1  2859 131 FROM SMOKING TO COPD--CURRENT APPROACHES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) REMAINS A LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH ALL OVER THE WORLD. EVEN THOUGH IT IS THE MOST INTENSELY STUDIED DISEASE INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING THERE ARE STILL INCOMPLETE RESEARCHES CONCERNING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT. SO FAR IT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF THE SECRETED MOLECULES DIVERSITY AND SOME FEASIBLE THERAPIES FOR THEIR DIMINUTION. ACCORDING TO CURRENT STUDIES MORE RELEVANCE GAINS THE POSSIBLE AUTOIMMUNE ORIGIN OF COPD AND THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE IDEA OF AUTOIMMUNITY IN SMOKING INDUCED COPD BEGAN TO BE SPECULATED WITH THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENT'S SERUM, BUT THERE ARE SOME STUDIES WHO CONSIDER ANTIBODY COMPLEXES THAT RESIDE IN THE LUNG TISSUE AS MORE RELEVANT FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. BY DEVELOPING THE AUTOIMMUNE ASPECT OF COPD IT WILL BECOME POSSIBLE TO SELECT MORE PRECISE TREATMENT STRATEGIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THIS FIELD MIGHT BE APPRECIATED STARTING WITH THE FACT OF AN EXISTING CONNECTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY MATERNAL SMOKING AND LATTER COPD DEVELOPMENT. THIS EXPLAINS THE TENDENCY TOWARD DIFFERENT DRUGS CAPABLE OF RESTORING THESE TRANSFORMATIONS SUCH AS DEACETYLATION AGENTS EXPECTED ALSO TO PREVENT STEROID RESISTANCE. NEVERTHELESS SMOKING CESSATION REMAINS AS THE INDISPENSABLE APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT AND PREVENTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  5489  32 REVERSING POST-INFECTIOUS EPIGENETIC-MEDIATED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE MUST BALANCE THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY, CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY WITH THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND WOUND REPAIR RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MEDIATE THIS BALANCE AND LIMIT HOST IMMUNITY FROM INDUCING EXUBERANT COLLATERAL DAMAGE TO HOST TISSUE AFTER SEVERE AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, FOLLOWING TREATMENT FOR THESE INFECTIONS, INCLUDING SEPSIS, PNEUMONIA, HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS C, HIV, TUBERCULOSIS (TB) OR SCHISTOSOMIASIS, DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC SCARS PERSIST, AND RESULT IN LONG-LASTING IMMUNE SUPPRESSION. THIS IS HYPOTHESIZED TO BE ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTING MECHANISMS EXPLAINING WHY SURVIVORS OF INFECTION HAVE INCREASED ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND INCREASED RATES OF UNRELATED SECONDARY INFECTIONS. THE MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE EPIGENETIC-MEDIATED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN-VITRO AND IN ANIMAL MODELS. MODULATION OF THE AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (AMPK)-MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR), NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T CELLS (NFAT) OR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR (NR4A) PATHWAYS IS ABLE TO BLOCK OR REVERSE THE DEVELOPMENT OF DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC SCARS. SIMILARLY, DRUGS THAT DIRECTLY MODIFY EPIGENETIC ENZYMES, SUCH AS THOSE THAT INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) INHIBITORS, DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS OR MODIFIERS OF THE NUCLEOSOME REMODELING AND DNA METHYLATION (NURD) COMPLEX OR POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) HAVE DEMONSTRATED CAPACITY TO RESTORE HOST IMMUNITY IN THE SETTING OF CANCER-, LCMV- OR MURINE SEPSIS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC-MEDIATED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION. A THIRD CLINICALLY FEASIBLE STRATEGY FOR REVERSING DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC SCARS INCLUDES BIOENGINEERING APPROACHES TO EITHER DIRECTLY REVERSE THE DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC MARKS OR TO MODIFY THE EPIGENETIC ENZYMES OR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT INDUCE DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC SCARS. EACH OF THESE APPROACHES, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION, HAVE ABLATED OR REVERSED DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC MARKS IN IN-VITRO OR IN ANIMAL MODELS; TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES ARE NOW REQUIRED TO EVALUATE CLINICAL APPLICABILITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  5919  25 TARGETING CELLULAR SENESCENCE FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES: PATH TO CLINICAL TRANSLATION. BEYOND THE PALLIATIVE REACH OF TODAY'S MEDICINES, MEDICAL THERAPIES OF TOMORROW AIM TO TREAT THE ROOT CAUSE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES BY TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS. PILLARS OF AGING INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, DYSREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, AND ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. THE UNITARY THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES POSITS THAT BY TARGETING ONE FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESS, IT MAY BE FEASIBLE TO IMPACT SEVERAL OR ALL OTHERS GIVEN ITS INTERDEPENDENCE. INDEED, PATHOLOGIC ACCUMULATION OF SENESCENT CELLS IS IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGE-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITIES, SUGGESTING THAT SENESCENT CELLS ARE A GOOD TARGET FOR WHOLE-BODY AGING INTERVENTION. PRECLINICAL STUDIES USING SENOLYTICS, AGENTS THAT SELECTIVELY ELIMINATE SENESCENT CELLS, AND SENOMORPHICS, AGENTS THAT INHIBIT PRODUCTION OR RELEASE OF SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE FACTORS, SHOW PROMISE IN SEVERAL AGING AND DISEASE PRECLINICAL MODELS. EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS USING A SENOLYTIC COMBINATION (DASATINIB AND QUERCETIN), AND OTHER SENOLYTICS INCLUDING FLAVONOID, FISETIN, AND BCL-XL INHIBITORS, ILLUSTRATE THE POTENTIAL OF SENOLYTICS TO ALLEVIATE AGE-RELATED DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASES INCLUDING WOUND HEALING. TRANSLATION INTO CLINICAL APPLICATIONS REQUIRES PARALLEL CLINICAL TRIALS ACROSS INSTITUTIONS TO VALIDATE SENOTHERAPEUTICS AS A VANGUARD FOR DELAYING, PREVENTING, OR TREATING AGE-RELATED DISORDERS AND AESTHETIC AGING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  5350  31 RATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUNCT IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: HYPOTHESES AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. THE POOR TREATMENT OUTCOMES FOR EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT AND MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AND THE SLOW PROGRESS IN DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NEW TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS GAVE RISE TO DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL POTENTIAL IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR ADJUNCT USE WITH DRUG TREATMENT. HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE THERAPIES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE OF BENEFIT IN CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS IN HUMANS. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO RETHINK THE IMMUNOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AND TO ASCERTAIN PROTECTIVE IMMUNE MECHANISMS THAT COULD BE EXPLOITED TO DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE ADJUNCT IMMUNE THERAPIES. T CELLS OBTAINED FROM THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD CIRCULATION MAY NOT REFLECT THE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT RECOGNITION OF ANTI-M. TUBERCULOSIS T-CELL RESPONSES IN SITU. THUS, T CELLS THAT MEDIATE PROTECTIVE ANTI-M. TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNE RESPONSES RECOGNIZE AN AS-YET UNDISCOVERED SET OF M. TUBERCULOSIS ANTIGENS THAT REQUIRE DEFINITION. THE BIOLOGICALLY AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT M. TUBERCULOSIS TARGETS THAT ELICIT PROTECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES MAY HAVE YET TO BE DISCOVERED. THE ENTIRE M. TUBERCULOSIS PROTEOME IS NOW ACCESSIBLE FOR SCREENING BY ANTIBODY RECOGNITION AND CAN THEREFORE BE USED TO IDENTIFY SPECIFIC T-CELL M. TUBERCULOSIS TARGET ANTIGENS. INHIBITORY CYTOKINES AND LYMPHOCYTOSIS PRESENT IN CHRONIC TUBERCULOSIS INFLAMMATION MAY BE DELETERIOUS IN MOUNTING AN EFFECTIVE M. TUBERCULOSIS T-CELL RESPONSE. CONSEQUENTLY, ABERRANT AND NONEFFECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES COULD BE REFOCUSED WITH ANTICYTOKINE OR CELLULAR THERAPY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY BE RESPONSIBLE, IN PART, FOR IMPAIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN TUBERCULOSIS AND THESE CHANGES COULD BE REVERSED. WE PRESENT FEASIBLE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS TO TEST THESE HYPOTHESES; THE RESULTS OF WHICH MAY GUIDE AND REFOCUS DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES FOR ADJUNCT TREATMENT OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS. INSIGHTS FROM CANCER IMMUNOLOGY WILL CROSS-FERTILIZE TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNOLOGY AND HELP TO DEVISE MORE EFFECTIVE ADJUNCT TREATMENT AND VACCINATION STRATEGIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  1882  30 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  3678  35 INFLAMMATION AND REGENERATION IN THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD. DENTAL TISSUE INFECTION AND DISEASE RESULT IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHICH IS MEDIATED BY MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR SIGNALING. DIFFERENT CELL TYPES WITHIN THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX ARE ABLE TO DETECT INVADING BACTERIA AT ALL STAGES OF THE INFECTION. INDEED, AT RELATIVELY EARLY DISEASE STAGES, ODONTOBLASTS WILL RESPOND TO BACTERIAL COMPONENTS, AND AS THE DISEASE PROGRESSES, CORE PULPAL CELLS INCLUDING FIBROBLASTS, STEMS CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND IMMUNE CELLS WILL BECOME INVOLVED. PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS, SUCH AS TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS EXPRESSED ON THESE CELL TYPES, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DETECTING BACTERIAL COMPONENTS, AND THEIR LIGAND BINDING LEADS TO THE ACTIVATION OF THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B AND P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN (MAP) KINASE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING CASCADES. SUBSEQUENT NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUBUNITS FROM THESE PATHWAYS WILL LEAD TO PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR EXPRESSION, INCLUDING INCREASES IN CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, WHICH TRIGGER HOST CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS. THE COMPLEX MOLECULAR SIGNALING WILL RESULT IN THE RECRUITMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS TARGETED AT COMBATING THE INVADING MICROBES; HOWEVER, THE TRAFFICKING AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THESE CELLS CAN LEAD TO COLLATERAL TISSUE DAMAGE. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT IF INFLAMMATION IS RESOLVED RELATIVELY LOW LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS MAY PROMOTE TISSUE REPAIR, WHEREAS IF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ENSUES REPAIR MECHANISMS BECOME INHIBITED. THUS, THE EFFECTS OF MEDIATORS ARE TEMPORAL CONTEXT DEPENDENT. ALTHOUGH CONTAINMENT AND REMOVAL OF THE INFECTION ARE KEYS TO ENABLE DENTAL TISSUE REPAIR, IT IS FEASIBLE THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY APPROACHES, BASED ON MOLECULAR, EPIGENETIC, AND PHOTOBIOMODULATORY TECHNOLOGIES, MAY ALSO BE BENEFICIAL FOR FUTURE ENDODONTIC TREATMENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  6412  37 THE SPECTRUM OF FUNDAMENTAL BASIC SCIENCE DISCOVERIES CONTRIBUTING TO ORGANISMAL AGING. AGING RESEARCH HAS UNDERGONE UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCES AT AN ACCELERATING RATE IN RECENT YEARS, LEADING TO EXCITEMENT IN THE FIELD AS WELL AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMAGINATION AND INNOVATION. NOVEL INSIGHTS INDICATE THAT, RATHER THAN RESULTING FROM A PREPROGRAMMED SERIES OF EVENTS, THE AGING PROCESS IS PREDOMINANTLY DRIVEN BY FUNDAMENTAL NON-ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS THAT ARE INTERCONNECTED, LINKED, AND OVERLAP. TO VARYING DEGREES, THESE MECHANISMS ALSO MANIFEST WITH AGING IN BONE WHERE THEY CAUSE SKELETAL FRAGILITY. BECAUSE THESE MECHANISMS OF AGING CAN BE MANIPULATED, IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO SLOW, DELAY, OR ALLEVIATE MULTIPLE AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS BY TARGETING CONSERVED GENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS, CONTROLLED FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS, AND BASIC BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES. INDEED, FINDINGS IN VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES SUGGEST THAT TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS (EG, VIA EITHER LOSS-OF-FUNCTION OR GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS OR ADMINISTRATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES) CAN EXTEND HEALTHSPAN; IE, THE HEALTHY PERIOD OF LIFE FREE OF CHRONIC DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE ROLE OF THE SPECTRUM OF FUNDAMENTAL BASIC SCIENCE DISCOVERIES CONTRIBUTING TO ORGANISMAL AGING, WITH EMPHASIS ON MAMMALIAN STUDIES AND IN PARTICULAR AGING MECHANISMS IN BONE THAT DRIVE SKELETAL FRAGILITY. THESE MECHANISMS OR AGING HALLMARKS INCLUDE: GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, DEREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, AND ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. BECAUSE THESE MECHANISMS ARE LINKED, INTERVENTIONS THAT AMELIORATE ONE HALLMARK CAN IN THEORY AMELIORATE OTHERS. IN THE FIELD OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, CURRENT CHALLENGES INCLUDE DEFINING THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF EACH AGING HALLMARK TO THE NATURAL SKELETAL AGING PROCESS, BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX INTERCONNECTIONS AMONG THE HALLMARKS, AND IDENTIFYING THE MOST EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SAFELY TARGET MULTIPLE HALLMARKS. BASED ON THEIR INTERCONNECTIONS, IT MAY BE FEASIBLE TO SIMULTANEOUSLY INTERFERE WITH SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS TO ALLEVIATE A WIDE SPECTRUM OF AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OSTEOPOROSIS. (C) 2018 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH.	2018	

8  5912  25 TARGETED THERAPIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ENDOGENOUS NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION. RECENT INSIGHT INTO THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS HAS PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR A NOVEL CLASS OF AGENTS WHICH TARGET SPECIFIC, DYSREGULATED COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED PREDOMINANTLY ON B-CELL DEPLETING THERAPIES, OF WHICH BELIMUMAB WAS THE FIRST TO DEMONSTRATE SUCCESS IN PHASE III STUDIES AND THUS RECEIVE MARKETING AUTHORISATION. OFF-LABEL PRESCRIBING OF RITUXIMAB IN REFRACTORY CASES IS COMMON AND SUPPORTED BY UNCONTROLLED STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST A FAVOURABLE RISK:BENEFIT PROFILE. HOWEVER, TWO PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS FAILED TO SHOW BENEFIT, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRIAL METHODOLOGY. INHIBITION OF DYSREGULATED CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS AND CYTOKINES ARE OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION. SOME CANDIDATE DRUGS FAILED TO MEET PRIMARY ENDPOINTS IN EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS, YET DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL BENEFIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WERE APPLIED OR SPECIFIC PATIENT SUB-GROUPS ANALYSED. WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES OF GREATER SIZE AND DURATION ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE THERAPEUTIC UTILITY OF THESE AGENTS. FUTURE IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES TARGETING INTERFERON-ALPHA, T CELLS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY REDUCE MULTISYSTEM DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PROLONG SURVIVAL IN THIS COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEIC DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  3711  32 INHALED DRUG DELIVERY FOR THE TARGETED TREATMENT OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AFFECTING MILLIONS WORLDWIDE. WHILE CLASSICALLY ACKNOWLEDGED TO RESULT FROM ALLERGEN-DRIVEN TYPE 2 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES LEADING TO IGE AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND THE INFLUX OF IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS MAST CELLS AND EOSINOPHILS, THE WIDE RANGE IN ASTHMATIC PATHOBIOLOGICAL SUBTYPES LEAD TO HIGHLY VARIABLE RESPONSES TO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES. THUS, THERE IS A NEED TO DEVELOP PATIENT-SPECIFIC THERAPIES CAPABLE OF ADDRESSING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF ASTHMATIC LUNG DISEASE. MOREOVER, DELIVERY OF TARGETED TREATMENTS FOR ASTHMA DIRECTLY TO THE LUNG MAY HELP TO MAXIMIZE THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN IN DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE FORMULATIONS FOR THE INHALED ROUTE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF ASTHMATIC DISEASE PROGRESSION AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DISEASE MODIFIERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA SEVERITY AND EXACERBATION OF DISEASE. WE ALSO OVERVIEW THE LIMITATIONS OF CLINICALLY AVAILABLE TREATMENTS FOR ASTHMA AND DISCUSS PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF ASTHMA USED TO EVALUATE NEW THERAPIES. BASED ON THE SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTING TREATMENTS, WE HIGHLIGHT RECENT ADVANCES AND NEW APPROACHES TO TREAT ASTHMA VIA INHALATION FOR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DELIVERY, MUCOLYTIC THERAPY TO TARGET AIRWAY MUCUS HYPERSECRETION AND GENE THERAPIES TO ADDRESS UNDERLYING DRIVERS OF DISEASE. FINALLY, WE CONCLUDE WITH DISCUSSION ON THE PROSPECTS FOR AN INHALED VACCINE TO PREVENT ASTHMA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  6286  36 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM. ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM (AAA) IS CHARACTERISED BY THE CHRONIC DEGRADATION AND GRADUAL, IRREVERSIBLE DILATION OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA. SMOKING, GENETICS, MALE SEX AND INCREASED AGE ARE MAJOR FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPING AAA. RUPTURE CONTRIBUTES TO AROUND 2% OF DEATHS IN ALL CAUCASIANS OVER 65, AND THERE IS NO PHARMACO-THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT. METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO DNA, WHERE A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED TO A CYTOSINE BASE 5' TO A GUANINE (CPG DINUCLEOTIDE). METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE LONG TERM, INHERITED SIGNATURES THAT CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION, AND CAN BE AFFECTED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. METHYLATION CHANGES ARE INVOLVED IN HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, BOTH OF WHICH ARE RISK FACTORS OF, AND OFTEN COEXIST WITH AAA. EXTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION AND INFLAMMATION, BOTH IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARKS OF AAA, ARE ALSO PROMOTED BY CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION IN OTHER DISEASES. ADDITIONALLY, THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SMOKING AND AGEING TAKE PLACE LARGELY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE GENOME. EVERY FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH AAA APPEARS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION, YET NO DIRECT EVIDENCE CONFIRMS THIS. FUTURE WORK TO IDENTIFY A LINK BETWEEN GLOBAL METHYLATION AND AAA, AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS MAY REVEAL VALUABLE INSIGHT. THE IDENTIFICATION OF A COMMON EPIGENETIC SWITCHING PROCESS MAY ALSO SIGNIFY A PROMISING FUTURE FOR AAA PHARMACO-THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE BEING DESIGNED TO TARGET PATHOGENIC CPG METHYLATION CHANGES IN OTHER DISEASES, AND IT IS FEASIBLE THAT THESE THERAPIES MAY ALSO BE APPLICABLE TO AAA IN THE FUTURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11  6302  34 THE PUTATIVE ROLE OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND CHRONIC FUNGAL BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN THE GENESIS OF INTRACTABLE FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL DISABILITY. PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH SEVERE INTRACTABLE APPARENTLY IDIOPATHIC FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY PROFOUND PHYSICAL AND OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING IS LIMITED, WITH SIGNIFICANT BUT VERY SLIGHT IMPROVEMENTS IN PSYCHOMETRIC MEASURES OF FATIGUE AND DISABILITY BUT NO IMPROVEMENT ON SCIENTIFIC MEASURES OF PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT COMPARED TO CONTROLS. SIMILARLY, EXERCISE REGIMES EITHER PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT, BUT PRACTICALLY UNIMPORTANT, BENEFIT OR PROVOKE SYMPTOM EXACERBATION. MANY SUCH PATIENTS ARE AFFORDED THE EXCLUSIONARY, NON-SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME IF RUDIMENTARY TESTING FAILS TO DISCOVER THE CAUSE OF THEIR SYMPTOMS. MORE SOPHISTICATED INVESTIGATIONS OFTEN REVEAL THE PRESENCE OF A RANGE OF PATHOGENS CAPABLE OF ESTABLISHING LIFE-LONG INFECTIONS WITH SOPHISTICATED IMMUNE EVASION STRATEGIES, INCLUDING PARVOVIRUSES, HHV6, VARIANTS OF EPSTEIN-BARR, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, MYCOPLASMA, AND BORRELIA BURGDORFERI. OTHER PATIENTS HAVE A HISTORY OF CHRONIC FUNGAL OR OTHER BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE. HEREIN, WE EXPLAIN THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT MAY RENDER SUCH INDIVIDUALS SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE CHRONIC PATHOLOGY INDUCED BY SUCH AGENTS, HOW SUCH AGENTS INDUCE PATHOLOGY, AND, INDEED, HOW SUCH PATHOLOGY CAN PERSIST AND EVEN AMPLIFY EVEN WHEN INFECTIONS HAVE CLEARED OR WHEN BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE HAS CEASED. THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVE, REACTIVATED, OR EVEN LATENT HERPES VIRUS COULD BE A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF INTRACTABLE FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY PROFOUND PHYSICAL AND OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY IN SOME PATIENTS, AND THE SAME MAY BE TRUE OF PERSISTENT PARVOVIRUS B12 AND MYCOPLASMA INFECTION. A HISTORY OF CHRONIC MOLD EXPOSURE IS A FEASIBLE EXPLANATION FOR SUCH SYMPTOMS, AS IS THE PRESENCE OF B. BURGDORFERI. THE COMPLEX TROPISM, LIFE CYCLES, GENETIC VARIABILITY, AND LOW TITER OF MANY OF THESE PATHOGENS MAKES THEIR DETECTION IN BLOOD A CHALLENGE. EXAMINATION OF LYMPHOID TISSUE OR CSF IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES MAY BE WARRANTED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  4663  31 NEW HORIZONS: NOVEL APPROACHES TO ENHANCE HEALTHSPAN THROUGH TARGETING CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND RELATED AGING MECHANISMS. THE ELDERLY POPULATION IS INCREASING FASTER THAN OTHER SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. AGE IS THE LEADING PREDICTOR FOR MOST CHRONIC DISEASES AND DISORDERS, MULTIMORBIDITY, GERIATRIC SYNDROMES, AND IMPAIRED ABILITY TO RECOVER FROM ACCIDENTS OR ILLNESSES. ENHANCING THE DURATION OF HEALTH AND INDEPENDENCE, TERMED HEALTHSPAN, WOULD BE MORE DESIRABLE THAN EXTENDING LIFESPAN MERELY BY PROLONGING THE PERIOD OF MORBIDITY TOWARD THE END OF LIFE. THE GEROSCIENCE HYPOTHESIS POSITS THAT HEALTHSPAN CAN BE EXTENDED BY TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS, RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO ADDRESS EACH AGE-RELATED DISEASE ONE AT A TIME, ONLY SO THE AFFLICTED INDIVIDUAL SURVIVES DISABLED AND DIES SHORTLY AFTERWARD OF ANOTHER AGE-RELATED DISEASE. THESE FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS, STEM CELL/ PROGENITOR DYSFUNCTION, DNA DAMAGE, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, METABOLIC SHIFTS, DESTRUCTIVE METABOLITE GENERATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, MISFOLDED OR AGGREGATED PROTEIN ACCUMULATION, AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. THESE PROCESSES APPEAR TO BE TIGHTLY INTERLINKED, AS TARGETING ANY ONE APPEARS TO AFFECT MANY OF THE REST, UNDERLYING OUR UNITARY THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING MANY FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES ARE BEING DEVELOPED, INCLUDING DIETARY MANIPULATIONS, METFORMIN, MTOR (MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN) INHIBITORS, AND SENOLYTICS, WHICH ARE IN EARLY HUMAN TRIALS. THESE INTERVENTIONS COULD LEAD TO GREATER HEALTHSPAN BENEFITS THAN TREATING AGE-RELATED DISEASES ONE AT A TIME. TO ILLUSTRATE THESE POINTS, WE FOCUS ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND THERAPIES IN DEVELOPMENT TO TARGET SENESCENT CELLS. COMBINING INTERVENTIONS TARGETING AGING MECHANISMS WITH DISEASE-SPECIFIC DRUGS COULD RESULT IN MORE THAN ADDITIVE BENEFITS FOR CURRENTLY DIFFICULT-TO-TREAT OR INTRACTABLE DISEASES. MORE RESEARCH ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE DEVOTED TO TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  3035  36 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  1608  34 DNA METHYLATION-GOVERNED GENE EXPRESSION IN AUTOIMMUNE ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE HALLMARKED BY PROGRESSIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE JOINT DESTRUCTION. RA PATHOGENESIS IS A T CELL-REGULATED AND B CELL-MEDIATED PROCESS IN WHICH ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTE-PRODUCED CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES PROMOTE LEUKOCYTE INFILTRATION THAT ULTIMATELY LEADS TO DESTRUCTION OF THE JOINTS. THERE IS AN OBVIOUS NEED TO DISCOVER NEW DRUGS FOR RA TREATMENT THAT HAVE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TARGETS OR MODES OF ACTION THAN THE CURRENTLY EMPLOYED THERAPEUTICS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE, CERTAIN DIET COMPONENTS, AND ORAL PATHOGENS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT GENE REGULATION VIA EPIGENETIC FACTORS. EPIGENETICS OPENED A NEW FIELD FOR PHARMACOLOGY, AND DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION-IMPLICATED FACTORS ARE FEASIBLE TARGETS FOR RA THERAPY. EXPLORING RA PATHOGENESIS INVOLVED EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND MECHANISMS IS CRUCIAL FOR DEVELOPING MORE EFFICIENT RA THERAPIES. HERE WE REVIEW EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RA PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND INTERACTING FACTORS. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL SUMMARIZE THE LITERATURE REVEALING THE INVOLVED MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND INTERACTIONS. FINALLY, POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC FACTOR-BASED THERAPIES WILL BE DISCUSSED THAT MAY HELP IN BETTER MANAGEMENT OF RA IN THE FUTURE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  5025  29 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16   467  35 ARE WE FINALLY GETTING PERSONAL? MOVING TOWARDS A PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WITH ITS HETEROGENEOUS BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND CLINICAL COURSE, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), THE MOST FREQUENT ADULT LEUKEMIA IN THE WESTERN WORLD, IS A PARADIGMATIC CONDITION REQUIRING A TAILORED APPROACH AND A PRECISE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY BEHIND EACH INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. THIS PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT IS BECOMING EVEN MORE CRUCIAL, SINCE, AFTER DECADES OF PRECLINICAL WORK UNRAVELLING THE KEY ROLE OF THE B-CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS IN CLL CELL SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION, WE HAVE NOW BCR AND BCL2 INHIBITORS AVAILABLE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THANKS TO THIS, WE ARE NOW ABLE TO EXPLOIT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS TO TAILOR OUR TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND IMPROVE LONG-TERM DISEASE CONTROL, PATIENT OUTCOME AND QUALITY OF LIFE. THAT NOTWITHSTANDING, AS THE DISEASE ITSELF REMAINS INCURABLE, NOVEL CHALLENGES AND UNMET CLINICAL NEEDS HAVE RISEN FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF NOVEL TARGETED AGENTS, INCLUDING MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE AT BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENTLY ESTABLISHED PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS (I.E. IGHV MUTATION STATUS AND TP53 GENE DISRUPTION) THAT SHOULD BE APPLIED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE TO INFORM TREATMENT DECISION IN 2021 BUT ALSO DISCUSS THE MOST PROMISING PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS (B-CELL RECEPTOR STEREOTYPY, COMPLEX KARYOTYPE, SOMATIC GENE MUTATIONS, MEASURABLE RESIDUAL DISEASE - MRD) THAT MIGHT BECOME KEY TO DEFINE THE MANAGEMENT OF OUR PATIENTS IN A NEAR FUTURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  5039  33 PHARMACOGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. OBJECTIVE: THE EXPERIENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST REASONS INDIVIDUALS SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION, MAKING THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN A MAJOR ISSUE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. DRUG METABOLISM AND RESPONSES ARE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS, WITH GENETIC VARIATIONS OFFERING ONLY A PARTIAL EXPLANATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE. THERE IS A PAUCITY OF EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING IN THE CONTEXT OF PAIN MANAGEMENT. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE REVIEWED THE LITERATURE BETWEEN 2000 AND 2013, AND REFERENCES CITED THEREIN, USING VARIOUS KEYWORDS RELATED TO PAIN MANAGEMENT, PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGENETICS. RESULTS: OPIOIDS CONTINUE TO BE THE MAINSTAY OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. SEVERAL NON-OPIOID BASED THERAPIES, SUCH AS TREATMENT WITH CANNABINOIDS, GENE THERAPY AND EPIGENETIC-BASED APPROACHES ARE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THESE PATIENTS. ADJUVANT THERAPIES WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS, BENZODIAZEPINES OR ANTICONVULSANTS CAN ALSO BE USEFUL IN MANAGING PAIN. CURRENTLY, LABORATORY MONITORING OF PAIN MANAGEMENT PATIENTS, IF PERFORMED, IS LARGELY THROUGH URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS. CONCLUSIONS: DRUG HALF-LIFE CALCULATIONS CAN BE USED AS FUNCTIONAL MARKERS OF THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF PHARMACOGENETICS AND DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS. ASSESSMENT OF HALF-LIFE AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS MAY BE MORE USEFUL THAN GENETIC TESTING IN PREVENTING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO PAIN MEDICATIONS, WHILE ENSURING EFFECTIVE ANALGESIA. DEFINITIVE, MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED METHODS, CAPABLE OF MEASURING PARENT DRUG AND METABOLITE LEVELS, ARE THE MOST USEFUL ASSAYS FOR THIS PURPOSE. URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS DO NOT NECESSARILY CORRELATE WITH SERUM DRUG CONCENTRATIONS OR THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. THEREFORE, THEY ARE LIMITED IN THEIR USE IN MONITORING EFFICACY AND TOXICITY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  2455  35 EPIGENETIC TARGETS FOR NOVEL THERAPIES OF LUNG DISEASES. IN SPITE OF SUBSTANTIAL ADVANCES IN DEFINING THE IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF STRUCTURAL CELLS IN LUNG DISEASES THERE IS STILL INSUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE TO DEVELOP FUNDAMENTALLY NEW CLASSES OF DRUGS TO TREAT MANY LUNG DISEASES. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE IS A COMPELLING NEED FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO ADDRESS SEVERE PERSISTENT ASTHMA THAT IS INSENSITIVE TO INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS. ALTHOUGH THE PREVALENCE OF STEROID-RESISTANT ASTHMA IS 5-10%, SEVERE ASTHMATICS REQUIRE A DISPROPORTIONATE LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE SPENDING AND CONSTITUTE A MAJORITY OF FATAL ASTHMA EPISODES. NONE OF THE ESTABLISHED DRUG THERAPIES INCLUDING LONG-ACTING BETA AGONISTS OR INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS REVERSE ESTABLISHED AIRWAY REMODELING. OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAYS REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), RESTRICTIVE REMODELING IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) AND OCCLUSIVE VASCULAR REMODELING IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION ARE SIMILARLY UNRESPONSIVE TO CURRENT DRUG THERAPY. THEREFORE, DRUGS ARE NEEDED TO ACHIEVE LONG-ACTING SUPPRESSION AND REVERSAL OF PATHOLOGICAL AIRWAY AND VASCULAR REMODELING. NOVEL DRUG CLASSES ARE EMERGING FROM ADVANCES IN EPIGENETICS. NOVEL MECHANISMS ARE EMERGING BY WHICH CELLS ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, WHICH INCLUDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION BY NONCODING RNAS. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL SUMMARIZE CURRENT EPIGENETIC APPROACHES BEING APPLIED TO PRECLINICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT ADDRESSING IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGES IN LUNG DISEASES. THESE CHALLENGES ARE BEING ADDRESSED BY ADVANCES IN LUNG DELIVERY OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND SMALL MOLECULES THAT MODIFY THE HISTONE CODE, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND MIRNA FUNCTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  3849  32 IS ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI THE FEASIBLE WAY TO PREVENT GASTRIC CANCER? NEW EVIDENCE AND PROGRESS, BUT STILL A LONG WAY TO GO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, ANIMAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE FINDING THAT H. PYLORI-INDUCED CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF GASTRIC CANCER SUGGESTS THAT ERADICATION OF THE BACTERIUM MAY PREVENT THIS MALIGNANCY. COMPUTER-SIMULATION STUDIES HAVE CONFIRMED THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ERADICATION IN HIGH-RISK SUBJECTS; HOWEVER, UNRESOLVED ISSUES COMPLICATE ACTIVE TESTING FOR AND TREATMENT OF H. PYLORI INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS. CONCERNS INCLUDE THE ENORMOUS COSTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES, THE INCONCLUSIVENESS OF DATA FROM RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDIES, THE POTENTIAL INDUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE, AND THE UNCERTAIN EFFECT OF ELIMINATING THIS ORGANISM ON THE SPECTRUM OF MODERN DISEASE. ALTHOUGH CURRENT EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO RECOMMEND UNIVERSAL TESTING AND TREATMENT, IT IS POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE MOST LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT. NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING RISK ARE UNDER EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATION, INCLUDING GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PROTEINOMIC FACTORS. THE EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT TREATMENT OF H. PYLORI INFECTION IN ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS MAY DECREASE THE BURDEN OF GASTRIC CANCER. HOWEVER, CONFIRMATION OF LONG-TERM BENEFITS REMAINS A LONG WAY OFF.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  5372  31 RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: NEW TREATMENT STRATEGIES. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS CONSIDERED A CHRONIC SYSTEMIC, MULTI-FACTORIAL, INFLAMMATORY, AND PROGRESSIVE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AFFECTING MANY PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. WHILE PATIENTS SHOW VERY INDIVIDUAL COURSES OF DISEASE, WITH RA FOCUSING ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, JOINTS ARE OFTEN SEVERELY AFFECTED, LEADING TO LOCAL INFLAMMATION, CARTILAGE DESTRUCTION, AND BONE EROSION. TO PREVENT JOINT DAMAGE AND PHYSICAL DISABILITY AS ONE OF MANY SYMPTOMS OF RA, EARLY DIAGNOSIS IS CRITICAL. AUTO-ANTIBODIES PLAY A PIVOTAL CLINICAL ROLE IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC RA. AS BIOMARKERS, THEY COULD HELP TO MAKE A MORE EFFICIENT DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT DECISION. BESIDES AUTO-ANTIBODIES, SEVERAL OTHER FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF RA, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, GLYCOSYLATION, AUTOPHAGY, AND T-CELLS. UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THESE FACTORS WOULD CONTRIBUTE TO A DEEPER INSIGHT INTO THE CAUSES, MECHANISMS, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW, THE LATEST RA RESEARCH FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS, AND FINALLY, TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR RA THERAPY ARE PRESENTED, INCLUDING BOTH CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES AND NEW METHODS THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS OR ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION.	2021