1   740 236 CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS: EXPRESSION, REGULATION, TUMOR INVASION, AND USE IN IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCERS. CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) ARE NAMED BASED ON THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN THAT IS RESTRICTED IN A NUMBER OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL TISSUES. TUMOR CELLS FREQUENTLY EXPRESS ANTIGENS WHOSE EXPRESSION IS TYPICALLY RESTRICTED TO GERM CELLS. THEIR UNIQUE EXPRESSION PATTERN IS GUARANTEED BY PRECISE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. BECAUSE OF THEIR TUMOR-LIMITED, HIGH IMMUNOGENICITY, AND BIASED EXPRESSION, DISCOVERY OF THESE MOLECULES PROVIDES UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. EVOLVING EVIDENCE REVEALS THAT A NUMBER OF CTAS STIMULATE EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND GENERATION OF CANCER STEM-LIKE CELLS, INTENSIFYING METASTASIS, INVASION, AND TUMORIGENESIS. BASED ON THESE FEATURES, CTAS ATTRACT ATTENTION TO BE CONSIDERED AS IDEAL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING SEVERAL CLINICAL TRIALS, MANY OF THEM CONCENTRATING ON CTA VACCINE THERAPY. ACCORDING TO RECENT PRACTICAL CLINICAL INTEREST, MORE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CTA REGULATION ARE IDENTIFIED. CTA EXPRESSION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN CANCER TISSUES, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ELICIT HUMORAL AND/OR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CANCER PATIENTS. CTAS ARE BRILLIANT TARGETS FOR ANTICANCER DRUG DISCOVERY, TARGETED TUMOR THERAPY, AND DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS, FURTHERMORE, VALUED GENES IN THE STUDY OF IMMUNOTHERAPY, PROMOTING TUMORIGENESIS, AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES AND CATEGORIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX AND BIASED PROCESS OF CTAS MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CANCER, AND SUPPLIES THE MOST RECENT INFORMATION ON THEIR REGULATION AND FUNCTION. BESIDES, A CONCISE SYNOPSIS OF THE MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS INVOLVING CTAS, AS THERAPEUTIC AVENUES, IS DISCUSSED. ABBREVIATIONS: AIRE: AUTOIMMUNE REGULATOR; CAMP: CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE; CEA: CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CML: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CREB: CYCLICAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING; CSCS: CANCER STEM CELLS; CTAS: CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS; CTL: CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DCS: DENDRITIC CELLS; EMT: EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; ERK: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE; ESCC: ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ETS: E26 TRANSFORMATION-SPECIFIC; HIS: HISTIDINE; HLA: HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; HNSCC: HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; IFN-GAMMA: INTERFERON-GAMMA; IHC: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IL-7: INTERLEUKIN7; MHC: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MMP2: MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2; MTECS: MEDULLARY THYMUS EPITHELIAL CELLS; MUC1: MUCIN 1; NSCLC: NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; PRAME: PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED ANTIGEN IN MELANOMA; RDA: REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS; SEREX: SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CDNA EXPRESSION; SSX: SYNOVIAL SARCOMA X CHROMOSOME; TAAS: TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS; TCR: T-CELL RECEPTOR; TCGA: THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS; TGF-BETA: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  2996  20 GENETIC PROFILE AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY IN A CASE OF SECONDARY ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 12 YEARS AFTER ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA. WE REPORT ON A 16-YEAR-OLD JAPANESE BOY IN WHOM AN ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (ESCC) DEVELOPED 12 YEARS AFTER ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WAS PERFORMED FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA. A HIGH FREQUENCY OF MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY WAS DETECTED IN SAMPLES OF ESCC. MOREOVER, THE DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC VARIANTS, INCLUDING SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION OF TP53 (C.346C>T) AND BRCA2 (C.6952C>T) AND SPLICING OF KDM6A (C.1194+2T>G), SUGGEST THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ESCC IN THE PATIENT WAS TRIGGERED BY IMPAIRMENT OF CHECKPOINT AND REPAIR FOR DNA DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THROUGH ACCUMULATION OF GENE MUTATIONS INDUCED BY CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF TACROLIMUS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  2015  43 EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS WELL DOCUMENTED IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, INCLUDING ADENOCARCINOMA (EAC) AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (ESCC) AS WELL AS IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE), A PRE-MALIGNANT CONDITION THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ACID REFLUX. BE IS A WELL-RECOGNIZED RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EAC, AND CONSEQUENTLY THE STANDARD OF CARE IS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH BE TO BE PLACED IN ENDOSCOPIC SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS AIMED AT DETECTING EARLY HISTOLOGIC CHANGES THAT ASSOCIATE WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING EAC. YET BECAUSE THE ABSOLUTE RISK OF EAC IN INDIVIDUALS WITH BE IS MINIMAL, A CLINICAL NEED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BE IS THE IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL RISK MARKERS THAT WILL INDICATE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE AT A SIGNIFICANT ABSOLUTE RISK OF EAC SO THAT THEY MAY BE SUBJECTED TO MORE INTENSIVE SURVEILLANCE. THE BEST CURRENTLY AVAILABLE RISK MARKER IS THE DEGREE OF DYSPLASIA IN ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES FROM THE ESOPHAGUS; HOWEVER, THIS MARKER IS SUBOPTIMAL FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS. TO DATE, THERE ARE NO MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS THAT HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED TO WIDESPREAD CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, INCLUDING HYPERMETHYLATED GENES, FOR EITHER THE DIAGNOSIS OF BE, EAC, OR ESCC OR FOR RISK STRATIFICATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EAC IN THOSE WITH BE IS CURRENTLY AN AREA OF ACTIVE RESEARCH. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE STATUS OF IDENTIFIED CANDIDATE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR BE, EAC, AND ESCC. MOST OF THESE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN THE CONTEXT OF EARLY DETECTION OR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS; OTHERS MIGHT PROVE USEFUL FOR ESTIMATING PROGNOSIS OR PREDICTING RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. FINALLY, SPECIAL ATTENTION WILL BE PAID TO SOME OF THE CHALLENGES THAT MUST BE OVERCOME IN ORDER TO DEVELOP CLINICALLY USEFUL ESOPHAGEAL CANCER BIOMARKERS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  2938  26 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS AND ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (EAC) DEVELOPS FROM BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE), WHEREIN NORMAL SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA IS REPLACED BY SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL ACID REFLUX. BE CAN PROGRESS TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, INTRAMUCOSAL, AND INVASIVE CARCINOMA. BOTH BE AND EAC ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY, ANEUPLOIDY, SPECIFIC GENETIC MUTATIONS, AND CLONAL DIVERSITY. GIVEN THE LIMITATIONS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY, GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES MAY IMPROVE THE PRECISION OF RISK STRATIFICATION. ASSAYS TO DETECT MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION COULD BE USED TO IMPROVE THE PATHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF BE/EAC AND TO SELECT HIGH-RISK PATIENTS FOR MORE INTENSIVE SURVEILLANCE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5   563  38 BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: CAN BIOMARKERS PREDICT PROGRESSION TO MALIGNANCY? BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND CAN PROGRESS TO ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. IT IS CHARACTERIZED HISTOLOGICALLY BY A SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA THAT REPLACES THE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM OF THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND OBESITY. SIMILAR TO THE ADENOMA-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMAS, ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA DEVELOPS THROUGH PROGRESSION FROM BE TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, THEN TO ADENOCARCINOMA WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. THE EXACT MALIGNANCY POTENTIAL OF BE IS UNCERTAIN. DYSPLASIA IS THE MOST PREDICTIVE MARKER FOR RISK OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA, WHEREAS ENDOSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES ARE STILL THE GOLD STANDARD FOR SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH BE. HOWEVER, BOTH ARE LIMITED, EITHER BY SAMPLING ERRORS IN BIOPSIES OR BY DIFFERENCES IN HISTOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS THAT MAY HAVE PREDICTIVE VALUE AND MAY SERVE AS ADDITIONAL FACTORS FOR THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN THE PROGRESSION FROM BE TO ADENOCARCINOMA, FOCUSING ON CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6   655  45 BLOCKADE OF IMMUNE-CHECKPOINT B7-H4 AND LYSINE DEMETHYLASE 5B IN ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CONFERS PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST P. GINGIVALIS INFECTION. PATHOGENS ARE CAPABLE OF HIJACKING IMMUNE DEFENSE MECHANISMS, THEREBY CREATING A TOLEROGENIC ENVIRONMENT FOR HYPERMUTATED MALIGNANT CELLS THAT ARISE WITHIN THE SITE OF INFECTION. IMMUNE CHECKPOINT-ORIENTED IMMUNOTHERAPIES HAVE SHOWN CONSIDERABLE PROMISE. EQUALLY IMPORTANT, THE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF AN IMMUNE-EVASIVE PHENOTYPE THAT ACTIVATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN A SYNERGISTIC MANNER CAN IMPROVE IMMUNOTHERAPY OUTCOMES. THESE ADVANCES HAVE LED TO COMBINATIONS OF EPIGENETIC- AND IMMUNE-BASED THERAPEUTICS. WE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED THAT PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS ISOLATED FROM ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (ESCC) LESIONS REPRESENTS A MAJOR PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DEADLY DISEASE. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH HOST IMMUNITY DURING P. GINGIVALIS INFECTION AND DEMONSTRATED THAT EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED ESCC RESPONDS BY INCREASING THE EXPRESSION OF B7-H4 AND LYSINE DEMETHYLASE 5B, WHICH ALLOWED SUBSEQUENT IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF THE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ANTI-B7-H4 AND HISTONE DEMETHYLASE INHIBITORS IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AGAINST XENOGRAFTED HUMAN TUMORS. USING THREE DIFFERENT PRECLINICAL MOUSE MODELS RECEIVING COMBINED THERAPY, WE SHOWED THAT MICE MOUNTED STRONG RESISTANCE AGAINST P. GINGIVALIS INFECTION AND TUMOR CHALLENGE. THIS MAY HAVE OCCURRED VIA GENERATION OF A T CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE IN THE MICROENVIRONMENT AND FORMATION OF IMMUNE MEMORY. IN ESCC SUBJECTS, COEXPRESSION OF B7-H4 AND KDM5B CORRELATED MORE SIGNIFICANTLY WITH BACTERIAL LOAD THAN WITH THE EXPRESSION OF EITHER MOLECULE ALONE. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE UNIQUE ABILITY OF P. GINGIVALIS TO EVADE IMMUNITY AND DEFINE POTENTIAL TARGETS THAT CAN BE EXPLOITED THERAPEUTICALLY TO IMPROVE THE CONTROL OF P. GINGIVALIS INFECTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSOCIATED NEOPLASIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  4437  37 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF METAPLASIA TO ADENOCARCINOMA IN THE ESOPHAGUS. ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (EAC) DEVELOPS FROM BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE), A CONDITION WHERE THE NORMAL SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA IS REPLACED BY SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL ACID REFLUX. IN A MINORITY OF INDIVIDUALS, BE CAN PROGRESS TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA AND EVENTUALLY TO INTRA-MUCOSAL AND THEN INVASIVE CARCINOMA. BE PROVIDES RESEARCHERS WITH A UNIQUE MODEL TO CHARACTERIZE THE PROCESS BY WHICH A CARCINOMA ARISES FROM ITS PRECURSOR LESION. MOLECULAR STUDIES OF BE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT IT IS NOT SIMPLY A METAPLASTIC TISSUE, BUT RATHER IT HARBORS FREQUENT ALTERATIONS THAT ARE ALSO PRESENT IN DYSPLASTIC BE AND IN EAC. BOTH BE AND EAC ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY, ANEUPLOIDY, SPECIFIC GENETIC MUTATIONS, AND CLONAL DIVERSITY. EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, PRIMARY ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, ARE ALSO FREQUENTLY SEEN IN BE AND EAC. CANDIDATE GENE AND ARRAY-BASED APPROACHES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT NUMEROUS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES EXHIBIT ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION, AND SOME OF THESE ALTERED GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION OF BE. IT HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN THAT THE BE AND EAC EPIGENOMES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY HYPOMETHYLATION OF INTRAGENIC AND NON-CODING REGIONS RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO PROVIDED NEW INSIGHT INTO THE EVOLUTIONARY FORCES UNDERLYING THE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS SEEN IN BE AND EAC AND INTO THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF EAC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  1975  33 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FROM BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS TO ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE) IS A DISEASE ENTITY THAT IS A SEQUELA OF CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE THAT MAY RESULT IN ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (EAC) DUE TO COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA. THE HISTOLOGICAL DEGREE OF DYSPLASIA IS THE SOLE BIOMARKER FREQUENTLY UTILIZED BY CLINICIANS. HOWEVER, THE COST OF ENDOSCOPY AND THE FACT THAT THE DEGREE OF DYSPLASIA DOES NOT PROGRESS IN MANY PATIENTS WITH BE DIMINISH THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HISTOLOGICAL GRADING AS A PERFECT BIOMARKER. MULTIPLE OR MORE QUANTITATIVE BIOMARKERS ARE REQUIRED BY CLINICIANS SINCE EARLY DIAGNOSIS IS CRUCIAL IN ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCANCERS, WHICH HAVE A HIGH MORTALITY RATE. THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THIS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION HOLDS PROMISE AS A PREDICTIVE BIOMARKER. IN THIS REVIEW, CURRENT STUDIES ON DNA METHYLATIONS, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND NONCODING RNAS (MIRNAS) THAT HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED DURING THE PROGRESSION FROM BE DYSPLASIA TO EAC WERE COLLATED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  2355  39 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PRAME GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS (TAA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. PRAME IS A TAA GENE UP-REGULATED IN ADVANCED PHASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO DATE, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME HAVE NEVER BEEN STUDIED. WE FOUND THAT SOME PH'-POSITIVE CELL LINES DID NOT EXPRESS PRAME. THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME WAS RESTORED IN THESE CELL LINES BY TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, SUGGESTING THAT THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME IS MAINLY SUPPRESSED BY HYPERMETHYLATION. BISULFITE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF THE CPG SITES OF THE PRAME EXON 2 IN THESE CANCER CELL LINES REVEALED A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PRAME GENE AND ITS EXPRESSION. A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF PRAME WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN CML BLAST CRISIS (70%) THAN IN CHRONIC PHASE (36%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PRAME TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF PRAME UP-REGULATES ITS EXPRESSION IN CML AND MIGHT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10   150  45 ABERRANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGEN PRAME CORRELATES WITH PRAME EXPRESSION IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PRAME IS A TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN, WHICH BELONGS TO THE FAMILY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA). THE EXPRESSION OF CTA IS MAINLY RESTRICTED TO THE TESTIS AND VARIOUS TUMORS. IN CONTRAST TO OTHER CTA, PRAME EXPRESSION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIAS. DUE TO THIS EXPRESSION PATTERN, PRAME HAS ATTRACTED GREAT INTEREST AS A PROGNOSTIC TUMOR MARKER THAT CAN BE USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE AND AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY. IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), PRAME EXPRESSION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN 30-64% OF CASES. TO EVALUATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO PRAME ACTIVATION IN AML, WE STUDIED DNA METHYLATION OF 15 CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WITHIN A CPG-RICH REGION LOCATED IN THE INTRON 1 OF THE PRAME GENE. DNA METHYLATION WAS DETERMINED BY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF CLONED PCR PRODUCTS GENERATED FROM BISULFITE-TREATED GENOMIC DNA. METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH PRAME MRNA LEVELS AS DETERMINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL-TIME PCR. WE FOUND ALMOST COMPLETE METHYLATION IN MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS FROM TWO HEALTHY DONORS AND IN BONE MARROW CELLS OF FOUR PRAME-NEGATIVE AML PATIENTS. IN CONTRAST, THE DEGREE OF PRAME METHYLATION WAS CLEARLY REDUCED IN FOUR PRAME-POSITIVE AML BONE MARROW SAMPLES. IN PARTICULAR, THESE SAMPLES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF CLONES, WHICH WERE COMPLETELY DEVOID OF METHYLATION. THE SIGNIFICANT INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AND PRAME EXPRESSION SUGGESTS A CAUSAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN PRAME REGULATION. SUCH A ROLE IS FURTHER SUPPORTED BY THE OBSERVATION THAT TREATMENT OF PRAME-NEGATIVE CELL LINES U-937 AND THP-1 WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5'-AZA-2'DC RESULTED IN A DOSE-RELATED UPREGULATION OF PRAME EXPRESSION.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11   562  42 BARRETT ESOPHAGUS: HISTORY, DEFINITION AND ETIOPATHOGENY. THE INJURY OF THE ESOPHAGEAL EPITHELIUM MAY BE DETERMINED BY THE REFLUX OF THE GASTRIC ACID IN THE ESOPHAGUS. BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE REPLACEMENT OF THE NORMAL SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITH THE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM, WHEN THE HEALING OF THE LESION OCCURS. ACCORDING TO SOME STUDIES, THE INCIDENCE OF THE ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH BE IS OF ABOUT 0,5% PER YEAR. THE TERM BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS IS SUBJECTED TO INTERPRETATION NOWADAYS, SO IT LACKS THE CLARITY NEEDED FOR THE CLINICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION ON THE SUBJECT OF COLUMNAR METAPLASIA OF THE ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA. THE MAJOR PATHOGENETIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BE IS REPRESENTED BY THE REFLUX DISEASE. THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF BE IS CONTROVERSIAL AND IT REPRESENTS AN ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO BE RESOLVED BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE IMPLICATIONS IN THE PUTATIVE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE METAPLASTIC PROCESS. THE EPIGENETIC OR GENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ALTER PROTEIN EXPRESSION, FUNCTION, AND/ OR ACTIVITY, IN POST-MITOTIC CELLS TO DRIVE TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OR IN STEM/ PROGENITOR CELLS SUCH THAT THEY ARE REPROGRAMMED TO DIFFERENTIATE INTO COLUMNAR RATHER THAN SQUAMOUS CELLS, ARE DRIVEN BY THE INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT CREATED BY CHRONIC REFLUX. IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO DEVELOP BETTER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE PATIENTS WITH THIS DISEASE, AN INCREASING INTEREST IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF BE AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL PRESENTS THESE DAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  1863  37 EMERGENCE OF MUC1 IN MAMMALS FOR ADAPTATION OF BARRIER EPITHELIA. THE MUCIN 1 (MUC1) GENE WAS DISCOVERED BASED ON ITS OVEREXPRESSION IN HUMAN BREAST CANCERS. SUBSEQUENT WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT MUC1 IS ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED IN CANCERS ORIGINATING FROM OTHER DIVERSE ORGANS, INCLUDING SKIN AND IMMUNE CELLS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORTED A ROLE FOR MUC1 IN THE ADAPTATION OF BARRIER TISSUES TO INFECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE FOR THIS EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION WAS INCLUSION OF A SEA DOMAIN, WHICH CATALYZES AUTOPROTEOLYSIS OF THE MUC1 PROTEIN AND FORMATION OF A NON-COVALENT HETERODIMERIC COMPLEX. THE RESULTING MUC1 HETERODIMER IS POISED AT THE APICAL CELL MEMBRANE TO RESPOND TO LOSS OF HOMEOSTASIS. DISRUPTION OF THE COMPLEX RELEASES THE MUC1 N-TERMINAL (MUC1-N) SUBUNIT INTO A PROTECTIVE MUCOUS GEL. CONVERSELY, THE TRANSMEMBRANE C-TERMINAL (MUC1-C) SUBUNIT ACTIVATES A PROGRAM OF LINEAGE PLASTICITY, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND REPAIR. THIS MUC1-C-ACTIVATED PROGRAM APPARENTLY EVOLVED FOR BARRIER TISSUES TO MOUNT SELF-REGULATING PROLIFERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND REMODELING RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND HEALING. EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MUC1-C UNDERPINS INFLAMMATORY ADAPTATION OF TISSUE STEM CELLS AND IMMUNE CELLS IN THE BARRIER NICHE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON HOW PROLONGED ACTIVATION OF MUC1-C BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THESE NICHES PROMOTES THE CANCER STEM CELL (CSC) STATE BY ESTABLISHING AUTO-INDUCTIVE NODES THAT DRIVE SELF-RENEWAL AND TUMORIGENICITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13   196  26 ACID REFLUX AND OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. BARRETT'S METAPLASIA IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN THE WESTERN WORLD FOLLOWING COLORECTAL ADENOMAS. ONE IN 50 OF THE ADULT POPULATION DEVELOPS BARRETT'S AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX. THE MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION SEEN WITHIN PATIENTS WITH GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX SEEMS LIKELY TO DRIVE THE GROWTH OF THE METAPLASTIC MUCOSA AND ALSO HELP DIRECT FURTHER ONCOLOGICAL CHANGE, YET THE MOLECULAR EVENTS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE PATHWAY FROM INFLAMMATION TO METAPLASIA TO DYSPLASIA AND ADENOCARCINOMA ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THERE IS HOPE THAT UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF OESOPHAGEAL INFLAMMATION WILL PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BARRETT'S METAPLASIA AND OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. THIS CHAPTER WILL DISCUSS THE INFLAMMATION SEEN WITHIN CONTEXT OF BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS AND ALSO CLINICAL TRIALS WHICH HOPE TO ADDRESS THIS COMMON PREMALIGNANT DISEASE. THERE ARE SEVERAL ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS WHICH ARE AIMING TO PROVIDE DATA USING ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES TO TACKLE THIS IMPORTANT PREMALIGNANT CONDITION. THERE IS NEW DATA PRESENTED WHICH SUGGESTS THAT DATA FROM THE ASPIRIN ESOMEPRAZOLE CHEMOPREVENTION TRIAL (ASPECT) MAY HOLD THE CLUE TO DISEASE TREATMENT AND THAT THE CYTOKINE TNF-ALPHA SEEMS TO BE A KEY SIGNALLING MOLECULE IN THE METAPLASIA-DYSPLASIA-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE. SPECIFICALLY IT APPEARS THAT BOTH EPIGENETIC AND INHERITED GENETICS COOPERATE TO MODULATE THE PROGNOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  3934  50 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

15   864  34 CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (OSCC) DEMONSTRATES AN INCREASING RATE DUE TO HIGH RISK HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HR-HPV) PERSISTENT INFECTION, AND ALSO TO CHRONIC CIGARETTE AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. GROSS CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS (POLYSOMY, ANEUPLOIDY, INTRA-CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS) AND SPECIFIC GENE ABERRATIONS SUCH AS AMPLIFICATIONS, DELETIONS, POINT MUTATIONS COMBINED OR NOT WITH EPIGENETIC ONES (PROMOTER METHYLATIONS AND MIRNA DEREGULATIONS) ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROGRESSIVE TRANSFORMATION OF NORMAL SQUAMOUS CELL EPITHELIA TO THE CORRESPONDING MALIGNANT. CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY (CI) -BASED ON STRUCTURAL OR NUMERICAL ABNORMALITIES- LEADS TO SPECIFIC ABNORMAL KARYOTYPES COMBINED OR NOT WITH FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSOR GENE INACTIVATION AND ONCOGENE OVERACTIVATION IN SOLID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING OSCC. EXTENSIVE CYTOGENETIC ANALYSES HAVE SHOWN THAT GROSS ALTERATIONS (GAINS/LOSSES) IN CHROMOSOMES 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19 AND ALSO 20 FORM DIFFERENT CI PATTERNS IN OSCC, WHICH IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE (PRESENCE OF LYMPH NODAL METASTASIS) NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE PROGNOSIS IN THE CORRESPONDING PATIENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF OSCC CASES, LOSS OF CHROMOSOMAL BANDS ARE ALMOST EQUALLY DETECTED COMPARED WITH GAINS REGARDING THE CHROMOSOMES REFERRED ABOVE. IN THE CURRENT SPECIAL MOLECULAR PAPER WE EXPLORED THE ROLE OF CI IN THE PROGRESSION AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF OSCCS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  3170  31 GUT INFLAMMATION AND TUMORIGENESIS: EVERY SITE HAS A DIFFERENT TALE TO TELL. GUT INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN CORRELATED WITH CANCEROGENESIS BY DISRUPTING GASTROINTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. NUMEROUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE TUBULAR GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (E.G., GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE, HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED AND AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC GASTRITIS, CELIAC DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES) HAVE BEEN VARIABLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NEOPLASTIC RISK. GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION-INDUCED NEOPLASMS INCLUDE EPITHELIAL TUMORS (ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ADENOCARCINOMA, GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, SMALL BOWEL ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, AND COLORECTAL CANCER) AND LYMPHOMAS (SUCH AS GASTRIC MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMAS AND ENTEROPATHY-ASSOCIATED T CELL LYMPHOMA). IN THE LAST DECADES, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MICROENVIRONMENTAL/MICROBIOME CHANGES THAT TRIGGER GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS EVENTUALLY LEADING TO TUMORIGENESIS, OFTEN THROUGH A HISTOLOGICALLY RECOGNIZABLE INFLAMMATION-DYSPLASIA-CARCINOMA CANCEROGENIC SEQUENCE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE LINKS BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND NEOPLASMS OF THE TUBULAR GI TRACT, APPLYING A SITE-BY-SITE APPROACH, IS PROVIDED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  2765  44 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  5182  33 PREMALIGNANT LESIONS OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG: THE MOLECULAR MAKE-UP AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR PROGRESSION. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF LUNG CANCER, SHOWS ACCELERATED PROGRESSION AND AGGRESSIVE GROWTH AND USUALLY IS OBSERVED AT ADVANCED STAGES. SCC ORIGINATES FROM MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM THAT OCCUR DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA, SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA, AND DYSPLASIA I-III. HOWEVER, THE PROCESS IS NOT INEVITABLE; IT CAN BE STOPPED AT ANY STAGE, REMAIN IN THE STABLE STATE INDEFINITELY AND EITHER PROGRESS OR REGRESS. THE REASONS AND MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF THE EVOLUTION OF PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN THE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE LITERATURE DATA (INCLUDING OUR OWN DATA) REGARDING GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PROTEOMIC PROFILES OF THE PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND HIGHLIGHTED FACTORS (ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES, INFLAMMATION, AND GENE POLYMORPHISM) THAT MAY GOVERN THEIR PROGRESSION OR REGRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, WE REVIEWED STRATEGIES FOR LUNG CANCER PREVENTION AND PROPOSED NEW MODELS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR STUDYING PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND DEVELOPING NEW TOOLS TO PREDICT THE RISK OF THEIR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  1284  41 DECIPHERING THE MOLECULAR LANDSCAPE OF CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA FOR BETTER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (CSCC) IS A COMMON TYPE OF NEOPLASIA, REPRESENTING A TERRIBLE BURDEN ON PATIENTS' LIFE AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT. ALTHOUGH IT SELDOM METASTASIZES, AND MOST CASES CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREATED WITH SURGICAL INTERVENTION, ONCE METASTATIC CSCC DISPLAYS CONSIDERABLE AGGRESSIVENESS LEADING TO THE DEATH OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. NO CONSENSUS HAS BEEN REACHED AS TO WHICH FEATURES BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF CSCC, AN ACHIEVEMENT HINDERED BY THE HIGH MUTATIONAL BURDEN CAUSED BY CHRONIC ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXPOSURE. EVEN THOUGH SOME SUBTYPES HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS HIGH RISK VARIANTS, DEPENDING ON CERTAIN TUMOR FEATURES, CSCC THAT ARE NORMALLY THOUGHT OF AS LOW RISK COULD POSE AN INCREASED DANGER TO THE PATIENTS. IN LIGHT OF THIS, SPECIFIC GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR CUTANEOUS SCC, WHICH COULD SERVE AS RELIABLE DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR NOVEL TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT, HAVE BEEN SEARCHED FOR. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF CSCC, POINTING OUT ESTABLISHED BIOMARKERS, AS WELL AS NOVEL CANDIDATES, AND FUTURE POSSIBLE MOLECULAR THERAPIES FOR CSCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  5139  40 POTENTIAL NOVEL BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE. PROGNOSTIC, DIAGNOSTIC OR PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED FOR ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (CGVHD), A MAJOR RISK FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION. THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS REVIEW GENERATED WITHIN THE COST ACTION EUROGRAFT "INTEGRATED EUROPEAN NETWORK ON CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE" WAS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR CGVHD BESIDES THE WIDELY ACCEPTED MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOMARKERS. THUS, THE FOCUS WAS ON CELLULAR BIOMARKERS, ALLOANTIBODIES, GLYCOMICS, ENDOTHELIAL DERIVED PARTICLES, EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES, MICROBIOME, EPIGENETIC AND NEUROLOGIC CHANGES IN CGVHD PATIENTS. BOTH HOST-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES IN GENERAL, AND PARTICULARLY ALLOANTIBODIES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CGVHD AND REQUIRE FURTHER CONSIDERATION. GLYCANS ATTACHED TO IGG MODULATE ITS ACTIVITY AND REPRESENT A PROMISING PREDICTIVE AND/OR STRATIFICATION BIOMARKER FOR CGVHD. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS MICRORNAS AND DNA METHYLATION REPRESENT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR MONITORING CGVHD PATIENTS AND NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES. FINALLY, THE MICROBIOME LIKELY AFFECTS THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CGVHD; BACTERIAL STRAINS AS WELL AS MICROBIAL METABOLITES COULD DISPLAY POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR DYSBIOSIS AND RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CGVHD. IN SUMMARY, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE NO VALIDATED BIOMARKERS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR CLINICAL USE TO BETTER INFORM ON THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS OR PREDICTION OF OUTCOME FOR CGVHD, MANY NOVEL SOURCES OF POTENTIAL MARKERS HAVE SHOWN PROMISE AND WARRANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION USING WELL CHARACTERIZED, MULTI-CENTER PATIENT COHORTS.	2020