1   725 113 CAN THE BLOOD TRYPTASE BE AN INDICATOR OF THE SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS? ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD - ATOPIC ECZEMA) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSIS RESULTING FROM COMPLEX GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS WITH AN OVERLAPPING DEFECT IN THE EPIDERMAL BARRIER.AD IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS. AIM: THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM BASAL TRYPTASE (SBT) AND TOTAL IGE (TIGE) LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM AND THE SEVERITY OF LESIONS (SCORAD; SCORING ATOPIC DERMATITIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE STUDY WAS PERFORMED IN THE GROUP OF ADULT PATIENTS (57 PEOPLE, F/M: 30/27; AVERAGE AGE: 37.5 YEARS) AND IN THE CONTROL GROUP (10 PEOPLE, K/M: 6/4; AVERAGE AGE: 44 YEARS). DIAGNOSIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS WAS ESTABLISHED BY A DERMATOLOGIST-ALLERGIST SPECIALIST BASED ON THE CRITERIA OF HANIFIN AND RAJKA. THE SEVERITY OF LESIONS WAS DETERMINED ON THE SCORAD SCALE (SCORING ATOPIC DERMATITIS). RESULTS: THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRYPTASE CONCENTRATION DID NOT DIFFER STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS DISEASE SEVERITY AND THE CONTROL GROUP ALSO THE SEVERITY OF SKIN LESIONS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P<0.001) IN PATIENTS WHOSE TIGE LEVEL EXCEEDED 3500 IU / ML. CONCLUSION. SBT DID NOT PROVE TO BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER IN ASSESSING. CONCLUSIONS: SBT DID NOT PROVE TO BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER IN ASSESSING SEVERITY OF AD. THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT IN THE PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS THE CONCENTRATION OF TOTAL IGE WAS CORRELATED WITH SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE SYMPTOMS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  2973  38 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. BACKGROUND: ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CAUSED BY THE COMPLEX INTERACTION OF GENETIC, IMMUNE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THERE HAVE MANY RECENT DISCOVERIES INVOLVING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF AD. METHODS: A RETROSPECTIVE PUBMED SEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT FROM JUNE 2009 TO JUNE 2016 USING THE TERMS "ATOPIC DERMATITIS", "ASSOCIATION", "ECZEMA", "GENE", "POLYMORPHISM", "MUTATION", "VARIANT", "GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY", "MICROARRAY" "GENE PROFILING", "RNA SEQUENCING", "EPIGENETICS" AND "MICRORNA". A TOTAL OF 132 PUBLICATIONS IN ENGLISH WERE IDENTIFIED. RESULTS: TO ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC FACTORS FOR AD PATHOGENESIS, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING ASSAYS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN THIS PERIOD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR AD DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING GENOMIC DNA MODIFICATION AND MICRORNA POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, HAVE BEEN EXPLORED. TO DATE, CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INDICATE THAT FILAGGRIN (FLG) NULL GENE MUTATIONS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR AD, AND GENES IN THE TYPE 2 T HELPER LYMPHOCYTE (TH2) SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE THE SECOND REPLICATED GENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR AD. GWAS STUDIES IDENTIFIED 34 RISK LOCI FOR AD, THESE LOCI ALSO SUGGEST THAT GENES IN IMMUNE RESPONSES AND EPIDERMAL SKIN BARRIER FUNCTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AD. ADDITIONALLY, GENE PROFILING ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED AD IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX GENES AND ELEVATED TH2 AND TH17 GENES. HYPOMETHYLATION OF TSLP AND FCER1G IN AD WERE REPORTED; AND MIR-155, WHICH TARGET THE IMMUNE SUPPRESSOR CTLA-4, WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY OVER-EXPRESSED IN INFILTRATING T CELLS IN AD SKIN LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TWO MAJOR BIOLOGIC PATHWAYS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR AD ETIOLOGY: SKIN EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND INNATE/ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL EPIDERMAL BARRIER AND IMMUNE RESPONSES RECIPROCALLY AFFECT EACH OTHER, AND THEREBY DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  3518  39 IGE SENSITIZATION PROFILES DIFFER BETWEEN ADULT PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND MODERATE ATOPIC DERMATITIS. BACKGROUND: ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A COMPLEX CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WHERE ALLERGENS CAN ACT AS SPECIFIC TRIGGERING FACTORS. AIM: TO CHARACTERIZE THE SPECIFICITIES OF IGE-REACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH AD TO A BROAD PANEL OF EXOGENOUS ALLERGENS INCLUDING MICROBIAL AND HUMAN ANTIGENS. METHODOLOGY: ADULT PATIENTS WITH AD WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE SCORAD INDEX, INTO SEVERE (N = 53) AND MODERATE AD (N = 126). AS CONTROLS 43 PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED WITH SEBORRHOEIC ECZEMA AND 97 INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT HISTORY OF ALLERGY OR SKIN DISEASES. SPECIFIC IGE REACTIVITY WAS ASSESSED IN PLASMA USING PHADIATOP(R), IMMUNOCAP, MICRO-ARRAYED ALLERGENS, DOT-BLOTTED RECOMBINANT MALASSEZIA SYMPODIALIS ALLERGENS, AND IMMUNE-BLOTTED MICROBIAL AND HUMAN PROTEINS. RESULTS: IGE REACTIVITY WAS DETECTED IN 92% OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND 83% OF PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AD. SENSITIZATION TO CAT ALLERGENS OCCURRED MOST FREQUENTLY, FOLLOWED BY SENSITIZATION TO BIRCH POLLEN, GRASS POLLEN, AND TO THE SKIN COMMENSAL YEAST M. SYMPODIALIS. PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AD SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCY OF IGE REACTIVITY TO ALLERGENS LIKE CAT (RFEL D 1) AND HOUSE DUST MITE (RDER P 4 AND 10), TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, M. SYMPODIALIS, AND TO HUMAN ANTIGENS. IN CONTRAST, THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE FREQUENCIES OF IGE REACTIVITY TO THE GRASS POLLEN ALLERGENS RPHL P 1, 2, 5B, AND 6 BETWEEN THE TWO AD GROUPS. FURTHERMORE THE IGE REACTIVITY PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AD WAS MORE SPREAD TOWARDS SEVERAL DIFFERENT ALLERGEN MOLECULES AS COMPARED TO PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AD. CONCLUSION: WE HAVE REVEALED A HITHERTO UNKNOWN DIFFERENCE REGARDING THE MOLECULAR SENSITIZATION PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND MODERATE AD. MOLECULAR PROFILING TOWARDS ALLERGEN COMPONENTS MAY PROVIDE A BASIS FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS AIMING TO EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIFFERENT APPEARANCE AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES IN AD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  2064  31 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD), ALSO KNOWN AS ATOPIC ECZEMA, IS A COMMON BUT ALSO COMPLEX CHRONIC, ITCHY SKIN CONDITION WITH UNDERLYING INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN. THIS SKIN AILMENT IS PREVALENT WORLDWIDE AND AFFECTS PEOPLE OF ALL AGES, PARTICULARLY CHILDREN BELOW FIVE YEARS OF AGE. THE ITCHING AND RESULTING RASHES IN AD PATIENTS ARE OFTEN THE RESULT OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS, THUS NECESSITATING A CLOSER LOOK AT THE INFLAMMATION-REGULATING MECHANISMS FOR PUTATIVE RELIEF, CARE AND THERAPY. SEVERAL CHEMICAL- AS WELL AS GENETICALLY-INDUCED ANIMAL MODELS HAVE ESTABLISHED THE IMPORTANCE OF TARGETING PRO-INFLAMMATORY AD MICROENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE GAINING ATTENTION TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ONSET AS WELL AS THE PROGRESSION OF INFLAMMATION. SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITH IMPLICATIONS IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AD, SUCH AS, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION EITHER DUE TO REDUCED FILAGGRIN / HUMAN BETA-DEFENSINS OR ALTERED MICROBIOME, REPROGRAMING OF FC RECEPTORS WITH RESULTING OVEREXPRESSION OF HIGH AFFINITY IGE RECEPTORS, ELEVATED EOSINOPHIL NUMBERS OR THE ELEVATED IL-22 PRODUCTION BY CD4 + T CELLS HAVE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE DIFFERENTIAL PROMOTER METHYLATION AND/OR REGULATION BY NON-CODING RNAS. REVERSING THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAS BEEN VERIFIED TO REDUCE INFLAMMATORY BURDEN THROUGH ALTERED SECRETION OF CYTOKINES IL-6, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22 ETC, WITH BENEFIT AGAINST AD PROGRESSION IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF INFLAMMATION IN AD HAS THE POTENTIAL OF OPENING AVENUES FOR NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  6876  35 [PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY CAUSES]. DIFFERENT DESIGNS CAN BE USED TO ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESPIRATORY MORTALITY AND LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (COHORT, PREVALENCE STUDY) DEMONSTRATE THE REALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES EXPLAIN IT. COHORT STUDIES HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT MANY CONFOUNDING FACTORS AND THUS AVOID BIASES (WHICH IS NOT THE CASE WITH PREVALENCE STUDIES), BUT REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES. THEY WERE FIRST ADOPTED IN THE US, BUT ARE NOW MORE OFTEN APPLIED IN EUROPE. THE RESULTS ARE RELATIVELY CONSISTENT, AS THEY ALL SHOW A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INCREASE IN PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND CARDIOPULMONARY MORTALITY. MORTALITY FROM LUNG CANCER IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH LONG TERM EXPOSITION TO PARTICLES AND SOMETIMES TO OZONE OR NITROGEN OXIDES. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND SUDDEN DEATH OF YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULATE POLLUTION. THE RELATIONSHIPS ARE MORE POWERFUL FOR LONG TERM THAN SHORT TERM EXPOSURE BUT ARE ALSO LINEAR AND WITHOUT THRESHOLD. IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN THESE EFFECTS (TODAY THE CAUSALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP IS CERTAIN) THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE FACTORS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING PARTICULATE EXPOSURES: AN INCREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BIOMARKERS (FIBRINOGEN, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS), ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF LUNG TISSUES INCREASED BY ACUTE EXPOSURE, ETC. MORE AND MORE STUDIES ADDRESS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENE AND ENVIRONMENT AND EVEN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA WHICH COULD BE RESPONSIBLE OF THESE EFFECTS. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT COULD BE QUANTIFIED. THE EUROPEAN E&H SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM APHEIS, FOR EXAMPLE, ESTIMATED THAT IF PM2.5 LEVELS REMAINED BELOW 15 MICROG/M(3), A 30 YEAR OLD PERSON COULD SEE HIS LIFE EXPECTANCY INCREASED BY 1 MONTH TO 2 YEARS, DEPENDING ON THE STUDIED CITY. FINALLY, MORTALITY IS NOT THE ONLY RELEVANT INDICATOR FOR HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ISAAC STUDIES ADDRESS ASTHMA, ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ECZEMA AMONG CHILDREN.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                            
6  6643  32 UNRAVELLING THE COMPLEX GENETIC BACKGROUND OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS: FROM GENETIC ASSOCIATION RESULTS TOWARDS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE ARISING FROM COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. AS THE STARTING POINT OF THE SO-CALLED "ATOPIC MARCH", E.G. THE PROGRESSION TOWARDS ALLERGIC ASTHMA IN SOME BUT NOT ALL AFFECTED CHILDREN, AD HAS COME INTO FOCUS FOR POTENTIAL DISEASE-MODIFYING STRATEGIES. TO ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING AD DEVELOPMENT, LINKAGE, ASSOCIATION AS WELL AS GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BESIDES VARIATION IN IMMUNE-MEDIATED PATHWAYS, AN INTACT SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN AD DEVELOPMENT. MUTATIONS IN THE GENE ENCODING FILAGGRIN, A MAJOR STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IN THE EPIDERMIS, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH AD, ESPECIALLY THE EARLY-ONSET PERSISTENT FORM OF DISEASE, AND ARE REGARDED AS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR AD DEVELOPMENT TO DATE. ADDITIONALLY, VARIATION IN SOME OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN SKIN INTEGRITY AND BARRIER FUNCTION HAVE SHOWN ASSOCIATION WITH AD. HOWEVER, THE KNOWN GENETIC RISK FACTORS CAN ONLY EXPLAIN A SMALL PART OF THE HERITABILITY AT THE MOMENT. WHOLE-EXOME OR WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE NOT BEEN REPORTED YET, BUT WILL PROBABLY SOON EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF RARE VARIATIONS FOR AD DEVELOPMENT. ADDITIONALLY, LARGE MULTI-CENTRE STUDIES COMPREHENSIVELY INCORPORATING GENE-GENE AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT FURTHER ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC FACTORS UNDERLYING AD PATHOGENESIS AND, THUS, OPEN THE WAY FOR A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT IN THE FUTURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7   846  36 CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND: EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) INCREASES ATOPY; IT IS UNCLEAR HOW PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO INCREASED SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNITY IN ATOPIC CHILDREN (DEFINED AS CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGIC RHINITIS) FROM FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, AN AREA WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT PAHS. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 256 SUBJECTS FROM FRESNO, CA. AMBIENT PAH CONCENTRATIONS (NG/M(3) ) WERE MEASURED USING A SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REGRESSION MODEL OVER MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS. ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS WAS DETERMINED BY CURRENT NHLBI CRITERIA. PHENOTYPING AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED FROM ISOLATED CELLS. FOR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS, DNA WAS ISOLATED AND PYROSEQUENCED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT HIGHER AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED TREG FUNCTION AND INCREASED METHYLATION IN THE FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN 3 (FOXP3) LOCUS (P < 0.05), CONDITIONAL ON ATOPIC STATUS. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 (P < 0.001). METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY TREG DYSFUNCTION, AND AN INCREASE IN TOTAL PLASMA IGE LEVELS. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF IL-10 DECREASED AND IFN-GAMMA INCREASED AS THE EXTENT OF PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED. THE STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATIONS GENERALLY INCREASED AS THE TIME WINDOW FOR AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED FROM 24 HR TO 1 YEAR, SUGGESTING MORE OF A CHRONIC RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE AND IMMUNE OUTCOMES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN SUBJECTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A KEY LOCUS INVOLVED IN ATOPY: FOXP3, WITH A HIGHER IMPACT ON ATOPIC CHILDREN. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED ATOPIC CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN COULD BE LINKED TO INCREASED PAH EXPOSURE IN AIR POLLUTION.	2015	
                                                                                                
8  2797  22 FCER1G GENE HYPOMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT, WHEN IMPROPERLY TREATED, LEADS TO DISABILITY IN PATIENTS. VARIOUS FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE THE DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY OF RA ARE BEING CONSIDERED. EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE ALSO RECEIVING INCREASING ATTENTION. IN OUR STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FCER1G GENE METHYLATION AND RA ACTIVITY. WE CONDUCTED OUR STUDY IN 50 RA PATIENTS AND 24 CONTROLS. THE PATIENTS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS IN TERMS OF HIGH DISEASE ACTIVITY AND REMISSION. QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE INVESTIGATED GENES. WE OBSERVED THAT RA PATIENTS HAVE LOWER LEVELS OF METHYLATION OF THE FCER1G GENE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, BUT WE DID NOT FIND ANY DIFFERENCE IN THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THIS GENE BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH HIGH DISEASE ACTIVITY AND REMISSION. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT FCER1G GENE METHYLATION MAY BE A NEW POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MARKER OF RA THAT IS INDEPENDENT OF DISEASE ACTIVITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4789  26 NUTRITION, IMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND DIETARY IMMUNOMODULATION IN ADHD. ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) ETIOLOGY IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, BUT COMMON COMORBID DYSFUNCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND IMMUNE SYSTEM SUGGESTS THAT THESE SYSTEMS MAY BE AFFECTED BY A COMMON GENETIC BACKGROUND AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. FOR EXAMPLE, INCREASED LEVELS OF SPECIFIC CYTOKINES WERE OBSERVED IN ADHD. MOREOVER, ADHD HAS A HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH BOTH TH1- AND TH2-MEDIATED DISORDERS LIKE EAR INFECTIONS, ECZEMA AND ASTHMA. A COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM WAS SUGGESTED TO UNDERLIE BOTH ASTHMA AND ADHD, WHILE SEVERAL GENES THAT ARE LINKED TO ADHD HAVE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS. FURTHERMORE, IMMUNOLOGICAL RECOGNITION OF FOOD PROVOKING ADHD-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS SUGGESTED. AN IMMUNE IMBALANCE, PROBABLY REQUIRING A PREDISPOSING GENETIC BACKGROUND, IS THEREFORE SUGGESTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ADHD ETIOLOGY, WITH IMMUNE DYSREGULATION BEING MORE LIKELY THAN A SINGLE SUBCELLULAR DEFECT. HOWEVER, NEXT TO ALLERGIC MECHANISMS, ALSO PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS (ESPECIALLY IN CASE OF FOOD ADDITIVES) MIGHT BE INVOLVED. IN ADDITION, THOUGH CELLULAR (CYTOKINE-RELATED) RATHER THAN ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNE MECHANISMS SEEM INVOLVED, SPECIFIC IMMUNE-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OTHER THAN ANTIBODIES HAVE NOT BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY STUDIED IN ADHD. SUBSTANTIAL ALTERATIONS IMPLICATED IN ADHD APPARENTLY OCCUR IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS A RESULT, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS COULD DEVELOP, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ADHD SYMPTOMS, FOR EXAMPLE BY CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION. IF IMMUNE PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTE TO ADHD, BOTH ITS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT SHOULD BE RECONSIDERED. MODULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVITY MIGHT HAVE POTENTIAL IN ADHD TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE BY NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES PROVIDING SAFE AND LOW-COST ADHD THERAPY, BUT FURTHER RESEARCH IN THESE FIELDS IS IMPLICATED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10   541  29 ATOPIC DERMATITIS: THE FATE OF THE FAT. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC AND RELAPSING INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE IN WHICH DRY AND ITCHY SKIN MAY DEVELOP INTO SKIN LESIONS. AD HAS A STRONG GENETIC COMPONENT, AS CHILDREN FROM PARENTS WITH AD HAVE A TWO-FOLD INCREASED CHANCE OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE. GENETIC RISK LOCI AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REPORTED IN AD MAINLY LOCATE TO GENES INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND EPIDERMAL BARRIER FUNCTION. HOWEVER, AD PATHOGENESIS CANNOT BE FULLY EXPLAINED BY (EPI)GENETIC FACTORS SINCE ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS SUCH AS STRESS, POLLUTION, MICROBIOTA, CLIMATE, AND ALLERGENS ALSO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE. ALTERATIONS OF THE EPIDERMAL BARRIER IN AD, OBSERVED AT ALL STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHICH PRECEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERT SKIN INFLAMMATION, MANIFEST AS: DRY SKIN; EPIDERMAL ULTRASTRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES, NOTABLY ANOMALIES OF THE LAMELLAR BODY CARGO SYSTEM; AND ABNORMAL EPIDERMAL LIPID COMPOSITION, INCLUDING SHORTER FATTY ACID MOIETIES IN SEVERAL LIPID CLASSES, SUCH AS CERAMIDES AND FREE FATTY ACIDS. THUS, A COMPELLING QUESTION IS WHETHER AD IS PRIMARILY A LIPID DISORDER EVOLVING INTO A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE DUE TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI IN IMMUNOGENIC GENES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON LIPID ABNORMALITIES OBSERVED IN THE EPIDERMIS AND BLOOD OF AD PATIENTS AND EVALUATE THEIR PRIMARY ROLE IN ELICITING AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  1225  24 CRITICAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY RECURRENT ECZEMA-LIKE LESIONS AND SEVERE PRURITUS, ALONG WITH DRYING AND DECRUSTATION OF SKIN. CURRENT RESEARCH RELATES THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS MAINLY TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ABNORMAL SKIN BARRIER FUNCTION, IMMUNE DISORDERS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS COLONISATION, MICROBIOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION AND VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE DISTINCT GENETIC PHENOTYPES RESULTING FROM ENVIRONMENT-DRIVEN CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME FUNCTIONS IN THE ABSENCE OF NUCLEAR DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION. CLASSIC EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA REGULATION. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS BY THEIR EFFECTS ON MULTIPLE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS WHICH IN TURN INFLUENCE THE ABOVE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW PRIMARILY ANALYSES THE FUNCTION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. IN ADDITION, IT TRIES TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PERSONALISED EPIGENETIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN THE FUTURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  5875  28 SYMPTOMS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN WOMEN DURING EARLY PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN THEIR OFFSPRING. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IS A UBIQUITOUS MECHANISM DURING CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ORGANOGENESIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALLERGEN EXPOSURE DURING VERY EARLY PREGNANCY INCREASES BRONCHIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN OFFSPRING IN A MURINE MODEL OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. HOWEVER, NO SUCH PHENOMENA WERE REPORTED IN HUMANS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN THE ONSET OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS INVESTIGATED. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 400 PAIRS OF MOTHERS WITH PHYSICIAN-DIAGNOSED ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) AND THEIR OFFSPRING (AGE 7-18 MONTHS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A LARGE-SCALE MEDICAL CHECK-UP WERE ENROLLED IN THIS RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. FAMILY HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY WERE INQUIRED ABOUT USING A SELF-ANSWERED QUESTIONNAIRE. A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL ADJUSTED FOR AGE, GENDER, BIRTH MONTH AND FATHER'S HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED. RESULTS: OFFSPRING WHOSE MOTHERS HAD ANY AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO FOR THE ONSET OF AR IN OFFSPRING THAN THOSE WHOSE MOTHERS HAD NO SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY (ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO: 6.26, P = 0.036). HOWEVER, THE SYMPTOMS OF AR DURING LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO EFFECTS ON THE ODDS RATIO. IN CONTRAST, THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY OR LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO ASSOCIATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF FOOD ALLERGY, ATOPIC DERMATITIS OR ASTHMA IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE ONSET OF AR IN HUMANS PRESUMABLY THROUGH INCREASED ORGAN-SPECIFIC HYPERSENSITIVITY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  3104  30 GENOMIC, EPIGENOMIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC AND METABOLOMIC APPROACHES IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS (AD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE IN THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH ATOPIC AND NON-ATOPIC DISEASES, AND ITS CLOSE CORRELATION WITH ATOPIC COMORBIDITIES HAS BEEN GENETICALLY DEMONSTRATED. ONE OF THE MAIN ROLES OF GENETIC STUDIES IS TO COMPREHEND THE DEFECTS OF THE CUTANEOUS BARRIER DUE TO FILAGGRIN DEFICIT AND EPIDERMAL SPONGIOSIS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC STUDIES STARTED TO ANALYZE THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON GENE EXPRESSION. THE EPIGENOME IS CONSIDERED TO BE A SUPERIOR SECOND CODE THAT CONTROLS THE GENOME, WHICH INCLUDES ALTERATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES DO NOT ALTER THE GENETIC CODE, HOWEVER, CHANGES IN THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE COULD ACTIVATE OR INHIBIT THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS OF CERTAIN GENES AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE TRANSLATION PROCESS OF THE NEW MRNA INTO A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN. IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC, METABOLOMIC AND PROTEOMIC STUDIES ALLOW TO UNRAVEL DETAILED MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE AD. THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE AND LIPID METABOLISM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AD THAT IS INDEPENDENT OF THE FILAGGRIN EXPRESSION. ON THE OTHER HAND, AROUND 45 PROTEINS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS IN THE ATOPIC SKIN. MOREOVER, GENETIC STUDIES BASED ON THE DISRUPTED CUTANEOUS BARRIER CAN LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS TARGETING THE CUTANEOUS BARRIER OR CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION. UNFORTUNATELY, AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO TARGET THERAPIES THAT FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF AD. HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE, MIR-143 COULD BE AN IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE FOR NEW THERAPIES, AS IT TARGETS THE MIR-335:SOX AXIS, THEREBY RESTORING THE MIR-335 EXPRESSION, AND REPAIRING THE CUTANEOUS BARRIER DEFECTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14   298  29 AIR POLLUTION AND AIRWAY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE AND/OR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY DISEASE. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO(2)) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), AS WELL AS TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION AS A WHOLE, ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE STRONG EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT RECENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY IN URBAN AREAS, HAVE SUGGESTED A ROLE FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. SIMILARLY, WHILE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF ATOPIC CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MORE COMMON IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL COMMUNITIES, EVIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGY. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO NO(2) , O(3) , PM AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF BIOMASS FUELS AND AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND MORBIDITY FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTION. GIVEN THE CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT TRAFFIC EMISSIONS MAKE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCHERS HAVE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED PM POLLUTANTS. RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN THE ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND AIRWAY DISEASE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES BY COMBUSTION-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND HOW POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CAN MODIFY RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES. OTHER INTERESTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO INCREASED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC PM EXPOSURE DURING CHILDHOOD AND VULNERABILITY TO COPD IN ADULTHOOD, AND THAT INFANTS SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRENATAL LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. WHILE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT COMPONENTS AND SOURCES PROMISE TO GUIDE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS WILL BE NECESSARY IF TARGETED THERAPY/PREVENTION OF POLLUTION-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES IS TO BE DEVELOPED.	2011	

15  4269  25 MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS AND LACK OF SCFA PRODUCTION IN A SPANISH COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC, DEMYELINATING, AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE INCIDENCE OF MS HAS INCREASED IN THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, SUGGESTING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. MUCH EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN MS; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DYSBIOSIS ON ITS FUNCTION. THE MICROBIOTA PRODUCES THOUSANDS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AMONG WHICH ARE NOTABLE THE SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACID (SCFA) EXCRETION. OBJECTIVES: ANALYZE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICROBIOTA, SCFAS, DIET, AND MS. METHODS: 16S, NUTRITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRES, AND SCFAS QUANTIFICATION HAVE BEEN RECOVERED FROM MS PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS REVEALED AN INCREMENT IN THE PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA, ESPECIALLY THE FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, A LACK IN TOTAL SCFA EXCRETION, AND AN ALTERED PROFILE OF SCFAS IN A SPANISH COHORT OF MS PATIENTS. THESE ALTERATIONS ARE MORE EVIDENT IN PATIENTS WITH HIGHER DISABILITY. CONCLUSIONS: THE ABUNDANCE OF PROTEOBACTERIA AND ACETATE AND THE LOW EXCRETION OF TOTAL SCFAS, ESPECIALLY BUTYRATE, ARE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF MS PATIENTS, AND BESIDES, BOTH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A WORSE PROGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  1189  35 CORRELATION BETWEEN GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVEL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES AND SERUM C REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVEL MODIFIED BY MTHFR POLYMORPHISM: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER TUMOR INCIDENCE THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS. HERE, WE FOCUSED ON AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INFLAMMATION MARKER, C-REACTIVE-PROTEIN (CRP), AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. METHODS: THE SUBJECTS WERE 384 HEALTHY JAPANESE WOMEN ENROLLED AS THE CONTROL GROUP OF A CASE-CONTROL STUDY FOR BREAST CANCER CONDUCTED FROM 2001 TO 2005. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS QUANTIFIED BY LUMINOMETRIC METHYLATION ASSAY (LUMA). RESULTS: WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR LIFESTYLE-RELATED FACTORS, INCLUDING FOLATE INTAKE, THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY BUT WEAKLY INCREASED BY 0.43% PER QUARTILE CATEGORY FOR CRP (P FOR TREND = 0.010). ESTIMATED METHYLATION LEVELS STRATIFIED BY CRP QUARTILE WERE 70.0%, 70.8%, 71.4%, AND 71.3%, RESPECTIVELY. IN ADDITION, INTERACTION BETWEEN POLYMORPHISM OF MTHFR (RS1801133, KNOWN AS C677T) AND CRP WAS SIGNIFICANT (P FOR INTERACTION = 0.046); THE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY 0.61% PER QUARTILE CATEGORY FOR CRP IN THE CT/TT GROUP (THOSE WITH THE MINOR ALLELE T, P FOR TREND = 0.001), WHEREAS NO ASSOCIATION WAS OBSERVED IN THE CC GROUP (WILD TYPE). CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT CRP CONCENTRATION IS WEAKLY ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL. HOWEVER, THIS ASSOCIATION WAS OBSERVED MORE CLEARLY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH THE MINOR ALLELE OF THE MTHFR MISSENSE SNP RS1801133. BY ELUCIDATING THE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION BY BOTH ACQUIRED AND GENETIC FACTORS, OUR RESULTS MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR CANCER PREVENTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17   529  18 ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAIN. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CHRONIC CONDITION OF CHILDHOOD IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH 6.5 MILLION CHILDREN AFFECTED IN THE USA. A DISPARATE BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IS SEEN AMONG SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED YOUTH, OFTEN CONCENTRATED IN URBAN AREAS WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES. HOST FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE A CHILD TO ASTHMA INCLUDE ATOPY, MALE GENDER, PARENTAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA, AND ALSO RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPROVED HYGIENE, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AND EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO MICROBES AND AEROALLERGENS, ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. WITH GREATER THAN 90% OF TIME SPENT INDOORS, HOME EXPOSURES (SUCH AS COCKROACH, RODENT, AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT FOR URBAN ASTHMA. MORBIDITY REDUCTION MAY REQUIRE FOCUSED PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HIGH PRIORITY RISK GROUPS AND THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE MODULATORY AGENTS IN CHILDREN WITH POORLY CONTROLLED DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  4872  33 OUTSIDE-IN HYPOTHESIS REVISITED: THE ROLE OF MICROBIAL, EPITHELIAL, AND IMMUNE INTERACTIONS. OBJECTIVE: OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORIGIN OF ALLERGIC DISEASES HAS INCREASED IN RECENT YEARS, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS AND EPITHELIAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION IN AFFECTED TISSUES. EXPLORING THE MICROBIAL-EPITHELIAL-IMMUNE CROSSTALK UNDERLYING THE MECHANISMS OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WILL ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ALLERGIC DISEASES. DATA SOURCES: THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL, EPITHELIAL, AND IMMUNE INTERACTIONS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC RHINITIS, CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS, AND ASTHMA. STUDY SELECTIONS: WE PERFORMED A LITERATURE SEARCH, IDENTIFYING RELEVANT RECENT PRIMARY ARTICLES AND REVIEW ARTICLES. RESULTS: DYNAMIC CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND MICROBIAL, EPITHELIAL, AND IMMUNE CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC RHINITIS, CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS, AND ASTHMA UNDERLIES THE PATHOGENESIS OF THESE DISEASES. THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE IN THE LITERATURE SUGGESTING THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DIRECTLY AFFECT BARRIER FUNCTION OF THE EPITHELIUM. IN ADDITION, T-HELPER 2 (T(H)2) CELLS, TYPE 2 INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS, AND THEIR CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 13 (IL-13) DAMAGE SKIN AND LUNG BARRIERS. THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY AT LEAST IN PART BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVATION BY TYPE 2 IMMUNE RESPONSE HAS A MAJOR EFFECT ON LEAKY BARRIERS AND BLOCKING OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY CORRECTS THE DEFECTIVE BARRIER IN HUMAN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES AND MOUSE MODELS OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA WITH RHINITIS. WE ALSO PRESENT AND DISCUSS A NOVEL DEVICE TO DETECT AND MONITOR SKIN BARRIER DYSFUNCTION, WHICH PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY TO RAPIDLY AND ROBUSTLY ASSESS DISEASE SEVERITY. CONCLUSION: A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPITHELIUM, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC ALLERGIC DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19   642  36 BIOMARKERS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: IN RECENT YEARS, AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS. ELEVATED LEVELS OF PM IN POLLUTED AIR HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BIOMARKERS THAT COULD REFLECT THE EFFECTS OF PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STUDIES PUBLISHED ON BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD BETWEEN JANUARY 01, 2012 AND JUNE 30, 2022 IN PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE DATABASES. STUDIES THAT INCLUDED DATA ON BIOMARKERS WITH COPD EXPOSED PM WERE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. BIOMARKERS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MECHANISMS. RESULTS: OF THE 105 STUDIES IDENTIFIED, 22 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. NEARLY 50 BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW, AND THE MOST STUDIED IN RELATION TO PM ARE SEVERAL INTERLEUKINS. VARIOUS MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY WHICH PM INDUCES AND AGGRAVATES COPD. SIX STUDIES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, ONE RELATED TO DIRECT EFFECT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS, 16 ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND TWO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY WERE FOUND. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS WERE DETECTED IN SERUM, SPUTUM, URINE, EXHALED BREATH CONCENTRATION (EBC), AND SHOWED VARIOUS CORRELATIONS WITH PM IN COPD. CONCLUSIONS: VARIOUS BIOMARKERS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL IN PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF PM EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGULATION TO REDUCE AIRBORNE PM, WHICH COULD BE USED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  3179  31 HAIR CORTISOL AS A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS BIOMARKER IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CORTISOL IS A HORMONE INVOLVED IN MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING FETAL MATURATION AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING DURING PREGNANCY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO USE HAIR CORTISOL AS A BIOMARKER OF CHRONIC INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) EXPOSURE AND ASSESS THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF ASTHMA ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA TREATED WITH ICS WOULD EXHIBIT LOWER HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS, INDICATIVE OF ADRENAL SUPPRESSION, COMPARED TO WOMEN WITH ASTHMA NOT USING ICS AND WOMEN WHO DO NOT HAVE ASTHMA. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN OBSERVATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. HAIR SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FROM PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA, WITH (N = 56) AND WITHOUT (N = 31) ICS TREATMENT, AND PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT ASTHMA (N = 31). HAIR SAMPLES WERE SEGMENTED BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF 1 CM/MONTH AND ANALYZED BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY TO PROVIDE CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS CORRESPONDING TO PRECONCEPTION, TRIMESTERS 1-3, AND POSTPARTUM. HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS WERE COMPARED WITHIN AND AMONG THE GROUPS USING NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS. RESULTS: HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS INCREASED ACROSS TRIMESTERS FOR ALL THREE GROUPS, BUT THIS INCREASE WAS DAMPENED IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA (P = 0.03 FOR CONTROLS VS. ICS TREATED AND CONTROLS VS. NO ICS). ICS TREATED WOMEN TAKING MORE THAN FIVE DOSES PER WEEK HAD HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS 47 % LOWER IN THIRD TRIMESTER THAN CONTROLS. LINEAR REGRESSION OF THE THIRD TRIMESTER HAIR CORTISOL RESULTS IDENTIFIED ASTHMA AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR WHEN COMPARING CONSISTENT ICS USE OR ASTHMA AS THE PREDICTOR (F(1, 25) = 9.7, P = 0.005, R(2) ADJ = 0.257). CONCLUSIONS: HAIR CORTISOL SUCCESSFULLY SHOWED THE EXPECTED CHANGE IN CORTISOL OVER THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY AND MAY BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER OF HPA AXIS FUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DECREASED MATERNAL CORTISOL IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED.	2016