1  3124 135 GHRELIN TREATMENT IMPROVES PHYSICAL DECLINE IN SARCOPENIA MODEL MICE THROUGH MUSCULAR ENHANCEMENT AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATION. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IMPAIRS PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN HUMANS, WHICH LEADS TO A RISK OF ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. IN OUR PREVIOUS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A REDUCTION IN MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA RATHER THAN MUSCLE MASS WAS A MAJOR CAUSE OF PHYSICAL DECLINE IN 5/6 NEPHRECTOMIZED CKD MODEL MICE. BECAUSE GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN REPORTED TO ENHANCE OXYGEN UTILIZATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, WE EXAMINED THE USEFULNESS OF GHRELIN FOR A RECOVERY OF PHYSICAL DECLINE IN 5/6 NEPHRECTOMIZED C57BL/6 MICE, FOCUSING ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR-1ALPHA (PGC-1ALPHA), A MASTER REGULATOR OF MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE MICE WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY ADMINISTERED ACYLATED GHRELIN (0.1 NMOL/GBW; THREE TIMES PER WEEK) FOR A MONTH. MUSCLE STRENGTH AND EXERCISE ENDURANCE WERE MEASURED BY USING A DYNAMOMETER AND TREADMILL, RESPECTIVELY. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER WAS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE CYTOSINE RESIDUE AT 260 BASE PAIRS UPSTREAM OF THE TRANSLATION INITIATION POINT (C-260) OF PGC-1ALPHA, WHICH HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO DECREASE THE EXPRESSION, WAS EVALUATED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING METHODS AFTER THE GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION. GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION IMPROVED BOTH MUSCLE STRENGTH AND EXERCISE ENDURANCE IN THE MICE AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN MUSCLE MASS AND MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL CONTENT. GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION DECREASED THE METHYLATION RATIO OF C-260 OF PGC-1ALPHA IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION EFFECTIVELY REDUCED THE PHYSICAL DECLINE IN 5/6 NEPHRECTOMIZED MICE AND WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH AN INCREASED MITOCHONDRIAL CONTENT THROUGH DE-METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF PGC-1ALPHA IN THE MUSCLE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  2711  25 EXERCISE TRAINING ALTERS THE GENOMIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE. AIM: TO DETERMINE THE GENOMIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH ADIPOSE TISSUE RESPONDS TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE. METHODS: WE PROFILED THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE COLLECTED BEFORE AND AFTER ENDURANCE TRAINING. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH ACUTE EXERCISES WERE PERFORMED AT SAME RELATIVE INTENSITIES, THE MAGNITUDE OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE WAS REDUCED BY ENDURANCE TRAINING. DNA METHYLATION REMODELING INDUCED BY ACUTE EXERCISE WAS MORE PROMINENT IN TRAINED VERSUS UNTRAINED STATE. WE FOUND AN OVERLAP BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE FOR 32 GENES PRE-TRAINING AND SIX POST-TRAINING, NOTABLY AT ADIPOCYTE-SPECIFIC GENES. CONCLUSION: TRAINING STATUS DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  3604  74 IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL DECLINE THROUGH COMBINED EFFECTS OF MUSCLE ENHANCEMENT AND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATION BY A GASTRIC HORMONE GHRELIN IN MALE 5/6NX CKD MODEL MICE. BECAUSE A PHYSICAL DECLINE CORRELATES WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE AND MORBIDITY, AN IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IS EXPECTED TO BRING SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL BENEFITS. THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF PHYSICAL DECLINE IN 5/6 NEPHRECTOMIZED (5/6NX) CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE MODEL MICE HAS BEEN REGARDED AS A DECREASE IN MUSCLE MASS; HOWEVER, OUR RECENT STUDY SHOWED THAT A DECREASE IN MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF A GASTRIC HORMONE GHRELIN, WHICH HAS BEEN REPORTED TO PROMOTE MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATION, ON THE PHYSICAL DECLINE IN THE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE MODEL MICE, FOCUSING ON THE EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF A MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATOR GENE, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA COACTIVATOR-1ALPHA (PGC-1ALPHA). GHRELIN TREATMENT IMPROVED A DECLINE IN EXERCISE ENDURANCE OF 5/6NX MICE, ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN BOTH OF THE MUSCLE MASS AND MITOCHONDRIAL AMOUNT. THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PGC-1ALPHA WAS DECREASED IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF 5/6NX MICE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE METHYLATION RATIO OF THE CYTOSINE RESIDUE AT 260 BASE PAIRS UPSTREAM OF THE INITIATION POINT. CONVERSELY, GHRELIN TREATMENT DE-METHYLATED THE CYTOSINE RESIDUE AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF PGC-1ALPHA. A REPRESENTATIVE MUSCLE ANABOLIC FACTOR, IGF-1, DID NOT AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF PGC-1ALPHA AND MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL AMOUNT, ALTHOUGH IT INCREASED MUSCLE MASS. AS A RESULT, IGF-1 TREATMENT IN 5/6NX MICE DID NOT INCREASE THE DECREASED EXERCISE ENDURANCE AS EFFECTIVELY AS GHRELIN TREATMENT DID. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE AN ADVANTAGE OF GHRELIN TREATMENT FOR A RECOVERY OF PHYSICAL DECLINE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  2408  29 EPIGENETIC REWIRING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ENHANCERS AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING SUPPORTS A ROLE IN WHOLE-BODY FUNCTION AND HUMAN HEALTH. OBJECTIVES: REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE IMPROVES HEALTH BY REDUCING THE RISK OF A PLETHORA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING REMODELS THE ACTIVITY OF GENE ENHANCERS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND THAT THIS REMODELING CONTRIBUTES TO THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON HUMAN HEALTH. METHODS AND RESULTS: BY STUDYING CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WE MAPPED THE GENOME-WIDE POSITIONS AND ACTIVITIES OF ENHANCERS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE BIOPSIES COLLECTED FROM YOUNG SEDENTARY MEN BEFORE AND AFTER 6 WEEKS OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE. WE IDENTIFIED EXTENSIVE REMODELING OF ENHANCER ACTIVITIES AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING, WITH A LARGE SUBSET OF THE REMODELED ENHANCERS LOCATED IN THE PROXIMITY OF GENES TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED AFTER EXERCISE. BY OVERLAPPING THE POSITION OF ENHANCERS WITH GENETIC VARIANTS, WE IDENTIFIED AN ENRICHMENT OF DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENETIC VARIANTS WITHIN THE EXERCISE-REMODELED ENHANCERS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF A FUNCTIONAL LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REWIRING OF ENHANCERS TO CONTROL THEIR ACTIVITY AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING AND THE MODULATION OF DISEASE RISK IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  2681  31 EVALUATION OF MUSCLE-SPECIFIC AND METABOLISM REGULATING MICRORNAS IN A CHRONIC SWIMMING RAT MODEL. MAKING BENEFIT FROM THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MAY RESULT IN A CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC CIVILIZATION DISEASES. IN OUR CHRONIC SWIMMING RAT MODEL, THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SUCH MICRORNAS WERE CHARACTERIZED, THAT ARE INVOLVED IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION, HYPERTROPHY AND FINE-TUNING OF METABOLISM, WHICH PROCESSES ARE INFLUENCED BY CHRONIC ENDURANCE TRAINING, CONTRIBUTING TO THE METABOLIC ADAPTATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. AFTER CHRONIC SWIMMING, THE LEVEL OF MIR-128A INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN EDL MUSCLES, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND STRESS RESPONSE AS WELL. IN SOL, THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-15B AND MIR-451 DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER CHRONIC SWIMMING, WHICH CHANGES ARE OPPOSITE TO THEIR PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED INCREMENT IN INSULIN RESISTANT SKELETAL MUSCLE. MIR-451 ALSO TARGETS PGC-1ALPHA MRNA, WHICHES EXPRESSION LEVEL SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN SOL MUSCLES, RESULTING IN ENHANCED BIOGENESIS AND OXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF MITOCHONDRIA. IN SUMMARY, THE MICRORNA EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT WERE OBSERVED DURING OUR EXPERIMENTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC SWIM TRAINING CONTRIBUTES TO A BENEFICIAL METABOLIC PROFILE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  2706  43 EXERCISE ATTENUATES LOW BACK PAIN AND ALTERS EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS IN A MOUSE MODEL. BACKGROUND CONTEXT: CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN (LBP) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH COMPLEX UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTERVERTEBRAL DISC (IVD) DEGENERATION IN SOME INDIVIDUALS. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOLOGY OF IVD DEGENERATION. EPIGENETICS REFERS TO SEVERAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT INDUCING ANY CHANGE IN THE UNDERLYING DNA SEQUENCE. DNA METHYLATION CAN ALTER THE ENTIRE STATE OF A TISSUE FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME AND THUS COULD POTENTIALLY BE HARNESSED FOR LONG-TERM PAIN RELIEF. LIFESTYLE FACTORS, SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION. EXERCISE IS A COMMONLY PRESCRIBED TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC LBP, AND SEX-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS IN RESPONSE TO ENDURANCE EXERCISE HAVE BEEN REPORTED. HOWEVER, WHETHER EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS THAT ATTENUATE LBP ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DEGENERATING IVDS HAS NOT BEEN EVALUATED. PURPOSE: WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS MEDIATED, AT LEAST IN PART, AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO USE THE SPARC-NULL MOUSE MODEL OF LBP ASSOCIATED WITH IVD DEGENERATION TO CLARIFY (1) IF IVD DEGENERATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES IN THE IVDS, (2) IF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MACHINERY IS SENSITIVE TO THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION, AND (3) IF THERE ARE SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN (1) AND/OR (2). STUDY DESIGN: EIGHT-MONTH-OLD MALE AND FEMALE SPARC-NULL AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROL (WT) MICE (N=108) WERE ASSIGNED TO EXERCISE (N=56) OR SEDENTARY (N=52) GROUPS. DELETION OF SPARC IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSIVE IVD DEGENERATION AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF LBP. THE EXERCISE GROUP RECEIVED A CIRCULAR PLASTIC HOME CAGE RUNNING WHEEL ON WHICH THEY COULD RUN FREELY. THE SEDENTARY GROUP RECEIVED AN IDENTICAL WHEEL SECURED IN PLACE TO PREVENT ROTATION. AFTER 6 MONTHS, THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN EACH GROUP WERE COMPARED. METHODS: AFTER 6 MONTHS OF EXERCISE, LBP-RELATED BEHAVIORAL INDICES WERE DETERMINED, AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (5-METHYLCYTOSINE) AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENE MRNA EXPRESSION IN IVDS WERE ASSESSED. THIS PROJECT WAS SUPPORTED BY THE CANADIAN INSTITUTES FOR HEALTH RESEARCH. THE AUTHORS HAVE NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST. RESULTS: LUMBAR IVDS FROM WT SEDENTARY AND SPARC-NULL SEDENTARY MICE HAD SIMILAR LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (%5-MC) AND COMPARABLE MRNA EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES (DNMT1,3A,B, MECP2, MBD2A,B, TET1-3) IN BOTH SEXES. EXERCISE ATTENUATED LBP-RELATED BEHAVIORS, DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BOTH WT (P<.05) AND SPARC-NULL MICE (P<.01) AND REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION OF MECP2 IN SPARC-NULL MICE (P<.05). SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EXPRESSION OF MRNA WERE ALSO OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: EXERCISE ALLEVIATES LBP IN A MOUSE MODEL. THIS MAY BE MEDIATED, IN PART, BY CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MACHINERY IN DEGENERATING IVDS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DUE TO A LIFESTYLE CHANGE COULD HAVE A LONG-LASTING THERAPEUTIC IMPACT BY CHANGING TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS IN IVDS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: THIS STUDY CONFIRMED THE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON LBP AND SUGGESTS THAT EXERCISE RESULTS IN SEX-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN IVDS. ELUCIDATING THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY ENABLE THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL GENE TARGETS OR NEW STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LBP.	2021	

7  4367  35 MIRNA-BASED "FITNESS SCORE" TO ASSESS THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO DIET, METABOLISM, AND EXERCISE. BACKGROUND: REGULAR, ESPECIALLY SUSTAINED EXERCISE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE CHRONIC DISEASES. SOME OF THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE STILL UNCLEAR, BUT RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST A POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY MIRNAS, IN THE PROGRESSION AND MANAGEMENT OF EXERCISE-RELATED CHANGES. DUE TO THE COMBINATION OF THE ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS (MIRNAS), THE INTAKE OF FOOD AND SUPPLEMENTS, AND GENETIC DISPOSITIONS, A "FITNESS SCORE" WAS EVALUATED TO ASSESS THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO NUTRITION, EXERCISE, AND METABOLIC INFLUENCE. METHODS: IN RESPONSE TO A 12-WEEK SPORTS INTERVENTION, WE ANALYZED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN CAPILLARY BLOOD FROM 61 SEDENTARY, HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS (66.1% FEMALES, 33.9% MALES, MEAN AGE 33 YEARS), INCLUDING LINE-1 METHYLATION, THREE SNPS, AND TEN MIRNAS USING HRM AND QPCR ANALYSIS. THESE BIOMARKERS WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN A HEALTHY, AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROL GROUP (N, 20) WITHOUT INTERVENTION. FOOD FREQUENCY INTAKE, INCLUDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INTAKE, AND GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SURVEYED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF TRAINED STAFF. RESULTS: EXERCISE TRAINING DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-20A-5P, -22-5P, AND -505-3P (P < 0.02) AND IMPROVED THE "FITNESS SCORE," WHICH ESTIMATES EIGHT DIFFERENT LIFESTYLE FACTORS TO ASSESS, NUTRITION, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS, INJURY RISK, REGENERATION, MUSCLE AND HYDRATION STATUS, AS WELL AS STRESS LEVEL. IN ADDITION, WE WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL MIRNAS, MIR-20A-5P, -22-5P, AND -101-3P (P < 0.04), AND THE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION FOR ENDURANCE AND/OR STRENGTH AND OBESITY RISK (ACE, ACTN3, AND FTO), AS WELL AS BETWEEN MIRNAS AND THE BODY COMPOSITION (P < 0.05). MIR-19B-3P AND -101-3P CORRELATED WITH THE INTAKE OF B VITAMINS. FURTHER, MIR-19B-3P CORRELATED WITH MAGNESIUM AND MIR-378A-3P WITH IRON INTAKE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT A COMBINED ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL BIOMARKERS (MIRNAS) CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT AN INDIVIDUAL'S TRAINING ADAPTIONS/FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, AND POSSIBLE RECOVERY. IN CONTRAST TO MOST STUDIES USING MUSCLE BIOPSIES, WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW THAT THESE BIOMARKERS CAN ALSO BE MEASURED USING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE METHOD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  3589  34 IMPACTS OF ECCENTRIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON DNA METHYLATION OF CANDIDATE GENES FOR INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LEUKOCYTES OF HEALTHY MALES. PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND A POOR DIET INCREASE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHILE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN BE REDUCED THROUGH EXERCISE AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE IMPACTS OF LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS ON INFLAMMATION REMAIN TO BE FULLY EXPLAINED; HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY BE CRITICAL. THE PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACTS OF ECCENTRIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE AND FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON DNA METHYLATION AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF TNF AND IL6 IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LEUKOCYTES. EIGHT NON-RESISTANCE EXERCISE-TRAINED MALES COMPLETED THREE BOUTS OF ISOKINETIC ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS OF THE KNEE EXTENSORS. THE FIRST BOUT OCCURRED AT BASELINE, THE SECOND OCCURRED FOLLOWING A THREE-WEEK SUPPLEMENTATION OF EITHER OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID OR EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL AND THE FINAL BOUT OCCURRED AFTER EIGHT-WEEKS OF ECCENTRIC RESISTANCE TRAINING AND SUPPLEMENTATION. ACUTE EXERCISE DECREASED SKELETAL MUSCLE TNF DNA METHYLATION BY 5% (P = 0.031), WHEREAS IL6 DNA METHYLATION INCREASED BY 3% (P = 0.01). LEUKOCYTE DNA METHYLATION WAS UNCHANGED FOLLOWING EXERCISE (P > 0.05); HOWEVER, THREE HOURS POST-EXERCISE THE TNF DNA METHYLATION DECREASED BY 2% (P = 0.004). IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, INCREASED TNF AND IL6 MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE IDENTIFIED IMMEDIATELY POST-EXERCISE (P < 0.027); HOWEVER, THE LEUKOCYTE MRNA EXPRESSION WAS UNCHANGED. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND MARKERS OF EXERCISE PERFORMANCE, INFLAMMATION AND MUSCLE DAMAGE WERE IDENTIFIED (P < 0.05). ACUTE ECCENTRIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS TO TNF AND IL6; HOWEVER, NEITHER ECCENTRIC TRAINING NOR SUPPLEMENTATION WAS SUFFICIENT TO FURTHER MODIFY THE DNA METHYLATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  5073  23 PHYSICAL EXERCISE PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED ANXIETY VIA IMPROVING BRAIN RNA METHYLATION. PHYSICAL EXERCISE IS EFFECTIVE IN ALLEVIATING MENTAL DISORDERS BY IMPROVING SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; HOWEVER, THE LINK BETWEEN BODY ENDURANCE TRAINING AND NEURAL ADAPTATION HAS NOT YET BEEN COMPLETELY RESOLVED. IN THIS STUDY, THE AUTHORS INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF RNA N(6) -METHYLADENOSINE (M6A), AN EMERGING EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, IN IMPROVED RESILIENCE AGAINST CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS. A COMBINATION OF MOLECULAR, BEHAVIORAL, AND IN VIVO RECORDING DATA DEMONSTRATES EXERCISE-MEDIATED RESTORATION OF M6A IN THE MOUSE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WHOSE ACTIVITY IS POTENTIATED TO EXERT ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, IT IS REVEALED THAT HEPATIC BIOSYNTHESIS OF ONE METHYL DONOR IS NECESSARY FOR EXERCISE TO IMPROVE BRAIN RNA M6A TO COUNTERACT ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. THIS NOVEL LIVER-BRAIN AXIS PROVIDES AN EXPLANATION FOR BRAIN NETWORK CHANGES UPON EXERCISE TRAINING AND PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  3090  35 GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC EVALUATION OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE IN PEOPLE WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY: APPLICATION TO PRECISION REHABILITATION. OBJECTIVE: PHYSICAL THERAPISTS DEVELOP PATIENT-CENTERED EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS TO HELP OVERCOME THE PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS THAT UNDERMINE A PERSON'S HEALTH. OPTIMALLY PRESCRIBING MUSCLE ACTIVITY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY, SUCH AS A SPINAL CORD INJURY, IS CHALLENGING BECAUSE OF THEIR LOSS OF VOLITIONAL MOVEMENT CONTROL AND THE DETERIORATION OF THEIR UNDERLYING SKELETAL SYSTEMS. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES SPINAL CORD INJURY-SPECIFIC FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN PATIENT-CENTERED, PRECISION PRESCRIPTION OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY FOR PEOPLE WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY. THIS REPORT ALSO PRESENTS A MUSCLE GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE THE REGULATION OF THE PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA (PGC-1ALPHA) (OXIDATIVE) AND MYOSTATIN (HYPERTROPHY) SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DURING LOW-FREQUENCY (LOWER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE VERSUS HIGHER-FREQUENCY (HIGHER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE UNDER CONSTANT MUSCLE RECRUITMENT (INTENSITY). METHODS: SEVENTEEN PEOPLE WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY PARTICIPATED IN 1 OR MORE UNILATERAL ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE SESSIONS USING A LOWER-FORCE (1-, 3-, OR 5-HZ) OR HIGHER-FORCE (20-HZ) PROTOCOL. THREE HOURS AFTER THE EXERCISE SESSION, PERCUTANEOUS MUSCLE BIOPSIES WERE PERFORMED ON EXERCISED AND NONEXERCISED MUSCLES FOR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT LOW-FREQUENCY (LOW-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF PGC-1ALPHA AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MYOSTATIN, CONSISTENT WITH THE EXPRESSION CHANGES OBSERVED WITH HIGH-FREQUENCY (HIGHER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE. FURTHER, WE FOUND THAT LOW-FREQUENCY (LOWER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE SIGNIFICANTLY DEMETHYLATED, OR EPIGENETICALLY PROMOTED, THE PGC-1ALPHA SIGNALING PATHWAY. A GLOBAL EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT >70 PATHWAYS WERE REGULATED WITH LOW-FREQUENCY (LOWER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE. CONCLUSION: THESE NOVEL RESULTS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT LOW-FREQUENCY (LOW-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE MAY OFFER A MORE PRECISE REHABILITATION STRATEGY FOR PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC PARALYSIS AND SEVERE OSTEOPOROSIS. FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS ARE WARRANTED TO EXPLORE WHETHER LOW-FREQUENCY (LOWER-FORCE) ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE TRAINING AFFECTS THE OVERALL HEALTH OF PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC SPINAL CORD INJURY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11   897  37 CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING ACTIVATES HISTONE TURNOVER IN MOUSE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE IS A RECENT TOPIC FOR WHICH THERE IS LIMITED INFORMATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER EXERCISE TRAINING ACTIVATES HISTONE TURNOVER IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS OF MICE. EXPERIMENTS USING A TETRACYCLINE-INDUCIBLE H2B-GFP EXPRESSION MODEL DEMONSTRATED THAT 4 WEEKS OF RUNNING TRAINING, BUT NOT 2 WEEKS OF TRAINING, SIGNIFICANTLY PROMOTED THE INCORPORATION OF H2B-GFP INTO NUCLEOSOMES AND THE DISSOCIATION OF HISTONE H3.3 AT BOTH TRANSCRIPTIONALLY UPREGULATED AND NONRESPONSIVE LOCI. MUSCLE-SPECIFIC PGC-1ALPHA-B-OVEREXPRESSING MICE CROSSED WITH H2B-GFP MICE SHOWED A SLIGHT INCREASE IN H2B-GFP INCORPORATION AT TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE LOCI, BUT NOT IN THE DISSOCIATION OF H3.3 FROM NUCLEOSOMES. GENE EXPRESSION RESPONSES TO A SINGLE BOUT OF RUNNING WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED IN 4-WEEK TRAINED MICE WHEN COMPARED WITH THOSE IN 2-WEEK TRAINED MICE. THE MOST DRASTIC INCREASE IN THE GENE RESPONSE WAS FOUND IN THE EXPRESSION OF HSPA1A AND HSPA1B, IN WHICH THE MAGNITUDE OF UPREGULATION IN RESPONSE TO RUNNING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED FROM 8-FOLD IN 2 WEEK TRAINED MICE TO 97- AND 121-FOLD IN 4 WEEK TRAINED MICE, RESPECTIVELY. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE HSP70 LEVEL INCREASED DURING THE TRAINING PERIOD. IN A MYONUCLEAR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CHROMATIN REMODELERS, WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE LEVEL OF SPT16, AN H2A-H2B-SPECIFIC CHAPERONE, WAS UPREGULATED AFTER RUNNING TRAINING. THESE RESULTS REVEALED THAT 4 WEEKS OF RUNNING TRAINING ACTIVATED HISTONE TURNOVER IN SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS. THEY ALSO SUGGESTED THAT HISTONE TURNOVER LED TO LOOSENING OF THE NUCLEOSOMES AND ENHANCED GENE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12   217  34 ACUTE EXERCISE INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF KIR2DS4 BY PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN NK CELLS. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON CANCER PREVENTION AND PROGRESSION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO BE MEDIATED BY STIMULATING NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS. BECAUSE NK CELL RECEPTORS ARE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER ACUTE AEROBIC EXERCISE AND TRAINING CHANGE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF THE ACTIVATING KIR2DS4 AND THE INHIBITING KIR3DL1 GENE. SIXTEEN HEALTHY WOMEN (50-60 YEARS) PERFORMED A GRADED EXERCISE TEST (GXT) AND WERE RANDOMIZED INTO EITHER A PASSIVE CONTROL GROUP OR AN INTERVENTION GROUP PERFORMING A FOUR-WEEK ENDURANCE EXERCISE INTERVENTION. BLOOD SAMPLES (PRE-, POST-GXT AND POST-TRAINING) WERE USED FOR ISOLATION OF DNA/RNA OF NK CELLS TO ASSESS DNA PROMOTER METHYLATION BY TARGETED DEEP-AMPLICON SEQUENCING AND GENE EXPRESSION BY QRT-PCR. POTENTIAL CHANGES IN NK CELL SUBSETS WERE DETERMINED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE DID NOT PROVOKE SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS OF NK CELL PROPORTIONS. PROMOTER METHYLATION DECREASED AND GENE EXPRESSION INCREASED FOR KIR2DS4 AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE. A HIGH GENE EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH A LOW METHYLATION OF CPGS THAT WERE ALTERED BY ACUTE EXERCISE. CHRONIC EXERCISE RESULTED IN A MINOR DECREASE OF DNA METHYLATION AND DID NOT ALTER GENE EXPRESSION. ACUTE EXERCISE PROVOKES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AFFECTING THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVATING KIR2DS4 AND THE INHIBITING KIR3DL1, WITH POTENTIAL BENEFITS ON NK CELL FUNCTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  4253  25 METHYLOME OF HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE AFTER ACUTE & CHRONIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE TRAINING, DETRAINING & RETRAINING. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL ENCOUNTERS WITHOUT CHANGES TO THE GENETIC CODE. USING INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP ARRAYS (850,000 CPG SITES) WE ANALYSED FOR THE FIRST TIME, DNA ISOLATED FROM UNTRAINED HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE BIOPSIES (VASTUS LATERALIS) AT BASELINE (REST) AND IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING AN ACUTE (SINGLE) BOUT OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE. IN THE SAME PARTICIPANTS, WE ALSO ANALYSED THE METHYLOME FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF MUSCLE GROWTH (HYPERTROPHY) EVOKED VIA CHRONIC (REPEATED BOUTS-3 SESSIONS/WK) RESISTANCE EXERCISE (RE) (TRAINING) OVER 7-WEEKS, FOLLOWED BY COMPLETE EXERCISE CESSATION FOR 7-WEEKS RETURNING MUSCLE BACK TO BASELINE LEVELS (DETRAINING), AND FINALLY FOLLOWED BY A SUBSEQUENT 7-WEEK PERIOD OF RE-INDUCED HYPERTROPHY (RETRAINING). THESE VALUABLE METHYLOME DATA SETS DESCRIBED IN THE PRESENT MANUSCRIPT AND DEPOSITED IN AN OPEN-ACCESS REPOSITORY CAN NOW BE SHARED AND RE-USED TO ENABLE THE IDENTIFICATION OF EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES/NETWORKS THAT ARE MODIFIED AFTER ACUTE ANABOLIC STIMULI AND HYPERTROPHY, AND FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE PHENOMENON OF EPIGENETIC MEMORY IN SKELETAL MUSCLE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  3581  25 IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE ON THE EPIGENOME IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND EFFECTS ON SYSTEMIC METABOLISM. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDUCES PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN ORGANISMS, AND ADAPTATIONS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, WHICH IS BENEFICIAL FOR MAINTAINING HEALTH AND PREVENTING AND/OR TREATING MOST CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE ADAPTATIONS ARE MAINLY INSTIGATED BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES THAT ENSUE IN REACTION TO EACH INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE, EITHER RESISTANCE OR ENDURANCE. CONSEQUENTLY, CHANGES IN KEY METABOLIC, REGULATORY, AND MYOGENIC GENES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OCCUR AS BOTH AN EARLY AND LATE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE, AND THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS, TRIGGER THOSE ALTERATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES. DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC CHANGES DESCRIBED IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION, LINKED TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO EXERCISE, AND MEDIATING THE EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS. NEVERTHELESS, OTHER ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETICS MARKERS, SUCH AS EPITRANSCRIPTOMICS, MODIFICATIONS MEDIATED BY MIRNAS, AND LACTYLATION AS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, ARE EMERGING AS KEY EVENTS FOR GENE TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND UPDATE OF THE IMPACT OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING THE WELL-DESCRIBED DNA METHYLATIONS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND THE EMERGING MODIFICATIONS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE. IN ADDITION, WE DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN OTHER METABOLIC TISSUES; ALSO, WE PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT HOW SYSTEMIC METABOLISM OR ITS METABOLITES INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  2213  33 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC DISEASES ARISE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF AN UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRIMARILY CHARACTERIZED BY PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND UNBALANCED DIETS. REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN IMPROVE HEALTH, AND THERE IS CONSISTENT EVIDENCE THAT THESE IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE THE RESULT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONSAS OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS. METHODS: THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES PROTOCOLS (PRISMA-P) METHODOLOGY FOR MANUSCRIPT RESEARCH AND PREPARATION WAS FOLLOWED USING PUBMED AND EBSCO DATABASES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW. OUT OF 2,638 ARTICLES IDENTIFIED, ONLY 34 ARTICLES MET THE INCLUSION CRITERIA. RESULTS: THE SECTIONS OF THE REVIEW WERE ORGANIZED BY METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN WHICH STUDIES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND TRAINED INDIVIDUALS. RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN HUMANS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY, CONTRIBUTING TO HEALTHY SKELETAL MUSCLE. ENDURANCE EXERCISE ALSO CAUSED MODIFICATIONS IN BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED TO METABOLIC ALTERATIONS THROUGH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC MIRNAS. HOWEVER, BOTH RESISTANCE AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE ARE NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A BETTER PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND A COMBINATION OF BOTH SEEMS TO BE NEEDED TO PROPERLY TACKLE THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE PATHOLOGIES. CONCLUSION: GIVEN THE HETEROGENEITY AND COMPLEXITY OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE, IT IS CURRENTLY NOT POSSIBLE TO PROPOSE A SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATION ABOUT THE TYPE, INTENSITY, OR DURATION OF EXERCISE THAT COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR DIFFERENT SUBSETS OF THE POPULATION (HEALTHY, DISEASED, AND/OR TRAINED). NEVERTHELESS, THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE FOR HEALTH AND SHOWS THE NEED TO PERFORM MORE RESEARCH IN THIS EMERGING AREA TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS THAT COULD SERVE AS INDICATORS OF EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  2716  21 EXERCISE-MODULATED EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN COPD INDIVIDUALS: A PILOT STUDY. THE STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMIC CYTOKINE LEVELS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) INDIVIDUALS. TEN PARTICIPANTS OF A PULMONARY REHABILITATION PROGRAM WERE SUBMITTED TO 24 SESSIONS OF A SUPERVISIONED EXERCISE PROTOCOL THRICE-WEEKLY (90MIN/SESSION). BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT BASELINE, AFTER THE 1ST SESSION, BEFORE AND AFTER THE 24TH SESSION. A DNA HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS WAS OBSERVED AFTER THE 1ST SESSION WHEN COMPARED AT BASELINE, WHILE GLOBAL HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION STATUS WAS UNALTERED IN ANY TIME-POINTS EVALUATED. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE OBSERVED ON CYTOKINE LEVELS AFTER THE 1ST SESSION. A SIGNIFICANT ENHANCEMENT ON INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) AND A DECREASE ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA) LEVELS WERE FOUND AFTER THE 24TH SESSION WHEN COMPARED TO THE PRE 24TH SESSION. MOREOVER, 23 SESSIONS OF EXERCISE WERE ABLE TO DIMINISH SIGNIFICANTLY THE BASAL LEVELS OF IL-6 AND INTERLEUKIN 8 (IL-8). THESE DATA SUGGEST A POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN MEDIATING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF EXERCISE IN COPD PATIENTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  2717  39 EXERCISE: PUTTING ACTION INTO OUR EPIGENOME. MOST HUMAN PHENOTYPES ARE INFLUENCED BY A COMBINATION OF GENOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ENGAGING IN REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE PREVENTS MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, DECREASES MORTALITY RISK AND INCREASES LONGEVITY. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE MODULATING EFFECT OF PHYSICAL (AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE) EXERCISE ON GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR SOME TIME NOW AND HAS PROVIDED US WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO PHYSICAL EXERCISE. EMERGING RESEARCH DATA SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR BOTH DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE IN HUMANS. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE SUMMARISE FINDINGS ON THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION. CURRENT RESEARCH DATA SUGGEST EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION) AND MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE RESPONSIVE TO ACUTE AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN BRAIN, BLOOD, SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE, ADIPOSE TISSUE AND EVEN BUCCAL CELLS. SIX MONTHS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ALTERS WHOLE-GENOME DNA METHYLATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE AND DIRECTLY INFLUENCES LIPOGENESIS. SOME MIRNAS ARE RELATED TO MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO(2MAX)) AND VO(2MAX) TRAINABILITY, AND ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED AMONGST INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH AND LOW VO(2MAX). REMARKABLY, MIRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH RESPONDERS TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE (MIR-378, -26A, -29A AND -451) AND CORRELATE TO GAINS IN LEAN BODY MASS (MIR-378). THE EMERGING FIELD OF EXERCISE EPIGENOMICS IS EXPECTED TO PROSPER AND ADDITIONAL STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF MIRNAS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND DELINEATE MECHANISMS BY WHICH EXERCISE CONFERS A HEALTHIER PHENOTYPE AND IMPROVES PERFORMANCE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  2707  28 EXERCISE EFFECTS ON METHYLATION OF ASC GENE. CHRONIC MODERATE EXERCISE HAS BEEN REPORTED TO REDUCE PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. TO ANALYZE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH TRAINING EXERTS THESE EFFECTS, THE EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES OF AGE AND EXERCISE ON THE ASC GENE, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR IL-1BETA AND IL-18 SECRETION, WERE INVESTIGATED BY ASC GENE METHYLATION. FURTHER, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARCINOGENESIS AND EXERCISE, AND METHYLATION OF THE P15 TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE GENE WAS ALSO ANALYZED. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL WALKING EXERCISE, CONSISTING OF 3 MIN LOW-INTENSITY WALKING AT 40% OF PEAK AEROBIC CAPACITY FOLLOWED BY A 3 MIN HIGH-INTENSITY WALKING PERIOD ABOVE 70% OF PEAK AEROBIC CAPACITY, WAS CONTINUED FOR 6 MONTHS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA EXTRACTS FROM YOUNG CONTROL (N=34), OLDER CONTROL (N=153), AND OLDER EXERCISE (N=230) GROUPS WERE THEN ANALYZED BY PYROSEQUENCING FOR DNA METHYLATION. METHYLATION OF ASC DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH AGE (YOUNG CONTROL VS. OLDER CONTROL, P<0.01), WHICH IS INDICATIVE OF AN AGE-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN ASC EXPRESSION. COMPARED TO THE OLDER CONTROL GROUP, THE DEGREE OF ASC METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN THE OLDER EXERCISE GROUP (OLDER CONTROL VS. OLDER EXERCISE: P<0.01), AND PRESUMABLY LOWER ASC EXPRESSION. NEITHER EXERCISE NOR AGE AFFECTED THE METHYLATION OF THE P15. IN SUMMARY, CHRONIC MODERATE EXERCISE APPEARS TO ATTENUATE THE AGE-DEPENDENT DECREASE IN ASC METHYLATION, IMPLYING SUPPRESSION OF EXCESS PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES THROUGH REDUCTION OF ASC EXPRESSION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  2709  29 EXERCISE INDUCES AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES ON EPIGENETIC PARAMETERS IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. REGULAR EXERCISE IMPROVES LEARNING AND MEMORY, INCLUDING DURING AGING PROCESS. INTERESTINGLY, THE IMBALANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAS BEEN LINKED TO AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DEFICITS. HOWEVER, STUDIES ABOUT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AFTER EXERCISE DURING THE AGING PROCESS ARE RARE. IN THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF AGING AND EXERCISE ON DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS IN HIPPOCAMPUS FROM 3 AND 20-MONTHS AGED WISTAR RATS. THE ANIMALS WERE SUBMITTED TO TWO EXERCISE PROTOCOLS: SINGLE SESSION OR CHRONIC TREADMILL PROTOCOL. DNMT1 AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS WERE DECREASED IN HIPPOCAMPUS FROM AGED RATS. THE SINGLE EXERCISE SESSION DECREASED BOTH DNMT3B AND DNMT1 LEVELS IN YOUNG ADULT RATS, WITHOUT ANY EFFECT IN THE AGED GROUP. BOTH EXERCISE PROTOCOLS REDUCED H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS IN YOUNG ADULT RATS, WHILE THE SINGLE SESSION REVERSED THE CHANGES ON H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS INDUCED BY AGING. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AN IMBALANCE ON DNMTS AND H3-K9 METHYLATION LEVELS MIGHT BE LINKED TO THE BRAIN AGING PROCESS AND THAT THE OUTCOME TO EXERCISE SEEMS TO VARY THROUGH LIFESPAN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  3583  28 IMPACT OF SHORT- AND LONG-TERM ELECTRICALLY INDUCED MUSCLE EXERCISE ON GENE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND PGC1A METHYLATION IN MEN WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY. EXERCISE ATTENUATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS). GENE SIGNALING PATHWAY ANALYSIS OFFERS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCOVER IF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED MUSCLE EXERCISE REGULATES KEY PATHWAYS AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI). WE EXAMINED SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM DURATIONS OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED SKELETAL MUSCLE EXERCISE ON COMPLEX GENE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, SPECIFIC GENE REGULATION, AND EPIGENETIC TAGGING OF PGC1A, A MAJOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OF MEN WITH SCI. AFTER SHORT- OR LONG-TERM ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE TRAINING, PARTICIPANTS UNDERWENT BIOPSIES OF THE TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MUSCLES. RNA WAS HYBRIDIZED TO AN EXON MICROARRAY AND ANALYZED BY A GENE SET ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS. WE DISCOVERED THAT LONG-TERM EXERCISE TRAINING REGULATED THE REACTOME GENE SETS FOR METABOLISM (38 GENE SETS), CELL CYCLE (36 GENE SETS), DISEASE (27 GENE SETS), GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPTION (22 GENE SETS), ORGANELLE BIOGENESIS (4 GENE SETS), CELLULAR RESPONSE TO STIMULI (8 GENE SETS), IMMUNE SYSTEM (8 GENE SETS), VESICLE-MEDIATED TRANSPORT (4 GENE SETS), AND TRANSPORT OF SMALL MOLECULES (3 GENE SETS). SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION INCLUDED: OXIDATIVE CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE INCLUDING PDHB (P < 0.001), PDHX (P < 0.001), MPC1 (P < 0.009), AND MPC2 (P < 0.007); OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION GENES INCLUDING SDHA (P < 0.006), SDHB (P < 0.001), NDUFB1 (P < 0.002), NDUFA2 (P < 0.001); TRANSCRIPTION GENES INCLUDING PGC1ALPHA (P < 0.030) AND PRKAB2 (P < 0.011); HYPERTROPHY GENE MSTN (P < 0.001); AND THE MYOKINE GENERATING FNDC5 GENE (P < 0.008). LONG-TERM ELECTRICALLY INDUCED EXERCISE DEMETHYLATED THE MAJOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PGC1A. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT LONG-TERM ELECTRICALLY INDUCED MUSCLE ACTIVITY REGULATES KEY PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLE HEALTH AND SYSTEMIC METABOLISM.	2020