1  2668 106 ESTROGEN RECEPTORS AND ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A FREQUENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WITH IMPACTS ON REPRODUCTION, HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE. THIS DISORDER IS HIGHLY ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT AND THE PURPOSE OF HORMONAL TREATMENTS IS TO DECREASE THE ENDOGENOUS OVARIAN PRODUCTION OF ESTROGENS. HIGH ESTROGEN PRODUCTION IS A CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED ENDOCRINE FEATURE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTORS (ER) ARE DIFFERENT BETWEEN A NORMAL HEALTHY ENDOMETRIUM AND ECTOPIC/EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIAL LESIONS: ENDOMETRIOTIC STROMAL CELLS EXPRESS EXTRAORDINARILY HIGHER ERBETA AND SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER ERALPHA LEVELS COMPARED WITH ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELLS. ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION IN ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ALTHOUGH THERE IS A LARGE BODY OF DATA REGARDING ERS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS, OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES OF ERALPHA AND ERBETA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS INCOMPLETE. THE GOAL OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE LINKS BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS, ERS AND THE RECENT ADVANCES OF TREATMENT STRATEGIES BASED ON ERS MODULATION. WE WILL ALSO ATTEMPT TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ERS AND HOW THIS COULD PAVE THE WAY TO NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2   603  35 BETULINIC ACID INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE GROWTH LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE UTERINE CAVITY IN ADDITION TO CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE AIM TO DEVELOP A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT BASED ON THE PATHOGENESIS AND MECHANISM OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. OUR PRELIMINARY DATA SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA (ERBETA) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE ERALPHA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED, IN ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT BETULINIC ACID (BA) TREATMENT SUPPRESSED ERBETA EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON THE ERBETA PROMOTER, WHILE HAD NO EFFECT ON ERALPHA EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, BA TREATMENT SUPPRESSES ERBETA TARGET GENES, INCLUDING SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (SOD2), NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR-1 (NRF1), CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX2), AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-1 (MMP1), SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS, TRIGGERING MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, DECREASING ELEVATED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND EVENTUALLY SUPPRESSING ENDOMETRIOTIC CELL PROLIFERATION, MIMICKING THE EFFECT OF ERBETA KNOCKDOWN. ON THE OTHER HAND, GAIN OF ERBETA BY LENTIVIRUS INFECTION IN NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS RESULTED IN INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE, WHILE BA TREATMENT DIMINISHED THIS EFFECT THROUGH ERBETA SUPPRESSION WITH SUBSEQUENT OXIDATIVE STRESS AND APOPTOSIS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ERBETA MAY BE A MAJOR DRIVING FORCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, WHILE BA INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SPECIFIC SUPPRESSION OF THE ERBETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS TREATMENT THROUGH BA-MEDIATED ERBETA SUPPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  4875  31 OVEREXPRESSION OF AKT1 ENHANCES ADIPOGENESIS AND LEADS TO LIPOMA FORMATION IN ZEBRAFISH. BACKGROUND: OBESITY IS A COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER INFLUENCED BY THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. OBESITY INCREASES THE RISK OF CONTRACTING MANY CHRONIC DISEASES OR METABOLIC SYNDROME. RESEARCHERS HAVE ESTABLISHED SEVERAL MAMMALIAN MODELS OF OBESITY TO STUDY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM. HOWEVER, A LOWER VERTEBRATE MODEL FOR CONVENIENTLY PERFORMING DRUG SCREENING AGAINST OBESITY REMAINS ELUSIVE. THE SPECIFIC AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO CREATE A ZEBRAFISH OBESITY MODEL BY OVER EXPRESSING THE INSULIN SIGNALING HUB OF THE AKT1 GENE. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: SKIN ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION SCREENING SHOWS THAT A STABLE ZEBRAFISH TRANSGENIC OF TG(KRT4HSA.MYRAKT1)(CY18) DISPLAYS SEVERELY OBESE PHENOTYPES AT THE ADULT STAGE. IN TG(KRT4:HSA.MYRAKT1)(CY18), THE EXPRESSION OF EXOGENOUS HUMAN CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE AKT1 (MYRAKT1) CAN ACTIVATE ENDOGENOUS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF MTOR, GSK-3ALPHA/BETA, AND 70S6K. DURING THE EMBRYONIC TO LARVAL TRANSITORY PHASE, THE SPECIFIC OVER EXPRESSION OF MYRAKT1 IN SKIN CAN PROMOTE HYPERTROPHIC AND HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH. FROM 21 HOUR POST-FERTILIZATION (HPF) ONWARDS, MYRAKT1 TRANSGENE WAS ECTOPICALLY EXPRESSED IN SEVERAL MESENCHYMAL DERIVED TISSUES. THIS MAY BE THE RESULT OF THE INTEGRATION POSITION EFFECT. TG(KRT4:HSA.MYRAKT1)(CY18) CAUSED A RAPID INCREASE OF BODY WEIGHT, HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH OF ADIPOCYTES, ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF FAT TISSUES, AND BLOOD GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE AT THE ADULT STAGE. REAL-TIME RT-PCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THE MAJORITY OF KEY GENES ON REGULATING ADIPOGENESIS, ADIPOCYTOKINE, AND INFLAMMATION ARE HIGHLY UPREGULATED IN TG(KRT4:HSA.MYRAKT1)(CY18). IN CONTRAST, THE MYOGENESIS- AND SKELETOGENESIS-RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN TG(KRT4:HSA.MYRAKT1)(CY18), SUGGESTING THAT EXCESS ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION OCCURS AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER MESENCHYMAL DERIVED TISSUES. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY PROVIDE DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT AKT1 SIGNALING PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BALANCING NORMAL LEVELS OF FAT TISSUE IN VIVO. THE OBESE ZEBRAFISH EXAMINED IN THIS STUDY COULD BE A NEW POWERFUL MODEL TO SCREEN NOVEL DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN OBESITY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  5695  25 SILENCING UHRF1 ENHANCES CELL AUTOPHAGY TO PREVENT ARTICULAR CHONDROCYTES FROM APOPTOSIS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS THROUGH PI3K/AKT/MTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A COMMON CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE, AND CHONDROCYTE APOPTOSIS IS ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF OA PATHOGENESIS. GROWING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT UBIQUITIN-LIKE WITH PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1) IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORY FACTOR THAT REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS OF VARIOUS TUMORS, BUT ITS ROLE IN OA REMAINS ILL-DEFINED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT UHRF1 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN HUMAN OA CARTILAGE TISSUES, COMPARED WITH NORMAL CARTILAGE TISSUES. INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA), A MAJOR INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE THAT PROMOTES CARTILAGE DEGRADATION IN OA, WAS USED TO STIMULATE PRIMARY HUMAN CHONDROCYTES IN VITRO. THE EXPRESSION OF UHRF1 WAS ALSO ENHANCED IN IL-1BETA-INDUCED CHONDROCYTES. MOREOVER, DOWN-REGULATION OF UHRF1 INDUCED AN INCREASE ON CELL PROLIFERATION AND AUTOPHAGY, AND A DECREASE ON APOPTOSIS OF CHONDROCYTES AFTER IL-1BETA TREATMENT. FURTHER DATA INDICATED THAT SILENCING UHRF1 ATTENUATED THE UP-REGULATION OF IL-1BETA ON PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3-KINASE (PI3K)/PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT)/MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CHONDROCYTES. THEN, AN ACTIVATOR OF PI3K WEAKENED THE EFFECT OF UHRF1 SILENCING ON CELL PROLIFERATION, AUTOPHAGY, APOPTOSIS OF IL-1BETA-INDUCED CHONDROCYTES, AND THE CELL AUTOPHAGY SPECIAL INHIBITOR 3-METHYLADENINE (3-MA) ALSO SHOWED A SAME IMPACT ON UHRF1, HENCE SUGGESTING THAT KNOCKDOWN OF UHRF1 ENHANCES CELL AUTOPHAGY TO PROTECT CHONDROCYTES FROM APOPTOSIS IN OA THROUGH PI3K/AKT/MTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT UHRF1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL REGULATOR OF CHONDROCYTE APOPTOSIS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  3924  25 LIPOSOMAL UHRF1 SIRNA SHOWS LUNG FIBROSIS TREATMENT POTENTIAL THROUGH REGULATION OF FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION. PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A CHRONIC AND PROGRESSIVE INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DECAY OF PULMONARY FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO A FATAL OUTCOME. AS AN ESSENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION, THE INVOLVEMENT OF UBIQUITIN-LIKE CONTAINING PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1) IN FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION REMAINS LARGELY UNDEFINED IN PULMONARY FIBROSIS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT TGF-BETA1-MEDIATED UPREGULATION OF UHRF1 REPRESSED BECLIN 1 VIA METHYLATED INDUCTION OF ITS PROMOTER, WHICH FINALLY RESULTED IN FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION AND LUNG FIBROSIS BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. MOREOVER, KNOCKDOWN OF UHRF1 SIGNIFICANTLY ARRESTED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND REACTIVATED BECLIN 1 IN LUNG FIBROBLASTS. THUS, INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF UHRF1 SIRNA-LOADED LIPOSOMES SIGNIFICANTLY PROTECTED MICE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS. ACCORDINGLY, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT UHRF1 MIGHT BE A NOVEL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  2575  29 EPIGENETICS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATORY GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASE. INCREASED ESTROGEN ACTIVITY AND PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE ARE THE MAIN HORMONAL SUBSTRATE OF THIS DISEASE AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND DEBILITATING SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING PAIN AND INFERTILITY. ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE ACT VIA THEIR SPECIFIC NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. THE REGULATION OF RECEPTOR EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETICS MAYBE A CRITICAL FACTOR FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE PRESENT REVIEW AIMS TO DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RELATED TO THE EXPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTORS (ERS) AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS (PRS) IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, INCLUDING TWO CLASSIC EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS: DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND, OTHER NON-CLASSIC MECHANISMS: MIRNAS AND LNCRNA. SEVERAL IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES SUPPORT THE KEY ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF ERS AND PRS, WHICH MAY PROVIDE NEW MOLECULES AND TARGETS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  2384  21 EPIGENETIC REGULATOR UHRF1 ORCHESTRATES PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN A SUPPRESSIVE MANNER. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC SYNOVIAL INFLAMMATION WITH ABERRANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO JOINT DESTRUCTION. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS UNDERLYING RA PATHOGENESIS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT UBIQUITIN-LIKE CONTAINING PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1) IS A CENTRAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT ORCHESTRATES MULTIPLE PATHOGENESES IN RA IN A SUPPRESSIVE MANNER. UHRF1 EXPRESSION WAS REMARKABLY UPREGULATED IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (SFS) FROM ARTHRITIS MODEL MICE AND PATIENTS WITH RA. MICE WITH SF-SPECIFIC UHRF1 CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT SHOWED MORE SEVERE ARTHRITIC PHENOTYPES THAN LITTERMATE CONTROLS. UHRF1-DEFICIENT SFS ALSO EXHIBITED ENHANCED APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE AND UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINES, INCLUDING CCL20. IN PATIENTS WITH RA, DAS28, CRP, AND TH17 ACCUMULATION AND APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH UHRF1 EXPRESSION IN SYNOVIUM. FINALLY, RYUVIDINE ADMINISTRATION STABILIZED UHRF1 AMELIORATED ARTHRITIS PATHOGENESES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF RA. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT UHRF1 EXPRESSED IN RA SFS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS THAT SUPPRESS MULTIPLE PATHOGENIC EVENTS IN ARTHRITIS, SUGGESTING THAT TARGETING UHRF1 COULD BE ONE OF THE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR RA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8    66  22 A KEY ROLE FOR EZH2 IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA. THE CHROMATIN MODIFIER EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED AND ASSOCIATED WITH INFERIOR OUTCOME IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL). RECENTLY, WE DEMONSTRATED PREFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF HOX GENES IN MCL COMPARED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), DESPITE THESE GENES NOT BEING EXPRESSED IN EITHER ENTITY. SINCE EZH2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REGULATE HOX GENE EXPRESSION, TO GAIN FURTHER INSIGHT INTO ITS POSSIBLE ROLE IN DIFFERENTIAL SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL VS. CLL, WE PERFORMED DETAILED EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION USING REPRESENTATIVE CELL LINES AND PRIMARY SAMPLES. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF EZH2 IN MCL VS. CLL. CHROMATIN IMMUNE PRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEALED THAT EZH2 CATALYZED REPRESSIVE H3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3), WHICH WAS SUFFICIENT TO SILENCE HOX GENES IN CLL, WHEREAS IN MCL H3K27ME3 IS ACCOMPANIED BY DNA METHYLATION FOR A MORE STABLE REPRESSION. MORE IMPORTANTLY, HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE HOX GENES IN MCL RESULTED FROM EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENT RECRUITMENT OF THE DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY ONTO HOX GENE PROMOTERS. THE IMPORTANCE OF EZH2 UPREGULATION IN THIS PROCESS WAS FURTHER UNDERSCORED BY SIRNA TRANSFECTION AND EZH2 INHIBITOR EXPERIMENTS. ALTOGETHER, THESE OBSERVATIONS IMPLICATE EZH2 IN THE LONG-TERM SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL, AND ALLUDE TO ITS POTENTIAL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET WITH CLINICAL IMPACT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  5239  34 PROGESTERONE ALLEVIATES ENDOMETRIOSIS VIA INHIBITION OF UTERINE CELL PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION AND ANGIOGENESIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT MOUSE MODEL. ENDOMETRIOSIS, DEFINED AS GROWTH OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CELLS OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE. ALTHOUGH THE ESTROGEN-DEPENDENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IS WELL KNOWN, THE ROLE OF PROGESTERONE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEVELOPED A DISEASE MODEL IN WHICH ENDOMETRIOSIS WAS INDUCED IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITIES OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT FEMALE MICE, AND MAINTAINED WITH EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN. THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-LIKE LESIONS THAT WERE IDENTIFIED AT A VARIETY OF ECTOPIC LOCATIONS EXHIBITED ABUNDANT BLOOD SUPPLY AND EXTENSIVE ADHESIONS. HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED THAT THESE LESIONS HAD A WELL-ORGANIZED ENDOMETRIAL ARCHITECTURE AND FIBROTIC RESPONSE, RESEMBLING THOSE RECOVERED FROM CLINICAL PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, AN EXTENSIVE PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AND LOSS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR (PR) EXPRESSION WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN THESE LESIONS. INTERESTINGLY, ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE BEFORE, BUT NOT AFTER, LESION INDUCTION SUPPRESSED LESION EXPANSION AND MAINTAINED ERALPHA AND PR EXPRESSIONS. THESE PROGESTERONE-PRETREATED LESIONS EXHIBITED ATTENUATION IN KI67, CD31, AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MACROPHAGE INFILTRATION, INDICATING THAT PROGESTERONE AMELIORATES ENDOMETRIOSIS PROGRESSION BY INHIBITING CELL PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION AND NEOVASCULARIZATION. OUR STUDIES FURTHER SHOWED THAT SUPPRESSION OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION BY APPLICATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR TO FEMALE MICE BEARING ECTOPIC LESIONS RESTRAINED LESION EXPANSION AND RESTORED ERALPHA AND PR EXPRESSION IN EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM AND ECTOPIC LESIONS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TARGET GENE EXPRESSION VIA DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES, AT LEAST IN PART, TO PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  6611  24 UHRF1 REGULATES GERMINAL CENTER B CELL EXPANSION AND AFFINITY MATURATION TO CONTROL VIRAL INFECTION. THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-AFFINITY ANTIBODY IS ESSENTIAL FOR PATHOGEN CLEARANCE. ANTIBODY AFFINITY IS INCREASED THROUGH GERMINAL CENTER (GC) AFFINITY MATURATION, WHICH RELIES ON BCR SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION (SHM) FOLLOWED BY ANTIGEN-BASED SELECTION. GC B CELL PROLIFERATION IS ESSENTIALLY INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES; IT PROVIDES ENOUGH TEMPLATES FOR SHM AND ALSO SERVES AS A CRITICAL MECHANISM OF POSITIVE SELECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATOR UBIQUITIN-LIKE WITH PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1) WAS MARKEDLY UP-REGULATED BY C-MYC-AP4 IN GC B CELLS, AND IT WAS REQUIRED FOR GC RESPONSE. UHRF1 REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION-ASSOCIATED GENES INCLUDING CDKN1A, SLFN1, AND SLFN2 BY DNA METHYLATION, AND ITS DEFICIENCY INHIBITED THE GC B CELL CYCLE AT G1-S PHASE. SUBSEQUENTLY, GC B CELL SHM AND AFFINITY MATURATION WERE IMPAIRED, AND UHRF1 GC B KNOCKOUT MICE WERE UNABLE TO CONTROL CHRONIC VIRUS INFECTION. COLLECTIVELY, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT UHRF1 REGULATES GC B CELL PROLIFERATION AND AFFINITY MATURATION, AND ITS EXPRESSION IN GC B CELLS IS REQUIRED FOR VIRUS CLEARANCE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  1891  35 ENDOMETRIOSIS. PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMPLEX SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY AN ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS THAT AFFECTS PRIMARILY PELVIC TISSUES, INCLUDING THE OVARIES. IT IS CAUSED WHEN SHED ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE TRAVELS RETROGRADE INTO THE LOWER ABDOMINAL CAVITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN IN WOMEN AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY. THE UNDERLYING PATHOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN THE INTRACAVITARY ENDOMETRIUM AND EXTRAUTERINE ENDOMETRIOTIC TISSUE INVOLVE DEFECTIVELY PROGRAMMED ENDOMETRIAL MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR/STEM CELLS. ALTHOUGH ENDOMETRIOTIC STROMAL CELLS, WHICH COMPOSE THE BULK OF ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS, DO NOT CARRY SOMATIC MUTATIONS, THEY DEMONSTRATE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE, GATA-BINDING FACTOR-6 OVEREXPRESSION TRANSFORMS AN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELL TO AN ENDOMETRIOTIC PHENOTYPE, AND STEROIDOGENIC FACTOR-1 OVEREXPRESSION CAUSES EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN, WHICH DRIVES INFLAMMATION VIA PATHOLOGICALLY HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-BETA. PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR DEFICIENCY CAUSES PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE. POPULATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AND ENDOMETRIOTIC EPITHELIAL CELLS ALSO HARBOR MULTIPLE CANCER DRIVER MUTATIONS, SUCH AS KRAS, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS OR OVARIAN CANCER. IT IS NOT KNOWN HOW INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPIGENOMICALLY DEFECTIVE STROMAL CELLS AND THE MUTATED GENES IN EPITHELIAL CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED PELVIC PAIN IS MANAGED BY SUPPRESSION OF OVULATORY MENSES AND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION, CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS, AND SURGICAL REMOVAL OF PELVIC LESIONS, AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IS FREQUENTLY USED TO OVERCOME INFERTILITY. ALTHOUGH NOVEL TARGETED TREATMENTS ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE, AS ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS BETTER UNDERSTOOD, PREVENTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS LONG-TERM OVULATION SUPPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE FUTURE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12   701  20 BROWN FAT DNMT3B DEFICIENCY AMELIORATES OBESITY IN FEMALE MICE. OBESITY RESULTS FROM A CHRONIC ENERGY IMBALANCE DUE TO ENERGY INTAKE EXCEEDING ENERGY EXPENDITURE. ACTIVATION OF BROWN FAT THERMOGENESIS HAS BEEN SHOWN TO COMBAT OBESITY. EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HAS EMERGED AS A KEY REGULATOR OF BROWN FAT THERMOGENIC FUNCTION. HERE WE AIMED TO STUDY THE ROLE OF DNMT3B, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INVOLVED IN DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION, IN THE REGULATION OF BROWN FAT THERMOGENESIS AND OBESITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC DELETION OF DNMT3B IN BROWN FAT PROMOTES THE THERMOGENIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROGRAM IN BROWN FAT, ENHANCES ENERGY EXPENDITURE, AND DECREASES ADIPOSITY IN FEMALE MICE FED A REGULAR CHOW DIET. WITH A LEAN PHENOTYPE, THE FEMALE KNOCKOUT MICE ALSO EXHIBIT INCREASED INSULIN SENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, DNMT3B DEFICIENCY IN BROWN FAT ALSO PREVENTS DIET-INDUCED OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE IN FEMALE MICE. INTERESTINGLY, OUR RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS REVEALED AN UPREGULATION OF THE PI3K-AKT PATHWAY IN THE BROWN FAT OF FEMALE DNMT3B KNOCKOUT MICE. HOWEVER, MALE DNMT3B KNOCKOUT MICE HAVE NO CHANGE IN THEIR BODY WEIGHT, SUGGESTING THE EXISTENCE OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE BROWN FAT DNMT3B KNOCKOUT MODEL. OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT DNMT3B PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF BROWN FAT FUNCTION, ENERGY METABOLISM AND OBESITY IN FEMALE MICE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  2754  28 EXPRESSION OF CAVEOLIN 1 IS ENHANCED BY DNA DEMETHYLATION DURING ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. STATUS OF INSULIN SIGNALING. CAVEOLIN 1 (CAV-1) IS AN ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENT OF ADIPOCYTE CAVEOLAE WHICH BINDS THE BETA SUBUNIT OF THE INSULIN RECEPTOR (IR) AND IS IMPLICATED IN THE REGULATION OF INSULIN SIGNALING. WE HAVE FOUND THAT, DURING ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION OF 3T3-L1 CELLS THE PROMOTER, EXON 1 AND FIRST INTRON OF THE CAV-1 GENE UNDERGO A DEMETHYLATION PROCESS THAT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A STRONG INDUCTION OF CAV-1 EXPRESSION, INDICATING THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MUST HAVE A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THIS DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS. FURTHERMORE, IR, PKB-AKT AND GLUT-4 EXPRESSION ARE ALSO INCREASED DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS SUGGESTING A COORDINATED REGULATION WITH CAV-1. ACTIVATION OF CAV-1 PROTEIN BY PHOSPHORYLATION ARISES DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS, YET IN FULLY MATURE ADIPOCYTES INSULIN IS NO LONGER ABLE TO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE CAV-1 PHOSPHORYLATION. HOWEVER, THESE LONG-TERM DIFFERENTIATED CELLS ARE STILL ABLE TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY TO INSULIN, INCREASING IR AND PKB-AKT PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE. THE ACTIVATION OF CAV-1 DURING THE ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS COULD FACILITATE THE MAINTENANCE OF INSULIN SENSITIVITY BY THESE FULLY MATURE ADIPOCYTES ISOLATED FROM ADDITIONAL EXTERNAL STIMULI. HOWEVER, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED TO OBESITY, SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HYPOXIA, INSULIN SENSITIVITY WOULD FINALLY BE COMPROMISED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14   978  30 CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS CAUSES ESTROGEN-INDEPENDENT AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE, AND EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA IN MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELLS. THE ROLE OF CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND AGGRESSIVE GROWTH OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR (ER)-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER IS WELL KNOWN; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING IS NOT CLEAR. ESTROGEN-INDEPENDENT GROWTH IS ONE OF THE FEATURES OF AGGRESSIVE SUBTYPE OF BREAST CANCER. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON ESTROGEN SENSITIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF NUCLEAR ESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN ER-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER CELLS. MCF-7 CELLS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WERE USED AS A CELL MODEL IN THIS STUDY, AND THEIR GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO 17-BETA ESTRADIOL WAS EVALUATED BY CELL VIABILITY, CELL CYCLE, AND CELL MIGRATION ANALYSIS. RESULTS WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL BY ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSIONS AT TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN LEVELS. HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS, EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES, AND THE EFFECT OF DNA DEMETHYLATION WERE ALSO ANALYZED. LOSS OF GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO ESTROGEN WITH A DECREASE IN ERALPHA EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN MCF-7 CELLS ADAPTED TO CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. INCREASES IN MTTFA AND NRF1 IN THESE CELLS FURTHER SUGGESTED THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA-DEPENDENT REDOX-SENSITIVE GROWTH SIGNALING AS AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY TO ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT GROWTH. CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES, LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS AS WELL AS SIGNIFICANT RESTORATIONS OF BOTH ERALPHA EXPRESSION AND ESTROGEN RESPONSE BY 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE FURTHER CONFIRMED THE EPIGENETIC BASIS FOR ESTROGEN-INDEPENDENT GROWTH IN THESE CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS CAN CONVERT ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT NONAGGRESSIVE BREAST CANCER CELLS INTO ESTROGEN-INDEPENDENT AGGRESSIVE FORM POTENTIALLY BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15   352  31 ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION OF VEGF, IGFS AND H19 LNCRNA AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF H19-DMR REGION IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS, AS CHRONIC ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT DISEASE, IS DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS. PROLIFERATION OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE AND NEOANGIOGENESIS ARE CRITICAL FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. HENCE, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) AS WELL AS INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 AND 2 (IGF1, 2) MAY BE INVOLVED AS INDUCERS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION OR NEOANGIOGENESIS. IMPRINTED LONG NONCODING RNA H19 (LNCRNA H19) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS VIA REGULATION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS APPEAR TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ITS PATHOGENESIS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO ELUCIDATE VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) OF H19 (H19-DMR) REGULATORY REGION IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, IN COMPARISON WITH CONTROL WOMEN. METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, 24 WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT ENDOMETRIOSIS WERE STUDIED FOR THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE. OCCUPANCY OF THE MECP2 ON DMR REGION OF H19 GENE WAS ASSESSED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME PCR. RESULTS: GENES EXPRESSION PROFILE OF H19, IGF1 AND IGF2 WAS DECREASED IN EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS GROUP, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL TISSUES. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF H19 IN ECTOPIC SAMPLES WAS SIGNIFICANT IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROLS (P < 0.05). GENE EXPRESSION OF VEGF WAS INCREASED IN EUTOPIC TISSUES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS GROUP, COMPARED TO CONTROL GROUP. WHEREAS ITS EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS LOWER IN ECTOPIC LESIONS VERSUS EUTOPIC AND CONTROL ENDOMETRIAL SAMPLES. CHIP ANALYSIS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT AND NEARLY SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION II IN EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC SAMPLES, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP RESPECTIVELY. THIS EPIGENETIC CHANGE WAS ALIGNED WITH EXPRESSION OF IGF2. WHILE METHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION I WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE EUTOPIC, ECTOPIC AND CONTROL ENDOMETRIAL SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SHOWED THAT VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF H19 LNCRNA HAVE DYNAMIC ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, SPECIFICALLY IN THE WAY THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION II CAN BE INVOLVED IN IGF2 DYSREGULATION IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  3475  24 IDENTIFICATION OF A STAT5 TARGET GENE, DPF3, PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHTS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. STAT5 CONTROLS ESSENTIAL CELLULAR FUNCTIONS AND IS ENCODED BY TWO GENES, STAT5A AND STAT5B. TO PROVIDE INSIGHT TO THE MECHANISMS LINKING HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY TO STAT5 ACTIVATION/REGULATION OF TARGET GENES, WE IDENTIFIED STAT5 TARGET GENES AND FOCUSED ON DPF3 GENE, WHICH ENCODES FOR AN EPIGENETIC FACTOR. DPF3 EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED UPON IL-3 STIMULATION IN BA/F3 CELLS, WHILE STRONG BINDING OF BOTH STAT5A AND STAT5B WAS DETECTED IN ITS PROMOTER. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF DPF3 WAS DETECTED IN BA/F3 CELLS WITH STAT5A AND STAT5B KNOCK-DOWN, SUGGESTING THAT THIS GENE IS POSITIVELY REGULATED BY STAT5, UPON IL-3 STIMULATION. FURTHERMORE, THIS GENE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED IN CLL PATIENTS, WHERE DPF3 GENE/PROTEIN UP-REGULATION AND STRONG STAT5 BINDING TO THE DPF3 PROMOTER, CORRELATED WITH INCREASED STAT5 ACTIVATION, MAINLY IN NON-MALIGNANT MYELOID CELLS (GRANULOCYTES). OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE INSIGHTS IN THE STAT5 DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF DPF3, AND DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME INCREASED STAT5 ACTIVATION IN GRANULOCYTES OF CLL PATIENTS. NOVEL ROUTES OF INVESTIGATION ARE OPENED TO FACILITATE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF STAT5 ACTIVATION IN THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NON-MALIGNANT MYELOID AND MALIGNANT B-CELLS, AND THE FUNCTIONS OF STAT5 TARGET GENES NETWORKS IN CLL BIOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  6076  43 THE DYNAMICS OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS AND NUCLEAR RECEPTOR COREGULATORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS DEFINED AS THE COLONIZATION AND GROWTH OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE AT ANATOMIC SITES OUTSIDE THE UTERINE CAVITY. UP TO 15% OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGED WOMEN IN THE USA SUFFER FROM PAINFUL SYMPTOMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, SUCH AS INFERTILITY, PELVIC PAIN, MENSTRUAL CYCLE ABNORMALITIES AND INCREASED RISK OF CERTAIN CANCERS. HOWEVER, MANY OF THE CURRENT CLINICAL TREATMENTS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS ARE NOT SUFFICIENTLY EFFECTIVE AND YIELD UNACCEPTABLE SIDE EFFECTS. THERE IS CLEARLY AN URGENT NEED TO IDENTIFY NEW MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CRITICALLY UNDERPIN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IN ORDER TO DEVELOP MORE SPECIFIC AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS WHICH LACK THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CURRENT THERAPIES. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DISCUSS HOW NUCLEAR RECEPTORS (NRS) AND THEIR COREGULATORS PROMOTE THE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE GENESIS AND MAINTENANCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AS MODULATED BY NRS AND COREGULATORS CAN REVEAL NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR ALTERNATIVE ENDOMETRIOSIS TREATMENTS. METHODS: THIS REVIEW WAS PREPARED USING PUBLISHED GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAY DATA SETS OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PUBLISHED LITERATURE ON NRS AND THEIR COREGULATORS THAT DEAL WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS PROGRESSION. USING THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS, OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF HOW NRS AND NR COREGULATORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IS SUMMARIZED. RESULTS: ABERRANT LEVELS OF NRS AND NR COREGULATORS IN ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. AS AN EXAMPLE, ENDOMETRIOTIC CELL-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE CORRELATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION STATUS OF THE GENOME COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM. THESE DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS CAN GENERATE FAVORABLE CELL-SPECIFIC NR AND COREGULATOR MILIEUS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS PROGRESSION. GENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS AND INSERTION/DELETION POLYMORPHISMS OF NR AND COREGULATOR GENES, ARE FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN ECTOPIC LESIONS COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM. THESE GENETIC VARIATIONS IMPART NEW MOLECULAR PROPERTIES TO NRS AND COREGULATORS TO INCREASE THEIR CAPACITY TO STIMULATE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. FINALLY, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF NR COREGULATORS, SUCH AS PROTEOLYTIC PROCESSING, GENERATE ENDOMETRIOSIS-SPECIFIC ISOFORMS. COMPARED WITH THE UNMODIFIED COREGULATORS, THESE COREGULATOR ISOFORMS HAVE UNIQUE FUNCTIONS THAT ENHANCE THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC/GENETIC VARIATIONS AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF NRS AND COREGULATORS ALTER THEIR ORIGINAL FUNCTION SO THAT THEY BECOME POTENT 'DRIVERS' OF ENDOMETRIOSIS PROGRESSION.	2014	

18  3667  34 INFILTRATING MACROPHAGES INDUCE ERALPHA EXPRESSION THROUGH AN IL17A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM TO SENSITIZE ENDOMETRIAL CANCER CELLS TO ESTROGEN. PERSISTENT UNOPPOSED ESTROGEN STIMULATION IS A CENTRAL ONCOGENIC MECHANISM DRIVING THE FORMATION OF TYPE I ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER HAVE ALSO REVEALED A ROLE FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE, CLINICALLY MANIFESTED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ESTROGEN-DRIVEN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER IS NOT WELL CHARACTERIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFILTRATING MACROPHAGES AND ESTROGEN SENSITIVITY IN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. EVALUATING TISSUE SAMPLES AND SERUM FROM PATIENTS WITH PRECANCEROUS LESIONS OR ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, WE FOUND THAT TISSUE MACROPHAGE INFILTRATION, BUT NOT SERUM ESTRADIOL LEVELS, CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH ENDOMETRIAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, IL4/IL13-INDUCED CD68(+)CD163(+) MACROPHAGES ENHANCED THE PROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF ESTRADIOL IN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER CELLS BY UPREGULATING ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA), BUT NOT ERBETA. MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATIONS REVEALED THAT CD68(+)CD163(+) MACROPHAGES SECRETED CYTOKINES, SUCH AS IL17A, THAT UPREGULATED ERALPHA EXPRESSION THROUGH TET1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF THE ERALPHA GENE. OVERALL, OUR FINDINGS SHOW HOW CYTOKINES PRODUCED BY INFILTRATING MACROPHAGES IN THE ENDOMETRIAL MICROENVIRONMENT CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF ERALPHA EXPRESSION, WHICH IN TURN SENSITIZES ENDOMETRIAL CELLS TO ESTROGEN STIMULATION. THE CONCEPT THAT INFLAMMATION-INDUCED ESTROGEN SENSITIVITY IN THE ENDOMETRIUM ACTS AS A DRIVER OF TYPE I ENDOMETRIAL CANCER HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR INFILTRATING MACROPHAGES AS A PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER OF PROGRESSION IN THIS DISEASE SETTING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19  4310  30 MICRORNAS AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A SIGNIFICANT DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY INFERTILITY AND PELVIC PAIN IN WHICH ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL AND GLANDULAR TISSUE GROW IN ECTOPIC LOCATIONS. ALTERED RESPONSIVENESS TO PROGESTERONE IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, BUT THE PRECISE MECHANISMS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE INFLUENCES BOTH THE EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC (ENDOMETRIOTIC LESION) ENDOMETRIUM. AN INABILITY OF THE EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM TO PROPERLY RESPOND TO PROGESTERONE IS BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE, WHILE AN ALTERED RESPONSIVENESS OF ENDOMETRIOTIC LESION TISSUE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE ECTOPIC TISSUE AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS. WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS EXPRESS ALTERED LEVELS OF SEVERAL ENDOMETRIAL PROGESTERONE TARGET GENES WHICH MAY BE DUE TO THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION AND/OR FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND/OR CHAPERONE PROTEINS, AS WELL AS INFLAMMATION, GENETICS, AND EPIGENETICS. MIRNAS ARE A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS PROPOSED TO PLAY A ROLE IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INCLUDING THE MODULATION OF PROGESTERONE SIGNALING. IN THIS PAPER, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND PROGESTERONE SIGNALING IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, REVIEW MIRNAS, WHICH ARE OVER-EXPRESSED IN ENDOMETRIOSIS TISSUES AND FLUIDS, AND FOLLOW THIS WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE POTENTIAL REGULATION OF KEY PROGESTERONE SIGNALING COMPONENTS BY THESE MIRNAS, CONCLUDING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ENDEAVORS IN THIS AREA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20   709  27 C-MYC ONCOPROTEIN DICTATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER GENES IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS REMAINS ONE OF THE MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). MISREGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF A SPECIFIC GROUP OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (ABC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING THE INTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF DRUGS IN LEUKEMIC CELLS. MOREOVER, A CONSISTENT BODY OF EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT ABC TRANSPORTERS PLAY A ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION BEYOND THE EFFLUX OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS. DESPITE A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTION OF THE ABC TRANSPORTERS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ABC GENES. HERE, WE PRESENT DATA SHOWING THAT THE ONCOPROTEIN C-MYC IS A DIRECT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR OF A LARGE SET OF ABC TRANSPORTERS IN CML. FURTHERMORE, MOLECULAR ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT IN CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC CELL PRECURSORS OF 21 CML PATIENTS REVEALS THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS DRIVEN BY C-MYC IS A PECULIAR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CD34+ POPULATION IN CML AND WAS NOT FOUND EITHER IN THE POPULATION OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM WHICH THEY HAD BEEN PURIFIED NOR IN CD34+ CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE HOW THE METHYLATION STATE OF CPG ISLANDS MAY REGULATE THE ACCESS OF C-MYC TO ABCG2 GENE PROMOTER, A WELL-STUDIED GENE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE IN CML, HENCE, AFFECTING ITS EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORT A MODEL IN WHICH C-MYC-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS, COMBINED WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DIRECT AND REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ABC GENES WITH POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN TUMOR MALIGNANCY AND DRUG EFFLUX IN CML.	2011