORS, AN OUTCOME CONDUCIVE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND MACE REDUCTION. INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION MOLECULE GENE EXPRESSION BY APABETALONE IS PREDICTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MACE REDUCTION IN THE PHASE III BETONMACE TRIAL.	2019	

3  6876  26 [PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY CAUSES]. DIFFERENT DESIGNS CAN BE USED TO ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESPIRATORY MORTALITY AND LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (COHORT, PREVALENCE STUDY) DEMONSTRATE THE REALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES EXPLAIN IT. COHORT STUDIES HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT MANY CONFOUNDING FACTORS AND THUS AVOID BIASES (WHICH IS NOT THE CASE WITH PREVALENCE STUDIES), BUT REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES. THEY WERE FIRST ADOPTED IN THE US, BUT ARE NOW MORE OFTEN APPLIED IN EUROPE. THE RESULTS ARE RELATIVELY CONSISTENT, AS THEY ALL SHOW A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INCREASE IN PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND CARDIOPULMONARY MORTALITY. MORTALITY FROM LUNG CANCER IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH LONG TERM EXPOSITION TO PARTICLES AND SOMETIMES TO OZONE OR NITROGEN OXIDES. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND SUDDEN DEATH OF YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULATE POLLUTION. THE RELATIONSHIPS ARE MORE POWERFUL FOR LONG TERM THAN SHORT TERM EXPOSURE BUT ARE ALSO LINEAR AND WITHOUT THRESHOLD. IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN THESE EFFECTS (TODAY THE CAUSALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP IS CERTAIN) THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE FACTORS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING PARTICULATE EXPOSURES: AN INCREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BIOMARKERS (FIBRINOGEN, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS), ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF LUNG TISSUES INCREASED BY ACUTE EXPOSURE, ETC. MORE AND MORE STUDIES ADDRESS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENE AND ENVIRONMENT AND EVEN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA WHICH COULD BE RESPONSIBLE OF THESE EFFECTS. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT COULD BE QUANTIFIED. THE EUROPEAN E&H SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM APHEIS, FOR EXAMPLE, ESTIMATED THAT IF PM2.5 LEVELS REMAINED BELOW 15 MICROG/M(3), A 30 YEAR OLD PERSON COULD SEE HIS LIFE EXPECTANCY INCREASED BY 1 MONTH TO 2 YEARS, DEPENDING ON THE STUDIED CITY. FINALLY, MORTALITY IS NOT THE ONLY RELEVANT INDICATOR FOR HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ISAAC STUDIES ADDRESS ASTHMA, ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ECZEMA AMONG CHILDREN.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4   446  43 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  2864  21 FUNCTION OF PM2.5 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. PREVIOUS RESEARCH HAS IDENTIFIED THAT AIR POLLUTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASES, BUT FEW STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTION SERVED BY PARTICULATE MATTER 2.5 (PM2.5) IN THESE DISEASES. PM2.5 IS KNOWN TO CAUSE EPIGENETIC AND MICROENVIRONMENTAL ALTERATIONS IN LUNG CANCER, INCLUDING TUMOR-ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVATION MEDIATED BY MICRORNA DYSREGULATION, DNA METHYLATION, AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND INFLAMMATORY CELLS. AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS OF TUMOR CELLS MAY ALSO BE DETECTED IN LUNG CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH PM2.5 EXPOSURE. A NUMBER OF MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN TRIGGERING AND AGGRAVATING ASTHMA AND COPD, INCLUDING PM2.5-INDUCED CYTOKINE RELEASE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. THE PRESENT REVIEW IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PM2.5-INDUCED PATHOGENESIS IN LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  5099  29 PM2.5 EXPOSURE EXACERBATES ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN MICE BY INCREASING DNA METHYLATION IN THE IFN-GAMMA GENE PROMOTER IN CD4+T CELLS VIA THE ERK-DNMT PATHWAY. ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) IS A COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY SUGGESTED THAT PM2.5 MIGHT AFFECT PEDIATRIC AR THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAINED UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, AN EXPERIMENTAL MURINE AR MODEL WAS CREATED, AND THE NASAL SYMPTOMS, PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES, THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE IFN-GAMMA GENE PROMOTER AND ACTIVATION OF THE ERK-DNMT PATHWAY WERE EVALUATED AFTER TREATMENT WITH PM2.5. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PM2.5 EXPOSURE LED TO MORE SEVERE SYMPTOMS OF AR IN MICE. IN ADDITION, PM2.5 EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE PERCENTAGE OF TH1 T CELLS IN THE AR GROUP, AND THIS CHANGE WAS CORRELATED WITH INCREASED DNA METHYLATION OF THE IFN-GAMMA GENE PROMOTER IN CD4 + T CELLS (R=-0.916, P = 0.029). IN ADDITION, PM2.5 EXPOSURE INCREASED THE ACTIVATION OF THE ERK-DNMT PATHWAY IN CD4+ T CELLS, AND INHIBITING THIS EFFECT RESCUED THE POLARIZATION OF THE TH1/TH2 BALANCE TOWARD TH2, THEREBY DECREASING THE RISK OF AR. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT PM2.5 EXPOSURE COULD EXACERBATE AR BY INCREASING THE DNA METHYLATION OF THE IFN-GAMMA GENE PROMOTER IN CD4 + T CELLS VIA THE ERK-DNMT PATHWAY, AND THESE EFFECTS WERE RESCUED WHEN THE ERK-DNMT PATHWAY WAS INHIBITED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  3712  24 INHALED POLLUTANTS: THE MOLECULAR SCENE BEHIND RESPIRATORY AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ULTRAFINE PARTICULATE MATTER. AIR POLLUTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN IS LARGELY FROM THE COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS (E.G., WOOD), FOSSIL FUELS (E.G., CARS AND TRUCKS), INCINERATORS, LANDFILLS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND TOBACCO SMOKE. AIR POLLUTION IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE THAT VARIES IN SPACE AND TIME, AND CONTAINS HUNDREDS OF COMPOUNDS INCLUDING VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (E.G., BENZENE), METALS, SULPHUR AND NITROGEN OXIDES, OZONE AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM). PM(0.1) (ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (UFP)), THOSE PARTICLES WITH A DIAMETER LESS THAN 100 NM (INCLUDES NANOPARTICLES (NP)) ARE CONSIDERED ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND MAY CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. SOME OF THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH PM(0.1) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC DISEASE IS THEIR ABILITY TO INDUCE INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CELL DEATH BY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR (ERYTHROID-DERIVED 2)-LIKE 2 (NRF2). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING NON-CODING RNA (NCRNA) MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO PM(0.1). THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTS EMERGING MOLECULAR CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED WITH INHALATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PM(0.1) AND THEIR ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8   448  31 APABETALONE MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODULATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FAVORABLE KIDNEY FUNCTION AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. BACKGROUND/AIMS: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) WITH ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) PATIENTS HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN REPORTED AND MAY BE A RESULT OF INCREASED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION AND INFLAMMATION. HERE WE REPORT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, THE EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATION ON LEVELS OF ALP AND KIDNEY FUNCTION VIA A NOVEL ORAL SMALL MOLECULE BET INHIBITOR, APABETALONE, IN CKD PATIENTS. METHODS: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS EVALUATED PATIENTS WITH ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR) <60 ML/MIN/1.73M2, WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE APABETALONE PHASE 2 RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (SUSTAIN AND ASSURE). 48 CKD SUBJECTS WITH A HISTORY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) WERE TREATED WITH 100MG TWICE-DAILY OF 24 AND 26 WEEKS OF APABETALONE OR PLACEBO. ALP AND EGFR WERE MEASURED PRIOR TO RANDOMIZATION AND AT FINAL VISITS. RESULTS: PATIENTS WHO RECEIVED APABETALONE (N=35) VERSUS PLACEBO (N=13) OVER 6 MONTHS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY (P=0.02) LOWERED SERUM ALP -14.0% (P<0.0001 VERSUS BASELINE) VERSUS -6.3% (P=0.9 VERSUS BASELINE). THE EGFR IN THE APABETALONE GROUP INCREASED BY 3.4% (1.7 ML/MIN/1.73 M2) (P=0.04 VERSUS BASELINE) AND DECREASED BY 5.8% (2.9 ML/MIN/1.73 M2) (P=0.6 VERSUS BASELINE) IN THE PLACEBO GROUP. APABETALONE WAS WELL TOLERATED. CONCLUSION: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF CKD SUBJECTS FROM THE SUSTAIN AND ASSURE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS DEMONSTRATED FAVORABLE EFFECTS OF APABETALONE ON ALP AND EGFR, AND GENERATED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY BET INHIBITION MAY POTENTIALLY OFFER A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO TREAT CVD AND PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY FUNCTION LOSS IN CKD PATIENTS. THIS IS BEING EXAMINED IN THE PHASE III TRIAL BETONMACE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  4582  35 N-TERMINAL BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS DISRUPT A BRD4-P65 INTERACTION AND REDUCE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IS A KEY DRIVER OF BETA-CELL DAMAGE THAT CAN LEAD TO AUTOREACTIVITY AND THE EVENTUAL ONSET OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES (T1D). IN THE ISLET, ELEVATED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) GENE, NOS2, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN INCREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO). EXCESSIVE OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NO CAUSES BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT INHIBITION OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY OF PROTEINS, A DRUGGABLE CLASS OF EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS, PREVENTS THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF T1D IN THE NON-OBESE DIABETIC MOUSE MODEL. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BET PROTEINS CO-ACTIVATE TRANSCRIPTION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY GENE TARGETS IN BETA-CELLS AND THAT SELECTIVE, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF BET BROMODOMAINS COULD REDUCE SUCH TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF BET BROMODOMAIN SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TO REDUCE THE BETA-CELL RESPONSE TO THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA (IL-1BETA). BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION ATTENUATED IL-1BETA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR NOS2 AND CONSEQUENT INOS PROTEIN AND NO PRODUCTION. REDUCED NOS2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB FACILITATED BY DISRUPTING THE INTERACTION OF A SINGLE BET FAMILY MEMBER, BRD4, WITH THE NF-KAPPAB SUBUNIT, P65. USING RECENTLY REPORTED SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND BET BROMODOMAINS, INHIBITION OF ONLY THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE INTERACTION OF BRD4 WITH P65 IN BETA-CELLS. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE IL-1BETA-DRIVEN DECREASES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES AND BETA-CELL VIABILITY. BY IDENTIFYING A ROLE FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BRD4 AND P65 IN CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE OF BETA-CELLS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WE PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON HOW BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION CAN DECREASE INFLAMMATION. THESE STUDIES ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MORE SELECTIVE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING BETA-CELL INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10   447  32 APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND IMPROVES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CONSIDERABLE RESIDUAL RISK REMAINS DESPITE EVIDENCE-BASED SECONDARY PREVENTION MEASURES. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A MODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION BY THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCOMITANT LOWERING OF SERUM ALP. METHODS: IN A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF 795 PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STATIN TREATMENT, WHO PARTICIPATED IN PHASE 2 PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS OF APABETALONE, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECT OF ASSIGNED TREATMENT FOR UP TO 24 WEEKS ON THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (MACE) AND SERUM ALP. RESULTS: BASELINE ALP (MEDIAN 72 U/L) PREDICTED MACE (DEATH, NON-FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION, OR HOSPITALIZATION FOR CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES), INDEPENDENT OF HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (HSCRP), SEX, AGE, RACE, STUDY, CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), LIVER FUNCTION MARKERS AND TREATMENT ALLOCATION (HAZARD RATIO [HR] PER STANDARD DEVIATION [SD] 1.6, 95% CI 1.19-2.16, P = 0.002). MEAN PLACEBO-CORRECTED DECREASES IN ALP FROM BASELINE WERE 9.2% (P < 0.001) AFTER 12-14 WEEKS AND 7.7% (P < 0.001) AFTER 24-26 WEEKS OF APABETALONE TREATMENT. IN THE APABETALONE GROUP, A 1-SD REDUCTION IN ALP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HR FOR MACE OF 0.64 (95% CI 0.46-0.90, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: SERUM ALP PREDICTS RESIDUAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, INDEPENDENT OF HSCRP, ESTABLISHED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND CKD, IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON STATIN TREATMENT. APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALP, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. WHETHER THE BENEFICIAL CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF APABETALONE ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO ALP REDUCTION REMAINS UNDETERMINED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  5045  27 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12   298  24 AIR POLLUTION AND AIRWAY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE AND/OR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY DISEASE. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO(2)) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), AS WELL AS TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION AS A WHOLE, ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE STRONG EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT RECENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY IN URBAN AREAS, HAVE SUGGESTED A ROLE FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. SIMILARLY, WHILE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF ATOPIC CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MORE COMMON IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL COMMUNITIES, EVIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGY. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO NO(2) , O(3) , PM AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF BIOMASS FUELS AND AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND MORBIDITY FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTION. GIVEN THE CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT TRAFFIC EMISSIONS MAKE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCHERS HAVE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED PM POLLUTANTS. RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN THE ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND AIRWAY DISEASE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES BY COMBUSTION-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND HOW POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CAN MODIFY RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES. OTHER INTERESTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO INCREASED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC PM EXPOSURE DURING CHILDHOOD AND VULNERABILITY TO COPD IN ADULTHOOD, AND THAT INFANTS SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRENATAL LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. WHILE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT COMPONENTS AND SOURCES PROMISE TO GUIDE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS WILL BE NECESSARY IF TARGETED THERAPY/PREVENTION OF POLLUTION-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES IS TO BE DEVELOPED.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  1650  23 DOMAIN-SELECTIVE TARGETING OF BET PROTEINS IN CANCER AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES. CANCER AND INFLAMMATION ARE STRONGLY INTERCONNECTED PROCESSES. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES CAN BE AT THE HEART OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT; SIMILARLY, TUMOR-ELICITED INFLAMMATION IS A CONSEQUENCE OF MANY CANCERS. THE MECHANISTIC INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES POINTS TOWARD COMMON PROTEIN EFFECTORS WHICH REPRESENT POTENTIAL SHARED TARGETS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OFTEN DRIVE RESISTANCE TO CANCER THERAPY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC ADAPTERS WHICH PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING CELL PROLIFERATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. A PLETHORA OF SMALL MOLECULES AIMED AT INHIBITING BET PROTEIN FUNCTION TO TREAT CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HAVE POPULATED ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRY EFFORTS IN THE LAST 10 YEARS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS RECENT PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES AIMED AT TARGETING A SINGLE OR A SUBSET OF THE EIGHT BROMODOMAINS WITHIN THE BET FAMILY WHICH HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO TEASE APART CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY SIGNALS OF BET INHIBITORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14   587  42 BENEFIT OF APABETALONE ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN RENAL DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: APABETALONE, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, TARGETS EPIGENETIC READERS TERMED BET PROTEINS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN DISORDERS. APABETALONE HAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIATHEROSCLEROTIC PROPERTIES. IN PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS, THIS DRUG REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF RENAL FUNCTION AND A HIGH RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON THE PLASMA PROTEOME IN PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION. METHODS: SUBJECTS WITH STAGE 4 OR 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MATCHED CONTROLS RECEIVED A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE. PLASMA WAS COLLECTED FOR PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND FOR PROTEOMICS PROFILING USING THE SOMASCAN 1.3K PLATFORM. PROTEOMICS DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED PATHWAYS IN DISEASED PATIENTS, WHICH WERE TARGETED BY APABETALONE. RESULTS: AT BASELINE, 169 PLASMA PROTEINS (ADJUSTED P VALUE <0.05) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS VERSUS CONTROL SUBJECTS, INCLUDING CYSTATIN C AND BETA(2) MICROGLOBULIN, WHICH CORRELATE WITH RENAL FUNCTION. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE PLASMA PROTEOME REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ACTIVATION OF 42 PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND COAGULATION. AT 12 HOURS POSTDOSE, APABETALONE COUNTERED THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASE AND REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF DISEASE MARKERS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN-6, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1, AND OSTEOPONTIN. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED PLASMA PROTEOME DYSREGULATION IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS AND THE BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON PATHWAYS LINKED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15   299  23 AIR POLLUTION AND DNA METHYLATION: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IS ESTIMATED TO CONTRIBUTE TO APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION EARLY DEATHS EVERY YEAR WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 3% OF DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS LOST. AIR POLLUTION HAS NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORBIDITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, AND A NUMBER OF LUNG PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). EMERGING DATA INDICATE THAT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE MODULATES THE EPIGENETIC MARK, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), AND THAT THESE CHANGES MIGHT IN TURN INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND EXACERBATION RISK. SEVERAL TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION (TRAP) COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), BLACK CARBON (BC), OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN OXIDES (NO(X)), AND POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNAM; TYPICALLY LOWERING DNAM AFTER EXPOSURE. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM HAVE BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT IT IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL SENSITIVITY OR THE ACCUMULATION OF EXPOSURES HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED DNAM PATTERNS ARE OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LONG-TERM NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASES, A FOCUS IN THIS REVIEW. RECENTLY, INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS EXERCISE AND B VITAMINS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM AND HEALTH. ULTIMATELY, IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EXPOSURE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DNAM IMPACTS HEALTH, BOTH ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY, MAY ENABLE PREVENTATIVE AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   300  22 AIR POLLUTION AND INDOOR SETTINGS. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO TOTAL HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS, AS PEOPLE SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME INDOORS. HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION (HAP) RESULTING FROM COOKING WITH POLLUTING ("DIRTY") FUELS, WHICH INCLUDE COAL, KEROSENE, AND BIOMASS (WOOD, CHARCOAL, CROP RESIDUES, AND ANIMAL MANURE) IS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM. INDOOR POLLUTANTS ARE GASES, PARTICULATES, TOXINS, AND MICROORGANISMS AMONG OTHERS, THAT CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ESPECIALLY ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS THROUGH A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT MECHANISMS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENE ACTIVATION, EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR, AND IMMUNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. AIR POLLUTION IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR AND CONTRIBUTOR TO MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM MAJOR CHRONIC DISEASES. CHILDREN ARE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO BIOLOGICAL IMMATURITY, PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT. POOR AIR QUALITY HAS BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA AND RHINITIS. HEALTH PROFESSIONALS SHOULD INCREASE THEIR ROLE IN MANAGING THE EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS TO AIR POLLUTION WITH BETTER METHODS OF CARE, PREVENTION, AND COLLECTIVE ACTION. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE HOUSEHOLD POLLUTANTS MAY PROMOTE HEALTH AND CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY, AND HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17   689  33 BRD4 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN PULMONARY DISEASES. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF HISTONE PROTEINS. BET PROTEINS HAVE MULTIPLE ROLES IN REGULATING KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND REDOX BALANCE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. AS A RESULT, BET PROTEINS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN A BROAD RANGE OF HUMAN LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING ACUTE LUNG INFLAMMATION, ASTHMA, PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). DUE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULAR INHIBITORS OF BET PROTEINS, TARGETING BET IN THESE LUNG DISEASES HAS BECOME AN AREA OF INCREASING INTEREST. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITORS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF VARIOUS HUMAN LUNG DISEASES. THIS IS, IN GENERAL, LARGELY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF BET PROTEINS TO BIND TO PROMOTERS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR INFLAMMATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND BEYOND. BY MODULATING THESE CRITICAL GENES, BET PROTEINS ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, SEEMS TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS BROMODOMAIN BINDING ACTIVITY, AND HAS IMPLICATION IN SOME CONTEXTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON BET PROTEINS WITH A FOCUS ON BRD4 IN SEVERAL MAJOR HUMAN LUNG DISEASES, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS FINDINGS OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS USING PHARMACEUTICAL INHIBITORS IN DIFFERENT LUNG DISEASES PRECLINICALLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18   360  14 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND BIOMARKERS OF HEALTH EFFECT. RECENTLY, THE AIR POLLUTION SITUATION OF OUR COUNTRY IS VERY SERIOUS ALONG WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EXPOSURE OF AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RISE OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF MANY DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), ASTHMA, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AND SO ON. HOWEVER, THERE IS NOW GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SIGNIFICANT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY BIOMARKERS IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY. IN ORDER TO BETTER PREVENT AND CONTROL THE DAMAGE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION, THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES COMPREHENSIVELY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ABOUT THE BAD EFFECTS ON THE BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SYSTEM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19   363  20 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS TO CHILDREN. AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IS PRODUCED BY SOURCES INCLUDING VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND FOREST FIRES. IT CONSISTS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM PRECURSOR GASES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EXACERBATES CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE UNIQUELY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION, BECAUSE THEIR ORGANS ARE DEVELOPING AND THEY HAVE HIGHER AIR PER BODY WEIGHT INTAKE. HEALTH EFFECTS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE NOT ONLY EXACERBATIONS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED ASTHMA INCIDENCE. ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES OF CONCERN INCLUDE PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, IQ LOSS, PEDIATRIC CANCERS, AND INCREASED RISKS FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WITH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, BOTH AIR QUALITY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH IMPROVE. SIMILARLY, THE CLEAN AIR ACT HAS IMPROVED AIR QUALITY, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE INEQUITIES PERSIST. OTHER EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE ENDING RELIANCE ON COAL, OIL, AND GAS; REGULATING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; REDUCING EXPOSURE WITH ATTENTION TO PROXIMITY OF RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES TO TRAFFIC; AND A GREATER AWARENESS OF THE AIR QUALITY INDEX. THIS POLICY REVIEWS BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES. IT EXAMINES INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AIR POLLUTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
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	2019