1  1094 165 COHORT PROFILE: THE DUTCH FAMINE BIRTH COHORT (DFBC)- A PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORT STUDY IN THE NETHERLANDS. PURPOSE: THE DUTCH FAMINE BIRTH COHORT STUDY WAS SET UP TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION OF THE 1944-1945 DUTCH FAMINE DURING THE SPECIFIC STAGES OF GESTATION ON LATER HEALTH, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON CHRONIC CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES, AGEING AND MENTAL HEALTH. PARTICIPANTS: THE DUTCH FAMINE BIRTH COHORT CONSISTS OF 2414 SINGLETONS BORN ALIVE AND AT TERM IN THE WILHELMINA GASTHUIS IN AMSTERDAM AROUND THE TIME OF THE DUTCH FAMINE (1943-1947) WHOSE BIRTH RECORDS HAVE BEEN KEPT. THE COHORT HAS BEEN TRACED AND STUDIED SINCE 1994, WHEN THE FIRST DATA COLLECTION STARTED. THE COHORT HAS BEEN INTERVIEWED AND PHYSICALLY EXAMINED IN SEVERAL WAVES OF DATA COLLECTION SINCE THAT TIME, ALLOWING REPEATED MEASURES OF A WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPIC INFORMATION AS WELL AS THE COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES (BLOOD, URINE, BUCCAL SWABS), FUNCTIONAL TESTING (OF HEART, LUNGS, KIDNEY, HPA AXIS) AND IMAGING OF THE BRAIN (MRI) AND VASCULATURE (ULTRASOUND). ADDITIONALLY, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION WAS COLLECTED. THROUGH LINKAGE WITH REGISTRIES, MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY INFORMATION OF THE ENTIRE COHORT HAS BEEN OBTAINED. FINDINGS TO DATE: PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE HAD LASTING CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH IN LATER LIFE. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE DEPENDED ON ITS TIMING DURING THE GESTATION AND THE ORGANS AND TISSUES DEVELOPING AT THAT TIME, WITH MOST EFFECTS AFTER EXPOSURE TO FAMINE IN EARLY GESTATION. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE WERE WIDESPREAD AND AFFECTED THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MANY ORGANS AND TISSUES, RESULTED IN ALTERED BEHAVIOUR AND INCREASED RISKS OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND INCREASED MORTALITY. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE WERE INDEPENDENT OF SIZE AT BIRTH, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT PROGRAMMING MAY OCCUR WITHOUT ALTERING SIZE AT BIRTH. FUTURE PLANS: AS THE COHORT AGES, WE WILL BE ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ON (BRAIN) AGEING, COGNITIVE DECLINE AND DEMENTIA, AS WELL AS OVERALL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. REGISTRATION: THE DUTCH FAMINE BIRTH COHORT IS NOT LINKED TO A CLINICAL TRIAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  3429  54 HUNGRY IN THE WOMB: WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES? LESSONS FROM THE DUTCH FAMINE. AN INCREASING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR NUTRITION AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF LIFE - EVEN BEFORE BIRTH - LEADS TO LARGE AND LONG TERM NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON THE DUTCH FAMINE, WHICH INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ON LATER HEALTH. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE APPEARED TO DEPEND ON ITS TIMING DURING GESTATION, AND THE ORGANS AND TISSUES UNDERGOING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT AT THAT TIME. EARLY GESTATION APPEARED TO BE THE MOST VULNERABLE PERIOD. PEOPLE WHO WERE CONCEIVED DURING THE FAMINE WERE AT INCREASED RISK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION, THEY HAD A MORE ATHEROGENIC PLASMA LIPID PROFILE, WERE MORE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND HAD A DOUBLED RATE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. ALSO, THEY PERFORMED WORSE ON COGNITIVE TASKS WHICH MAY BE A SIGN OF ACCELERATED AGEING. PEOPLE EXPOSED DURING ANY PERIOD OF GESTATION HAD MORE TYPE 2 DIABETES. FUTURE INVESTIGATION WILL EXPAND ON THE FINDING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE MAY REACH DOWN ACROSS GENERATIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SIMILAR EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ARE FOUND IN AFRICA, WHERE MANY ARE UNDERNOURISHED. HUNGER IS A MAJOR PROBLEM WORLDWIDE WITH ONE IN SEVEN INHABITANTS OF THIS PLANET SUFFERING FROM LACK OF FOOD. ADEQUATELY FEEDING WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY MAY BE A PROMISING STRATEGY IN PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  4066  36 MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION AS AN INDICATOR OF OFFSPRING METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK IN LATER LIFE THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AIMS: THIS REVIEW EXAMINED WHETHER MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION EFFECTS AN OFFSPRING'S LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC METABOLIC RELATED CONDITIONS DUE TO EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. METHODS: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MULTIPLE SCIENCE DATABASES AND LIMITED TO STUDIES PUBLISHED AFTER 2012, IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND PEER REVIEWED. THE DATA FROM SELECTED ARTICLES WERE EXTRACTED AND A QUALITATIVE APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED DUE TO HETEROGENEITY OF RESULTS. RESULTS: NEWBORNS FROM OBESE FATHERS SHOWED ALTERED METHYLATION OVERALL AND SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 (IGF2) GENE. HIGH MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED OFFSPRING DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS INDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS IN OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CORD BLOOD. BIRTH WEIGHT WAS HIGHER IN OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO FAMINE IN EARLY GESTATION. OFFSPRING BORN POST MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOWED A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT AND IMPROVED FASTING INSULIN LEVELS COMPARED TO SIBLINGS BORN PRE-MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY. CONCLUSIONS: THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING, THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. POTENTIAL PARENTS SHOULD BE ADVISED THAT MAINTAINING A HEALTHY DIET AND BMI IS LIKELY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4  4007  35 LOW BIRTHWEIGHT AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN ADULTS. ACCORDING TO STUDIES UNDERTAKEN OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS, LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) IS NOT ONLY A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF PERINATAL DEATH AND MORBIDITY, BUT ALSO INCREASES THE RISK OF CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) IN ADULTHOOD. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO SUMMARIZE THE RESEARCH ON LBW AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NCDS IN ADULTS. THE BARKER HYPOTHESIS WAS BASED ON THE FINDING THAT ADULTS WITH AN LBW OR AN UNHEALTHY INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, AS WELL AS A RAPID CATCH-UP, DIE DUE TO NCDS. OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES, TERMINOLOGY SUCH AS THRIFTY GENES, FETAL PROGRAMMING, DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD), AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN COINED. THE MOST COMMON NCDS INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 (DMT2), HYPERTENSION (HT), DYSLIPIDEMIA, PROTEINURIA, AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). STUDIES IN MOTHERS WHO EXPERIENCED FAMINE AND THOSE THAT SOLELY REPORTED BIRTH WEIGHT AS A RISK FACTOR FOR MORTALITY SUPPORT THE CONCEPT. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY OF NCD IS UNKNOWN, BARRY BRENNER EXPLAINED THE NOTION OF A LOW GLOMERULAR NUMBER (NGLOM) IN LBW CHILDREN, FOLLOWED BY THE PROGRESSION TO HYPERFILTRATION AS THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGIC ETIOLOGY OF HT AND CKD IN ADULTS BASED ON GUYTON'S RENAL PHYSIOLOGY WORK. AUTOPSIES OF SEVERAL ETHNIC GROUPS HAVE REVEALED ANATOMOPATHOLOGIC EVIDENCE IN FETUSES AND ADULT KIDNEYS. BECAUSE OF THE RENAL RESERVE, DEMONSTRATING RENAL FUNCTION IN PROPORTION TO RENAL VOLUME IN VIVO IS MORE DIFFICULT IN ADULTS. THE GREATEST IMPACT OF THESE THEORIES CAN BE SEEN IN PEDIATRICS AND OBSTETRICS PRACTICE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  1370  45 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THEORY IN CARDIOLOGY. NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES DISCLOSED THAT BIRTH WEIGHT IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF THE LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISORDERS IN ADULT LIFE, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, AND /OR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT OCCURS IN NUMEROUS UNDESIRED INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS INCLUDING MALNUTRITION, SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR STRESS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) THEORY IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT THE ORIGINS OF LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASE IS FORMED AT THE TIME OF FERTILIZATION, EMBRYONIC, FETAL, AND NEONATAL STAGES BY THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS (NUTRITION, STRESS, OR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS). ADULT DISEASE DEVELOPS AFTER DELIVERY FACING TO ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS OVER-NUTRITION, MUCH STRESS, OR LACK OF EXERCISE. DISEASE DEVELOPS THROUGH THESE TWO INSULTS. THIS CONCEPT WAS FIRST PROPOSED AS THE "BARKER HYPOTHESIS." DAVID BARKER HAD DISCOVERED THE RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY. PREVIOUS EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE FOUND THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO FAMINE DURING EARLY LIFE HAD HIGHER RISKS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. YET, THE EXACT MECHANISMS THAT PERMANENTLY CHANGE THE STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND ENDOCRINE STATUS OF AN INDIVIDUAL ACROSS THEIR LIFESPAN FOLLOWING ALTERED GROWTH DURING FETAL LIFE ARE NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INCLUDING PROSPECTIVE COHORT AND OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO MALNUTRITION DURING FETAL OR INFANCY HAVE DISCLOSED THE STRONG RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN ADULTS. RECENT PROGRESS OF EPIGENETIC STUDIES UNVEILED STRONG GENETIC ASSOCIATION. HORMONAL REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR PROPER ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF PREDISPOSITION IS SUPPOSED TO BE THE EPIGENETICS MODIFICATIONS. THEIR DYSREGULATION IS RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION OF THE DISEASE-SUSCEPTIBLE TRAIT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE OVERVIEW THE CONCEPT OF DOHAD AND INTRODUCE RELATED CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  2605  30 EPIGENETICS-A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND A POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE. WITH OVER 15 MILLION INFANTS BORN PRETERM WORLDWIDE EACH YEAR, PRETERM BIRTH POSES A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. THERE IS A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH, THOUGH STUDIES HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT, LIKELY DUE TO VARIATION IN STUDY DESIGN. HOW AIR POLLUTION INDUCES HEALTH EFFECTS IS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS MAY, IN TURN, BE LINKED TO PRETERM BIRTH. DISCOVERY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONNECTED TO PRETERM BIRTH MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH, AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION MEASURES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  4065  33 MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD BLOOD PRESSURE. EXPOSURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUB-OPTIMAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IMPAIRED FETAL GROWTH THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS AN ESTABLISHED RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES THAT INCLUDE THE MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL PERIOD HAVE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL CONDITIONS THAT CONFER INCREASED RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE ABSENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL PRE-CONCEPTION HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, INCREASE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN CHILD OFFSPRING. MATERNAL GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, AND PREECLAMPSIA, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN OFFSPRING. OTHER MATERNAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP IN CHILD OFFSPRING. RECENT, BUT LIMITED, DATA INDICATE THAT ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN CHILDHOOD, DESPITE OTHERWISE NORMAL GESTATION AND HEALTHY NEWBORN. GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN CHILDHOOD CAN BE RELATED TO FAMILIAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS, GENETICS, OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FETAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA). THESE FACTORS, OR COMBINATION OF FACTORS, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE CONDITIONS, COULD INDUCE FETAL PROGRAMING LEADING TO HEALTH CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE. CURRENT AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FETAL ADJUSTMENTS THAT INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  3595  27 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  5196  32 PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE AND ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE ACROSS CONSECUTIVE GENERATIONS: ASSOCIATION AND EPIGENETIC MEDIATION IN A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY IN SUIHUA CHINA. PRENATAL MALNUTRITION COULD PROMOTE RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT COULD BE TRANSMITTED TO THE NEXT GENERATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER FAMINE EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATION OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE(EGFR) IN TWO GENERATIONS AND EXPLORED THE MEDIATION ROLE OF METHYLATION ALTERATIONS. THE LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS INCLUDED 2909 PARTICIPANTS FROM SUIHUA RURAL AREA. F1 AND F2 GENERATIONS WERE DIVIDED INTO NON-FAMINE AND FAMINE GROUP BASED ON THEIR BIRTH YEAR AND EXPOSURE STATUS OF THEIR PARENTS, RESPECTIVELY. THE EGFR WAS CALCULATED BY USING THE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY COLLABORATION EQUATION. WE APPLIED MIXED-EFFECT MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FAMINE AND DELTAEGFR AND TESTED BLOOD DNA METHYLOMES IN 46 FAMILIES ACROSS TWO GENERATIONS. THE MEDIATION-ANALYSIS MODELS WERE UTILIZED TO EXAMINE THE MEDIATION EFFECT OF METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ON THE FAMINE-DELTAEGFR ASSOCIATION.IN MIXED-EFFECT MODELS, FAMINE EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECLINED DELTAEGFR LEVEL IN F1(BETA:-8.32;95%CI:-11.51,-5.12) AND IN F2(BETA:-6.11;95%CI:-11.88, -0.43). METHYLATION850K BEADCHIP DATA SHOWED ONLY 19 OF 961 F1 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES SHOWED CONCORDANT ALTERATIONS IN F2. THE MEDIATION-ANALYSIS RESULTS SHOWED METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ON AGTR1 AND PRKCA MIGHT MEDIATE THE FAMINE-DELTAEGFR ASSOCIATION. OVERALL, PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE MAY HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON EGFR DECLINE ACROSS CONSECUTIVE GENERATIONS WHICH MIGHT BE PARTLY MEDIATED BY METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ON AGTR1 AND PRKCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  5178  30 PREGNANCY AS A FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF CHILD HEALTH: A REVIEW. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES DURING PREGNANCY INCLUDING OVER- AND UNDERNUTRITION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CHILDBIRTH OUTCOMES, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. WE EXAMINED CONTEMPORARY PREGNANCY-RELATED DETERMINANTS OF CHILD HEALTH. RECENT FINDINGS: WHILE MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION REMAINS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MATERNAL OBESITY AFFECTS FOETAL GROWTH, BIRTH WEIGHT, SURVIVAL AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD OBESITY, ASTHMA AND AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, THE PRENATAL MICROBIOME AND MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION (MIA), A NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESS INDUCED BY DIET AND OTHER EXPOSURES CAUSE FOETAL PROGRAMMING RESULTING IN THESE CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. MATERNAL DIET IS POTENTIALLY A MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR FOR CONTROLLING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO REFINE GUIDANCE ON DIETARY RESTRICTION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY AND DETERMINE HOW MIA AND PRENATAL MICROBIOTA CAN BE APPLIED TO CONTROL CHILDHOOD DISEASES ARISING FROM PROGRAMMING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  4504  33 MOTHER'S PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL CANDIDATE MIRNAS: FINDINGS FROM THE ENVIRONAGE BIRTH COHORT. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT THE PREDISPOSITION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES ARISES AT THE EARLIEST TIMES OF LIFE. IN THIS CONTEXT, MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY WEIGHT MIGHT MODIFY FETAL METABOLISM AND THE CHILD'S PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) AND MIRNA ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL TISSUE AT BIRTH. IN 211 MOTHER-NEWBORN PAIRS FROM THE ENVIRONAGE BIRTH COHORT, WE ASSESSED PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF SEVEN MIRNAS IMPORTANT IN CRUCIAL CELLULAR PROCESSES IMPLICATED IN ADIPOGENESIS AND/OR OBESITY. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS WERE USED TO ADDRESS THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL CANDIDATE MIRNA EXPRESSION. MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AVERAGED (+/-SD) 23.9 (+/-4.1) KG/M(2). IN NEWBORN GIRLS (NOT IN BOYS) PLACENTAL MIR-20A, MIR-34A AND MIR-222 EXPRESSION WAS LOWER WITH HIGHER MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI. IN ADDITION, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BMI AND PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF THESE MIRNAS IN GIRLS WAS MODIFIED BY GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN. THE LOWER EXPRESSION OF THESE MIRNAS IN PLACENTA IN ASSOCIATION WITH PRE-PREGNANCY BMI, WAS ONLY EVIDENT IN MOTHERS WITH LOW WEIGHT GAIN (<14 KG). THE PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF MIR-20A, MIR-34A, MIR-146A, MIR-210 AND MIR-222 MAY PROVIDE A SEX-SPECIFIC BASIS FOR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY BMI.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  3578  28 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  5179  42 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	

14  4863  36 ORIGINS OF LIFETIME HEALTH AROUND THE TIME OF CONCEPTION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. PARENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, METABOLISM, AND STRESS, AFFECT THE HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK OF PEOPLE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES, AS CAPTURED IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT. RESEARCH ACROSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND BASIC SCIENCE FIELDS HAS IDENTIFIED THE PERIOD AROUND CONCEPTION AS BEING CRUCIAL FOR THE PROCESSES MEDIATING PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE HEALTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION. DURING THIS TIME, FROM THE MATURATION OF GAMETES THROUGH TO EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, PARENTAL LIFESTYLE CAN ADVERSELY INFLUENCE LONG-TERM RISKS OF OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, IMMUNE, AND NEUROLOGICAL MORBIDITIES, OFTEN TERMED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. WE REVIEW PERICONCEPTIONAL INDUCTION OF DISEASE RISK FROM FOUR BROAD EXPOSURES: MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION AND OBESITY; MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION; RELATED PATERNAL FACTORS; AND THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TREATMENT. STUDIES IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND METABOLIC PROCESSES. WE ALSO PRESENT A META-ANALYSIS OF MOUSE PATERNAL AND MATERNAL PROTEIN UNDERNUTRITION THAT SUGGESTS DISTINCT PARENTAL PERICONCEPTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO POSTNATAL OUTCOMES. WE PROPOSE THAT THE EVIDENCE FOR PERICONCEPTIONAL EFFECTS ON LIFETIME HEALTH IS NOW SO COMPELLING THAT IT CALLS FOR NEW GUIDANCE ON PARENTAL PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY, BEGINNING BEFORE CONCEPTION, TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  6066  34 THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CURRENT STATUS AND PRACTICES IN JAPAN. THE CONCEPT OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) VIEWS UNFAVORABLE PERINATAL CIRCUMSTANCES AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT SUCH UNFAVORABLE CIRCUMSTANCES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN INFANTS BORN WITH PREMATURITY. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) IS BELIEVED TO BE A POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTOR TO CKD IN ADULTHOOD. PRETERM AND/OR LBW INFANTS ARE BORN WITH INCOMPLETE NEPHROGENESIS. AS A RESULT, THE NUMBER OF NEPHRONS IS LOW. THE POOR INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT ALSO CAUSES EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT POSTNATAL RENAL FUNCTION. AFTER BIRTH, HYPERFILTRATION OF INDIVIDUAL NEPHRONS DUE TO LOW NEPHRON NUMBERS CAUSES PROTEINURIA AND SECONDARY GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS. FURTHERMORE, THE RISK OF CKD INCREASES AS RENAL DAMAGE TAKES A SECOND HIT FROM EXPOSURE TO NEPHROTOXIC SUBSTANCES AND ACQUIRED INSULTS SUCH AS ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER BIRTH AMONG INFANTS IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE. MEANWHILE, UNFORTUNATELY, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE NUMBER OF NEPHRONS IN HEALTHY JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS IS APPROXIMATELY TWO-THIRDS LOWER THAN THAT IN PREVIOUS REPORTS. THIS MEANS THAT JAPANESE PREMATURE INFANTS ARE CLEARLY AT A HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING CKD IN LATER LIFE. RECENTLY, SEVERAL DOHAD-RELATED CKD STUDIES FROM JAPANESE RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN REPORTED. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE THE RELEVANCE OF CKD IN CONJUNCTION WITH DOHAD AND REVIEW RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF THE UPWARD LBW TREND IN JAPAN ON RENAL HEALTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  4078  38 MATERNAL INFLAMMATION, GROWTH RETARDATION, AND PRETERM BIRTH: INSIGHTS INTO ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE HYPOTHESIS" ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY BARKER ET AL. IDENTIFIED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPAIRED IN UTERO GROWTH AND ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK AND DEATH. SINCE THEN, NUMEROUS CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE CONFIRMED THAT EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES CAN LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY, METABOLIC, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASES DURING ADULTHOOD WITH AND WITHOUT ALTERATIONS IN BIRTH WEIGHT. THIS SO CALLED "FETAL PROGRAMMING" INCLUDES DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION, IMMEDIATE ADAPTATION, OR PREDICTIVE ADAPTATION AND CAN LEAD TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING A SPECIFIC ORGAN OR OVERALL HEALTH. THE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT IS DRAMATICALLY IMPACTED BY THE OVERALL MATERNAL HEALTH. BOTH PREMATURE BIRTH OR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT CAN RESULT FROM A VARIETY OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS INCLUDING UNDERNUTRITION OR DYSNUTRITION, METABOLIC DISEASES, CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESSES INDUCED BY INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND SMOKING. NUMEROUS ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SUPPORTED THE IMPORTANCE OF BOTH MATERNAL HEALTH AND MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE LONG TERM OUTCOMES OF THE OFFSPRING. WITH INCREASING RATES OF OBESITY AND DIABETES AND SURVIVAL OF PRETERM INFANTS BORN AT EARLY GESTATIONAL AGES, THE NEED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROGRAMMING OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF UPCOMING GENERATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17   518  34 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ANTIBIOTIC EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY, BIRTH WEIGHT AND ABERRANT METHYLATION AT IMPRINTED GENES AMONG OFFSPRING. OBJECTIVES: LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON ADULT-ONSET CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE II DIABETES AND SOME CANCERS. THE ETIOLOGY OF LBW IS MULTI-FACTORIAL. HOWEVER, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS EXPOSURE TO ANTIBIOTICS MAY ALSO INCREASE THE RISK OF LBW. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION ARE UNKNOWN, ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE HYPOTHESIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL ANTIBIOTIC USE AND LBW AND EXAMINED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION THAT CONTROLS GROWTH REGULATORY IMPRINTED GENES IN THESE ASSOCIATIONS. METHODS: BETWEEN 2009-2011, 397 PREGNANT WOMEN WERE ENROLLED AND FOLLOWED UNTIL DELIVERY. PRENATAL ANTIBIOTIC USE WAS ASCERTAINED THROUGH MATERNAL SELF-REPORT. IMPRINTED GENES METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED AT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS WERE USED TO EXAMINE ASSOCIATIONS AMONG ANTIBIOTIC USE, BIRTH WEIGHT AND DMR METHYLATION FRACTIONS. RESULTS: AFTER ADJUSTING FOR INFANT GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, MATERNAL BODY MASS INDEX, DELIVERY ROUTE, GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL AGE AT DELIVERY, FOLIC ACID INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MATERNAL SMOKING AND PARITY, ANTIBIOTIC USE DURING PREGNANCY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 138 G LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT COMPARED WITH NON-ANTIBIOTIC USE (BETA-COEFFICIENT=-132.99, S.E.=50.70, P=0.008). THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE STRONGEST IN NEWBORNS OF WOMEN WHO REPORTED ANTIBIOTIC USE OTHER THAN PENICILLINS (BETA-COEFFICIENT=-135.57, S.E.=57.38, P=0.02). METHYLATION AT FIVE DMRS, IGF2 (P=0.05), H19 (P=0.15), PLAGL1 (P=0.01), MEG3 (P=0.006) AND PEG3 (P=0.08), WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL ANTIBIOTIC USE; AMONG THESE, ONLY METHYLATION AT THE PLAGL1 DMR WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH BIRTH WEIGHT. CONCLUSION: WE REPORT AN INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND LOWER INFANT BIRTH WEIGHT AND PROVIDE THE FIRST EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING IMPRINTED GENE PLASTICITY IN THESE ASSOCIATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18   649  39 BIRTHWEIGHT, MATERNAL WEIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PREMATURE BIRTH, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION, AND MATERNAL MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAS BEEN LINKED TO FUTURE RISK OF CANCER. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ESTIMATED BY THE METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME IS AN INDICATOR OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES. WE USED DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM AN EPIGENETIC BIRTH COHORT TO EXPLORE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAJECTORIES OF FETAL AND MATERNAL WEIGHT AND LINE-1 METHYLATION IN 319 MOTHER-CHILD DYADS. NEWBORNS WITH LOW OR HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN THEIR CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO NORMAL WEIGHT INFANTS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, SEX OF THE CHILD, MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY, AND MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (P = 0.007 AND P = 0.036, RESPECTIVELY), BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE WAS SMALL. INFANTS BORN PREMATURELY ALSO HAD LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO TERM INFANTS, AND THIS DIFFERENCE, THOUGH SMALL, WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (P = 0.004). WE DID NOT FIND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY BMI OR GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN AND GLOBAL METHYLATION OF THE CORD BLOOD OR FETAL PLACENTAL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN CORD BLOOD LINE-1 METHYLATION AMONG NEWBORNS WITH LOW AND HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS AMONG PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE WHETHER CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITIES OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  5203  37 PRENATAL PROGRAMMING AND EPIGENETICS IN THE GENESIS OF THE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME. THE PRESENCE OF A GROUP OF INTERACTING MALADAPTIVE FACTORS, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, METABOLIC DYSLIPIDEMIA, OBESITY, AND MICROALBUMINURIA AND/OR REDUCED RENAL FUNCTION, COLLECTIVELY CONSTITUTES THE CARDIORENAL METABOLIC SYNDROME (CRS). NUTRITIONAL AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CUES DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT CAN PERMANENTLY AFFECT THE COMPOSITION, HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS, AND FUNCTIONS OF MULTIPLE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS; THIS PROCESS HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS 'PROGRAMMING'. SINCE THE ORIGINAL FORMULATION OF THE NOTION THAT LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS A PROXY FOR 'PRENATAL PROGRAMMING' OF ADULT HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, EVIDENCE HAS ALSO EMERGED FOR PROGRAMMING OF KIDNEY DISEASE, INSULIN RESISTANCE, OBESITY, METABOLIC DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. THE PROGRAMMING CONCEPT WAS INITIALLY PREDICATED ON THE NOTION THAT IN UTERO GROWTH RESTRICTION DUE TO FAMINE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASES. ON THE OTHER HAND, WE ARE NOW MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO INCREASING RATES OF MATERNAL OBESITY. THE CURRENT REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE OVERARCHING ROLE OF MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION, AS WELL AS FETAL UNDERNUTRITION, IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN RELATION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE CRS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20   520  36 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION CHANGES IN IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL STRESS HAS BEEN LINKED TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN NEWBORNS. ONE POTENTIAL PATHWAY INVOLVES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT CANDIDATE GENES THAT MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON BIRTH WEIGHT. THIS RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN STRESS-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS NR3C1. THERE IS LESS LITERATURE EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON GROWTH-RELATED GENES. IGF1 AND IGF2 HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, THOUGH VIA DIFFERENT MECHANISMS AS IGF2 IS UNDER IMPRINTING CONTROL. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION OF IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. A TOTAL OF 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO WERE ENROLLED. ETHNOGRAPHIC INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH MOTHERS AT DELIVERY TO GATHER CULTURALLY RELEVANT WAR-RELATED AND CHRONIC STRESSORS. DNA METHYLATION DATA WERE GENERATED FROM MATERNAL VENOUS, CORD BLOOD AND PLACENTAL TISSUE SAMPLES. MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIONS WERE USED TO TEST FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN STRESS MEASURES, DNA METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT IN EACH OF THE THREE TISSUE TYPES. WE FOUND AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION IN MATERNAL BLOOD AND BIRTH WEIGHT. PREVIOUS LITERATURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT HAS FOCUSED ON METHYLATION AT KNOWN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CORD BLOOD OR PLACENTAL SAMPLES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THERE MAY BE LINKS BETWEEN THE MATERNAL EPIGENOME AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT THAT RELY ON MECHANISMS OUTSIDE KNOWN IMPRINTING PATHWAYS. IT THUS MAY BE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL EXPOSURES AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES ON BIRTH WEIGHT EVEN IN THE SETTING OF MATERNALLY IMPRINTED GENES SUCH AS IGF2.	2018