1  2792 111 FAT10 IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER FOR LIVER PRENEOPLASIA IN A DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE MODEL OF TUMORIGENESIS. THERE IS CLINICAL EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES IN WHICH MDBS (MALLORY DENK BODIES) FORM PROGRESS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE PRESENT STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT LINKS MDB FORMATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INJURY, WITH PRENEOPLASIA AND LATER TO THE FORMATION OF TUMORS, WHICH DEVELOP LONG AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT THIS LINK WAS DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INGESTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF MANY MARKERS OF PRENEOPLASIA (UBD, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, KLF6 AND GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE MU2) WERE INCREASED TOGETHER WHEN THE DRUG DDC WAS REFED. THESE CHANGES WERE SUPPRESSED BY S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE FEEDING, INDICATING THAT THE DRUG WAS AFFECTING DNA AND HISTONES METHYLATION IN AN EPIGENETIC MANNER. THE LINK BETWEEN MDB FORMATION AND NEOPLASIA FORMATION WAS LIKELY DUE TO THE OVER EXPRESSION OF UBD (ALSO CALLED FAT10), WHICH IS UP REGULATED IN 90% OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE LIVERS SHOWED THAT FAT10 POSITIVE LIVER CELLS PERSISTED UP TO 4 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL AND THEY WERE STILL FOUND IN THE LIVERS OF MICE, 14 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. THE REFEEDING OF DDC INCREASED THE PERCENT OF FAT10 HEPATOCYTES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  6361  59 THE ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PRENEOPLASIA IN DRUG-INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS BASED ON A MOUSE MODEL. INNATE IMMUNITY FACTORS SUCH AS CONVERSION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME AND THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE ACTIVATED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS INDUCED BY THE CARCINOGENIC DRUG DDC. OVER TIME, PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE PHENOTYPES APPEAR IN THE LIVER PARENCHYMA. THESE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES EXPAND IN NUMBER BECAUSE THEY HAVE A GROWTH ADVANTAGE OVER NORMAL HEPATOCYTES WHEN RESPONDING TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY. THE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES CAN BE IDENTIFIED USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES TO PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS E.G. FAT10/UBD, A2 MACROGLOBULIN, GLUTATHIONE TRANSPEPTIDASE, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, GLYCIPAN 3, FAS, AND GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE. THE FORMATION OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS OCCURS CONCOMITANT WITH ACTIVATION OF THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THIS TRANSFORMATION IS IN RESPONSE TO INTERFERON STIMULATING RESPONSE ELEMENT ON THE PROMOTER OF THE FAT10/UBD GENE. NFKAPPAB, ERK, P38 AND JNK ARE ALSO UP REGULATED. SPECIFIC INHIBITORS BLOCK THESE RESPONSES IN VITRO IN A MOUSE TUMOR CELL LINE EXPOSED TO INTERFERON GAMMA. MALLORY-DENK BODIES FORM IN THESE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS, BECAUSE OF THE DEPLETION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME DUE TO FORMATION OF THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THUS, MDB FORMING CELLS ARE ALSO MARKERS OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTES. THE UBD POSITIVE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS REGRESS WHEN THE LIVER INJURY INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS SUBSIDES. WHEN THE DRUG DDC IS REFED TO MICE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS IS ACTIVATED, THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELL POPULATION EXPANDS AND MALLORY-DENK BODIES RAPIDLY REFORM. THIS RESPONSE IS REMEMBERED BY THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS FOR AT LEAST FOUR MONTHS INDICATING THAT AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY HAS FORMED IN THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. THIS PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING METHYL DONORS SUCH AS S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE OR BETAINE. DRUG FEEDING REDUCES THE METHYLATION OF H(3) K4, 9, AND 27 AND THIS RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING THE METHYL DONORS. AFTER 8 TO 15MONTHS OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL IN MICE THE PRENEOPLASTIC LIVER CELLS PERSIST AS SINGLE OR SMALL CLUSTERS OF CELLS IN THE LIVER LOBULES. MULTIPLE LIVER TUMORS FORM, SOME OF WHICH ARE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. THE TUMORS IMMUNOSTAIN POSITIVELY FOR THE SAME PRENEOPLASTIC MARKERS AS THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. SIMILAR CELLS ARE IDENTIFIED IN HUMAN CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INDICATING THE RELEVANCE OF THE DRUG MODEL DESCRIBED HERE TO THE PRENEOPLASTIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2011	

3  6310  56 THE REGULATION OF NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER OF MICE FED DDC. MALLORY-DENK BODIES (MDBS) ARE FOUND IN THE LIVER OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC AND CHRONIC NONALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DIETHYL 1,4-DIHYDRO-2,4,6,-TRIMETHYL-3,5-PYRIDINEDICARBOXYLATE (DDC) IS USED AS A MODEL TO INDUCE THE FORMATION OF MDBS IN MOUSE LIVER. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THIS LABORATORY SHOWED THAT DDC INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN DNA AND HISTONES. THE COMBINATION OF THESE MODIFICATIONS CHANGES THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, AS INDICATED BY THE MARKER FAT10. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE PARTIALLY PREVENTED BY ADDING TO THE DIET S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) OR BETAINE, BOTH METHYL DONORS. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE IMPRINTED NCRNA GENES WAS FOUND TO CHANGE IN MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS REPORT. NCRNA EXPRESSION WAS QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND RNA FISH IN LIVER SECTIONS. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THREE NCRNAS WAS REGULATED BY DDC: UP REGULATION OF H19, ANTISENSE IGF2R (AIR), AND DOWN REGULATION OF GTL2 (ALSO CALLED MEG3). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) FEEDING PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. BETAINE, ANOTHER METHYL GROUP DONOR, PREVENTED ONLY H19 AND AIR UP REGULATION INDUCED BY DDC, ON MICROARRAYS. THE RESULTS OF THE SAME AND BETAINE GROUPS WERE CONFIRMED BY REAL-TIME PCR, EXCEPT FOR AIR EXPRESSION. AFTER 1 MONTH OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL, THE EXPRESSION OF THE THREE NCRNAS TENDED TOWARD CONTROL LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. LIVER TUMORS THAT DEVELOPED ALSO SHOWED UP REGULATION OF H19 AND AIR. THE RNA FISH APPROACH SHOWED THAT THE MDB FORMING CELLS' PHENOTYPE CHANGED THE LEVEL OF EXPRESSION OF AIR, H19 AND GTL2, COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING CELLS. FURTHERMORE, OVER EXPRESSION OF H19 AND AIR WAS DEMONSTRATED IN TUMORS FORMED IN MICE WITHDRAWN FOR 9 MONTHS. THE DYSREGULATION OF NCRNA IN MDB FORMING LIVER CELLS HAS BEEN OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN DRUG-PRIMED MICE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER PRENEOPLASTIC FOCI AND TUMORS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  3453  27 HYPOMETHYLATED UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME2 Q1 (UBE2Q1) GENE PROMOTER IN THE SERUM IS A PROMISING BIOMARKER FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, WHICH CAN BE DETECTED IN CIRCULATING CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA), IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). UBE2Q1, A PUTATIVE MEMBER OF THE UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME FAMILY, MIGHT PLAY SUBSTANTIAL ROLES IN TUMORIGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE IN HCC REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE PROMOTER AND TO EVALUATE ITS POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR HCC DETECTION. THE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT THE UBE2Q1 GENE METHYLATION STATUS IN SERUM SAMPLES FROM 80 PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)-RELATED HCC, 40 PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC), 40 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB), AND 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES WERE DETECTED IN HCC PATIENTS (33.75%) COMPARED WITH LC PATIENTS (55.00%, P = 0.026) AND CHB PATIENTS (60.00%, P = 0.006) AND HCS (65.00%, P = 0.011). HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE TUMOR NODE METASTASIS STAGE (R(S) = -0.30, P = 0.008). THE UBE2Q1 GENE METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH ALPHA FETOPROTEIN USING CUT-OFF POINTS OF 20, 200 AND 400 NG/ML SHOWED SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY VALUES OF 58.8% AND 75.0%, 53.8% AND 87.5%, AND 37.5% AND 88.7%, RESPECTIVELY, AND YIELDED A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AREA UNDER THE ROC CURVE (0.720, 0.760 AND 0.694, RESPECTIVELY) FOR DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM LC AND CHB. OUR STUDY RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE PROMOTER IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  1393  27 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  4903  19 P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE RELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: SIXTEEN PATIENTS WITHOUT HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND 35 PATIENTS WITH HBV OR HCV WHO UNDERWENT LIVER RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WERE STUDIED. MUTATION OF P53 WAS DETECTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. METHYLATION STATUS OF P16 WAS EVALUATED IN TUMOR AND NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN HCC WITHOUT HBV AND HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 5 (31%) OF 16 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (25%) OF 8 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 6 (75%) OF 8 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND NONE OF 16 NONCANCEROUS TISSUE SPECIMENS. IN HCC WITH HBV OR HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 8 (23%) OF 35 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (100%) OF 2 WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 13 (76%) OF 17 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 12 (75%) OF 16 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND 9 (26%) OF 35 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATITIS VIRUSES MIGHT INDUCE METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER IN LIVER WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BEFORE APPEARANCE OF HCC.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  2842  28 FREQUENT CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND AIM: EXCEPT FOR GENETIC MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS. RECENTLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED SOX1, SRY (SEX DETERMINING REGION Y)-BOX 1, IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN CERVICAL CANCER AND OVARIAN CANCER. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS COMMON IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). METHODS: WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO ANALYZE THE METHYALTION LEVEL OF THE SOX1 PROMOTER IN SEVEN HCC CELL LINES, 54 CLINICAL HCCS, 42 CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 21 LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND 15 CONTROL LIVERS. THEN, WE EMPLOYED QUANTITATIVE MS-PCR (QMSP) TO VALIDATE IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF SAMPLES (60 PAIRED HCCS AND 30 CONTROL LIVERS). FINALLY, WE USED LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAY TO CHECK THE EFFECT OF SOX1 IN HCC. RESULTS: PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SOX1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FREQUENT IN HCC CELL LINES AND CLINICAL HCCS, CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, BUT NOT IN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DOWNREGULATION OF SOX1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION. QMSP RESULTS CONFIRMED THAT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN HCCS THAN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THE FREQUENCY OF SOX1 METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN PATIENTS WITHOUT SFRPS METHYLATION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF SOX1 COULD SUPPRESS T-CELL FACTOR-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AND COLONY FORMATION NUMBER IN HCCS. CONCLUSIONS: CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SFRPS THROUGH PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS FREQUENT IN HCCS, AND THIS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNAL PATHWAY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  6770  27 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4220  23 METHYLATED CYSTEINE DIOXYGENASE-1 GENE PROMOTER IN THE SERUM IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING ATTENTION IN THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. CYSTEINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (CDO1) IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE TAURINE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY AND CONVERTS CYSTEINE TO CYSTEINE SULFINATE. THE CDO1 GENE IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND IS USUALLY SILENCED BY THE METHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER IN CARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED WHETHER THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CDO1 GENE PROMOTER IS OF DIAGNOSTIC VALUE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)-RELATED HCC. THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS WAS DETERMINED IN SERUM SAMPLES USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) IN A COHORT OF 123 PATIENTS WITH HBV-RELATED HCC, 28 WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC), 29 WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE FREQUENCY OF THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN HBV-RELATED HCC (42.3%) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN LC (14.3%), CHB (6.9%) AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (0%) (P = 0.006; P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001; RESPECTIVELY). FURTHERMORE, IN HCC PATIENTS, THE FREQUENCY OF CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN ADVANCED STAGES (III-IV) (53%) THAN THE EARLY STAGES (I-II) (20%) (P = 0.001). EVALUATION OF THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN SERUM, IN COMBINATION WITH AFP (> 20 NG/ML), SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE, WITH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF 82.9% AND 75.4%, RESPECTIVELY IN DISTINGUISHING HCC FROM LC AND CHB. IN CONCLUSION, METHYLATION STATUS OF SERUM CDO1 GENE PROMOTER MAY BE HELPFUL IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HCC AND THE ESTIMATION OF THE HCC STAGES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  4246  29 METHYLATION STATUS OF THE T-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTOR IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS. T-CADHERIN (CDH13) IS A NEW MEMBER OF THE CADHERIN SUPERFAMILY AND POSSESSES MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. OUR STUDY INCLUDED 26 NORMAL CONTROLS (NCS), 65 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS (CHB), 14 LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS (LC) AND 157 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS (HCC). WE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDH13 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS), WHICH WERE DETECTED BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) RESPECTIVELY. THE CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN HCC, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY-STAGE OF HCC THAN IN NCS AND CHB GROUPS (P < 0.05). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC PATIENTS THAN IN THE NCS AND CHB GROUPS (67.52 % VS 0.00 %, P < 0.001, 67.52 % VS 52.31 %, P < 0.05, RESPECTIVELY). CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND RELATIVELY LOWER IN METHYLATED GROUPS THAN IN UNMETHYLATED GROUPS AMONG THE WHOLE PARTICIPANTS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF CDH13 PROMOTER IN HCC MIGHT BE INFLUENCED OR PARTLY INFLUENCED BY SOME CRITICAL FACTORS SUCH AS TBIL, ALB AND AFP (P < 0.05). AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SIGNALING PATHWAY REGULATING BY CDH13 TO PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS, JNK LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC WHICH HAD A HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCY THAN IN NCS, CHB AND LC (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE COMBINATION OF THE METHYLATED CDH13 LEVEL AND AFP LEVEL SHOWED A BETTER SCORE: AUC = 0.796 (SE = 0.031, 95 %CI 0.735-0.857; P < 0.001) IN MALE AND AUC = 0.832 (SE = 0.057, 95 %CI 0.721-0.944; P < 0.001) IN FEMALE COMPARED TO AFP ALONE FOR DIAGNOSING HCC FROM NCS, CHB AND LC. THE METHYLATION OF CDH13 PROMOTER WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS (R=-1.378 P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF CDH13 IN PBMCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNDEREXPRESSION OF MRNA AND THE HIGH RISK OF HCC. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11   153  35 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN AGING LIVER, CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS VIRUSES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE CURRENT STUDY IS A COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. A TOTAL OF 176 LIVER TISSUES, INCLUDING 77 PAIRS OF HCCS AND MATCHING NONCANCEROUS LIVER AND 22 NORMAL LIVERS, WERE ANALYZED FOR METHYLATION. METHYLATION OF 19 EPIGENETIC MARKERS WAS QUANTIFIED, AND THE RESULTS WERE CORRELATED WITH DIFFERENT DISEASE STATES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTIONS. BASED ON METHYLATION PROFILES, THE 19 LOCI WERE CATEGORIZED INTO 3 GROUPS. NORMAL LIVER TISSUES SHOWED METHYLATION PRIMARILY IN GROUP 1 LOCI (HIC-1, CASP8, GSTP1, SOCS1, RASSF1A, P16, APC), WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN GROUP 2 (CDH1, RUNX3, RIZ1, SFRP2, MINT31) AND GROUP 3 MARKERS (COX2, MINT1, CACNA1G, RASSF2, MINT2, REPRIMO, DCC) (P < 0.0001). NONCANCEROUS LIVERS DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BOTH GROUP 1 AND GROUP 2 LOCI. METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN HCV-POSITIVE LIVERS COMPARED WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. CONVERSELY, HCC SHOWED FREQUENT METHYLATION AT EACH LOCUS INVESTIGATED IN ALL 3 GROUPS. HOWEVER, THE GROUP 3 LOCI SHOWED MORE DENSE AND FREQUENT METHYLATION IN HCV-POSITIVE CANCERS COMPARED WITH BOTH HBV-POSITIVE CANCERS AND VIRUS-NEGATIVE CANCERS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: METHYLATION IN HCC IS FREQUENT BUT OCCURS IN A GENE-SPECIFIC AND DISEASE-SPECIFIC MANNER. METHYLATION PROFILING ALLOWED US TO DETERMINE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IS COMMONLY PRESENT IN NORMAL AGING LIVERS, AND SEQUENTIALLY PROGRESSES WITH ADVANCING STAGES OF CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. FINALLY, OUR DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT HCV INFECTION MAY ACCELERATE THE METHYLATION PROCESS AND SUGGESTS A CONTINUUM OF INCREASING METHYLATION WITH PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION AND CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LIVER.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  2847  22 FREQUENT P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN TUMOR AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS. WE PROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED P15 METHYLATION PATTERNS IN 25 SURGICALLY RESECTED TUMORS AND 130 PLASMA, SERUM, AND BUFFY COAT SAMPLES FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATIENTS, CONTROLS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS, AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS. USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN 64% OF TUMORS AND 25% (4 OF 16) OF PATIENTS' PLASMA AND SERUM SAMPLES. CONCURRENT P15 AND P16 METHYLATION WAS SHOWN IN 48% OF TUMORS, AND P15/P16 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN THE PLASMA/SERUM OF 92% (11 OF 12) OF PATIENTS. OF NOTE, 75% OF 12 PATIENTS WITH CONCURRENT TUMOR METHYLATION DEVELOPED CLINICAL METASTASIS/RECURRENCE (P = 0.027). IN BUFFY COAT SAMPLES, P15 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN ALL EIGHT PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15 METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. NONE OF THE CONTROL SAMPLES WERE METHYLATION POSITIVE. OUR DATA UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANT ROLE(S) OF P15 AND P16 METHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND TUMOR PROGRESSION. AMONG 92% (23 OF 25) OF PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15/P16 METHYLATION, CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA AND HCC CELLS WERE DETECTED IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 87% (20 OF 23) OF PATIENTS. THE COMBINATION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR NONINVASIVE HCC DIAGNOSIS AND DISEASE MONITORING.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  1617  32 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND THEIR CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION ON CPG ISLANDS IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS, AND THE METHYLATION PROCESS IS CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT). WE EVALUATED I) THE MRNA LEVELS OF THREE DNMTS; DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B, IN 25 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS), IN THEIR CORRESPONDING NON-CANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES AND IN 7 NORMAL LIVERS BY USING REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; II) NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3A PROTEINS IN THE HCCS BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, III) THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 5 GENES; P16, P15, E-CADHERIN, HIC-1 AND RASSF1A IN THE SAME TISSUES, AND IV) THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ABOVE RESULTS AND THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INCLUDING PROGNOSIS. THE DIFFERENCES IN MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS FOR DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN HCC AND NORMAL LIVERS (P<0.001), HCC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS (P<0.001) AND HCC AND CIRRHOSIS (P<0.001). AN INCREASE IN MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF >4-FOLD FOR DNMT3B IN HCCS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A POORER OVERALL SURVIVAL (P=0.027) AND SHORTER METASTASIS-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.0299). A POORER RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL WAS NOTED IN HCCS WITH A >4-FOLD INCREASE IN DNMT3A MRNA (P=0.0120). THE AVERAGE NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE 0, 1.27, 1.38 AND 2.72 FOR NORMAL LIVERS, CHRONIC HEPATITIS, CIRRHOSIS AND HCCS, RESPECTIVELY, AND THIS PROGRESSIVE INCREASE FROM NORMAL LIVERS TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS THROUGH HCC MAY SUGGEST THAT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE METHYLATION IS AN EARLY EVENT IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THESE RESULTS FIRST SUGGEST THAT HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS INVOLVES AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNMT1, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B MRNA AND A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES FROM NORMAL LIVER, CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS TO HCC AND SECONDLY THAT AN INCREASE IN THE DNMT3A AND DNMT3B MRNA LEVELS IN HCCS RELATIVE TO THEIR NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES MAY BE A PREDICTOR OF POOR SURVIVAL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  2258  27 EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IMPACTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND GENETIC LANDSCAPES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) USUALLY ARISE FROM CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). PRECANCEROUS CELLS IN CHRONICALLY INFLAMED ENVIRONMENTS MAY BE 'EPIGENETICALLY PRIMED', SENSITISING THEM TO ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD MAY AFFECT HCC OUTCOMES BY INFLUENCING THE GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC LANDSCAPES OF HCC. ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS FROM 10 PAIRED CLD-HCC IDENTIFIED 339 SHARED DYSREGULATED CPG SITES AND 18 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY LIVERS. THESE REGIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF GENES WITH RELEVANCE IN HCC, INCLUDING UBIQUITIN D (UBD), CYTOCHROME P450 FAMILY 2 SUBFAMILY C MEMBER 19 (CYP2C19) AND O-6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT). METHYLATION CHANGES WERE RECAPITULATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF NINE PAIRED CLD-HCC. HIGH CLD METHYLATION SCORE, DEFINED USING THE 124 DYSREGULATED CPGS IN CLD AND HCC IN BOTH COHORTS, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL, INCREASED SOMATIC GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND TP53 MUTATIONS IN TWO INDEPENDENT HCC COHORTS. ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND METHYLATION DYSREGULATION IS EVIDENT IN CLD AND COMPOUNDED IN HCC. EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD SCULPTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF HCC AND CREATES AN ENVIRONMENT FAVOURING THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUGGESTING THAT THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD COULD INFLUENCE DISEASE OUTCOME.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15   512  31 ASSOCIATION OF SAT-A AND ALU METHYLATION STATUS WITH HCV-INDUCED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTES TOGETHER TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER CANCER. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE REPETITIVE ELEMENTS (RES) IN DNA HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN ILLNESSES. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF SAT-ALPHA AND ALU RES IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD) AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) CAUSED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAVE NEVER BEEN STUDIED BEFORE. METHODOLOGY: IN THIS STUDY, 3 GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS INCLUDING 50 PATIENTS HAVING HCV-INDUCED CLD, 50 PATIENTS HAVING HCV-INDUCED HCC, AND 46 HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE SUBJECTED TO MEASUREMENT OF SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION USING THE QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY. RESULTS: SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION PERCENTAGES DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN BOTH CLD AND HCC, COMPARED TO CONTROL. ALSO, A SIGNIFICANT SAT-ALPHA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HCC, COMPARED TO CLD. IN ADDITION, SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DECLINE AS LESION SIZE GREW. HOWEVER, ONLY SAT-ALPHA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ASSOCIATION WITH PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS AND THE MELD SCORE. SAT-ALPHA METHYLATION PERCENTAGE HAD THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY FOR DIAGNOSING HCC (100% AND 84.4%) FOLLOWED BY ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (80% AND 84.4%) AND ALU METHYLATION (66% AND 61.5%). FURTHERMORE, THERE WAS A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: MEASURING SAT-ALPHA AND ALU METHYLATION PROVIDES US WITH A NEW TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTING HCV-INDUCED CLD AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SAT-ALPHA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE UTILIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTIVE PARAMETER FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CLD AND HCC WITH THEIR DIFFERENT MELD SCORES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  1342  29 DETECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAS A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. FURTHER STUDIES INTO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC, PARTICULARLY THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), ARE REQUIRED, SINCE THESE CHANGES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), THE PRESENT STUDY DETECTED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF 4 CANDIDATE TSGS, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A, RESPECTIVELY, IN 35 PAIRED HCC AND TUMOR-ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES IN ADDITION TO 20 NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. THEIR EFFECT ON THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HCC WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED BY ANALYZING THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IN HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P<0.01) AND THE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES (P<0.01). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT OBSERVED IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P>0.05) BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL TISSUES (P<0.01). IN HCC TISSUES, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE GSTP1 GENE IN TUMORS WITH CAPSULAR INVASION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN TUMORS WITHOUT CAPSULAR INVASION (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 GENE IN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG)-POSITIVE HCC PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA (P>0.05). PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IS HCC-SPECIFIC, AND THUS MAY BE USED AS A BIOMARKER TO ASSIST THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. WHILE THE METHYLATION OF GSTP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY ASSOCIATE WITH THE INVASIVENESS OF HCC, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION MAY BE THE CAUSE OF METHYLATION-INDUCED P16 INACTIVATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  1700  28 DYNAMIC EXPRESSION OF ZNF382 AND ITS TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR ROLE IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN 382 (ZNF382), WHICH BELONGS TO ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN FAMILY, HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. HOWEVER, ITS ROLE IN HCC REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT ZNF382 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN HBV-INFECTED LIVER CIRRHOSIS TISSUES RELATIVE TO HBV-NEGATIVE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES AT PROTEIN LEVELS, BUT NOT AT MRNA LEVELS, AND WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE LEVELS OF HBV DNA AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX). FURTHER STUDIES REVEALED THAT ZNF382 WAS A TARGET OF MIR-6867, AND HBX PROMOTED THE TRANSLATION OF ZNF382 DURING HBV CHRONIC INFECTION THROUGH ERK-MEDIATED MIR-6867 INHIBITION. IN ADDITION, OUR DATA SHOWED THAT ZNF382 WAS FREQUENTLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION IN HBV-RELATED HCCS RELATIVE TO HBV-INFECTED LIVER CIRRHOSIS TISSUES, AND DECREASED EXPRESSION OF ZNF382 WAS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL IN EARLY-STAGE HCC PATIENTS. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT ZNF382 WAS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN HCC CELLS THROUGH INHIBITING CELL PROLIFERATION, COLONY FORMATION, MIGRATION, INVASION, AND TUMORIGENIC POTENTIAL IN NUDE MICE, AND INDUCING CELL APOPTOSIS. MECHANISTICALLY, ZNF382 EXERTED ITS TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR FUNCTIONS IN HCC THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSING ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS SUCH AS FOS PROTO-ONCOGENE (FOS), JUN PROTO-ONCOGENE (JUN), DISHEVELED SEGMENT POLARITY PROTEIN 2 (DVL2), AND FRIZZLED CLASS RECEPTOR 1 (FZD1), THEREBY IMPAIRING THE ACTIVITIES OF ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1 (AP-1) AND WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAYS AND ACTIVATING P53 SIGNALING. ALTOGETHER, OUR DATA SHOW THAT ZNF382 ACTS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND IS CO-REGULATED BY HBX AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  3190  31 HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK PERSIST AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DESPITE EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES, THE RISK FOR HCC IS DECREASED BUT NOT ELIMINATED AFTER A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR) TO DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL (DAA) AGENTS, AND THE RISK IS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. WE INVESTIGATED HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT RISK FOR HCC AFTER DAA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CHIPMENTATION-BASED CHIP-SEQ AND RNA-SEQ ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM 6 PATIENTS WITHOUT HCV INFECTION (CONTROLS), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY DAA TREATMENT, 13 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY INTERFERON THERAPY, 4 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION, AND 7 PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS IN EUROPE AND JAPAN. HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE MAPPED BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSES WITH MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER LIVER DISEASE ETIOLOGIES. UPA/SCID MICE WERE ENGRAFTED WITH HUMAN HEPATOCYTES TO CREATE MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS AND GIVEN INJECTIONS OF HCV-INFECTED SERUM SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS; MICE WERE GIVEN DAAS TO ERADICATE THE VIRUS. PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC RISK WERE IDENTIFIED BY INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES AND VALIDATED IN ANALYSES OF PAIRED HCC TISSUES FROM 8 PATIENTS WITH AN SVR TO DAA TREATMENT OF HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: WE FOUND CHRONIC HCV INFECTION TO INDUCE SPECIFIC GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN H3K27AC, WHICH CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF MRNAS AND PROTEINS. THESE CHANGES PERSISTED AFTER AN SVR TO DAAS OR INTERFERON-BASED THERAPIES. INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS DEMONSTRATED THAT HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSES ASSOCIATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SPHK1 WITH HCC RISK. WE VALIDATED THESE FINDINGS IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH HCV-RELATED CIRRHOSIS (N = 216), A SUBSET OF WHICH (N = 21) ACHIEVED VIRAL CLEARANCE. CONCLUSIONS: IN AN ANALYSIS OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT AN SVR TO DAA THERAPY, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK FOR HCC. THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT BE TARGETED TO PREVENT LIVER CANCER IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR HCV INFECTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                      
19  3264  34 HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION IN MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CELLS OF TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FREQUENTLY HAVE ALTERED PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS HAS ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR RELATIONSHIP. METHODS: PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CULTURED HUH7.5.1 HEPATOMA CELLS AFTER HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION. WE ALSO STUDIED MICE WITH SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CARRYING THE UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR TRANSGENE CONTROLLED BY AN ALBUMIN PROMOTER (UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR/SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE), IN WHICH UP TO 85% OF HEPATOCYTES WERE REPLACED BY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES (CHIMERIC MICE). MICE WERE GIVEN INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HCV, LIVER TISSUES WERE COLLECTED, AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WERE DETERMINED AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS AFTER INFECTION. WE ALSO COMPARED METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN PAIRED SAMPLES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT NONTUMOR LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS. RESULTS: NO REPRODUCIBLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WERE OBSERVED AFTER INFECTION OF HUH7.5.1 CELLS WITH HCV. LIVERS FROM HBV- AND HCV-INFECTED MICE HAD GENOME-WIDE, TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, COMPARED WITH UNINFECTED UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR/SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE. THERE WERE CHANGES IN 160 +/- 63 GENES IN HBV-INFECTED AND 237 +/- 110 GENES IN HCV-INFECTED MICE. METHYLATION OF 149 COMMON GENES INCREASED IN HBV- AND HCV-INFECTED MICE; METHYLATION OF SOME OF THESE GENES ALSO INCREASED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NONTUMOR TISSUES. EXPRESSION OF IFNG, WHICH IS EXPRESSED BY NATURAL KILLER CELLS, INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN CHIMERIC LIVERS, IN CONCORDANCE WITH INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION, AFTER INFECTION WITH HBV OR HCV. INDUCTION OF IFNG WAS REDUCED AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF NATURAL KILLER CELL FUNCTION (ANTI-ASIALO GM1). CONCLUSIONS: IN CHIMERIC MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS, INFECTION WITH HBV AND HCV APPEARS TO ACTIVATE A NATURAL KILL CELL-DEPENDENT INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  6692  31 VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF DISEASE IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MOST COMMONLY ARISES FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DUE TO VIRAL INFECTION, AS A RESULT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. A GLOBAL PICTURE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC IS LACKING. WE USED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION MICROARRAYS (MCAMS) TO STUDY 6458 CPG ISLANDS IN HCC AND ADJACENT PRENEOPLASTIC TISSUES [CHRONIC HEPATITIS (CH) OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC)] IN COMPARISON WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES WHERE NEITHER VIRAL INFECTION NOR HEPATITIS HAS EXISTED. MCAM IDENTIFIED 719 (11%) PROMINENT GENES OF HYPERMETHYLATION IN HCCS. HCCS ARISING FROM LC HAD SIGNIFICANTLY MORE METHYLATION THAN THOSE ARISING FROM CH (1249 GENES OR 19% VERSUS 444 GENES OR 7%, P < 0.05). THERE WERE FOUR PATTERNS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION: TYPE I (4%, E.G. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14) SHOWS A SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVEL IN ADJACENT TISSUE AND DOES NOT INCREASE FURTHER IN CANCER. TYPE II (55%, E.G. RASSF1A) SHOWS PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING METHYLATION FROM ADJACENT TISSUE TO HCC. TYPE III (4%, E.G. GNA14) SHOWS DECREASED METHYLATION IN ADJACENT TISSUE BUT EITHER SIMILAR OR INCREASED METHYLATION IN HCC. TYPE IV (37%, E.G. CDKN2A) SHOWS LOW LEVELS OF METHYLATION IN NORMAL TISSUE AND ADJACENT TISSUE BUT HIGH LEVELS IN HCC. THESE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE PYROSEQUENCING METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN REPRESENTATIVE 24 GENES AND WERE ANALYZED FOR CORRELATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN 38 PATIENTS. INTRIGUINGLY, METHYLATION IN THE TYPE IV GENES IS CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERATELY/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CANCER. OUR GLOBAL EPIGENOME ANALYSIS REVEALS DISTINCT PATTERNS OF METHYLATION THAT ARE PROBABLY TO REPRESENT DIFFERENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES IN HCCS.	2008