1  5961 147 TELOMERE LENGTH IN PRETERM INFANTS: A PROMISING BIOMARKER OF EARLY ADVERSITY AND CARE IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT? PRETERM INFANTS PRESENT AN IMMATURE NEUROBEHAVIORAL PROFILE AT BIRTH, EVEN IN ABSENCE OF SEVERE BRAIN INJURIES AND PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS. AS SUCH, THEY REQUIRE A LONG-LASTING HOSPITALIZATION IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU), WHICH IS THOUGHT TO GRANT AT-RISK NEWBORNS' SURVIVAL, BUT STILL ENTAILS A NUMBER OF PHYSICAL, PAINFUL, AND SOCIO-EMOTIONAL STRESSORS. HENCE, PRETERM BIRTH AND NICU STAY REPRESENT AN EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCE, WHICH HAS BEEN LINKED TO DETRIMENTAL CONSEQUENCES FOR NEUROLOGICAL, NEURO-ENDOCRINAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS TO DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE BEHAVIORAL EPIGENETIC FIELD ARE HELPING US TO UNVEIL THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH EARLY NICU-RELATED STRESS MAY LEAD TO NEGATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES. FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE, TELOMERE REGULATION MIGHT BE A KEY PROGRAMMING MECHANISM. TELOMERES ARE THE TERMINAL PORTION OF CHROMOSOMES AND ARE KNOWN TO GET SHORTER WITH AGE. MOREOVER, TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS AFFECTED BY THE EXPOSURE TO STRESS DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT. AS SUCH, TL MIGHT BE AN INNOVATIVE BIOMARKER OF EARLY ADVERSE EXPOSURES IN YOUNG INFANTS AND CHILDREN. UNFORTUNATELY, THERE IS PAUCITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING TL IN POPULATIONS OF PRETERM INFANTS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH KNOWN NICU-RELATED STRESSORS REMAINS UNEXPLORED. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, THE POTENTIAL RELEVANCE OF TL FOR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL WORK WITH PRETERM INFANTS WILL BE UNDERLINED IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS LINKING PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING AND EARLY EXPOSURE TO ADVERSE EXPERIENCES AND STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS IN HUMANS. FINALLY, INSIGHTS WILL BE PROVIDED TO GUIDE CLINICALLY RELEVANT TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH ON TL IN THE FIELD OF VPT BIRTH AND NICU STAY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  1239  31 CURE AND LONG-TERM REMISSION STRATEGIES. THE MAJORITY OF VIRALLY SUPPRESSED INDIVIDUALS WILL EXPERIENCE RAPID VIRAL REBOUND UPON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) INTERRUPTION, PROVIDING A STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURE STRATEGIES. MOREOVER, DESPITE ART VIROLOGICAL CONTROL, HIV INFECTION IS STILL ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION, INFLAMMATION, COMORBIDITIES, AND ACCELERATED AGING. THESE EFFECTS ARE BELIEVED TO BE DUE, IN PART, TO LOW-GRADE PERSISTENT TRANSCRIPTION AND TRICKLING PRODUCTION OF VIRAL PROTEINS FROM THE POOL OF LATENT PROVIRUSES CONSTITUTING THE VIRAL RESERVOIR. IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASING INTEREST IN DEVELOPING WHAT HAS BEEN TERMED A FUNCTIONAL CURE FOR HIV. THIS APPROACH ENTAILS THE LONG-TERM, DURABLE CONTROL OF VIRAL EXPRESSION IN THE ABSENCE OF THERAPY, PREVENTING DISEASE PROGRESSION AND TRANSMISSION, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF DETECTABLE INTEGRATED PROVIRUSES. ONE SUCH STRATEGY, THE BLOCK-AND-LOCK APPROACH FOR A FUNCTIONAL CURE, PROPOSES THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PROVIRAL EXPRESSION, LOCKING THE VIRUS IN A PROFOUND LATENT STATE, FROM WHICH REACTIVATION IS VERY UNLIKELY. THE PROOF-OF-CONCEPT FOR THIS APPROACH WAS DEMONSTRATED WITH THE USE OF A SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULE TARGETING HIV TRANSCRIPTION. HERE WE REVIEW THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE BLOCK-AND-LOCK APPROACH AND SOME OF THE ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES PROPOSED TO SILENCE HIV EXPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3   179  24 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING IN DOWN SYNDROME. DOWN SYNDROME (DS) ENTAILS AN INCREASED RISK OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH OLDER AGE. THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACCELERATED AGING SUGGEST THAT TRISOMY 21 INCREASES THE BIOLOGICAL AGE OF TISSUES, BUT MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SPARSE. HERE, WE UTILIZE A QUANTITATIVE MOLECULAR MARKER OF AGING (KNOWN AS THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK) TO DEMONSTRATE THAT TRISOMY 21 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE AGE OF BLOOD AND BRAIN TISSUE (ON AVERAGE BY 6.6 YEARS, P = 7.0 X 10(-14)).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  5158  25 PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS AND FLUOXETINE TREATMENT IN RATS AFFECT OFFSPRING A-TO-I RNA EDITING, GENE EXPRESSION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. ADENOSINE TO INOSINE RNA EDITING IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT ENTAILS SITE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS IN DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULES, CATALYZED BY ADENOSINE DEAMINASES ACTING ON RNA (ADARS). USING THE MULTIPLEX MICROFLUIDIC PCR AND DEEP SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT EXPOSING ADOLESCENT FEMALE RATS TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS BEFORE REPRODUCTION AFFECTS EDITING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND AMYGDALA OF THEIR NEWBORN OFFSPRING, PARTICULARLY AT THE SEROTONIN RECEPTOR 5-HT2C (ENCODED BY HTR2C). HERE, WE USED THE SAME TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE WHETHER POST-STRESS, PRE-REPRODUCTIVE MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE (5 MG/KG, 7 DAYS) REVERSES THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON EDITING. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF ADAR ENZYMES IN THESE REGIONS, AND ASKED WHETHER SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN ADULT OFFSPRING WOULD BE ALTERED BY MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS AND/OR FLUOXETINE. MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE ALTERED HTR2C EDITING IN OFFSPRING AMYGDALA AT BIRTH, ENHANCED THE EXPRESSION OF HTR2C MRNA AND RNA EDITING ENZYMES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND REVERSED THE EFFECTS OF PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS ON HTR2C EDITING IN THIS REGION. FURTHERMORE, MATERNAL FLUOXETINE TREATMENT ENHANCED DIFFERENCES IN EDITING OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS BETWEEN OFFSPRING OF CONTROL AND STRESS-EXPOSED RATS, AND LED TO ENHANCED SOCIAL PREFERENCE IN ADULT OFFSPRING. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT PRE-GESTATIONAL FLUOXETINE TREATMENT AFFECTS PATTERNS OF RNA EDITING AND EDITING ENZYME EXPRESSION IN NEONATAL OFFSPRING BRAIN IN A REGION-SPECIFIC MANNER, IN INTERACTION WITH PRE-REPRODUCTIVE STRESS. OVERALL, THESE FINDINGS IMPLY THAT FLUOXETINE TREATMENT AFFECTS SEROTONERGIC SIGNALING IN OFFSPRING BRAIN EVEN WHEN TREATMENT IS DISCONTINUED BEFORE GESTATION, AND ITS EFFECTS MAY DEPEND UPON PRIOR EXPOSURE TO STRESS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  4910  56 PAIN EXPOSURE ASSOCIATES WITH TELOMERE LENGTH EROSION IN VERY PRETERM INFANTS. VERY PRETERM (VPT) INFANTS (GESTATIONAL AGE < 32 WEEKS) REQUIRE LONG-LASTING HOSPITALIZATION IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU), EVEN IN ABSENCE OF SEVERE MORBIDITIES. DURING NICU STAY, LIFE-SAVING INTERVENTIONS OCCUR AND INCLUDE INVASIVE AND PAINFUL SKIN-BREAKING PROCEDURES (NICU-RELATED STRESS), WHICH CONSTITUTE A MAJOR EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCE FOR VPT INFANTS. TELOMERES ARE REPEAT-SEQUENCE AT THE END OF CHROMOSOMES, WHICH SHORTEN WITH AGE AND ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIFE ADVERSITIES: THE EXPOSURE TO EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCES IS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH (TL). NONETHELESS, PREVIOUS RESEARCH DID NOT ASSESS LONGITUDINALLY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NICU-RELATED STRESS AND TL IN VPT INFANTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, LEUKOCYTE TL WAS ASSESSED FROM CORD BLOOD AT BIRTH IN 46 VPT INFANTS AND IN A GROUP OF 31 FULL-TERM (FT) INFANTS, AS WELL AS AT NICU DISCHARGE IN VPTS ONLY. NICU-RELATED STRESS WAS MEASURED AS THE NUMBER OF SKIN-BREAKING PROCEDURES OCCURRING THROUGHOUT THE NICU STAY. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE EMERGED FOR TL BETWEEN VPT INFANTS AND FT COUNTERPARTS AT BIRTH. TL DECREASED FROM BIRTH TO DISCHARGE IN VPT INFANTS, ALTHOUGH THE CHANGE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT IN THE GROUP AS A WHOLE. THE AMOUNT OF NICU-RELATED STRESS EMERGED AS THE PRIMARY PREDICTOR OF TL EROSION IN VPT INFANTS, EVEN CONTROLLING FOR NEONATAL AND CLINICAL CONFOUNDERS. FURTHERMORE, VPT INFANTS EXPOSED TO HIGH NICU-RELATED STRESS EXHIBITED A MARKED AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN TL, WHEREAS VPT EXPOSED TO LOW NICU-RELATED STRESS EXHIBITED A NON-SIGNIFICANT INCREASE. THE PRESENT STUDY CONFIRMS PREVIOUS EVIDENCE OF LONGER TELOMERES IN VPT INFANTS AT BIRTH COMPARED TO FT CONTROLS. MOREOVER, NICU-RELATED STRESS EMERGED AS A KEY REGULATOR OF TL EROSION FROM BIRTH TO DISCHARGE IN VPT INFANTS. FUTURE RESEARCH IS WARRANTED TO FURTHER EXPLORE TL EROSION IN VPT INFANTS AND THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN NICU-RELATED STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  2511  41 EPIGENETICS AND PREECLAMPSIA: PROGRAMMING OF FUTURE OUTCOMES. PREGNANCY IS KNOWN TO INDUCE RAPID, PROGRESSIVE, AND SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, ULTIMATELY FACILITATING SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY OUTCOMES. WOMEN WHO DEVELOP HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE "FAILED" THE CARDIOVASCULAR STRESS TEST OF PREGNANCY AND LIKELY REPRESENT A SUBPOPULATION WITH INADEQUATE CARDIOVASCULAR ACCOMMODATION. PREECLAMPSIA IS A SERIOUS COMPLICATION WITH A MYRIAD OF MANIFESTATIONS IN BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING. THIS PREGNANCY SYNDROME IS A POLYGENIC DISEASE AND HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO A GREATER INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MOREOVER, OFFSPRINGS BORN TO PREECLAMPTIC MOTHERS EXHIBIT AN ELEVATED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, STROKE, AND MENTAL DISORDERS DURING ADULTHOOD. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PREECLAMPSIA NOT ONLY EXPOSES THE MOTHER AND THE FETUS TO COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY BUT ALSO PROGRAMS CHRONIC DISEASES DURING ADULTHOOD IN THE OFFSPRING. THE ETIOLOGY OF PREECLAMPSIA REMAINS UNKNOWN, WITH VARIOUS THEORIES BEING SUGGESTED TO EXPLAIN ITS ORIGIN. IT IS PRIMARILY THOUGHT TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PLACENTATION AND ENTAILS EXCESSIVE MATERNAL INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED NOW THAT THE MATERNAL IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE PLACENTA ARE INVOLVED IN A HIGHLY CHOREOGRAPHED CROSS TALK THAT UNDERLIES ADEQUATE SPIRAL ARTERY REMODELING REQUIRED FOR UTEROPLACENTAL PERFUSION AND FREE FLOW OF NUTRIENTS TO THE FETUS. ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER IMMUNOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OCCUR EARLY DURING PREGNANCY, STUDIES HAVE PROPOSED THAT DYSREGULATED SYSTEMIC AND PLACENTAL IMMUNITY CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND THE ONSET OF PREECLAMPSIA. RECENTLY EMERGED STRONG EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A POTENTIAL LINK AMONG EPIGENETICS, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS. THIS CHAPTER WILL FOCUS ON IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF EPIGENETICS, IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND VASCULAR REMODELING OF PREECLAMPSIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  6619  37 UNDERSTANDING CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT. CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE (CVD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITION AFFECTING AN IMPORTANT PERCENTAGE OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION. IT RANGES FROM MILD CLINICAL SIGNS, SUCH AS TELANGIECTASIAS OR RETICULAR VEINS, TO SEVERE MANIFESTATIONS, SUCH AS VENOUS ULCERATIONS. HOWEVER, VARICOSE VEINS (VVS) ARE THE MOST COMMON MANIFESTATION OF CVD. THE EXPLICIT MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE ARE NOT WELL-UNDERSTOOD. IT SEEMS THAT GENETICS AND A PLETHORA OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CVD. THE EXPOSURE TO THESE FACTORS LEADS TO ALTERED HEMODYNAMICS OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM, DESCRIBED AS AMBULATORY VENOUS HYPERTENSION, THEREFORE PROMOTING MICROCIRCULATORY CHANGES, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, HYPOXIA, VENOUS WALL REMODELING, AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS, EVEN WITH IMPORTANT SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS. THUS, A PROPER CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CVD IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT POTENTIAL HARMS OF THE DISEASE, WHICH ALSO ENTAILS A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THESE INDIVIDUALS. HENCE, THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO COLLECT THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CVD, INCLUDING ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND RISK FACTORS, BUT EMPHASIZING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL CARE OF THESE PATIENTS, INCLUDING CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENTS. FURTHERMORE, FUTURE DIRECTIONS WILL ALSO BE COVERED IN THIS WORK IN ORDER TO PROVIDE POTENTIAL FIELDS TO EXPLORE IN THE CONTEXT OF CVD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  5958  56 TELOMERE LENGTH AND SALIVARY CORTISOL STRESS REACTIVITY IN VERY PRETERM INFANTS. DURING THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU) STAY, VERY PRETERM (VPT) INFANTS ARE EXPOSED TO LIFE-SAVING YET PAIN-INDUCING SKIN-BREAKING PROCEDURES (I.E., NICU PAIN-RELATED STRESS) WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE PROGRAMMING OF HYPO-RESPONSIVE HPA AXIS DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST MONTHS OF LIFE. UNFORTUNATELY, TO DATE THE MECHANISMS LINKING NICU PAIN-RELATED STRESS AND ALTERED HPA AXIS REGULATION ARE ONLY LIMITEDLY KNOWN. TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) REGULATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM PREVIOUSLY SHOWN TO BE AFFECTED BY EARLY STRESS EXPOSURES AND CAPABLE OF ASSOCIATING WITH HPA AXIS REACTIVITY IN CHILDREN. IN VPT INFANTS, NICU PAIN-RELATED STRESS WAS FOUND TO ASSOCIATE WITH DECREASED TL FROM BIRTH TO DISCHARGE, BUT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TL AND HPA AXIS IN THESE INFANTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE PROSPECTIVELY EXAMINED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NICU PAIN-RELATED STRESS AND HPA AXIS REACTIVITY TO AN AGE-APPROPRIATE SOCIO-EMOTIONAL CONDITION (I.E., THE STILL-FACE PROCEDURE, SFP) IN HEALTHY VPT INFANTS AT 3-MONTH CORRECTED AGE. NICU PAIN-RELATED STRESS WAS COMPUTED AS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF SKIN-BREAKING PROCEDURES AND LENGTH OF NICU STAY. A DIFFERENTIAL SCORE (I.E., ?TL) WAS OBTAINED SUBTRACTING TL AT BIRTH FROM TL AT DISCHARGE. A NORMALIZED (LOG10) CORTISOL REACTIVITY INDEX (CRI) WAS OBTAINED BY AVERAGING POST-STRESS (20 MIN AFTER SFP) SALIVARY CORTISOL SAMPLE ON BASELINE VALUE. A REGRESSION MODEL CONTROLLING FOR NEONATAL AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONFOUNDERS SHOWED THAT ?TL WAS THE ONLY SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CRI. ALTHOUGH PRELIMINARY, THESE FINDINGS CONTRIBUTE TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISMS LINKING EARLY EXPOSURES TO ADVERSITY AND LATER IN LIFE REGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS IN VPT INFANTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  5214  45 PRETERM BEHAVIORAL EPIGENETICS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BEHAVIORAL EPIGENETICS IS REVEALING NEW PATHWAYS THAT LEAD INDIVIDUALS FROM EARLY ADVERSITY EXPOSURES TO LATER-IN-LIFE DETRIMENTAL OUTCOMES. PRETERM BIRTH CONSTITUTES ONE OF THE MAJOR ADVERSE EVENTS IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. PRETERM INFANTS ARE HOSPITALIZED IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU) WHERE THEY ARE EXPOSED TO LIFE-SAVING YET PAIN-INDUCING PROCEDURES AND TO PROTECTIVE CARE. THE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL EPIGENETICS TO THE FIELD OF PRETERM STUDIES (I.E., PRETERM BEHAVIORAL EPIGENETICS, PBE) IS RAPIDLY GROWING AND HOLDS PROMISES TO PROVIDE VALID INSIGHTS FOR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY. HERE, THE EVIDENCE OF THE EPIGENETIC CORRELATES OF PRENATAL ADVERSITIES, NICU-RELATED ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRETERM INFANTS IS SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT A NUMBER OF PRENATAL ADVERSE (E.G., MATERNAL DEPRESSION AND STRESS) AND POST-NATAL (E.G., NICU-RELATED PAIN-RELATED STRESS) EVENTS AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF PRETERM INFANTS AND CHILDREN VIA EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF IMPRINTED AND STRESS-RELATED GENES. NONETHELESS, THE POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC VESTIGES OF EARLY CARE AND PROTECTIVE INTERVENTIONS IN NICU HAVE NOT BEEN INVESTIGATED YET AND THIS REPRESENTS A FASCINATING CHALLENGE FOR FUTURE PBE RESEARCH.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  3664  34 INFANT NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT. THE TREND TOWARD SINGLE-ROOM NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (NICUS) IS INCREASING; HOWEVER SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IS, AT THIS POINT, MOSTLY ANECDOTAL. THIS IS A CRITICAL TIME TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF THE SINGLE-ROOM NICU ON IMPROVING MEDICAL AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES OF THE PRETERM INFANT. WE HAVE DEVELOPED A THEORETICAL MODEL THAT MAY BE USEFUL IN STUDYING HOW THE CHANGE FROM AN OPEN-BAY NICU TO A SINGLE-ROOM NICU COULD AFFECT INFANT MEDICAL AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOME. THE MODEL IDENTIFIES MEDIATING FACTORS THAT ARE LIKELY TO ACCOMPANY THE CHANGE TO A SINGLE-ROOM NICU. THESE MEDIATING FACTORS INCLUDE FAMILY CENTERED CARE, DEVELOPMENTAL CARE, PARENTING AND FAMILY FACTORS, STAFF BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES, AND MEDICAL PRACTICES. MEDICAL OUTCOMES THAT PLAN TO BE MEASURED ARE SEPSIS, LENGTH OF STAY, GESTATIONAL AGE AT DISCHARGE, WEIGHT GAIN, ILLNESS SEVERITY, GESTATIONAL AGE AT ENTERAL FEEDING, AND NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC). NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES INCLUDE THE NICU NETWORK NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCALE (NNNS) SCORES, SLEEP STATE ORGANIZATION AND SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY, INFANT MOTHER FEEDING INTERACTION SCORES, AND PAIN SCORES. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE SAMPLE OF 150 PATIENTS IN THE OPEN-BAY NICU SHOWED A "BASELINE" OF EFFECTS OF FAMILY CENTERED CARE, DEVELOPMENTAL CARE, PARENT SATISFACTION, MATERNAL DEPRESSION, AND PARENTING STRESS ON THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES OF THE NEWBORN. THE SINGLE-ROOM NICU HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL STATUS OF THE INFANT AT DISCHARGE. NEUROBEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT CAN ASSIST WITH EARLY DETECTION AND THEREFORE PREVENTATIVE INTERVENTION TO MAXIMIZE DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME. WE ALSO PRESENT AN EPIGENETIC MODEL OF THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF MATERNAL CARE ON IMPROVING INFANT NEUROBEHAVIORAL STATUS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  5962  42 TELOMERES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TIMING FOR SPONTANEOUS TERM AND PRETERM LABOR. TELOMERES ARE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES LOCATED AT THE DISTAL ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. IN ADULTS, PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE AGING, PHYSIOLOGICAL SENESCENCE, MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND ULTIMATELY, DEATH. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY THAT A TELOMERE-BASED CLOCK MECHANISM ALSO DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF GESTATION, LEADING TO THE ONSET OF LABOR (PARTURITION). AFTER TELOMERE EXPANSION AT THE BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY, THE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES (IE, THE PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES) PROGRESSIVELY SHORTEN THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF PREGNANCY. THE RATE OF TELOMERE SHORTENING CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE MOTHER AND RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS. PRETERM BIRTHS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS THAT ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS (IE, VITAMINS E AND C) MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DELAY OR PREVENT TELOMERE SHORTENING. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH VITAMINS E AND C AND WITH MULTIVITAMINS STARTED DURING THE PERICONCEPTION PERIOD HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RATES OF PRETERM BIRTHS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE A 2-3-FOLD HIGHER RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH, ALL OF WHICH ARE DISTINCT AND POTENTIALLY ADDITIVE WITH REGARD TO EPIGENETIC TELOMERE SHORTENING. THE "WEATHERING EFFECT" IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASED RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS, DISABILITIES, AND EARLY DEATH OBSERVED IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS. WITH REGARD TO PREGNANCY, ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE ASSOCIATED TELOMERE SHORTENING IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES WOULD NOT ONLY EXPLAIN THE PRETERM BIRTH DISPARITY BUT COULD ALSO EXPLAIN WHY HIGHLY EDUCATED, AFFLUENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN CONTINUE TO HAVE AN INCREASED RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH ARE POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY TELOMERE SHORTENING PRODUCED BY LIFETIME OR EVEN GENERATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC RACISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION. IN CONCLUSION, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK MECHANISM THAT DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF PREGNANCY, AND IT OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE RATE OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH.	2022	
                                                                                                       
12  4281  30 MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. PREGNANCY IS ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODS IN LIFE WHEN INCREASED MICRONUTRIENTS, AND MACRONUTRIENTS ARE MOST NEEDED BY THE BODY; BOTH FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE MOTHER AND FOR THE GROWING FOETUS AND NEWBORN CHILD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) LIKELY TO BE DEFICIENT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMIC), ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY, AND THE IMPACT OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES. A GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF SOME TWO BILLION PEOPLE AT RISK OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF MANY PREGNANT WOMEN IN LMIC UNDERLINE THE URGENCY TO ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING FOR DELIVERY. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ADEQUATE IRON IS IMPORTANT FOR BEST REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, IODINE AND CALCIUM HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS/NEONATE. LESS CLEAR EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES OF ZINC, COPPER, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FOLATE SUFFICIENCY PERICONCEPTIONALLY IS RECOGNIZED BOTH BY THE PRACTICE OF PROVIDING FOLIC ACID IN ANTENATAL IRON/FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND BY INCREASING NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES FORTIFYING FLOURS WITH FOLIC ACID. OTHER VITAMINS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT INCLUDE VITAMINS B12, D AND A WITH THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GENERALLY LESS LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES AND THE LIKELY INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON FOETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE CURRENTLY BEING CLARIFIED. MICRONUTRIENTS MAY HAVE OTHER MORE SUBTLE, UNRECOGNIZED EFFECTS. THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVED DIETS AND HEALTH AND SANITATION ARE CONSISTENTLY RECOMMENDED, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO MANY OF THE WORLD'S PREGNANT WOMEN. CONSEQUENTLY, SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMMES, FORTIFICATION OF STAPLES AND CONDIMENTS, AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH SUPPORT NEED TO BE SCALED-UP, SUPPORTED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MEASURES. BECAUSE OF THE LIFE-LONG INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING INTER-GENERATIONAL ONES, BOTH CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES NEED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, BUT ALSO DURING ADOLESCENCE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, AND DURING LACTATION. MANY ANTENATAL PROGRAMMES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACHIEVING THIS. WE AIM TO ADDRESS THE NEED FOR MICRONUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES DURING GESTATION AND BEFORE, AND PROPOSE THE SCALING-UP OF CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES THAT ACHIEVE HEALTHIER PREGNANCIES AND IMPROVED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2015	

13  5000  33 PERINATAL PROGRAMMING PREVENTION MEASURES. OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS RELATED TO PERINATAL PROGRAMMING AND ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN HEALTH, AND WE CAN ANTICIPATE THIS TREND WILL CONTINUE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. WE NEED TO MAKE USE AND APPLY THESE ACHIEVEMENTS TO HUMAN NEURODEVELOPMENT VIA PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS. BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENOME AND AMBIOME, THIS CHAPTER PROPOSES LOW-COST EASY-IMPLEMENTATION PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS.BREASTFEEDING AND HUMAN MILK ADMINISTRATION ARE THE FIRST PREVENTIVE MEASURES, AS HAS BEEN REVIEWED IN THE POLICY STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS. ANOTHER STRATEGY IS THE SAFE AND FAMILY-CENTERED MATERNITY HOSPITALS INITIATIVE THAT PROMOTES AND EMPOWERS THE INCLUSION OF THE FAMILIES AND THE RESPECT FOR THEIR RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY AND BIRTH. (THIS CHANGE OF PARADIGM WAS APPROVED AND IS RECOMMENDED BY BOTH UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND, UNICEF, AND PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, PAHO.) THEN, THERE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT EMPHASIS GIVEN TO THE SACRED HOUR-WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPACT OF BONDING, ATTACHMENT, AND BREASTFEEDING DURING THE FIRST HOUR OF LIFE-THE PAIN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN NEWBORNS, THE CONTROL OF THE "NEW MORBIDITY" REPRESENTED BY LATE PRETERM INFANTS, AND FINALLY, THE IMPORTANCE OF AVOIDING INTRAUTERINE AND EXTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION. (HOWEVER, THERE ARE NOT YET CLEAR RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN ORDER TO DIMINISH THE POTENTIAL METABOLIC SYNDROME CONSEQUENCE IN THE ADULT.).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14   167  29 ABNORMAL PLACENTATION ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY AS A MARKER OF OVERALL HEALTH. INFERTILITY AND THE FERTILITY TREATMENTS UTILIZED ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL PLACENTATION LEADING TO ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES RELATED TO PLACENTATION, INCLUDING PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, PLACENTA ACCRETE AND PLACENTA PREVIA. THIS MAY BE DUE TO THE UNDERLYING GENETICS PREDISPOSING TO INFERTILITY OR THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FERTILITY TREATMENTS UTILIZED, AS SPECIFIC DISEASE STATES LEADING TO INFERTILITY ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING PLACENTAL ABRUPTION, FETAL LOSS, GDM, AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO PLACENTATION, AS WELL AS THE TREATMENTS UTILIZED INCLUDING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) AND NIFT (NON-IVF FERTILITY TREATMENT). PLACENTATION DEFECTS, LEADING TO ADVERSE MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES, WHICH ARE MORE PRONOUNCED IN THE INFERTILE POPULATION, OCCUR DUE TO CHANGES IN TROPHOBLAST INVASION, VASCULAR DEFECTS, CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MILIEU, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. THESE SIMILAR PROCESSES ARE RECOGNIZED AS MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO LIFELONG RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASE FOR BOTH THE MOTHER AND HER OFFSPRING. THUS, ABNORMAL PLACENTATION, FOUND TO BE MORE PREVALENT IN THE INFERTILE POPULATION, MAY BE THE KEY TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW INFERTILITY AFFECTS OVERALL AND LONG TERM HEALTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  4995  43 PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT AND ITS INFLUENCES ON METABOLIC PROGRAMMING OF OFFSPRING. THE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT SUPPORTS THE DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PERTURBATIONS TO THIS ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE FETUS THAT HAVE PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES THROUGH ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF THE HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT, ALSO KNOWN AS THE "BARKER HYPOTHESIS", HAS BEEN PUT FORTH TO DESCRIBE THE INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS EXPOSED TO A LESS THAN IDEAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT. MATERNAL INFECTION, POOR OR EXCESS NUTRITION, AND STRESSFUL EVENTS CAN NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ULTIMATELY PREDISPOSING THE ORGANISM TO PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED TO EXPOSURE TO ALTERED INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS, THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW WILL BE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS AND HIGH FAT DIET DURING THE PRE- AND PERINATAL PERIODS AND ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES RELATED TO OBESITY AND OTHER METABOLIC CONDITIONS. WE FURTHER DISCUSS POSSIBLE NEUROENDOCRINE AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE METABOLIC PROGRAMMING OF OFFSPRING. THE PAPER REPRESENTS AN INVITED REVIEW BY A SYMPOSIUM, AWARD WINNER OR KEYNOTE SPEAKER AT THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR [SSIB] ANNUAL MEETING IN PORTLAND, JULY 2009.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  2808  37 FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR BY SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS. REDUCED FETAL GROWTH HAS BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT FETAL EXPOSURE TO EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS REPRESENTS A CRITICAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION. APPROXIMATELY 7% OF PREGNANT WOMEN ARE AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY AND THESE WOMEN ARE ROUTINELY TREATED WITH SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS (SGC) BETWEEN 24 AND 34 OF WEEKS GESTATION TO IMPROVE NEONATAL OUTCOME. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT MATERNALLY ADMINISTERED SGC CROSSES THE PLACENTA, AFFECTING FETAL HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) DEVELOPMENT, RESULTING IN CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION THAT PERSIST THROUGHOUT LIFE. THESE CHANGES APPEAR TO BE MODULATED AT THE LEVEL OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GR) AND MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (MR) IN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY. AS THE HPA AXIS INTERACTS WITH MANY OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, THE CHANGES IN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION ARE ALSO SEX-SPECIFIC AND AGE-DEPENDENT. ALTERATIONS IN BEHAVIOR, PARTICULARLY LOCOMOTION, IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SGC IN UTERO HAVE ALSO BEEN DEMONSTRATED. CONSISTENT WITH THE FINDING IN ANIMAL MODELS, EMERGING HUMAN DATA ARE INDICATING ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO REPEATED COURSES OF SGC IN UTERO. THIS BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPE IS LIKELY LINKED TO ALTERATIONS IN DOPAMINE (DA) SIGNALING, SUGGESTING THAT SGC ARE ABLE TO PERMANENTLY MODIFY OR 'PROGRAM' THIS SYSTEM. FINALLY, IT IS EMERGING THAT CHANGES IN HPA AXIS FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING ANTENATAL EXPOSURE TO SGC ARE TRANSGENERATIONAL AND LIKELY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM IMPACT OF SGC EXPOSURE IN UTERO IS NECESSARY TO BEGIN TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  4847  41 OPIOID DEPENDENCE AND PREGNANCY: MINIMIZING STRESS ON THE FETAL BRAIN. INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF OPIOID-DEPENDENT PREGNANT WOMEN DELIVERING BABIES AT RISK FOR NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME PROMPTED A US GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE REPORT DOCUMENTING DEFICITS IN RESEARCH AND PROVIDER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CARE OF THE MATERNAL/FETAL UNIT AND THE NEONATE. THERE ARE 3 GENERAL SOURCES OF DEPENDENCE: UNTREATED OPIOID USE DISORDER, PAIN MANAGEMENT, AND MEDICATION-ASSISTED TREATMENT WITH METHADONE OR BUPRENORPHINE. A SURVEY OF METHADONE PATIENTS' EXPERIENCES WHEN TELLING A PHYSICIAN OF THEIR PREGNANCY AND OPIOID DEPENDENCE DEMONSTRATED PHYSICIAN CONFUSION ABOUT PROPER CARE, FREQUENT NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS WITH THE MOTHER, AND FAILURES TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE REFERRAL. PATIENTS IN PAIN MANAGEMENT WERE DISCHARGED WITHOUT REFERRAL WHEN THE PHYSICIAN WAS TOLD OF THE PREGNANCY. METHADONE AND BUPRENORPHINE WERE FREQUENTLY SEEN NEGATIVELY BECAUSE THEY "CAUSED" NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME. MOST MOTHERS SURVEYED HAD TO FIND OPIOID TREATMENT ON THEIR OWN. HOW DEPENDENCE IS MANAGED MEDICALLY IS A CRITICAL DETERMINANT OF THE LEVEL OF STRESS ON BOTH MOTHER AND FETUS, AND THEREFORE ANOTHER DETERMINANT OF NEONATAL HEALTH. THE EFFECTS OF BOTH OPIOID WITHDRAWAL STRESS AND MATERNAL EMOTIONAL STRESS ON NEONATAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES ARE REVIEWED. CURRENTLY, THERE HAVE BEEN EFFORTS TO CRIMINALIZE MATERNAL OPIOID DEPENDENCE AND TO ENCOURAGE OR COERCE PREGNANT WOMEN TO UNDERGO WITHDRAWAL. THIS PRACTICE POSES BOTH ACUTE RISKS OF FETAL HYPOXIA AND LONG-TERM RISKS OF ADVERSE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING RELATED TO CATECHOLAMINE AND CORTICOSTEROID SURGES DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONTEMPORARY STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF WITHDRAWAL STRESS ON THE DEVELOPING FETAL BRAIN ARE URGENTLY NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE AND QUANTIFY THE RISKS OF SUCH PRACTICES. AT BIRTH, INCONSISTENCIES IN THE HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF NEONATES AT RISK FOR NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME HAVE BEEN OBSERVED. NEGLECT OF THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MATERNAL COMFORTING IN NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME MANAGEMENT IS AN IATROGENIC AND PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF POOR OUTCOMES AND LONG HOSPITALIZATIONS. ROOMING-IN ALLOWS FOR CONTINUOUS CARE OF THE BABY AND MATERNAL/NEONATAL ATTACHMENT, OFTEN UNWITTINGLY DISRUPTED BY THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ENVIRONMENT. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH INTO PHYSICIAN/PATIENT INTERACTIONS AND INTO OPTIMAL DOSING OF METHADONE AND BUPRENORPHINE TO MINIMIZE MATERNAL/FETAL WITHDRAWAL.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  5680  33 SHORT- AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PREECLAMPSIA IN OFFSPRING: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. PREECLAMPSIA IS A MULTISYSTEMIC CLINICAL SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY THE APPEARANCE OF NEW-ONSET HYPERTENSION AND PROTEINURIA OR HYPERTENSION AND END ORGAN DYSFUNCTION EVEN WITHOUT PROTEINURIA AFTER 20 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY OR POSTPARTUM. RESIDING AT THE SEVERE END OF THE SPECTRUM OF THE HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY, PREECLAMPSIA OCCURS IN 3 TO 8% OF PREGNANCIES WORLDWIDE AND IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MATERNAL AND PERINATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, ACCOUNTING FOR 8-10% OF ALL PRETERM BIRTHS. THE MECHANISM WHEREBY PREECLAMPSIA INCREASES THE RISK OF THE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND METABOLIC MORBIDITY OF THE MOTHER'S OFFSPRING IS NOT WELL KNOWN, BUT IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE PREECLAMPTIC ENVIRONMENT INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY. THESE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES ARE CRUCIAL FOR OPTIMAL FETAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL BUT MAY LEAD TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC MORBIDITY IN CHILDHOOD AND EVEN LATER IN LIFE. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE BOTH THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PREECLAMPSIA ON OFFSPRING BASED ON THE CURRENT LITERATURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  1386  38 DIABETES: AN UPDATE ON THE PANDEMIC AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE WITH DEADLY, DISABLING, AND COSTLY CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, COMMUNITIES, AND COUNTRIES. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE PHENOTYPICALLY DISTINCT, DIABETES SUBTYPES (TYPE 1, TYPE 2, GESTATIONAL, AND OTHER FORMS) ARE ALL DEFINED BY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. APPROXIMATELY 95 PERCENT OF DIABETES CASES WORLDWIDE ARE TYPE 2 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS ADULT-ONSET OR NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES), WHICH IS THE FOCUS OF THIS CHAPTER. TYPE 1 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES) MOST COMMONLY BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. GESTATIONAL DIABETES REFERS TO ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WITHOUT PREVIOUS DIABETES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL, BIRTHING, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD COMPLICATIONS AS WELL AS HIGHER RISK OF THE MOTHER DEVELOPING POSTGESTATION DIABETES. THE GROWTH OF DIABETES AND ITS IMPACTS HAVE ACCELERATED WORLDWIDE SINCE THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (NCD-RISC 2016), LIKELY CORRELATED WITH EXPANSION OF DIABETES RISK FACTORS, ESPECIALLY POPULATION AGING AND OBESITY. DIABETES IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITION. BECAUSE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, LIFESTYLE, ECONOMIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES (MCCARTHY 2010; STUMVOLL, GOLDSTEIN, AND VAN HAEFTEN 2005), PREVENTING AND MANAGING THE CONDITION REQUIRE ACTION AT POLICY, PROGRAM, CLINICAL PRACTICE, AND INDIVIDUAL LEVELS (HILL AND OTHERS 2013). RELIABLE AND MEANINGFUL ESTIMATES OF BURDENS, RISK FACTORS, AND EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AS WELL AS EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING POLICIES, ARE LIMITED; DATA ARE ESPECIALLY SCARCE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMICS). THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON WHAT CAN AND SHOULD BE DONE TO ADDRESS DIABETES. WE PRESENT THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING GLOBAL BURDENS AND TRENDS IN DIABETES; REVIEW AVAILABLE EVIDENCE AND ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND CONTROL DIABETES; AND REPORT SUMMARY EXPERT OPINIONS REGARDING THE PRIORITY AND FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING THESE INTERVENTIONS. ASSIMILATING EVIDENCE FROM COUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS, WE PROVIDE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DIABETES PANDEMIC, RECOMMEND PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS, AND IDENTIFY REMAINING DATA GAPS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  6625  38 UNDERSTANDING RACIAL DISPARITIES OF PRETERM BIRTH THROUGH THE PLACENTA. THE RACIAL DISPARITY ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTH IS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES. THE PLACENTA IS THE PRINCIPAL METABOLIC, RESPIRATORY, AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN OF THE FETUS AND A KEY ROUTE BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. AVAILABLE AT EVERY DELIVERY, IT MAY SERVE AS A MARKER OF DIFFERENCES IN PRENATAL EXPOSURES THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY BY RACE. RECENTLY, WE DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE PRETERM BIRTHS: THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS HIGHER AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN'S PLACENTAS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF WHITE WOMEN. SIMILARLY, RACIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN IN PLACENTAL MALPERFUSION AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS SUCH AS POVERTY AND STRESS FROM DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. TO DATE, HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, WHETHER THROUGH INFLAMMATORY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR OTHER PATHWAYS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING, REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE PLACENTA, COMPLEMENTED BY MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BIOMARKERS, MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RATES AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS EXISTING LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH GAPS. OPPORTUNITIES ARE DISCUSSED FOR FUTURE PLACENTAL RESEARCH THAT MAY REVEAL NOVEL MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS OUTCOMES.	2021