1  5301 101 PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA PLAYS A MYD88-DEPENDENT, CENTRAL ROLE IN THE GENE-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE. MYD88, THE INTRACELLULAR ADAPTOR OF MOST TLRS, MEDIATES EITHER PROINFLAMMATORY OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE SIGNALING THAT CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH GENE-SPECIFIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS REGULATE INFLAMMATION, THE ROLE OF MYD88 SIGNALING IN ESTABLISHING SUCH EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPES UNDER DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY STATES REMAINS ELUSIVE. USING QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS TO ENUMERATE THE INFLAMMATION-PHENOTYPIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE MYD88 INTERACTOME, WE FOUND THAT IN ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT ALPHA (PP2AC) ENHANCES ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MYD88 AND IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED. KNOCKDOWN OF PP2AC PREVENTS SUPPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENES AND RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS. THROUGH SITE-SPECIFIC DEPHOSPHORYLATION, CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC DISRUPTS THE SIGNAL-PROMOTING TLR4-MYD88 COMPLEX AND BROADLY SUPPRESSES THE ACTIVITIES OF MULTIPLE PROINFLAMMATORY/PROAPOPTOTIC PATHWAYS AS WELL, SHIFTING PROINFLAMMATORY MYD88 SIGNALING TO A PROSURVIVAL MODE. CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE PP2AC TRANSLOCATED WITH MYD88 INTO THE NUCLEI OF TOLERANT MACROPHAGES ESTABLISHES THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE PATTERN OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND REPRESSES CHROMATIN REMODELING TO SELECTIVELY SILENCE PROINFLAMMATORY GENES, COORDINATING THE MYD88-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATION CONTROL AT BOTH SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS UNDER ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT CONDITIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  5592  26 ROLE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN THE HUMAN SYSTEMIC ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME. TNFALPHA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN CONTRASTING OUTCOMES. ALTHOUGH TNFALPHA INHIBITORS ARE WIDELY USED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE IMPACT OF TNFALPHA ANTAGONISM ON WHITE BLOOD CELL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION IN HUMANS IN VIVO HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED. WE HERE LEVERAGED THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF HUMAN ENDOTOXEMIA TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF THE TNFALPHA ANTAGONIST, ETANERCEPT, ON THE GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS LPS ADMINISTRATION IN MALE SUBJECTS. ETANERCEPT PRE-TREATMENT RESULTED IN A MARKEDLY DAMPENED TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO LPS. GENE CO-EXPRESSION NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED THIS LPS-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE AND NON-RESPONSIVE MODULES. HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES INCLUDE NF-KB SIGNALING, ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES AND T-CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES. WITHIN THESE TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES WE DELINEATE FUNDAMENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION AND ELONGATION. THUS, WE PROVIDE COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION ABOUT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT MIGHT BE TARGETED BY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT SEEK TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA ACTIVITY DURING HUMAN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  2239  21 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  3553  21 IMMUNOTOLERANCE OF DAIRY HEIFERS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED EXPOSURE TO BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ENDOTOXIN. DAIRY CATTLE FACE A VARIETY OF STRESSFUL EVENTS ON A DAILY BASIS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, CLIMATE CHANGE HAS RESULTED IN MORE FREQUENT HEAT STRESS EVENTS THAT INCREASE THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY INDUCING CONDITIONS LIKE LEAKY GUT SYNDROME, WHEREBY THE INTEGRITY OF THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM IS COMPROMISED ALLOWING FOR LUMINAL BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) ENDOTOXIN TO INFILTRATE THE HOST'S BLOODSTREAM RESULTING IN ACUTE OR CHRONIC SYSTEMIC STIMULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO LPS OVER A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME IS REPORTED TO INDUCE IMMUNOTOLERANCE WITHIN THE HOST. THIS LPS TOLERANCE IS AN ESSENTIAL IMMUNOHOMEOSTATIC RESPONSE THAT CAN PROTECT AGAINST OVER ACTIVATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO LPS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, HOLSTEIN CALVES (N = 20) WERE INITIALLY STRESS CHALLENGED WITH EITHER SALINE, OR 100, 200 OR 400 NG/KG OF LPS ADMINISTERED INTRAMUSCULAR, AND AGAIN RE-CHALLENGED WITH 200 NG/KG OF LPS 2-WEEKS LATER. SERUM WAS COLLECTED EVERY 2 HR FOR 6 HR TO PROFILE CHANGES IN CIRCULATORY STRESS BIOMARKERS AFTER THE REPEATED LPS EXPOSURES. HEIFERS THAT WERE INITIALLY CHALLENGED WITH 100, 200 AND 400 NG/KG OF LPS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CORTISOL RESPONSES IN THE SECOND CHALLENGE (P < 0.01, 0.01 AND 0.05, RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS CONTROL ANIMALS WHO PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED SALINE DEMONSTRATED A STRONG CORTISOL RESPONSE AT 2 HR AFTER RECEIVING 200 NG/KG OF LPS (P < 0.05). THE CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE (IL-6, CCL2, CCL3 AND CCL4) RESPONSES WERE ALSO ATTENUATED DURING THE LPS RECHALLENGE (P < 0.05). FINALLY, MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE DETERMINED TO ASSESS THE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO REPEATED LPS EXPOSURE. INTERESTINGLY, MIR-31 AND MIR-223 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO THE SECOND LPS CHALLENGE. THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE STRESS RESPONSE IN DAIRY CATTLE AS IT RELATES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LPS TOLERANCE. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES OF VARIOUS STRESS BIOMARKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF INNATE IMMUNE CELL TOLERANCE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVALUATING THEIR IMPACT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5   620  33 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GELATINASE B OR MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-9 (MMP-9): THE NEXT DECADE. RESEARCH ON MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND IN PARTICULAR ON GELATINASE B, ALIAS MMP-9, HAS GROWN EXPONENTIALLY IN THE DECADE 2003-2012. STRUCTURAL DETAILS ABOUT FLEXIBILITY OF MMP-9 MONOMERS, TOGETHER WITH GLYCOSYLATION, OLIGOMERIZATION, HETEROGENEITY AND INSTABILITY OF THE WILDTYPE ENZYME EXPLAIN WHY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY EXPERIMENTS HAVE NOT YET BEEN SUCCESSFUL FOR THE INTACT ENZYME. MMP-9 MAY BE VIEWED AS A MULTIDOMAIN ENZYME IN WHICH THE HEMOPEXIN, THE O-GLYCOSYLATED AND THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS YIELD SUPPORT FOR ATTACHMENT, ARTICULATION AND CATALYSIS, RESPECTIVELY. THE STEPWISE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVATION OF THE INACTIVE ZYMOGEN INTO A CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE FORM BECOMES GRADUALLY BETTER UNDERSTOOD. PRIMING OF ACTIVATION BY MMP-3 MAY BE EXECUTED BY MEPRINS THAT DESTABILIZE THE INTERACTION OF THE AMINOTERMINUS WITH THE THIRD FIBRONECTIN REPEAT. ALTERNATIVELY, AUTOCATALYTIC ACTIVATION MAY OCCUR IN THE PRESENCE OF MOLECULES THAT TIGHTLY BIND TO THE CATALYTIC SITE AND THAT PUSH THE CYSTEIN RESIDUE IN THE PRODOMAIN AWAY FROM THE CATALYTIC ZINC ION. THANKS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEGRADOMICS TECHNOLOGIES, SUBSTRATE REPERTOIRES OF MMP-9 HAVE BEEN DEFINED, BUT IT REMAINS A CHALLENGE TO DETERMINE AND PROVE WHICH SUBSTRATES ARE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT. THE SUBSTRATE REPERTOIRE HAS BEEN ENLARGED FROM EXTRACELLULAR TO MEMBRANE-BOUND AND EFFICIENT INTRACELLULAR SUBSTRATES, SUCH AS CRYSTALLINS, TUBULINS AND ACTINS. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MMP-9 HAVE TUNED THE FIELD FROM BEING PRIMARILY CANCER-ORIENTED TOWARDS VASCULAR AND INFLAMMATORY RESEARCH. IN TUMOR BIOLOGY, IT HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY APPRECIATED THAT MMP-9 FROM INFLAMMATORY CELLS, PARTICULARLY NEUTROPHILS, CO-DETERMINES PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME. ASIDE FROM THE CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS EXECUTED BY AMINOTERMINAL DOMAINS OF MMP-9, THE CARBOXYTERMINAL HEMOPEXIN (PEX) DOMAIN OF GELATINASE B EXERTS NON-CATALYTIC ANTI-APOPTOTIC SIGNALING EFFECTS. THE RECOGNITION THAT GELATINASE B IS INDUCED BY MANY PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WHEREAS ITS INHIBITORS ARE INCREASED BY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, HAS GENERATED INTEREST TO TARGET MMP-9 IN ACUTE LETHAL CONDITIONS, SUCH AS BACTERIAL MENINGITIS, SEPSIS AND ENDOTOXIN SHOCK, AND IN ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MMP-9 IS COMPLEMENTED BY EPIGENETIC CHECKPOINTS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNAS. BECAUSE ACTIVATION OF PROMMP-9 MAY BE EXECUTED BY OTHER MMPS, THE THERAPEUTIC DOGMA THAT MMP INHIBITORS NEED TO BE HIGHLY SELECTIVE MAY BE KEYED DOWN FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS. WHEN INFLAMMATION AND MMP-9 FULFILL BENEFICIAL FUNCTIONS TO CLEAR DAMAGING PROTEIN COMPLEXES, SUCH AS IN SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, THERAPEUTIC MMP INHIBITION HAS TO BE AVOIDED. IN MMP9 GENE KNOCKOUT MICE, SPECIFIC SPONTANEOUS PHENOTYPES EMERGED WITH EFFECTS ON THE SKELETAL, REPRODUCTIVE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS. THESE FINDINGS NOT ONLY HAVE CLINICAL CORRELATES IN BONE GROWTH AND FERTILITY, BUT ALSO STIMULATE RESEARCH ON THE ROLES OF MMPS AND MMP-9 IN ENDOCRINOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND THE NEUROSCIENCES. MMP9-DEFICIENT MICE ARE VALUABLE TOOLS TO DEFINE MMP-9 SUBSTRATES IN VIVO AND TO STUDY THE ROLE OF THIS ENZYME IN ANIMAL MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY, VASCULAR, NEOPLASTIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FUTURE CHALLENGES INCLUDE SOLVING THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, DEFINITION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF COVALENT OLIGOMERS AND HETEROMERS IN BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY, LIFE-IMAGING OF MMP-9 ACTIVITY, SUBSTRATE DETERMINATION IN SITU AND THE STUDY OF INHIBITOR EFFECTS ON FERTILITY, CANCER AND INFLAMMATION AND IN NEUROBIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. SUCH STUDIES WILL BETTER DEFINE CONDITIONS IN WHICH INHIBITION OF MMP-9 IS BENEFICIAL OR HAS TO BE AVOIDED.	2013	

6  2641  29 EPIGENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES REVEAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION AND SEVERE EXHAUSTION IN LPS-CHALLENGED MURINE MONOCYTES. EMERGING STUDIES SUGGEST THAT MONOCYTES CAN BE TRAINED BY BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN TO ADOPT DISTINCT MEMORY STATES RANGING FROM LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION TO IMMUNE EXHAUSTION. WHILE LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, EXHAUSTED MONOCYTES WITH PATHOGENIC AND IMMUNE-SUPPRESSIVE CHARACTERISTICS MAY UNDERLIE THE PATHOGENESIS OF POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS INCLUDING COVID-19. HOWEVER, DETAILED PROCESSES BY WHICH THE DYNAMIC ADAPTION OF MONOCYTES OCCUR REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE EXPOSED MURINE BONE-MARROW DERIVED MONOCYTES TO CHRONIC LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) STIMULATION AT LOW-DOSE OR HIGH-DOSE, AS WELL AS A PBS CONTROL. THE CELLS WERE PROFILED FOR GENOME-WIDE H3K27AC MODIFICATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE GENE EXPRESSION OF TRAM-DEFICIENT AND IRAK-M-DEFICIENT MONOCYTES WITH LPS EXPOSURE WAS ALSO ANALYZED. WE DISCOVER THAT LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION PREFERENTIALLY UTILIZES THE TRAM-DEPENDENT PATHWAY OF TLR4 SIGNALING, AND INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF INTERFERON RESPONSE GENES. IN CONTRAST, HIGH DOSE LPS UNIQUELY UPREGULATES EXHAUSTION SIGNATURES WITH METABOLIC AND PROLIFERATIVE PATHWAYS. THE EXTENSIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENOMIC LANDSCAPE BETWEEN LOW-DOSE AND HIGH-DOSE CONDITIONS SUGGEST THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS IN DRIVING DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES. OUR DATA PROVIDE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR FUTURE MECHANISTIC OR THERAPEUTIC STUDIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  1400  23 DIET-REGULATING MICROBIOTA AND HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM IN LIVER DISEASE. THE GUT MICROBIOTA HAS BEEN KNOWN TO MODULATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EFFECTS OF DIETARY FOODS ON HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN DISEASES ARE RELATED TO BOTH THE IMMUNE REACTION AND THE MICROBIOME. THE GUT-MICROBIOME AND INTESTINAL IMMUNE SYSTEM PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE. DYSBIOSIS, SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH, TRANSLOCATION, ENDOTOXEMIA, AND THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF METABOLITES ARE THE MAIN EVENTS IN THE GUT-LIVER AXIS, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES ACT ON EVERY PATHWAYS OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. MICROBIOME-DERIVED METABOLITES OR BACTERIA THEMSELVES REGULATE IMMUNE CELL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS RECOGNITION OR ACTIVATION OF RECEPTORS, THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC CHANGE, ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS, AND THE INTEGRATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM. HERE, WE REVIEWED RECENT REPORTS ABOUT THE IMMUNOLOGIC ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTAS IN LIVER DISEASE, HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLE OF DIET IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  4271  26 MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS-INDUCED OBESITY: ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN HOMOEOSTASIS OF ENERGY METABOLISM. THE GLOBAL OBESITY EPIDEMIC HAS NECESSITATED THE SEARCH FOR BETTER INTERVENTION STRATEGIES INCLUDING THE EXPLOITATION OF THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF SOME GUT MICROBIOTA AND THEIR METABOLIC PRODUCTS. THEREFORE, WE EXAMINED THE GUT MICROBIAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION WITH THE HOST IN RELATION TO HOMOEOSTATIC ENERGY METABOLISM AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DYSBIOSIS-INDUCED METABOLIC INFLAMMATION AND OBESITY. WE ALSO DISCUSSED THE EUBIOTIC, HEALTH-PROMOTING EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS AND RISK OF OBESITY. HIGH-FAT/CARBOHYDRATE DIET PROGRAMMES THE GUT MICROBIOTA TO ONE PREDOMINATED BY FIRMICUTES (CLOSTRIDIUM), PREVOTELLA AND METHANOBREVIBACTER BUT DEFICIENT IN BENEFICIAL GENERA/SPECIES SUCH AS BACTEROIDES, BIFIDOBACTERIUM, LACTOBACILLUS AND AKKERMANSIA. ALTERED GUT MICROBIOTA IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SCFA THAT MAINTAIN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER INTEGRITY, REDUCE BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION AND INFLAMMATION AND INCREASE EXPRESSION OF HUNGER-SUPPRESSING HORMONES. REDUCED AMOUNTS OF BENEFICIAL MICRO-ORGANISMS ALSO INHIBIT FASTING-INDUCED ADIPOCYTE FACTOR EXPRESSION LEADING TO DYSLIPIDAEMIA. A LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (METABOLIC ENDOTOXAEMIA) ENSUES WHICH CULMINATES IN OBESITY AND ITS CO-MORBIDITIES. THE SYNERGY OF HIGH-FAT DIET AND DYSBIOTIC GUT MICROBIOTA INITIATES A RECIPE THAT EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAMMES THE HOST FOR INCREASED ADIPOSITY AND POOR GLYCAEMIC CONTROL. INTERESTINGLY, THESE OBESOGENIC MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS THAT ARE TRANSMITTABLE FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER CAN BE MODULATED THROUGH THE ADMINISTRATION OF PROBIOTICS, PREBIOTICS AND SYNBIOTICS. THOUGH THE INFLUENCE OF GUT MICROBIOTA ON THE RISK OF OBESITY AND SEVERAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY DEMONSTRATED IN ANIMAL MODELS, APPLICATION IN HUMANS STILL REQUIRES FURTHER ROBUST INVESTIGATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  3678  29 INFLAMMATION AND REGENERATION IN THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD. DENTAL TISSUE INFECTION AND DISEASE RESULT IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHICH IS MEDIATED BY MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR SIGNALING. DIFFERENT CELL TYPES WITHIN THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX ARE ABLE TO DETECT INVADING BACTERIA AT ALL STAGES OF THE INFECTION. INDEED, AT RELATIVELY EARLY DISEASE STAGES, ODONTOBLASTS WILL RESPOND TO BACTERIAL COMPONENTS, AND AS THE DISEASE PROGRESSES, CORE PULPAL CELLS INCLUDING FIBROBLASTS, STEMS CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND IMMUNE CELLS WILL BECOME INVOLVED. PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS, SUCH AS TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS EXPRESSED ON THESE CELL TYPES, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DETECTING BACTERIAL COMPONENTS, AND THEIR LIGAND BINDING LEADS TO THE ACTIVATION OF THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B AND P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN (MAP) KINASE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING CASCADES. SUBSEQUENT NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUBUNITS FROM THESE PATHWAYS WILL LEAD TO PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR EXPRESSION, INCLUDING INCREASES IN CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, WHICH TRIGGER HOST CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS. THE COMPLEX MOLECULAR SIGNALING WILL RESULT IN THE RECRUITMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS TARGETED AT COMBATING THE INVADING MICROBES; HOWEVER, THE TRAFFICKING AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THESE CELLS CAN LEAD TO COLLATERAL TISSUE DAMAGE. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT IF INFLAMMATION IS RESOLVED RELATIVELY LOW LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS MAY PROMOTE TISSUE REPAIR, WHEREAS IF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ENSUES REPAIR MECHANISMS BECOME INHIBITED. THUS, THE EFFECTS OF MEDIATORS ARE TEMPORAL CONTEXT DEPENDENT. ALTHOUGH CONTAINMENT AND REMOVAL OF THE INFECTION ARE KEYS TO ENABLE DENTAL TISSUE REPAIR, IT IS FEASIBLE THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY APPROACHES, BASED ON MOLECULAR, EPIGENETIC, AND PHOTOBIOMODULATORY TECHNOLOGIES, MAY ALSO BE BENEFICIAL FOR FUTURE ENDODONTIC TREATMENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  4659  26 NEW APPROACHES FOR STUDYING ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER INJURY WHICH RESULTS IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS. ACCORDING TO THE SURVEILLANCE REPORT PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM, LIVER CIRRHOSIS IS THE 12TH LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES WITH 48 % OF THESE DEATHS BEING ATTRIBUTED TO EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALD INCLUDES A SPECTRUM OF DISORDERS FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO STEATOHEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. SEVERAL MECHANISMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD. THESE INCLUDE ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DEPLETION OF GLUTATHIONE, PATHOLOGICAL METHIONINE METABOLISM, INCREASED GUT PERMEABILITY AND RELEASE OF ENDOTOXINS INTO THE PORTAL BLOOD, RECRUITMENT AND ACTIVATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS INCLUDING BONE MARROW-DERIVED AND LIVER RESIDENT MACROPHAGES (KUPFFER CELLS). CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION RESULTS IN LIVER DAMAGE AND ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND MYOFIBROBLASTS, LEADING TO LIVER FIBROSIS. HERE WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT VIEW ON FACTORS THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OF ALD AND THOSE THAT REGULATE ITS PROGRESSION, INCLUDING CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, ALCOHOL-RESPONSIVE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS. WE ALSO REVIEW RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THAT ALCOHOL-MEDIATED CHANGES CAN BE REGULATED ON AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, INCLUDING MICRORNAS. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE REVERSIBILITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND INACTIVATION OF HSCS AS A POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR TREATING ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  3184  23 HARNESSING METABOLISM OF HEPATIC MACROPHAGES TO AID LIVER REGENERATION. LIVER REGENERATION IS A DYNAMIC AND REGULATED PROCESS THAT INVOLVES INFLAMMATION, GRANULATION, AND TISSUE REMODELING. HEPATIC MACROPHAGES, ABUNDANTLY DISTRIBUTED IN THE LIVER, ARE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS THAT ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN EACH STEP TO ORCHESTRATE LIVER REGENERATION. IN THE HOMEOSTATIC LIVER, RESIDENT MACROPHAGES (KUPFFER CELLS) ACQUIRE A TOLEROGENIC PHENOTYPE AND CONTRIBUTE TO IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE. FOLLOWING TOXICITY-INDUCED DAMAGE OR PHYSICAL RESECTION, KUPFFER CELLS AS WELL AS MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES CAN BE ACTIVATED AND PROMOTE AN INFLAMMATORY PROCESS THAT SUPPORTS THE SURVIVAL AND ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS AND THUS PROMOTES SCAR TISSUE FORMATION. SUBSEQUENTLY, THESE MACROPHAGES, IN TURN, EXHIBIT THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS CRITICAL TO EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING DURING THE RESOLUTION STAGE. HOWEVER, CONTINUOUS DAMAGE-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION GENERALLY LEADS TO HEPATIC MACROPHAGE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH EXACERBATES HEPATOCELLULAR INJURY AND TRIGGERS FURTHER LIVER FIBROSIS AND EVEN CIRRHOSIS. EMERGING MACROPHAGE-TARGETING STRATEGIES HAVE SHOWN EFFICACY IN BOTH PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES. INCREASING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT METABOLIC REWIRING PROVIDES SUBSTRATES FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH ENDOWS MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES WITH PROLONGED "INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY". THEREFORE, IT IS REASONABLE TO CONCEIVE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR METABOLICALLY REPROGRAMMING MACROPHAGES AND THUS MEDIATE A HOMEOSTATIC OR REPARATIVE PROCESS FOR HEPATIC INFLAMMATION MANAGEMENT AND LIVER REGENERATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12   445  28 APABETALONE (RVX-208) REDUCES VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN CVD PATIENTS BY A BET-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: APABETALONE (RVX-208) IS A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEIN INHIBITOR (BETI) THAT IN PHASE II TRIALS REDUCED THE RELATIVE RISK (RR) OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) BY 44% AND IN DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS BY 57% ON TOP OF STATINS. A PHASE III TRIAL, BETONMACE, IS CURRENTLY ASSESSING APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REDUCE MACE IN STATIN-TREATED POST-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TYPE 2 DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS WITH LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN C. THE LEADING CAUSE OF MACE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DRIVEN BY DYSFUNCTIONAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC VASCULAR INFLAMMATION (VI). IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 AS AN EPIGENETIC DRIVER OF INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT BETI MAY BE CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING VI. HERE, WE ASSESSED APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REGULATE INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELL ADHESION IN VITRO AND INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APABETALONE SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON MEDIATORS OF VI WAS ASSESSED WITH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE II CVD PATIENT PLASMA. RESULTS: IN VITRO, APABETALONE PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY (TNFALPHA, LPS, OR IL-1BETA) INDUCTION OF KEY FACTORS THAT DRIVE ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT, ADHESION, AND PLAQUE DESTABILIZATION. BRD4 ABUNDANCE ON INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS WAS REDUCED BY APABETALONE. BRD2-4 DEGRADATION BY MZ-1 ALSO PREVENTED TNFALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF MONOCYTE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, CONFIRMING BET-DEPENDENT REGULATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY APABETALONE TRANSLATED INTO A REDUCTION IN MONOCYTE ADHESION TO AN ENDOTHELIAL MONOLAYER. IN A PHASE II TRIAL, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF MULTIPLE VI MEDIATORS IN THE PLASMA OF CVD PATIENTS (SOMASCAN(R) 1.3 K). THESE PROTEINS CORRELATE WITH CVD RISK AND INCLUDE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES, AND METALLOPROTEINASES. INGENUITY(R) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA(R)) PREDICTED THAT APABETALONE INHIBITS PRO-ATHEROGENIC REGULATORS AND PATHWAYS AND PREVENTS DISEASE STATES ARISING FROM LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE SUPPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION OF VI MEDIATORS IN MONOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY INHIBITING BET-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY STIMULI. IN CVD PATIENTS, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF VI MEDIATORS, AN OUTCOME CONDUCIVE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND MACE REDUCTION. INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION MOLECULE GENE EXPRESSION BY APABETALONE IS PREDICTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MACE REDUCTION IN THE PHASE III BETONMACE TRIAL.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  2065  25 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION IN ZEBRAFISH. THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM FORMS A BARRIER PROTECTING THE ORGANISM FROM MICROBES AND OTHER PROINFLAMMATORY STIMULI. THE INTEGRITY OF THIS BARRIER AND THE PROPER RESPONSE TO INFECTION REQUIRES PRECISE REGULATION OF POWERFUL IMMUNE HOMING SIGNALS SUCH AS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF). DYSREGULATION OF TNF LEADS TO INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD), BUT THE MECHANISM CONTROLLING THE EXPRESSION OF THIS POTENT CYTOKINE AND THE EVENTS THAT TRIGGER THE ONSET OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE UNKNOWN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FUNCTION OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEIN CONTAINING PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1) IN ZEBRAFISH LEADS TO A REDUCTION IN TNFA PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE INDUCTION OF TNFA EXPRESSION IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (IECS). THE INCREASE IN IEC TNFA LEVELS IS MICROBE-DEPENDENT AND RESULTS IN IEC SHEDDING AND APOPTOSIS, IMMUNE CELL RECRUITMENT, AND BARRIER DYSFUNCTION, CONSISTENT WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IMPORTANTLY, TNFA KNOCKDOWN IN UHRF1 MUTANTS RESTORES IEC MORPHOLOGY, REDUCES CELL SHEDDING, AND IMPROVES BARRIER FUNCTION. WE PROPOSE THAT LOSS OF EPIGENETIC REPRESSION AND TNF INDUCTION IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM CAN LEAD TO IBD ONSET.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  6532  25 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMASOMES. INFLAMMASOMES ARE MULTIMOLECULAR COMPLEXES WITH POTENT INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY. AS SUCH, THEIR ACTIVITY IS TIGHTLY REGULATED AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMASOME GENES FROM SENSORS (E.G., NLRP3) TO SUBSTRATES (E.G., IL-1BETA). LINEAGE-DETERMINING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SHAPE INFLAMMASOME RESPONSES IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES WITH PROFOUND CONSEQUENCES ON THE RESPONSIVENESS TO INFLAMMASOME-ACTIVATING STIMULI. PRO-INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS (STERILE OR MICROBIAL) HAVE A KEY TRANSCRIPTIONAL IMPACT ON INFLAMMASOME GENES, WHICH IS LARGELY MEDIATED BY NF-KAPPAB AND THAT TRANSLATES INTO HIGHER ANTIMICROBIAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, DIVERSE INTRINSIC (E.G., CIRCADIAN CLOCK, METABOLITES) OR EXTRINSIC (E.G., XENOBIOTICS) SIGNALS ARE INTEGRATED BY SIGNAL-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE CHANGES TO MODULATE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY INFLAMMASOME RESPONSES. FINALLY, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS (E.G., IL-10) COUNTERBALANCE INFLAMMASOME GENES INDUCTION TO LIMIT DELETERIOUS INFLAMMATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATIONS THUS APPEAR AS THE FIRST LINE OF INFLAMMASOME REGULATION TO RAISE THE DEFENSE LEVEL IN FRONT OF STRESS AND INFECTIONS BUT ALSO TO LIMIT EXCESSIVE OR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  3544  23 IMMUNOMETABOLIC CONTROL OF TRAINED IMMUNITY. INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN ADOPT LONG-TERM INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES FOLLOWING BRIEF ENCOUNTERS WITH EXOGENOUS (MICROBIAL) OR ENDOGENOUS STIMULI. THIS PHENOMENON IS NAMED TRAINED IMMUNITY AND CAN IMPROVE HOST DEFENSE AGAINST (RECURRENT) INFECTIONS. IN CONTRAST, TRAINED IMMUNITY CAN ALSO BE MALADAPTIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS. KEY TO FUTURE THERAPEUTIC EXPLOITATION OF THIS MECHANISM IS THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISMS DRIVING TRAINED IMMUNITY, WHICH CAN BE USED AS PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS. THESE MECHANISMS INCLUDE PROFOUND CHANGES IN INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM, WHICH ARE CLOSELY INTERTWINED WITH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. GLYCOLYSIS, GLUTAMINE REPLENISHMENT OF THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE WITH ACCUMULATION OF FUMARATE, AND THE MEVALONATE PATHWAY HAVE ALL BEEN IDENTIFIED AS CRITICAL PATHWAYS FOR TRAINED IMMUNITY IN MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A STATE-OF-THE-ART OVERVIEW OF HOW THESE METABOLIC PATHWAYS INTERACT WITH EPIGENETIC PROGRAMS TO DEVELOP TRAINED IMMUNITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  3245  16 HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS AS KEY TARGET IN LIVER FIBROSIS. PROGRESSIVE LIVER FIBROSIS, INDUCED BY CHRONIC VIRAL AND METABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADS TO MORE THAN ONE MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY VIA DEVELOPMENT OF CIRRHOSIS, ALTHOUGH NO ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY HAS BEEN APPROVED TO DATE. TRANSDIFFERENTIATION (OR "ACTIVATION") OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS THE MAJOR CELLULAR SOURCE OF MATRIX PROTEIN-SECRETING MYOFIBROBLASTS, THE MAJOR DRIVER OF LIVER FIBROGENESIS. PARACRINE SIGNALS FROM INJURED EPITHELIAL CELLS, FIBROTIC TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT, IMMUNE AND SYSTEMIC METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, ENTERIC DYSBIOSIS, AND HEPATITIS VIRAL PRODUCTS CAN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INDUCE STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. DYSREGULATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE REPRESENT CANDIDATE TARGETS TO DEACTIVATE STELLATE CELLS BY INDUCING REVERSION TO INACTIVATED STATE, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, APOPTOSIS, AND/OR CLEARANCE BY IMMUNE CELLS. CELL TYPE- AND TARGET-SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO THERAPEUTICALLY INDUCE THE DEACTIVATION WILL ENABLE MORE EFFECTIVE AND LESS TOXIC PRECISION ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  4739  31 NOVEL GENE-SPECIFIC TRANSLATION MECHANISM OF DYSREGULATED, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REVEALS PROMISING, MULTIFACETED COVID-19 THERAPEUTICS. HYPERINFLAMMATION AND LYMPHOPENIA PROVOKED BY SARS-COV-2-ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGH MORTALITY OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PATIENTS. THUS, DEFINING HOST PATHWAYS ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED IN PATIENT MACROPHAGES IS CRITICAL FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS. WE DISCOVERED THAT G9A, A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT IS OVEREXPRESSED IN COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH HIGH VIRAL LOAD, ACTIVATES TRANSLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES THAT INDUCE HYPERINFLAMMATION AND IMPAIRMENT OF T CELL FUNCTION OR LYMPHOPENIA. THIS NONCANONICAL, PRO-TRANSLATION ACTIVITY OF G9A CONTRASTS WITH ITS CANONICAL EPIGENETIC FUNCTION. IN ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT (ET) MACROPHAGES THAT MIMIC CONDITIONS WHICH RENDER PATIENTS WITH PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES VULNERABLE TO SEVERE SYMPTOMS, OUR CHEMOPROTEOMIC APPROACH WITH A BIOTINYLATED INHIBITOR OF G9A IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE G9A-ASSOCIATED TRANSLATION REGULATORY PATHWAYS THAT WERE UPREGULATED BY SARS-COV-2 INFECTION. FURTHER, QUANTITATIVE TRANSLATOME ANALYSIS OF ET MACROPHAGES TREATED PROGRESSIVELY WITH THE G9A INHIBITOR PROFILED G9A-TRANSLATED PROTEINS THAT UNITE THE NETWORKS ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL REPLICATION AND THE SARS-COV-2-INDUCED HOST RESPONSE IN SEVERE PATIENTS. ACCORDINGLY, INHIBITION OF G9A-ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS PRODUCED MULTIFACETED, SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS, NAMELY, RESTORATION OF T CELL FUNCTION, MITIGATION OF HYPERINFLAMMATION, AND SUPPRESSION OF VIRAL REPLICATION. IMPORTANTLY, AS A HOST-DIRECTED MECHANISM, THIS G9A-TARGETED, COMBINED THERAPEUTICS IS REFRACTORY TO EMERGING ANTIVIRAL-RESISTANT MUTANTS OF SARS-COV-2, OR ANY VIRUS, THAT HIJACKS HOST RESPONSES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  3734  25 INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY IN MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES: THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A COMPLEX METABOLIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE DYSFUNCTION OF LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE INTIMAL SPACE OF THE VESSEL. AS THE MOST ABUNDANT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS, MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM, AND FOAM CELL FORMATION. IN RECENT DECADES, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES CAN ESTABLISH INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY (ALSO TERMED TRAINED IMMUNITY) VIA ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ATHEROGENIC STIMULI AND EXHIBIT A LONG-LASTING PROINFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. THE IMPORTANT CELLULAR METABOLISM PROCESSES, INCLUDING GLYCOLYSIS, OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXPHOS), THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE, FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS, AND CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS, ARE REPROGRAMMED. TRAINED MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES WITH INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY CAN BE PERSISTENTLY HYPERACTIVATED AND CAN UNDERGO EXTENSIVE EPIGENETIC REWIRING, WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS VIA INCREASED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND LIPID ACCUMULATION. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE REGULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLIC PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY IN MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES AS WELL AS THE POTENTIAL ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS STIMULATIONS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED RECENTLY. THESE ELUCIDATIONS MIGHT BE BENEFICIAL FOR FURTHER UNDERSTANDING INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  6494  18 TRAINED IMMUNITY AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT UPON CERTAIN VACCINATIONS OR INFECTIONS HUMAN INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN UNDERGO EXTENSIVE METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, WHICH RESULTS IN ENHANCED IMMUNE RESPONSES UPON HETEROLOGOUS RE-INFECTION, A PROCESS TERMED TRAINED IMMUNITY. TRAINED IMMUNITY HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO BE INAPPROPRIATELY ACTIVATED IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THIS PROVIDES THE POTENTIAL FOR IDENTIFYING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS: POTENTIATION OF TRAINED IMMUNITY COULD PROTECT FROM SECONDARY INFECTIONS AND REVERSE IMMUNOTOLERANT STATES, WHILE INHIBITION OF TRAINED IMMUNITY MIGHT REDUCE EXCESSIVE IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. BY TARGETING SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF TRAINED IMMUNITY ON EITHER IMMUNOLOGIC, METABOLIC OR EPIGENETIC LEVEL, NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES COULD BE DEVELOPED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  6502  16 TRAINED IMMUNITY: LONG-TERM ADAPTATION IN INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES. ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY AND INDUCTION OF LIFELONG IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN ALSO BUILD IMMUNE MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS-A PROCESS TERMED TRAINED IMMUNITY. TRAINED IMMUNITY DESCRIBES THE PERSISTENT HYPERRESPONSIVE PHENOTYPE THAT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS CAN DEVELOP AFTER BRIEF STIMULATION. PATHOGENIC STIMULI SUCH AS MICROORGANISMS, AND ALSO ENDOGENOUS MOLECULES INCLUDING URIC ACID, OXIDIZED LDL (LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN), AND CATECHOLAMINES, ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING MEMORY IN MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES. WHILE TRAINED IMMUNITY PROVIDES FAVORABLE CROSS-PROTECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THE HEIGHTENED IMMUNE RESPONSE CAN BE MALADAPTIVE IN DISEASES DRIVEN BY CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS. TRAINED IMMUNITY IS MAINTAINED BY DISTINCT EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MECHANISMS AND PERSISTS FOR AT LEAST SEVERAL MONTHS IN VIVO DUE TO REPROGRAMMING OF MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, CERTAIN NONIMMUNE CELLS ARE ALSO FOUND TO EXHIBIT TRAINED IMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS. THUS, TRAINED IMMUNITY PRESENTS AN EXCITING FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO VACCINATION AND ALSO NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2021