1  6662 97 UPREGULATION OF FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) IS ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN CLINICAL RHINOLOGY. FZD5 IS A RECEPTOR FOR WNT5A, AND ITS COMPLEX WITH WNT5A CONTRIBUTES TO ACTIVATING INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE MODIFICATION. NASAL POLYPS AND EOSINOPHIL/NON-EOSINOPHIL COUNTS ARE REPORTED TO BE DIRECTLY CORRELATED. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FZD5, AND THE ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL INFILTRATION AND FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP PATHOGENESIS. THE PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL LEVELS WAS EVALUATED IN SEVEN PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP. FIFTEEN PATIENTS WITH CRS WERE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE PERCENTAGE OF EOSINOPHILS IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE. METHYLATED GENES WERE DETECTED USING METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN SEQUENCING, AND QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WERE USED TO DETECT FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE SAMPLES. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT MRNA EXPRESSION OF FZD5 WAS UPREGULATED IN NASAL POLYPS. FZD5 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NASAL POLYP SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP THAN IN THOSE FROM PATIENTS WITH NON-EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP, AS INDICATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. FURTHERMORE, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE LEVELS WERE HIGHER IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP-DERIVED EPITHELIAL CELLS THAN IN NORMAL TISSUES. IN CONCLUSION, FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL MUCOSAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IS CORRELATED WITH INFLAMMATORY CELLS AND MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2   720 31 CALPAIN-14 AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS. CALPAINS ARE A FAMILY OF INTRACELLULAR, CALCIUM-DEPENDENT CYSTEINE PROTEASES INVOLVED IN A VARIETY OF REGULATORY PROCESSES, INCLUDING CYTOSKELETAL DYNAMICS, CELL-CYCLE PROGRESSION, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, GENE EXPRESSION, AND APOPTOSIS. THESE ENZYMES HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN A NUMBER OF DISEASE PROCESSES, NOTABLY FOR THIS REVIEW INVOLVING EOSINOPHILIC TISSUE INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS (EOE), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER TRIGGERED BY ALLERGIC HYPERSENSITIVITY TO FOOD AND ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC VARIANTS IN CALPAIN 14 (CAPN14). HEREIN WE REVIEW THE GENETIC, STRUCTURAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CAPN14 AND ITS GENE PRODUCT CAPN14, AND ITS EMERGING ROLE IN PATIENTS WITH EOE. THE CAPN14 GENE IS LOCALIZED AT CHROMOSOME 2P23.1-P21 AND IS MOST HOMOLOGOUS TO CAPN13 (36% SEQUENCE IDENTITY), WHICH IS LOCATED 365 KB DOWNSTREAM OF CAPN14. STRUCTURALLY, CAPN14 HAS CLASSICAL CALPAIN MOTIFS, INCLUDING A CYSTEINE PROTEASE CORE. IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER HUMAN CALPAINS, CAPN14 HAS A UNIQUE EXPRESSION PATTERN, WITH THE HIGHEST LEVELS IN THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, PARTICULARLY IN THE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM OF THE ESOPHAGUS. THE CAPN14 GENE IS POSITIONED IN AN EPIGENETIC HOTSPOT REGULATED BY IL-13, A T(H)2 CYTOKINE WITH INCREASED LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH EOE THAT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A MEDIATOR OF THE DISEASE. CAPN14 INDUCES DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS ON THE ESOPHAGEAL EPITHELIUM BY IMPAIRING EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION IN ASSOCIATION WITH LOSS OF DESMOGLEIN-1 EXPRESSION AND HAS A REGULATORY ROLE IN REPAIRING EPITHELIAL CHANGES INDUCED BY IL-13. THUS CAPN14 IS A UNIQUE PROTEASE WITH DISTINCT TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH EOE AND IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR EOE AND RELATED EOSINOPHILIC AND ALLERGIC DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  6071 33 THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE INCREASES REGULATORY T CELLS AND ALLEVIATES AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN OVALBUMIN-SENSITIZED MICE. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS CHARACTERIZED AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF THE AIRWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH AN ENHANCED TH2 RESPONSE TO INHALED ALLERGENS. CD4+ T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3 AND STRICTLY MAINTAIN PERIPHERAL IMMUNOTOLERANCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FOXP3 BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA), CAN GENERATE A STEADY SUPPLY OF FUNCTIONAL TREG CELLS. THEREFORE, WE PROPOSE THAT AZA CAN AUGMENT TREG CELLS IN VIVO TO PREVENT THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA. METHODS: BALB/C MICE WERE SENSITIZED WITH CHICKEN OVALBUMIN (OVA) AND TREATED WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF AZA. AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS TO METHACHOLINE, EOSINOPHILIA IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, CIRCULATING TITERS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE, AND STIMULATING LEVELS OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM SPLENOCYTES WERE THEN DETERMINED. CELLULAR POPULATIONS WERE EXAMINED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. PC61 ANTIBODY, WHICH DEPLETES CD25+ CELLS, WAS USED TO VERIFY THE ROLE OF CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-INDUCED TOLERANCE. RESULTS: ADMINISTRATION OF AZA TO OVA-SENSITIZED MICE DIMINISHED AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY, PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA, LEVELS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE IN SERUM, AND SECRETION OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM OVA-STIMULATED SPLENOCYTES IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. PERCENTAGES OF CD25+ AND FOXP3+ CELLS IN THE CD4+ CELL POPULATION WERE NOTABLY INCREASED IN AZA-TREATED MICE COMPARED TO SENSITIZED CONTROL MICE. FURTHERMORE, THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA WERE EXACERBATED BY DEPLETING CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-TREATED MICE. CONCLUSIONS: AZA MAY HAVE APPLICATIONS AS A NOVEL CLINICAL STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF TREG CELLS IN ORDER TO MODULATE THE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3531 31 IMATINIB CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF PTEN GENE VIA UPREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEINS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THE POSSIBLE IMATINIB-RESISTANT MECHANISM; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF LEUKEMIA CELLS TO IMATINIB DOWNREGULATED LEVELS OF PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG DELETED ON CHROMOSOME 10 (PTEN) VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION (LEUKEMIA 2010; 24: 1631). THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH IMATINIB CAUSED METHYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN LEUKEMIA CELLS. REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR FOUND THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA EOL-1 CELLS EXPRESSING FIP1L1/PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-ALPHA TO IMATINIB INDUCED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) AND HISTONE-METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), A FAMILY OF POLYCOMB GROUP, THEREBY INCREASING METHYLATION OF THE GENE. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY FOUND THE INCREASED COMPLEX FORMATION OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS IN THESE CELLS. MOREOVER, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY SHOWED THAT AMOUNTS OF BOTH DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS BOUND AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTEN GENE WERE INCREASED IN EOL-1 CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO IMATINIB. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 WERE STRIKINGLY INCREASED IN LEUKEMIA CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (N=1) AND PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (N=2), WHO RELAPSED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IMATINIB COMPARED WITH THOSE ISOLATED AT THEIR INITIAL PRESENTATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, IMATINIB COULD CAUSE DRUG-RESISTANCE VIA RECRUITMENT OF POLYCOMB GENE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE PTEN AND DOWNREGULATION OF THIS GENE'S TRANSCRIPTS IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  5425 21 REGULATION OF MYELOPOIESIS BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IRF8. INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR-8 (IRF8) IS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EXPRESSED IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS, PARTICULARLY IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES [MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS)] AND THEIR PROGENITORS. VARIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT IRF8 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MONOCYTES, DCS, EOSINOPHILS, AND BASOPHILS. CONVERSELY, IRF8 SUPPRESSES THE GENERATION OF NEUTROPHILS. ACCORDINGLY, IRF8 (-/-) MICE DEVELOP IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)-LIKE DISEASE. MUTATIONS AND LOSS OF EXPRESSION OF THE HUMAN IRF8 GENE ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND CML, RESPECTIVELY. RECENT FINDINGS HAVE BEGUN TO REVEAL THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NETWORK AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES GOVERNED BY IRF8. FOR EXAMPLE, IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE PROGENITORS, IRF8 COOPERATES WITH PU.1 TO PROMOTE THE FORMATION OF PROMOTER-DISTAL ENHANCERS TO INDUCE MONOCYTE-RELATED GENES INCLUDING THE CRITICAL DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENE KLF4. ON THE OTHER HAND, IRF8 BLOCKS C/EBPALPHA ACTIVITY TO SUPPRESS THE NEUTROPHIL DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM. INDEED, IRF8 (-/-) MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE PROGENITORS FAIL TO EFFICIENTLY GENERATE MONOCYTES AND DCS AND, INSTEAD, ABERRANTLY GIVE RISE TO NEUTROPHILS. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF IRF8 IN MYELOPOIESIS AND RELATED DISEASES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  4964 27 PATHOGENETIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODY-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES. ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODIES (ANCA) TARGETING PROTEINASE 3 (PR3) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE EXPRESSED BY INNATE IMMUNE CELLS (NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES) ARE SALIENT DIAGNOSTIC AND PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS, COMPRISING GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (GPA), MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS, AND EOSINOPHILIC GPA. GENETIC STUDIES SUGGEST THAT ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES (AAV) CONSTITUTE SEPARATE DISEASES, WHICH SHARE COMMON IMMUNOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, BUT ARE OTHERWISE HETEROGENEOUS. THE SUCCESSFUL THERAPEUTIC USE OF ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODIES EMPHASIZES THE PROMINENT ROLE OF ANCA AND POSSIBLY OTHER AUTOANTIBODIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AAV. HOWEVER, TO ELUCIDATE CAUSAL EFFECTS IN AAV, A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY LEADING TO THE EMERGENCE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT PRODUCE PATHOGENIC ANCA REMAINS A CHALLENGE. DIFFERENT SCENARIOS SEEM POSSIBLE; E.G., THE BREAK OF TOLERANCE INDUCED BY A SHIFT FROM NON-PATHOGENIC TOWARD PATHOGENIC AUTOANTIGEN EPITOPES IN INFLAMED TISSUE. THIS REVIEW GIVES A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND CHRONIC NON-RESOLVING INFLAMMATION, NECRO-INFLAMMATORY AUTO-AMPLIFICATION OF CELLULAR DEATH AND INFLAMMATION, ALTERED AUTOANTIGEN PRESENTATION, ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY ACTIVATION, ALTERATIONS WITHIN PERIPHERAL AND INFLAMED TISSUE-RESIDING T- AND B-CELL POPULATIONS, ECTOPIC LYMPHOID TISSUE NEOFORMATION, THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PR3-SPECIFIC T-CELLS, PROPERTIES OF ANCA, LINKS BETWEEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND INFECTION-TRIGGERED PATHOLOGY, AND ANIMAL MODELS IN AAV.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  4566 20 MYELOID SOMATIC MUTATION PANEL TESTING IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS ARE CHARACTERISED BY SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE CELL PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, RNA SPLICING OR DNA REPAIR. ASSESSMENT OF THE MUTATIONAL PROFILE ASSISTS DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION, BUT ALSO AIDS ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS, AND MAY GUIDE THE USE OF EMERGING TARGETED THERAPIES. THE MOST PRACTICAL WAY TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON NUMEROUS GENETIC VARIANTS IS BY USING MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING, COMMONLY IN THE FORM OF DISEASE SPECIFIC NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) PANELS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF SOMATIC MUTATION TESTING IN PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHAEMIA, PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS, CHRONIC NEUTROPHILIC LEUKAEMIA, SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS, AND CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKAEMIA. NGS PANEL TESTING IS INCREASING IN ROUTINE PRACTICE AND PROMISES TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY OF PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  3982 28 LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF LEUKEMIA CELLS TO MULTI-TARGETED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR INDUCES ACTIVATIONS OF AKT, ERK AND STAT5 SIGNALING VIA EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE PTEN GENE. IMATINIB INDUCES COMPLETE MOLECULAR RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA (CEL). HOWEVER, DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB HAS EMERGED AS AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEM FOR MOLECULAR-TARGETED THERAPY IN CML AND CEL. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE ESTABLISHED THE IMATINIB-RESISTANT CEL EOL-1 SUB-LINES (DESIGNATED AS EOL-1R) BY CULTURING CELLS WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF IMATINIB FOR 6 MONTHS. INTERESTINGLY, EOL-1R CELLS SHOWED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG DELETED ON CHROMOSOME TEN (PTEN) GENE. EXPOSURE OF EOL-1R CELLS TO IMATINIB FAILED TO DEPHOSPHORYLATE AKT, ERK AND STAT5, ALTHOUGH PDGFRALPHA WAS EFFECTIVELY INACTIVATED. THE FORCED EXPRESSION OF PTEN NEGATIVELY REGULATED THESE SIGNAL PATHWAYS AND SENSITIZED EOL-1R CELLS TO IMATINIB. NOTABLY, HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE PTEN GENE IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE DOWNREGULATION OF THIS GENE'S TRANSCRIPTS WAS IDENTIFIED IN IMATINIB-RESISTANT LEUKEMIA CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CEL, CML AND PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. IN ADDITION, ANTI-EPIGENETIC AGENTS RESTORED PTEN EXPRESSION, RESULTING IN THE SENSITIZATION OF EOL-1R CELLS TO IMATINIB. TAKEN TOGETHER, EPIGENETIC SILENCE OF PTEN IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE DRUG RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LEUKEMIA AFTER EXPOSURE TO IMATINIB. ANTI-EPIGENETIC AGENTS MAY BE USEFUL FOR OVERCOMING DRUG RESISTANCE IN SUCH A CASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  3460 40 HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL8 PROMOTER IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND: IL-8 IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOKINE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IL8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRS. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER AND CRS IN HAN CHINESE SUBJECTS. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP; N = 187), PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS (CRSSNP; N = 89), AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 57) WERE ENROLLED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS. PURIFIED HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM EACH PARTICIPANT WERE ASSESSED FOR PERCENTAGE DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND FOR FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF METHYLATION STATUS BY USING IN VITRO ASSAYS. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES 1, 2, AND 3, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CRSSNP (P < .001) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (P < .001). PERCENTAGE OF DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG3 SITE WAS CORRELATED NEGATIVELY WITH BOTH TISSUE EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN (P < .01) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE (P < .05) LEVELS. IL-1BETA (P < .001) AND TNF-ALPHA (P < .01) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IL8 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY A REDUCTION IN METHYLATION AT THE CPG3 SITE (P < .001). ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG3 CHANGED THE BINDING OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB. CONCLUSION: DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF PARTICULARLY CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  2369 25 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF T-HELPER CELL DIFFERENTIATION, MEMORY, AND PLASTICITY IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA. AN ESTIMATED 300 MILLION PEOPLE CURRENTLY SUFFER FROM ASTHMA, WHICH CAUSES APPROXIMATELY 250 000 DEATHS A YEAR. ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC T-HELPER (TH) CELLS PRODUCE CYTOKINES THAT INDUCE MANY OF THE HALLMARK FEATURES OF ASTHMA INCLUDING AIRWAYS HYPERREACTIVITY, EOSINOPHILIC AND NEUTROPHILIC INFLAMMATION, MUCUS HYPERSECRETION, AND AIRWAY REMODELING. CYTOKINE-PRODUCING TH SUBSETS INCLUDING TH1 (IFN-GAMMA), TH2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), TH9 (IL-9), TH17 (IL-17), TH22 (IL-22), AND T REGULATORY (IL-10) CELLS HAVE ALL BEEN SUGGESTED TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. TH DIFFERENTIATION INVOLVES GENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH THE CONCERTED ACTION OF CYTOKINES, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. WE DESCRIBE HOW TH DIFFERENTIATION AND PLASTICITY IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC HISTONE AND DNA MODIFICATIONS, WITH A FOCUS ON THE REGULATION OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY MEMBERS OF THE POLYCOMB AND TRITHORAX COMPLEXES. IN ADDITION, WE OUTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES THAT COULD INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TH CELLS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL TO REGULATE TH PLASTICITY AND FUNCTION THROUGH DRUGS TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY. IT IS ALSO BECOMING APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC MEMORY TH CELLS MAY BE IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF CHRONIC ALLERGIES. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE HOW EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS REGULATE CYTOKINE MEMORY IN TH CELLS AND DESCRIBE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED HYBRID, PLASTIC, AND PATHOGENIC MEMORY TH SUBSETS THE CONTEXT OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  5127 23 POSTMENOPAUSAL UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS AND CHRONIC LYMPHADENOPATHY: EXPLORING EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (LM) ARE TUMORS ARISING FROM THE NON-NEOPLASTIC PROLIFERATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS WITHIN THE MYOMETRIUM. LIKE BENIGN TUMORS, LM ARE NOT GENERALLY SPREAD THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, AND THEREFORE SHOULD NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH LYMPHADENOPATHY. HEREIN, WE PRESENT A CASE OF A 60-YEAR-OLD FEMALE WHO PRESENTED TO THE CLINIC WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING IN THE SETTING OF SONOGRAPHICALLY EVIDENT UTERINE LM AND ABDOMINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY. A LYMPH NODE BIOPSY REVEALED PLASMA CELLS AND AN EOSINOPHILIC MATERIAL PRESUMPTIVELY DIAGNOSED AS AMYLOID. SHE THEN UNDERWENT AN ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY FOR DEFINITIVE TREATMENT OF LM. SURGICAL PATHOLOGY CONFIRMED THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF UTERINE AND CERVICAL LEIOMYOMA. CURRENT LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LM IN ADDITION TO HORMONAL SIGNALS SUCH AS ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE. IT IS UNUSUAL FOR LM TO OCCUR IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN DUE TO REDUCED HORMONAL INFLUENCE. THEREFORE, THIS CASE EXPLORED AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM OF TUMOR PROLIFERATION. THIS CASE HYPOTHESIZES THAT GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES RESULTING FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY OFFENSES CONTRIBUTED TO LM GROWTH AND LYMPHADENOPATHY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  1061 40 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	

13   144 29 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF CHRONIC AND TRANSFORMED CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MOST DNA METHYLATION STUDIES IN CLASSIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ON A GENE-BY-GENE BASIS. THEREFORE, A MORE COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION PROFILING IS NEEDED TO STUDY THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS EPIGENETIC MARKER IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED 71 CHRONIC (24 POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, 23 ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND 24 PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS) AND 13 TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS. THE THREE TYPES OF CHRONIC PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS SHOWED A SIMILAR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERN WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL SAMPLES. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE ENRICHED IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED ON THE NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, INDICATING THAT THEY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THESE DISEASES. IN THE CASE OF TRANSFORMED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, WE DETECTED AN INCREASED NUMBER OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WITH RESPECT TO CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. INTERESTINGLY, THESE GENES WERE ENRICHED IN A LIST OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN PRIMARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND THE IFN PATHWAY. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE THERAPEUTIC MODULATION OF EPIGENETICALLY-DEREGULATED PATHWAYS MAY ALLOW US TO DESIGN TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  6780 24 [BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH AZACITIDINE]. BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM (BPDCN) IS A RARE DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS WITH A SKIN LESION AND IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. THE NORMAL COUNTERPARTS OF BPDCN TUMOR CELLS ARE PROGENITORS OF PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS, WHEREAS THE ORIGINS ARE THOUGHT TO BE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. APPROXIMATELY 10%-20% OF BPDCN PATIENTS DEVELOP OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS. AZACITIDINE, A DRUG THAT TARGETS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, IS KNOWN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CMML. HOWEVER, IT HAS BEEN USED IN FEW BPDCN PATIENTS. HERE, WE REPORT A BPDCN PATIENT WITH SKIN LESIONS, BONE MARROW INFILTRATION, AND LYMPHADENOPATHY. CMML ALSO DEVELOPED DURING THE COURSE OF BPDCN. AZACITIDINE HAD POSITIVE EFFECTS ON CMML; HOWEVER, BPDCN AGGRESSIVELY RELAPSED DURING TREATMENT. TWO TET2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS; ONE OF WHICH WAS COMMONLY IDENTIFIED IN BOTH TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  2719 27 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  1486 25 DNA CYTOSINE HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS ARE DISTINCT AMONG NON-OVERLAPPING CLASSES OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. BACKGROUND: PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED SURROGATES TO STUDY EPIGENOME-INDUCED RISK AND EPIGENOMIC RESPONSE TO DISEASE-RELATED STRESS. WE CONSIDERED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE THE SYNTHESIS OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MCG) AND ITS REMOVAL VIA TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) DIOXYGENASE CATALYZED HYDROXYMETHYLATION TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMCG), REFLECTING THEIR RESPONSIVENESS TO ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH IT IS KNOWN THAT REDUCTIONS IN TET1 AND/OR TET2 ACTIVITY LEAD TO THE OVER-PROLIFERATION OF VARIOUS LEUKOCYTE PRECURSORS IN BONE MARROW AND IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, THE ROLE OF 5MCG HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IS LESS WELL STUDIED. RESULTS: WE DEVELOPED SIMPLIFIED PROTOCOLS TO RAPIDLY AND REITERATIVELY ISOLATE NON-OVERLAPPING LEUKOCYTE POPULATIONS FROM A SINGLE SMALL SAMPLE OF FRESH OR FROZEN WHOLE BLOOD. AMONG PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTE TYPES WE FOUND EXTREME VARIATION IN THE LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING PROTEINS INVOLVED IN CYTOSINE METHYLATION (DNMT1, 3A, 3B), THE TURNOVER OF 5MC BY DEMETHYLATION (TET1, 2, 3), AND DNA REPAIR (GADD45A, B, G) AND IN THE GLOBAL AND GENE-REGION-SPECIFIC LEVELS OF DNA 5HMCG (CD4+ T CELLS>>CD14+ MONOCYTES>CD16+ NEUTROPHILS>CD19+ B CELLS>CD56+ NK CELLS>SIGLEC8+ EOSINOPHILS>CD8+ T CELLS). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA TAKEN TOGETHER SUGGEST A POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF RESPONSIVENESS AMONG CLASSES OF LEUKOCYTES WITH CD4+, CD8+ T CELLS AND CD14+ MONOCYTES BEING THE MOST DISTINCTLY POISED FOR A RAPID METHYLOME RESPONSE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  3051 26 GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THE TISSUE SPECIFICITY OF THIS ALLERGIC DISEASE. EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS (EOE) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIC HYPERSENSITIVITY TO FOOD. WE INTERROGATED >1.5 MILLION GENETIC VARIANTS IN EOE CASES OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY AND SUBSEQUENTLY IN A MULTI-SITE COHORT WITH LOCAL AND OUT-OF-STUDY CONTROL SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION TO REPLICATING ASSOCIATION OF THE 5Q22 LOCUS (META-ANALYSIS P=1.9X10(-16)), WE IDENTIFIED AN ASSOCIATION AT 2P23 SPANNING CAPN14 (P=2.5X10(-10)). CAPN14 WAS SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN THE ESOPHAGUS, WAS DYNAMICALLY UPREGULATED AS A FUNCTION OF DISEASE ACTIVITY AND GENETIC HAPLOTYPE AND AFTER EXPOSURE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS TO INTERLEUKIN (IL)-13, AND WAS LOCATED IN AN EPIGENETIC HOTSPOT MODIFIED BY IL-13. GENES NEIGHBORING THE TOP 208 EOE-ASSOCIATED SEQUENCE VARIANTS WERE ENRICHED FOR ESOPHAGEAL EXPRESSION, AND MULTIPLE LOCI FOR ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH EOE SUSCEPTIBILITY (4.8X10(-2)<P<5.1X10(-11)). WE PROPOSE A MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE TISSUE-SPECIFIC NATURE OF EOE THAT INVOLVES THE INTERPLAY OF ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION WITH AN EOE-SPECIFIC, IL-13-INDUCIBLE ESOPHAGEAL RESPONSE INVOLVING CAPN14.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18   557 24 B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY CLONALLY EXPANDED AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS POPULATIONS OF B LYMPHOCYTES WITH IMPAIRED APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS. THIS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ENHANCER REGION HYPOMETHYLATION, OFTEN IMPINGING ON INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO NORMAL B-CELL ACTIVATION, PROLIFERATION, AND SURVIVAL. THE B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (BCR) SIGNALING IS ONE SUCH PATHWAY USURPED BY MALIGNANT B CELLS, AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE EARLY PHASE CLINICAL SUCCESS ACHIEVED BY SMALL-MOLECULE AGENTS TARGETING KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE PATHWAY. SUCH NEW TARGETED AGENTS, INCLUDING THOSE THAT INHIBIT THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN TYROSINE KINASE (SYK), BRUTON'S TYROSINE KINASE (BTK), PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASES (PI3K), AND B-CELL LYMPHOMA 2 (BCL-2), ALONG WITH THE CURRENT STANDARD THERAPY COMPRISING CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPIES WITH OR WITHOUT B-CELL DEPLETING BIOLOGIC AGENT RITUXIMAB (ANTI-CD20 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY), SHOULD EXPAND THE ARMAMENTARIUM FOR CLL THERAPY. WE REVIEW THE THERAPEUTIC AGENTS CURRENTLY IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH TARGET DIFFERENT EFFECTORS OF THE MALIGNANT BCR SIGNALING, AND DISCUSS THEIR OVERLAPPING AND DISCRIMINATING TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLL TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  3634 34 INCREASED CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT DETERMINED BY CPG METHYLATION CORRELATES WITH BETTER PROGNOSIS IN URINARY BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: URINARY BLADDER CANCER IS A COMMON MALIGNANCY WORLDWIDE. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE CORRELATED WITH THE DISEASE RISK. DIAGNOSIS IS PERFORMED BY TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER, AND PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE INVASIVE DISEASE PREFERABLY PROCEED TO RADICAL CYSTECTOMY, WITH OR WITHOUT NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ANTI-TUMOUR IMMUNE RESPONSES, KNOWN TO BE INITIATED IN THE TUMOUR AND DRAINING LYMPH NODES, MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN FUTURE TREATMENT STRATEGIES. THUS, INCREASING THE KNOWLEDGE OF TUMOUR-ASSOCIATED IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IS IMPORTANT. ACTIVATED CD4(+) T CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO FOUR MAIN SEPARATE LINEAGES: TH1, TH2, TH17 AND TREG, AND THEY ARE RECOGNIZED BY THEIR EFFECTOR MOLECULES IFN-GAMMA, IL-13, IL-17A, AND THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3, RESPECTIVELY. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED SIGNATURE CPG SITES PREDICTIVE FOR LINEAGE COMMITMENT OF THESE FOUR MAJOR CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE LINEAGE COMMITMENT SPECIFICALLY IN TUMOUR, LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD AND RELATE THEM TO THE DISEASE STAGE AND RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. RESULTS: BLOOD, TUMOUR AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODES WERE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS AT TIME OF TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER AND AT RADICAL CYSTECTOMY. TUMOUR-INFILTRATING CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LINEAGE LOCI COMPARED TO CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES IN LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD (LYMPH NODES VS TUMOUR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES: IFNG -4229 BP P < 0.0001, IL13 -11 BP P < 0.05, IL17A -122 BP P < 0.01 AND FOXP3 -77 BP P > 0.05). EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL LYMPH NODES DISPLAYED DIFFERENT METHYLATION SIGNATURES, SUGGESTING POSSIBLE CORRELATION WITH FUTURE SURVIVAL. MORE ADVANCED POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGES CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH INCREASED METHYLATION AT THE IFNG -4229 BP LOCUS. PATIENTS WITH COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION IN CD4(+) T CELLS FOR ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LOCI, MOST PROMINENTLY IN IFNG P < 0.0001. NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY SEEMED TO RESULT IN A RELOCATION OF TH1-COMMITTED CD4(+) T CELLS FROM BLOOD, PRESUMABLY TO THE TUMOUR, INDICATED BY SHIFTS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS, WHEREAS NO SUCH SHIFTS WERE SEEN FOR LINEAGES CORRESPONDING TO IL13, IL17A AND FOXP3. CONCLUSION: INCREASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT IN CD4(+) T CELLS, AS DETERMINED BY DEMETHYLATION IN PREDICTIVE CPG SITES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGE, COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY AND OVERALL BETTER OUTCOME, SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES AS A USEFUL READOUT FOR CLINICAL STAGING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  5687 32 SIGNIFICANCE OF INACTIVATED GENES IN LEUKEMIA: PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE TWO MECHANISMS PARTICIPATING IN LEUKEMIA, WHICH CAN INACTIVATE GENES INVOLVED IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS OR PROGRESSION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO INTRODUCE VARIOUS INACTIVATED GENES AND EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. BY SEARCHING THE MESH WORDS "GENE, SILENCING AND LEUKEMIA" IN PUBMED WEBSITE, RELEVANT ENGLISH ARTICLES DEALT WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS AS OF 2000 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. GENE INACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIA IS LARGELY MEDIATED BY PROMOTER'S HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE INVOLVING IN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS, AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INACTIVATED GENES, SUCH AS ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 AND P15, MAY CORRELATE WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (CLL), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), RESPECTIVELY. GENE INACTIVATION MAY PLAY A CONSIDERABLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS, WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED AS COMPLEMENTARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TO DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT LEUKEMIA TYPES, DETERMINE LEUKEMIA PROGNOSIS, AND ALSO DETECT RESPONSE TO THERAPY. IN GENERAL, THIS REVIEW SHOWED SOME GENES INACTIVATED ONLY IN LEUKEMIA (WITH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML AND CML). THESE DIFFERENCES COULD BE OF INTEREST AS AN ADDITIONAL TOOL TO BETTER CATEGORIZE LEUKEMIA TYPES. FURTHERMORE; BASED ON INACTIVATED GENES, A DIVERSE CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIAS COULD REPRESENT A POWERFUL METHOD TO ADDRESS A TARGETED THERAPY OF THE PATIENTS, IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE SIDE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES AND TO ENHANCE NEW DRUG STRATEGIES.	2017