1  5940 115 TARGETING METHYLTRANSFERASE PRMT5 ELIMINATES LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. IMATINIB-INSENSITIVE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCE TO BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AND RELAPSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). IDENTIFYING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO ERADICATE CML LSCS MAY BE A STRATEGY TO CURE CML. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE DISCOVERED A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP BETWEEN BCR-ABL AND PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) IN CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF PRMT5 WAS OBSERVED IN HUMAN CML LSCS. SILENCING PRMT5 WITH SHRNA OR BLOCKING PRMT5 METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY WITH THE SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR PJ-68 REDUCED SURVIVAL, SERIAL REPLATING CAPACITY, AND LONG-TERM CULTURE-INITIATING CELLS (LTC-ICS) IN LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS. FURTHER, PRMT5 KNOCKDOWN OR PJ-68 TREATMENT DRAMATICALLY PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN A MURINE MODEL OF RETROVIRAL BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML AND IMPAIRED THE IN VIVO SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY OF TRANSPLANTED CML LSCS. PJ-68 ALSO INHIBITED LONG-TERM ENGRAFTMENT OF HUMAN CML CD34+ CELLS IN IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF PRMT5 ABROGATED THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN CML CD34+ CELLS BY DEPLETING DISHEVELLED HOMOLOG 3 (DVL3). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC METHYLATION MODIFICATION ON HISTONE PROTEIN ARGININE RESIDUES IS A REGULATORY MECHANISM TO CONTROL SELF-RENEWAL OF LSCS AND INDICATES THAT PRMT5 MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST LSCS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  2402  43 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING SENSITIZES CML STEM CELLS TO COMBINED EZH2 AND TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION. A MAJOR OBSTACLE TO CURING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS RESIDUAL DISEASE MAINTAINED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI)-PERSISTENT LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSC). THESE ARE BCR-ABL1 KINASE INDEPENDENT, REFRACTORY TO APOPTOSIS, AND SERVE AS A RESERVOIR TO DRIVE RELAPSE OR TKI RESISTANCE. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 IS MISREGULATED IN CHRONIC PHASE CML LSCS. THIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE REPROGRAMMING OF H3K27ME3 TARGETS IN LSCS, THUS SENSITIZING THEM TO APOPTOSIS UPON TREATMENT WITH AN EZH2-SPECIFIC INHIBITOR (EZH2I). EZH2I DOES NOT IMPAIR NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL SURVIVAL. STRIKINGLY, TREATMENT OF PRIMARY CML CELLS WITH EITHER EZH2I OR TKI ALONE CAUSED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF H3K27ME3 TARGETS, AND COMBINED TREATMENT FURTHER POTENTIATED THESE EFFECTS AND RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF LSCS COMPARED TO TKI ALONE, IN VITRO, AND IN LONG-TERM BONE MARROW MURINE XENOGRAFTS. OUR FINDINGS POINT TO A PROMISING EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO MORE EFFECTIVELY TARGET LSCS IN PATIENTS WITH CML RECEIVING TKIS. SIGNIFICANCE: IN CML, TKI-PERSISTENT LSCS REMAIN AN OBSTACLE TO CURE, AND APPROACHES TO ERADICATE THEM REMAIN A SIGNIFICANT UNMET CLINICAL NEED. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 REPROGRAMMING IS IMPORTANT FOR LSC SURVIVAL, BUT RENDERS LSCS SENSITIVE TO THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF EZH2I AND TKI. THIS REPRESENTS A NOVEL APPROACH TO MORE EFFECTIVELY TARGET LSCS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING TKI TREATMENT. CANCER DISCOV; 6(11); 1248-57. (C)2016 AACR.SEE RELATED ARTICLE BY XIE ET AL., P. 1237THIS ARTICLE IS HIGHLIGHTED IN THE IN THIS ISSUE FEATURE, P. 1197.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  5924  38 TARGETING DNMT1 BY DEMETHYLATING AGENT OR-2100 INCREASES TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS-SENSITIVITY AND DEPLETES LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), BUT 10-20% OF PATIENTS ACHIEVE SUBOPTIMAL RESPONSES WITH LOW TKIS SENSITIVITY. FURTHERMORE, RESIDUAL LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE INVOLVED IN THE MOLECULAR RELAPSE AFTER TKIS DISCONTINUATION. ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO LOW TKIS SENSITIVITY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF LSCS IN CML. DNMT1 IS A KEY REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING THAT ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION TARGETING DNMT1 REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFICACY OF OR-2100 (OR21), THE FIRST ORALLY AVAILABLE SINGLE-COMPOUND PRODRUG OF DECITABINE. OR21 EXHIBITED ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS AS A MONOTHERAPY, AND IN COMBINATION THERAPY IT INCREASED TKI-INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND INDUCTION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES INCLUDING PTPN6 ENCODING SHP-1 IN CML CELLS. OR21 IN COMBINATION WITH IMATINIB SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED TUMOR GROWTH IN A XENOTRANSPLANT MODEL. OR21 AND COMBINATION THERAPY DECREASED THE ABUNDANCE OF LSCS AND INHIBITED ENGRAFTMENT IN A BCR-ABL1-TRANSDUCED MOUSE MODEL. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT TARGETING DNMT1 USING OR21 EXERTS ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS AND IMPAIRS LSCS IN CML. THEREFORE, COMBINATION TREATMENT OF TKIS AND OR21 REPRESENTS A PROMISING TREATMENT STRATEGY IN CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  5861  53 SUPER-ENHANCER LANDSCAPE REVEALS LEUKEMIA STEM CELL RELIANCE ON X-BOX BINDING PROTEIN 1 AS A THERAPEUTIC VULNERABILITY. RELAPSE OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) MAY OCCUR AT LEAST PARTIALLY BECAUSE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) LACK SENSITIVITY TO TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SUCH AS IMATINIB. THE PRECISE REGULATION OF LSC STEMNESS IS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. GIVEN THAT TRAITS OF LSCS ARE SUBJECT TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT LSCS MIGHT BE DEPENDENT ON CONTINUOUS ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SUPER-ENHANCERS (SES), WHICH MIGHT, IN TURN, SUGGEST AN OPPORTUNITY FOR INTERVENTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THIS HYPOTHESIS AND DELINEATED THE SE LANDSCAPE IN LSCS FROM PATIENTS WITH CML. DISRUPTION OF THE SE-ASSOCIATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION BY THZ1, A COVALENT CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 7 (CDK7) INHIBITOR, EFFICIENTLY ERADICATED LSCS IN RETROVIRAL BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML MICE WHILE SPARING NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT X-BOX BINDING PROTEIN 1 (XBP1), A SUBSTRATE OF MRNA-SPLICING ENDONUCLEASE IRE1ALPHA IN THE UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE PATHWAY, WAS AN SE-ASSOCIATED ONCOGENE IN LSCS. KNOCKDOWN OF XBP1 REDUCED SURVIVAL AND SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS AND ERADICATED LSCS IN CML MICE. SELECTIVELY BLOCKING GENERATION OF THE SPLICED FORM OF XBP1 BY HEMATOPOIETIC CELL-SPECIFIC IRE1 CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT SUPPRESSED THE PROGRESSION OF CML AND IMPAIRED THE LEUKEMOGENESIS OF LSCS IN CML MICE. OVERALL, WE IDENTIFIED AN EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM IN LSCS, ADDING TO EVIDENCE FOR THE THEORY OF "ONCOGENE ADDICTION" AND SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL TARGETING STRATEGY FOR CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  4003  41 LOSS OF PRMT7 REPROGRAMS GLYCINE METABOLISM TO SELECTIVELY ERADICATE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS IN CML. OUR GROUP HAS REPORTED PREVIOUSLY ON THE ROLE OF VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE (PRMT) FAMILY, WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, IN THE PROGRESSION OF LEUKEMIA. HERE, WE EXPLORED THE ROLE OF PRMT7, GIVEN ITS UNIQUE FUNCTION WITHIN THE PRMT FAMILY, IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). GENETIC LOSS OF PRMT7, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A SMALL-MOLECULE SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF PRMT7, SHOWED THAT TARGETING PRMT7 DELAYED LEUKEMIA DEVELOPMENT AND IMPAIRED SELF-RENEWAL OF LSCS IN A CML MOUSE MODEL AND IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS FROM HUMANS WITHOUT AFFECTING NORMAL HEMATOPOIESIS. MECHANISTICALLY, LOSS OF PRMT7 RESULTED IN REDUCED EXPRESSIONS OF GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE, LEADING TO THE REPROGRAMING OF GLYCINE METABOLISM TO GENERATE METHYLGLYOXAL, WHICH IS DETRIMENTAL TO LSCS. THESE FINDINGS LINK HISTONE ARGININE METHYLATION WITH GLYCINE METABOLISM, WHILE SUGGESTING PRMT7 AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE ERADICATION OF LSCS IN CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6   690  36 BRD4 DEGRADATION BLOCKS EXPRESSION OF MYC AND MULTIPLE FORMS OF STEM CELL RESISTANCE IN PH(+) CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CLONAL CELLS CAN BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL BY BCR::ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI). HOWEVER, OVERT RESISTANCE OR INTOLERANCE AGAINST THESE TKI MAY OCCUR. WE IDENTIFIED THE EPIGENETIC READER BRD4 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM-EFFECTOR MYC AS GROWTH REGULATORS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN CML CELLS. BRD4 AND MYC WERE FOUND TO BE EXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CELLS, CD34(+) /CD38(-) LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSC), AND IN THE CML CELL LINES KU812, K562, KCL22, AND KCL22(T315I) . THE BRD4-TARGETING DRUG JQ1 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS PROLIFERATION IN KU812 CELLS AND PRIMARY LEUKEMIC CELLS IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PHASE CML. IN THE BLAST PHASE OF CML, JQ1 WAS LESS EFFECTIVE. HOWEVER, THE BRD4 DEGRADER DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK PROLIFERATION AND/OR SURVIVAL OF PRIMARY CML CELLS IN ALL PATIENTS TESTED, INCLUDING BLAST PHASE CML AND CML CELLS EXHIBITING THE T315I VARIANT OF BCR::ABL1. MOREOVER, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK MYC EXPRESSION AND TO SYNERGIZE WITH BCR::ABL1 TKI IN INHIBITING THE PROLIFERATION IN THE JQ1-RESISTANT CELL LINE K562. FURTHERMORE, BRD4 DEGRADATION WAS FOUND TO OVERCOME OSTEOBLAST-INDUCED TKI RESISTANCE OF CML LSC IN A CO-CULTURE SYSTEM AND TO BLOCK INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF THE CHECKPOINT ANTIGEN PD-L1 IN LSC. FINALLY, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS THE IN VITRO SURVIVAL OF CML LSC AND THEIR ENGRAFTMENT IN NSG MICE. TOGETHER, TARGETING OF BRD4 AND MYC THROUGH BET DEGRADATION SENSITIZES CML CELLS AGAINST BCR::ABL1 TKI AND IS A POTENT APPROACH TO OVERCOME MULTIPLE FORMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN CML LSC.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  3158  44 GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA MISSPLICING CONTRIBUTES TO LEUKEMIA STEM CELL GENERATION. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A RARE POPULATION OF SELF-RENEWING CANCER STEM CELLS (CSC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CANCER PROGRESSION AND THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT PARADIGM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS INVOLVED IN CSC PRODUCTION. CML PROGRESSES FROM A CHRONIC PHASE (CP) IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSC) THAT HARBOR THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION, TO BLAST CRISIS (BC), CHARACTERIZED BY ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF BETA-CATENIN WITHIN GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PROGENITORS (GMP). A MAJOR BARRIER TO PREDICTING AND INHIBITING BLAST CRISIS TRANSFORMATION HAS BEEN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS DRIVING BETA-CATENIN ACTIVATION. HERE WE SHOW THAT BC CML MYELOID PROGENITORS, IN PARTICULAR GMP, SERIALLY TRANSPLANT LEUKEMIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED MICE AND THUS ARE ENRICHED FOR LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSC). NOTABLY, CDNA SEQUENCING OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY REGULATORY GENES, INCLUDING ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI, GSK3BETA, AXIN 1, BETA-CATENIN, LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR-1, CYCLIN D1, AND C-MYC, REVEALED A NOVEL IN-FRAME SPLICE DELETION OF THE GSK3BETA KINASE DOMAIN IN THE GMP OF BC SAMPLES THAT WAS NOT DETECTABLE BY SEQUENCING IN BLASTS OR NORMAL PROGENITORS. MOREOVER, BC CML PROGENITORS WITH MISSPLICED GSK3BETA HAVE ENHANCED BETA-CATENIN EXPRESSION AS WELL AS SERIAL ENGRAFTMENT POTENTIAL WHILE REINTRODUCTION OF FULL-LENGTH GSK3BETA REDUCES BOTH IN VITRO REPLATING AND LEUKEMIC ENGRAFTMENT. WE PROPOSE THAT CP CML IS INITIATED BY BCR-ABL EXPRESSION IN AN HSC CLONE BUT THAT PROGRESSION TO BC MAY INCLUDE MISSPLICING OF GSK3BETA IN GMP LSC, ENABLING UNPHOSPHORYLATED BETA-CATENIN TO PARTICIPATE IN LSC SELF-RENEWAL. MISSPLICING OF GSK3BETA REPRESENTS A UNIQUE MECHANISM FOR THE EMERGENCE OF BC CML LSC AND MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  4741  51 NOVEL HDAC INHIBITOR MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB SYNERGISTICALLY KILL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF BCR-ABL/MYC-SIGNALING: EFFECT ON IMATINIB RESISTANCE AND STEM CELLS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATHOGENESIS IS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE ONCOGENIC BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION-ABELSON MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG 1 (BCR-ABL) FUSION PROTEIN. SINCE BCR-ABL DISPLAYS ABNORMAL CONSTITUTIVE TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY, THERAPIES USING TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SUCH AS IMATINIB REPRESENT A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH FOR THE OUTCOME OF CML PATIENTS. NEVERTHELESS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANCE AND THE PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) REMAIN BARRIERS TO CURE THE DISEASE, JUSTIFYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. SINCE THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) IS DEREGULATED IN NUMEROUS CANCERS INCLUDING CML, PAN-HDAC INHIBITORS MAY REPRESENT PROMISING THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML CELLS IN COMBINATION WITH TKI. RESULTS: WE ASSESSED THE ANTI-LEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF A NOVEL HYDROXAMATE-BASED PAN-HDAC INHIBITOR MAKV-8, WHICH COMPLIED WITH THE LIPINSKI'S "RULE OF FIVE," IN VARIOUS CML CELLS ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH IMATINIB. WE VALIDATED THE IN VITRO HDAC-INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF MAKV-8 AND DEMONSTRATED EFFICIENT BINDING TO THE LIGAND-BINDING POCKET OF HDAC ISOENZYMES. IN CELLULO, MAKV-8 SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED TARGET PROTEIN ACETYLATION, DISPLAYED CYTOSTATIC AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES, AND TRIGGERED CONCOMITANT ER STRESS/PROTECTIVE AUTOPHAGY LEADING TO CANONICAL CASPASE-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS. CONSIDERING THE SPECIFIC UPREGULATION OF SELECTED HDACS IN LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS, WE INVESTIGATED THE DIFFERENTIAL TOXICITY OF A CO-TREATMENT WITH MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB IN CML VERSUS HEALTHY CELLS. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT BECLIN-1 KNOCKDOWN PREVENTED MAKV-8-IMATINIB COMBINATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. MOREOVER, MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB CO-TREATMENT SYNERGISTICALLY REDUCED BCR-ABL-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CML CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL. SINCE OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS OVEREXPRESSED C-MYC, IMPORTANTLY MAKV-8-IMATINIB CO-TREATMENT REDUCED C-MYC LEVELS AND THE LSC POPULATION. IN VIVO, TUMOR GROWTH OF XENOGRAFTED K-562 CELLS IN ZEBRAFISH WAS COMPLETELY ABROGATED UPON COMBINED TREATMENT WITH MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB. CONCLUSIONS: COLLECTIVELY, THE PRESENT FINDINGS SHOW THAT COMBINATIONS HDAC INHIBITOR-IMATINIB ARE LIKELY TO OVERCOME DRUG RESISTANCE IN CML PATHOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  5319  53 PTEN IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR ELIMINATION OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS MEDIATED BY GSK126 TARGETING EZH2 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR RESISTANCE AND DISEASE RELAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). TARGETING LSCS MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY TO OVERRIDE THIS THORNY PROBLEM. GIVEN THAT EZH2 WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS, OUR PURPOSE IN THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF TARGETING EZH2 ON CML LSCS AND CLARIFY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HUMAN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS AND RETROVIRALLY BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML MOUSE MODELS WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126- OR EZH2-SPECIFIC SHRNA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE PTEN IN CML CELLS WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY.RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 NOT ONLY ELICITED APOPTOSIS AND RESTRICTED CELL GROWTH IN CML BULK LEUKEMIA CELLS, BUT ALSO DECREASED LSCS IN CML CD34(+) CELLS WHILE SPARING THOSE FROM NORMAL BONE MARROW CD34(+) CELLS. SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 OR SPECIFIC SHRNA PROLONGED SURVIVAL OF CML MICE AND REDUCED THE NUMBER OF LSCS IN MICE. EZH2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN ELEVATION OF PTEN AND LED TO IMPAIRED RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF PTEN GENE. THE EFFECT OF EZH2 KNOCKDOWN IN THE CML MICE WAS AT LEAST PARTIALLY REVERSED BY PTEN KNOCKDOWN.CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF STEMNESS IN CML LSCS AND WARRANT CLINICAL TRIAL OF GSK126 IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS WITH CML. CLIN CANCER RES; 24(1); 145-57. (C)2017 AACR.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10   573  35 BCR-ABL1-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF WASP IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTES TO MALIGNANCY. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE (TK). THE DEVELOPMENT OF TK INHIBITORS (TKIS) REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS. HOWEVER, TKIS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE TO THOSE AT ADVANCED PHASES WHEN AMPLIFIED BCR-ABL1 LEVELS AND INCREASED GENOMIC INSTABILITY LEAD TO SECONDARY ONCOGENIC MODIFICATIONS. WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN (WASP) IS AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS AND WAS SHOWN TO BE AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF THE C-ABL TK. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF WASP DECREASES WITH THE PROGRESSION OF CML, INVERSELY CORRELATES WITH THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 AND IS PARTICULARLY LOW IN BLAST CRISIS. ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVELY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF WASP. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF WASP IS PARTIALLY DUE TO DNA METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL WASP PROMOTER. IMPORTANTLY, LOWER LEVELS OF WASP IN CML ADVANCED PHASE PATIENTS CORRELATE WITH POORER OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS) AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI RESPONSE. INTERESTINGLY, ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF WASP IN BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE K562 CELLS INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY TRAIL OR CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND NEGATIVELY MODULATES BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA REVEAL A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT OPERATES IN BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS THAT CAN BE USED TO DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES TO HELP TKI-RESISTANT, CML PATIENTS IN BLAST CRISIS (BC).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  2848  26 FREQUENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), THE ABILITY OF TKIS TO ERADICATE CML REMAINS UNCERTAIN AND PATIENTS MUST CONTINUE TKI THERAPY FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS. IN THIS STUDY, WE PERFORMED WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING TO IDENTIFY SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN 24 PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC PHASE CML WHO WERE REGISTERED IN THE JALSG CML212 STUDY. WE IDENTIFIED 191 SOMATIC MUTATIONS OTHER THAN THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION GENE (MEDIAN 8, RANGE 1-17). AGE, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION AND WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE NUMBER OF MUTATIONS. PATIENTS WITH MUTATIONS ?6 SHOWED HIGHER RATE OF ACHIEVING MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE THAN THOSE<6 (P=0.0381). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, ASXL1, TET2, TET3, KDM1A AND MSH6 WERE FOUND IN 25% OF PATIENTS. TET2 OR TET3, AKT1 AND RUNX1 WERE MUTATED IN ONE PATIENT EACH. ASXL1 WAS MUTATED WITHIN EXON 12 IN THREE CASES. MUTATED GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITH CELL SIGNALING AND CELL DIVISION PATHWAYS. FURTHERMORE, DNA COPY NUMBER ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT 2 OF 24 PATIENTS HAD UNIPARENTAL DISOMY OF CHROMOSOME 1P OR 3Q, WHICH DISAPPEARED MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE WAS ACHIEVED. THESE MUTATIONS MAY PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN CML PATHOGENESIS IN ADDITION TO THE STRONG DRIVER MUTATION BCR-ABL1.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  3530  37 IMATINIB (ST1571) PROVIDES ONLY LIMITED SELECTIVITY FOR CML CELLS AND TREATMENT MIGHT BE COMPLICATED BY SILENT BCR-ABL GENES. VERY PROMISING RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED IN CLINICAL TRIALS ON CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CP-CML) PATIENTS TREATED WITH IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM; GLEEVECR, STI571), A BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, WE FOUND THAT IM CAUSED CONSIDERABLE INHIBITION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS UPON TREATING CONTROL BONE MARROW (BM) CULTURES. IN VITRO IM TREATMENT GAVE A DECREASE IN THE YIELD AND SIZE OF COLONIES FROM BM OF UNTREATED CP-CML PATIENTS THAT WAS ONLY TWO TO THREE TIMES THAT FROM THE NORMAL SAMPLES. MOREOVER, ABOUT 30% OF MYELOID PROGENITORS (CFU-GM) FROM CML BM STILL FORMED COLONIES IN THE PRESENCE OF IM, MOST OF WHICH HAD BCR-ABL RNA. ABOUT HALF OF THESE TREATED COLONIES ALSO DISPLAYED METHYLATION OF THE INTERNAL ABL PA PROMOTER, A CML-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ALTERATION, WHICH WAS USED IN THIS STUDY AS A MARKER FOR BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION-CONTAINING CELLS. HOWEVER, ~5-8% OF THE TREATED OR THE UNTREATED CML BM-DERIVED COLONIES HAD NO DETECTABLE BCR-ABL RNA BY TWO OR THREE ROUNDS OF RT-PCR DESPITE BEING POSITIVE FOR THE INTERNAL STANDARD RNA AND DISPLAYING HALLMARKS OF CML, EITHER T(9;22)(Q34;QL 1) OR ABL PA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT IM IS ONLY PARTIALLY SPECIFIC FOR CML PROGENITOR CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS AND SUGGEST THAT SOME CML CELLS MAY HAVE A SILENT BCR-ABL ONCOGENE THAT COULD INTERFERE WITH THERAPY.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13   572  32 BCR-ABL1 KINASE-DEPENDENT ALTERATION OF MRNA METABOLISM: POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. THE USE OF FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES PROGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS WITH EARLY CHRONIC PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND EFFICIENTLY COUNTERACTS LEUKEMIA IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CML BEARING A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 MUTANTS. HOWEVER, THE SO-CALLED 'TINIB' TKIS (E.G. IMATINIB, NILOTINIB, DASATINIB, AND BOSUTINIB) ARE BOTH INEFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AND UNABLE TO ERADICATE CML AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL. THIS RAISES A FEW IMPORTANT QUESTIONS. IS BCR-ABL1 EXPRESSION AND/OR ACTIVITY ESSENTIAL FOR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION? IS BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION THE RESULT OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT OCCUR AT THE STEM CELL LEVEL WHICH ONLY BECOME APPARENT IN THE GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PROGENITOR (GMP) CELL POOL, OR DOES IT ARISE DIRECTLY AT THE GMP LEVEL? AS ALTERED MRNA METABOLISM CONTRIBUTES TO THE PHENOTYPE OF BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS (DECREASED TRANSLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED TRANSLATION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES), ONE ATTRACTIVE CONCEPT IS TO RESTORE LEVELS OF THESE ESSENTIAL MOLECULES TO THEIR NORMAL LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH MRNA PROCESSING, TRANSLATION, AND DEGRADATION ARE DEREGULATED IN BCR-ABL1 MYELOID BLAST CRISIS CML PROGENITORS, AND PRESENT ENCOURAGING RESULTS FROM STUDIES WITH PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITORS WHICH SUPPORT THEIR INCLUSION IN THE CLINIC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  5335  28 QUANTIFICATION AND EPIGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL POOL OF HEPATITIS B COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN LONG-TERM NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE-TREATED PATIENTS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR (CCC)DNA IS THE KEY GENOMIC FORM RESPONSIBLE FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND VIROLOGICAL RELAPSE AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA LEVELS AND ACTIVITY AFTER LONG-TERM NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES THERAPY STILL REPRESENTS A TECHNICAL CHALLENGE. QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR, ROLLING CIRCLE AMPLIFICATION (RCA) AND DROPLET DIGITAL (DD)PCR ASSAYS WERE USED TO QUANTIFY RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA IN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM 56 CHRONICALLY HBV INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER 3 TO 5 YEARS OF TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT. ACTIVITY OF RESIDUAL CCCDNA WAS EVALUATED BY QUANTIFYING 3.5 KB HBV RNA (PREC/PGRNA) AND BY ASSESSING CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE TAILS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) BY MICRO-CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. LONG-TERM TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN SERUM HBV DNA SUPPRESSION, WITH MOST OF THE PATIENTS REACHING UNDETECTABLE LEVELS. DESPITE 38 OUT OF 56 PATIENTS HAD UNDETECTABLE CCCDNA WHEN ASSESSED BY QPCR, RCA AND DDPCR ASSAYS DETECTED CCCDNA IN ALL-BUT-ONE NEGATIVE SAMPLES. LOW PREC/PGRNA LEVEL IN TELBIVUDINE-TREATED SAMPLES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT FOR CCCDNA HISTONE PTMS RELATED TO REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NO DIFFERENCE IN CCCDNA LEVELS WAS FOUND ACCORDING TO SERUM VIRAL MARKERS EVOLUTION. THIS PANEL OF CCCDNA EVALUATION TECHNIQUES SHOULD PROVIDE AN ADDED VALUE FOR THE NEW PROOF-OF-CONCEPT CLINICAL TRIALS AIMING AT A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15   571  31 BCR-ABL INDUCES AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING. BCR-ABL ONCOGENE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INITIAL PHASE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), WHICH IS EFFECTIVELY TREATED BY THE BCR-ABL INHIBITOR IMATINIB. OVER TIME PATIENTS BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT AND PROGRESS TO BLAST CRISIS, AN EVENT THAT IS DRIVEN BY ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. RECENTLY, WE SHOWED THAT RIZ1 EXPRESSION DECREASES IN BLAST CRISIS AND THAT RE-EXPRESSION OF RIZ1 INHIBITS IGF-1 EXPRESSION. IGF-1 SIGNALING IS REQUIRED IN MANY STAGES OF HEMATOPOIESIS AND INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVATION OF AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING MAY FACILITATE TRANSFORMATION TO BLAST CRISIS. WE OBSERVED THAT IN 8 OUT OF 11 MATCHED CML PATIENT BIOPSIES THE IGF-1 EXPRESSION IS ELEVATED IN BLAST CRISIS. WE EXAMINED MECHANISMS USED BY CML BLAST CRISIS CELL LINES TO ACTIVATE IGF-1 EXPRESSION. WE FOUND THAT BCR-ABL ACTIVATES AUTOCRINE IGF-1 SIGNALING USING HCK AND STAT5B. INHIBITION OF THESE SIGNALING COMPONENTS USING SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS OR SHRNA DECREASES PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCES APOPTOSIS. TOGETHER, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT IGF-1 SIGNALING IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN BLAST CRISIS TRANSFORMATION AND IT PROVIDES A MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN THE ACTIVITY OF IGF-1R AND HCK INHIBITORS IN BLOCKING CML BLAST CRISIS PHENOTYPES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  6448  32 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  2837  37 FORKHEAD O TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 RESTRICTS HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION THROUGH GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA VIA INTERACTING WITH PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN. NUCLEAR LOCATED HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) REMAINS THE KEY OBSTACLE TO CURE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). IN OUR PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY THROUGH DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF HNF4ALPHA. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS WHEREBY FOXO4 INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION, ESPECIALLY ITS EFFECT ON CCCDNA, REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, OUR DATA FURTHER REVEALED THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT CCCDNA MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING CCCDNA LEVEL. MECHANISTIC STUDY SHOWED THAT FOXO4 COULD CAUSE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA. ALTHOUGH FOXO4-MEDIATED DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA CONTRIBUTED TO INHIBITING HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY, IT HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FURTHER, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD COLOCALIZE WITHIN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN (PML) NUCLEAR BODIES AND INTERACT WITH PML. OF NOTE, PML WAS REVEALED TO BE CRITICAL FOR FOXO4-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF CCCDNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND OF THE FOLLOWING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. FURTHERMORE, FOXO4 WAS FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN HBV-INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AND HUMAN LIVER TISSUES, AND IT WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN CHB PATIENTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF FOXO4 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA THROUGH INTERACTING WITH PML. TARGETING FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IMPORTANCE HBV CCCDNA IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND THE MAIN OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. STRATEGIES THAT TARGET CCCDNA DIRECTLY ARE THEREFORE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CONTROLLING PERSISTENT HBV INFECTION. IN PRESENT INVESTIGATION, WE FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFICIENTLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA ITSELF. FURTHER, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT FOXO4 MIGHT INHIBIT CCCDNA FUNCTION VIA A TWO-PART MECHANISM: ONE IS TO EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION VIA INTERACTING WITH PML, AND THE OTHER IS TO INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY VIA THE GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA. OF NOTE, HBV MIGHT DAMPEN THE EXPRESSION OF FOXO4 FOR ITS OWN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE PROPOSE THAT MANIPULATION OF FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2022	

18   791  26 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NETWORKS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: THE LEUKEMIC STEM, PROGENITOR AND STROMAL CELL INTERPLAY. THE USE OF IMATINIB, SECOND AND THIRD GENERATION ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) (I.E. DASATINIB, NILOTINIB, BOSUTINIB AND PONATINIB) MADE CML A CLINICALLY MANAGEABLE AND, IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF CASES, A CURED DISEASE. TKI THERAPY ALSO TURNED CML BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION INTO A RARE EVENT; HOWEVER, DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL OCCURS IN THOSE PATIENTS WHO ARE REFRACTORY, NOT COMPLIANT WITH TKI THERAPY OR DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE TKIS. IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE BCRABL1 ONCOGENE DOES NOT OPERATE ALONE TO DRIVE DISEASE EMERGENCE, MAINTENANCE AND PROGRESSION. INDEED, IT SEEMS THAT BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT-GENERATED SIGNALS AND CELL AUTONOMOUS BCRABL1 KINASE-INDEPENDENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO: I. PERSISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) RESERVOIR, II. INNATE OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO TKIS, AND III. PROGRESSION INTO THE FATAL BLAST CRISIS STAGE. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE INTRICATE LEUKEMIC NETWORK IN WHICH ABERRANT, BUT FINELY TUNED, SURVIVAL, MITOGENIC AND SELF-RENEWAL SIGNALS ARE GENERATED BY LEUKEMIC PROGENITORS, STROMAL CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS AND METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (E.G. HYPOXIA) TO PROMOTE LSC MAINTENANCE AND BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  3898  34 LARGE-SCALE TOPOLOGICAL DISRUPTION OF CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES 9 AND 22 IS ASSOCIATED WITH NONRESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN CML. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF T(9;22) TRANSLOCATION WHOSE ORIGIN HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRIDIMENSIONAL GENOME ORGANIZATION. THIS REARRANGEMENT LEADS TO THE FUSION OF BCR AND ABL1 GENES GIVING RISE TO A CHIMERIC PROTEIN WITH CONSTITUTIVE KINASE ACTIVITY. IMATINIB, A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI), IS USED AS A FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR CML, THOUGH ~40% OF CML PATIENTS DO NOT RESPOND. HERE, USING STRUCTURED ILLUMINATION MICROSCOPY (SIM) AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION, WE STUDIED THE 3D ORGANIZATION PATTERNS OF THE ABL1 AND BCR GENES, AND THEIR CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES (CTS) CT9 AND CT22, IN CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS THAT RESPONDED OR NOT TO TKI. WE FOUND THAT TKI RESISTANCE IN CML IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 IN CD34+ CELLS, INCREASED CT VOLUMES (ESPECIALLY FOR CT22), INTERMINGLING BETWEEN CT9 AND CT22, AND AN OPEN-CHROMATIN EPIGENETIC MARK IN CT22. ALTOGETHER OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LARGE-SCALE DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 CORRELATES WITH THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS, WHICH COULD BE TRANSLATED INTO A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC MARKER OF RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN THIS DISEASE AND PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING RESISTANCE TO TKI IN CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  2887  31 GADD45A TRANSCRIPTIONAL INDUCTION ELICITED BY THE AURORA KINASE INHIBITOR MK-0457 IN BCR-ABL-EXPRESSING CELLS IS DRIVEN BY OCT-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. THE ADVANTAGE OF AURORA KINASE (AK) INHIBITORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) THERAPY MOSTLY ARISES FROM "OFF-TARGET" EFFECTS ON TYROSINE KINASE (TK) ACTIVITY OF WILD TYPE (WT) OR MUTATED BCR-ABL PROTEINS WHICH DRIVE THE DISEASE RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB (IM). WE PROVED THAT THE AK INHIBITOR MK-0457 INDUCES THE GROWTH ARREST DNA DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE (GADD) 45A THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF OCTAMER-BINDING (OCT)-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AT A CRITICAL PROMOTER REGION FOR GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE H3 (LYSINE 14 ACETYLATION, LYSINE 9 DE-METHYLATION). SUCH EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS MAY DEPICT A GENERAL MECHANISM PROMOTING THE RE-ACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SILENCED BY BCR-ABL.	2012