1  2435 151 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 ACTIVATES THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE WNT PATHWAY IS A KEY REGULATOR OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS, AND ITS ABERRANT ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, MOST NOTABLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS), THE WNT SIGNALLING ANTAGONISTS, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ABERRANT HYPERACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING IN HCC CELLS; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IN LIVER SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES AND STUDIED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRPS ON THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CELL VIABILITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SFRP1 GENE ENCODING THE SUBUNIT IS A FREQUENT TARGET OF ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING IN HCC TUMOURS, WHEREAS OTHER EXTRACELLULAR WNT ANTAGONISTS, WIF1 AND DKK3, EXHIBITED NO METHYLATION IN TUMOUR CELLS, CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION EVENTS IN CANCER CELLS ARE NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE GENES AND THAT THERE IS A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES IN HCC. IN ADDITION, BY COMPARING SFRP1 METHYLATION STATUS IN HCC TUMOURS WITH NORMAL, CIRRHOTIC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS LIVER TISSUES, WE IDENTIFIED SFRP1 GENE AS A POTENTIAL EARLY MARKER OF HCC. THE RESTORATION OF SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN CANCER CELLS BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION INHIBITED WNT ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH DESTABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND DOWNREGULATION OF C-MYC AND CYCLIN D1, THE KNOWN DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF WNT PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, RESTORING SFRP1 LEVELS IN CANCER CELLS INHIBITED CELL GROWTH AND INDUCED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE CRITICAL ROLE FOR SFRP1 SILENCING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WNT ANTAGONISTS IN PREVENTING ONCOGENIC STABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, SUGGESTING THAT SFRP1 MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  5239  40 PROGESTERONE ALLEVIATES ENDOMETRIOSIS VIA INHIBITION OF UTERINE CELL PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION AND ANGIOGENESIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT MOUSE MODEL. ENDOMETRIOSIS, DEFINED AS GROWTH OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CELLS OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE. ALTHOUGH THE ESTROGEN-DEPENDENCE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS IS WELL KNOWN, THE ROLE OF PROGESTERONE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEVELOPED A DISEASE MODEL IN WHICH ENDOMETRIOSIS WAS INDUCED IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITIES OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT FEMALE MICE, AND MAINTAINED WITH EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN. THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-LIKE LESIONS THAT WERE IDENTIFIED AT A VARIETY OF ECTOPIC LOCATIONS EXHIBITED ABUNDANT BLOOD SUPPLY AND EXTENSIVE ADHESIONS. HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED THAT THESE LESIONS HAD A WELL-ORGANIZED ENDOMETRIAL ARCHITECTURE AND FIBROTIC RESPONSE, RESEMBLING THOSE RECOVERED FROM CLINICAL PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, AN EXTENSIVE PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AND LOSS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR (PR) EXPRESSION WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN THESE LESIONS. INTERESTINGLY, ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE BEFORE, BUT NOT AFTER, LESION INDUCTION SUPPRESSED LESION EXPANSION AND MAINTAINED ERALPHA AND PR EXPRESSIONS. THESE PROGESTERONE-PRETREATED LESIONS EXHIBITED ATTENUATION IN KI67, CD31, AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MACROPHAGE INFILTRATION, INDICATING THAT PROGESTERONE AMELIORATES ENDOMETRIOSIS PROGRESSION BY INHIBITING CELL PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION AND NEOVASCULARIZATION. OUR STUDIES FURTHER SHOWED THAT SUPPRESSION OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION BY APPLICATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR TO FEMALE MICE BEARING ECTOPIC LESIONS RESTRAINED LESION EXPANSION AND RESTORED ERALPHA AND PR EXPRESSION IN EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM AND ECTOPIC LESIONS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TARGET GENE EXPRESSION VIA DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES, AT LEAST IN PART, TO PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  2842  47 FREQUENT CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND AIM: EXCEPT FOR GENETIC MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS. RECENTLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED SOX1, SRY (SEX DETERMINING REGION Y)-BOX 1, IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN CERVICAL CANCER AND OVARIAN CANCER. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS COMMON IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). METHODS: WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO ANALYZE THE METHYALTION LEVEL OF THE SOX1 PROMOTER IN SEVEN HCC CELL LINES, 54 CLINICAL HCCS, 42 CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 21 LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND 15 CONTROL LIVERS. THEN, WE EMPLOYED QUANTITATIVE MS-PCR (QMSP) TO VALIDATE IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF SAMPLES (60 PAIRED HCCS AND 30 CONTROL LIVERS). FINALLY, WE USED LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAY TO CHECK THE EFFECT OF SOX1 IN HCC. RESULTS: PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SOX1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FREQUENT IN HCC CELL LINES AND CLINICAL HCCS, CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, BUT NOT IN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DOWNREGULATION OF SOX1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION. QMSP RESULTS CONFIRMED THAT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN HCCS THAN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THE FREQUENCY OF SOX1 METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN PATIENTS WITHOUT SFRPS METHYLATION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF SOX1 COULD SUPPRESS T-CELL FACTOR-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AND COLONY FORMATION NUMBER IN HCCS. CONCLUSIONS: CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SFRPS THROUGH PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS FREQUENT IN HCCS, AND THIS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNAL PATHWAY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  2379  42 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  1211  50 CPG ISLAND METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN GENE FAMILY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATURE NEOPLASTIC B CELLS INDICATING DISRUPTION OF APOPTOSIS. RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOME SCANNING WAS DONE TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGET GENES SILENCED BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN CLL. SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 4 (SFRP4), A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WAS FOUND TO BE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL SAMPLES. WNT SIGNALING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CONTROL NORMAL APOPTOTIC BEHAVIOR AND IS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL B-CELL DEVELOPMENT WHEREAS ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THIS PATHWAY HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN CLL. WE SHOW ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SFRP4, AS WELL AS OF ADDITIONAL SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS, IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES. INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, WAS SHOWN. OF THE FIVE SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS STUDIED IN DETAIL, SFRP1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED AND DOWN-REGULATED IN ALL CLL PATIENT SAMPLES STUDIED, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC EVENT IS A CRITICAL STEP DURING LEUKEMOGENESIS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SILENCING OF SFRPS BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CLL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6   603  39 BETULINIC ACID INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE GROWTH LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE UTERINE CAVITY IN ADDITION TO CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE AIM TO DEVELOP A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT BASED ON THE PATHOGENESIS AND MECHANISM OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. OUR PRELIMINARY DATA SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA (ERBETA) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE ERALPHA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED, IN ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT BETULINIC ACID (BA) TREATMENT SUPPRESSED ERBETA EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON THE ERBETA PROMOTER, WHILE HAD NO EFFECT ON ERALPHA EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, BA TREATMENT SUPPRESSES ERBETA TARGET GENES, INCLUDING SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (SOD2), NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR-1 (NRF1), CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX2), AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-1 (MMP1), SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS, TRIGGERING MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, DECREASING ELEVATED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND EVENTUALLY SUPPRESSING ENDOMETRIOTIC CELL PROLIFERATION, MIMICKING THE EFFECT OF ERBETA KNOCKDOWN. ON THE OTHER HAND, GAIN OF ERBETA BY LENTIVIRUS INFECTION IN NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS RESULTED IN INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE, WHILE BA TREATMENT DIMINISHED THIS EFFECT THROUGH ERBETA SUPPRESSION WITH SUBSEQUENT OXIDATIVE STRESS AND APOPTOSIS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ERBETA MAY BE A MAJOR DRIVING FORCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, WHILE BA INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SPECIFIC SUPPRESSION OF THE ERBETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS TREATMENT THROUGH BA-MEDIATED ERBETA SUPPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  3999  32 LOSS OF HDAC3 RESULTS IN NONRECEPTIVE ENDOMETRIUM AND FEMALE INFERTILITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A DISEASE IN WHICH TISSUE THAT NORMALLY GROWS INSIDE THE UTERUS GROWS OUTSIDE THE UTERUS AND CAUSES CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY ARE UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN IMPLICATED IN INFERTILITY. HERE, WE REPORT A REDUCTION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) PROTEIN AMOUNTS IN EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM OF INFERTILE WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS COMPARED TO A CONTROL GROUP. TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF HDAC3 LOSS IN THE UTERUS, WE GENERATED MICE WITH CONDITIONAL ABLATION OF HDAC3 IN PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR (PGR)-POSITIVE CELLS (PGR(CRE/+)HDAC3(F/F) ; HDAC3(D/D) ). LOSS OF HDAC3 IN THE UTERUS OF MICE RESULTS IN INFERTILITY DUE TO IMPLANTATION FAILURE AND DECIDUALIZATION DEFECT. EXPRESSION MICROARRAY AND CHIP-SEQ ANALYSES IDENTIFIED COL1A1 AND COL1A2 AS DIRECT TARGETS OF HDAC3 IN BOTH MICE AND HUMANS. REDUCTION OF HDAC3 ABROGATED DECIDUALIZATION IN A PRIMARY CULTURE OF HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELLS (HESCS) SIMILAR TO THAT OBSERVED IN INFERTILE PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS. WHEREAS ATTENUATION OF HDAC3 RESULTED IN P300 RECRUITMENT TO COL1A1 AND COL1A2 GENES IN THE UTERUS OF MICE AS WELL AS HESCS, INHIBITION OF P300 PERMITTED HESCS TO UNDERGO DECIDUALIZATION. COLLECTIVELY, WE FOUND ATTENUATION OF HDAC3 AND OVEREXPRESSION OF COLLAGEN TYPE I IN THE EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM OF INFERTILE PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS. HDAC3 LOSS CAUSED A DEFECT OF DECIDUALIZATION THROUGH THE ABERRANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF COL1A1 AND COL1A2 GENES IN MICE AND COL1A1 AND COL1A2 GENES IN HUMANS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC3 IS CRITICAL FOR ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY AND DECIDUALIZATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  4310  36 MICRORNAS AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A SIGNIFICANT DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY INFERTILITY AND PELVIC PAIN IN WHICH ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL AND GLANDULAR TISSUE GROW IN ECTOPIC LOCATIONS. ALTERED RESPONSIVENESS TO PROGESTERONE IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, BUT THE PRECISE MECHANISMS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE INFLUENCES BOTH THE EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC (ENDOMETRIOTIC LESION) ENDOMETRIUM. AN INABILITY OF THE EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM TO PROPERLY RESPOND TO PROGESTERONE IS BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE, WHILE AN ALTERED RESPONSIVENESS OF ENDOMETRIOTIC LESION TISSUE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE ECTOPIC TISSUE AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS. WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS EXPRESS ALTERED LEVELS OF SEVERAL ENDOMETRIAL PROGESTERONE TARGET GENES WHICH MAY BE DUE TO THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION AND/OR FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND/OR CHAPERONE PROTEINS, AS WELL AS INFLAMMATION, GENETICS, AND EPIGENETICS. MIRNAS ARE A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS PROPOSED TO PLAY A ROLE IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INCLUDING THE MODULATION OF PROGESTERONE SIGNALING. IN THIS PAPER, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND PROGESTERONE SIGNALING IN ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, REVIEW MIRNAS, WHICH ARE OVER-EXPRESSED IN ENDOMETRIOSIS TISSUES AND FLUIDS, AND FOLLOW THIS WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE POTENTIAL REGULATION OF KEY PROGESTERONE SIGNALING COMPONENTS BY THESE MIRNAS, CONCLUDING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ENDEAVORS IN THIS AREA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  3825  44 INVESTIGATION OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS AND EXPRESSION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND CIRRHOSIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV), ALONG WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION, REPRESENTS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC ARE NOT YET COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT MUTATIONS IN CTNNB1 GENE ENCODING FOR BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN LEAD TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THE WNT/ BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY. THE MUTATIONS IN TURN ACTIVATE SEVERAL DOWNSTREAM GENES, INCLUDING C-MYC, PROMOTING THE NEOPLASTIC PROCESS. THE PRESENT STUDY EVALUATED THE MUTATIONAL PROFILE OF THE CTNNB1 GENE AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CTNNB1 AND C-MYC GENES IN HBV-RELATED HCC, AS WELL AS IN CIRRHOTIC AND CONTROL TISSUES. MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE BETA-CATENIN GENE AND HBV GENOTYPING WERE CONDUCTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS ASSESSED USING REAL-TIME PCR. AMONG THE HCC CASES, 18.1% SHOWED MISSENSE POINT MUTATION IN EXON 3 OF CTNNB1, MORE FREQUENTLY IN CODONS 32, 33, 38 AND 45. THE FREQUENCY OF MUTATION IN THE HOTSPOTS OF EXON 3 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-VIRAL HCCS (29.4%) RATHER THAN HBV-RELATED CASES (12.7%, P = 0.021). THE EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS FOUND UPREGULATED IN CIRRHOTIC TISSUES IN ASSOCIATION WITH HBV INFECTION. MUTATIONS AT BOTH PHOSPHORYLATION AND NEIGHBORING SITES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ACTIVITY OF THE WNT PATHWAY. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT MUTATED BETA-CATENIN CAUSED ACTIVATION OF THE WNT PATHWAY, BUT THE RATE OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS WAS NOT RELATED TO HBV INFECTION. HBV FACTORS MAY DEREGULATE THE WNT PATHWAY BY CAUSING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HBV-RELATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  1213  36 CPG ISLAND METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. IN CLL, A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES AFFECTING CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS MAY BE DYSREGULATED BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING. WE ANALYSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS OF 15 WELL-CHARACTERISED CANCER-RELATED GENES IN 32 PATIENTS WITH CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE SAMPLE OF PATIENTS WITH CLL WAS SHOWN FOR SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (68.8%), SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 2 (65.6%), DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (50.0%), E-CADHERIN (21.9%), SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 4 (15.6%), P15 (9.4%), P16 (6.3%), RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR BETA2 (3.1%), SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 5 (3.1%) AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES 3 (3.1%). FOR HUMAN MUT-L HOMOLOG 1, O(6)-METHYLGUANINE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, P73, SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING 1 AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES 2 NO HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED. HYPERMETHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE GENE WAS OBSERVED IN 87.5% OF THE SAMPLES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ABERRANT CPG ISLAND METHYLATION AFFECTING CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS SUCH AS WNT SIGNALLING, REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS, CELL CYCLE CONTROL AND TISSUE INVASION IS A COMMON PHENOMENON IN CLL. EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL AND THUS MAY PROVIDE A MOLECULAR RATIONALE FOR THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11   352  43 ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION OF VEGF, IGFS AND H19 LNCRNA AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF H19-DMR REGION IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS, AS CHRONIC ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT DISEASE, IS DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS. PROLIFERATION OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE AND NEOANGIOGENESIS ARE CRITICAL FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. HENCE, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) AS WELL AS INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 AND 2 (IGF1, 2) MAY BE INVOLVED AS INDUCERS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION OR NEOANGIOGENESIS. IMPRINTED LONG NONCODING RNA H19 (LNCRNA H19) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS VIA REGULATION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS APPEAR TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ITS PATHOGENESIS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO ELUCIDATE VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) OF H19 (H19-DMR) REGULATORY REGION IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, IN COMPARISON WITH CONTROL WOMEN. METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, 24 WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT ENDOMETRIOSIS WERE STUDIED FOR THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE. OCCUPANCY OF THE MECP2 ON DMR REGION OF H19 GENE WAS ASSESSED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME PCR. RESULTS: GENES EXPRESSION PROFILE OF H19, IGF1 AND IGF2 WAS DECREASED IN EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC ENDOMETRIAL TISSUES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS GROUP, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL TISSUES. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF H19 IN ECTOPIC SAMPLES WAS SIGNIFICANT IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROLS (P < 0.05). GENE EXPRESSION OF VEGF WAS INCREASED IN EUTOPIC TISSUES OF ENDOMETRIOSIS GROUP, COMPARED TO CONTROL GROUP. WHEREAS ITS EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS LOWER IN ECTOPIC LESIONS VERSUS EUTOPIC AND CONTROL ENDOMETRIAL SAMPLES. CHIP ANALYSIS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT AND NEARLY SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION II IN EUTOPIC AND ECTOPIC SAMPLES, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP RESPECTIVELY. THIS EPIGENETIC CHANGE WAS ALIGNED WITH EXPRESSION OF IGF2. WHILE METHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION I WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE EUTOPIC, ECTOPIC AND CONTROL ENDOMETRIAL SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SHOWED THAT VEGF, IGF1, IGF2 AND H19 LNCRNA GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF H19 LNCRNA HAVE DYNAMIC ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, SPECIFICALLY IN THE WAY THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF H19-DMR REGION II CAN BE INVOLVED IN IGF2 DYSREGULATION IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2022	

12  4260  36 METTL3-MEDIATED M6A MODIFICATION OF SIRT1 MRNA INHIBITS PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS BY CELLULAR SENESCENCE ENHANCING. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS (EMS), THE ECTOPIC PLANTING OF FUNCTIONAL ENDOMETRIUM OUTSIDE OF THE UTERUS, IS A LEADING CAUSE OF INFERTILITY AND PELVIC PAIN. AS A FUNDAMENTAL MRNA MODIFICATION, N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M6A) PARTICIPATES IN VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF M6A RNA MODIFICATION IN ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORES METTL3-MEDIATED M6A MODIFICATION AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. METHODS: THE DOMINANT M6A REGULATORS IN EMS WERE ANALYSED USING RT?PCR. CANDIDATE TARGETS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF METTL3 WERE ASSESSED BY M6A-MRNA EPITRANSCRIPTOMIC MICROARRAY AND RNA SEQUENCING. A PRIMARY ESCS MODEL WAS EMPLOYED TO VERIFY THE EFFECT OF METTL3 ON M6A MODIFICATION OF SIRT1 MRNA, AND THE MECHANISM WAS ELUCIDATED BY RT?PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, MERIP, AND RIP ASSAYS. CCK-8 VIABILITY ASSAYS, TRANSWELL INVASION ASSAYS, EDU PROLIFERATION ASSAYS, WOUND HEALING MIGRATION ASSAYS, AND SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE STAINING WERE PERFORMED TO ILLUMINATE THE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF METTL3 AND SIRT1 IN ESCS IN VITRO. AN IN VIVO PGRCRE/ + METTL3 -/- FEMALE HOMOZYGOUS MOUSE MODEL AND A NUDE MOUSE XENOGRAFT MODEL WERE EMPLOYED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE PHYSIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF METTL3-MEDIATED M6A ALTERATION ON EMS. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOW THAT DECREASED METTL3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATES M6A RNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN ESCS. SILENCING M6A MODIFICATIONS MEDIATED BY METTL3 ACCELERATES ESCS VIABILITY, PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, AND INVASION IN VITRO. THE M6A READER PROTEIN YTHDF2 BINDS TO M6A MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE THE DEGRADATION OF SIRT1 MRNA. SIRT1/FOXO3A SIGNALLING PATHWAY ACTIVATION IS SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITED, PROMOTING THE CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF ESCS AND INHIBITING THE ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION OF ESCS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT METTL3-MEDIATED M6A METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES THE ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION OF ESCS, RESULTING IN THE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. OUR STUDY ESTABLISHES METTL3-YTHDF2-SIRT1/FOXO3A AS A CRITICAL AXIS AND POTENTIAL MECHANISM IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  3946  40 LNCRNA MALAT1 BINDS CHROMATIN REMODELING SUBUNIT BRG1 TO EPIGENETICALLY PROMOTE INFLAMMATION-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE TYPE OF CANCERS WHOSE CARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IDENTIFYING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR INFLAMMATION-RELATED HCC PROGRESSION WILL CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVE THE EFFICACY OF CURRENT THERAPEUTICS FOR HCC PATIENTS. MANY KINDS OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS, INCLUDING LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS), HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO BE IMPORTANT IN HCC GROWTH AND METASTASIS. HOWEVER, HOW THE LNCRNAS PROMOTE HCC PROGRESSION AND WHAT'S THE APPLICATION OF LNCRNA SILENCING IN VIVO IN SUPPRESSING HCC REMAIN TO BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED. HERE, WE FOUND THAT LNCRNA METASTASIS ASSOCIATED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA TRANSCRIPT1 (MALAT1) WAS UPREGULATED IN HCC TUMOR TISSUES, AND KNOCKDOWN OF MALAT1 SUPPRESSED PROLIFERATION, CELL CYCLE AND INVASION OF HCC CELLS IN RESPONSE TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) STIMULATION. KNOCKDOWN OF MALAT1 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED LPS-INDUCED PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IL-6 AND CXCL8 EXPRESSION IN HCC CELLS, WHICH COULD BE RESTORED BY OVEREXPRESSING MALAT1. MECHANISTICALLY, MALAT1 RECRUITED BRAHMA-RELATED GENE 1 (BRG1), A CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEX SWITCHING/SUCROSE NON-FERMENTABLE (SWI/SNF), TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF IL-6 AND CXCL8, AND THUS FACILITATED NF-KAPPAB TO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF THESE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS. IMPORTANTLY, IN VIVO SILENCING OF MALAT1 IN HCC TISSUES INHIBITED GROWTH OF HCC XENOGRAFTS, AND ALSO SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY FACTORS IN HCC TISSUES ACCORDINGLY. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT MALAT1 PROMOTES HCC PROGRESSION BY BINDING BRG1 TO EPIGENETICALLY ENHANCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN HCC TISSUES, AND SILENCING OF MALAT1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF HCC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  1891  37 ENDOMETRIOSIS. PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMPLEX SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY AN ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS THAT AFFECTS PRIMARILY PELVIC TISSUES, INCLUDING THE OVARIES. IT IS CAUSED WHEN SHED ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE TRAVELS RETROGRADE INTO THE LOWER ABDOMINAL CAVITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN IN WOMEN AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH INFERTILITY. THE UNDERLYING PATHOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN THE INTRACAVITARY ENDOMETRIUM AND EXTRAUTERINE ENDOMETRIOTIC TISSUE INVOLVE DEFECTIVELY PROGRAMMED ENDOMETRIAL MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR/STEM CELLS. ALTHOUGH ENDOMETRIOTIC STROMAL CELLS, WHICH COMPOSE THE BULK OF ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS, DO NOT CARRY SOMATIC MUTATIONS, THEY DEMONSTRATE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. FOR EXAMPLE, GATA-BINDING FACTOR-6 OVEREXPRESSION TRANSFORMS AN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELL TO AN ENDOMETRIOTIC PHENOTYPE, AND STEROIDOGENIC FACTOR-1 OVEREXPRESSION CAUSES EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN, WHICH DRIVES INFLAMMATION VIA PATHOLOGICALLY HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-BETA. PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR DEFICIENCY CAUSES PROGESTERONE RESISTANCE. POPULATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AND ENDOMETRIOTIC EPITHELIAL CELLS ALSO HARBOR MULTIPLE CANCER DRIVER MUTATIONS, SUCH AS KRAS, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PELVIC ENDOMETRIOSIS OR OVARIAN CANCER. IT IS NOT KNOWN HOW INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPIGENOMICALLY DEFECTIVE STROMAL CELLS AND THE MUTATED GENES IN EPITHELIAL CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED PELVIC PAIN IS MANAGED BY SUPPRESSION OF OVULATORY MENSES AND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION, CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS, AND SURGICAL REMOVAL OF PELVIC LESIONS, AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IS FREQUENTLY USED TO OVERCOME INFERTILITY. ALTHOUGH NOVEL TARGETED TREATMENTS ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE, AS ENDOMETRIOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS BETTER UNDERSTOOD, PREVENTIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS LONG-TERM OVULATION SUPPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE FUTURE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  5715  39 SIRT3 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA INVOLVING SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 AND SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), WHICH SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV RNA TRANSCRIPTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ERADICATING CHRONIC HBV DURING CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED SILENT MATING TYPE INFORMATION REGULATION 2 HOMOLOG 3 (SIRT3) AS A HOST FACTOR RESTRICTING HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION BY SCREENING SEVEN MEMBERS OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, WHICH IS THE CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. ECTOPIC SIRT3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED TOTAL HBV RNAS, 3.5-KB RNA, AS WELL AS REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATE DNA IN HBV-INFECTED HEPG2-NA(+) /TAUROCHOLATE COTRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDE CELLS AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. IN CONTRAST, GENE SILENCING OF SIRT3 PROMOTED HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. A MECHANISTIC STUDY FOUND THAT NUCLEAR SIRT3 WAS RECRUITED TO THE HBV CCCDNA, WHERE IT DEACETYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9. IMPORTANTLY, OCCUPANCY OF SIRT3 ON CCCDNA COULD INCREASE THE RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 TO CCCDNA AND DECREASE RECRUITMENT OF SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A, LEADING TO A MARKED INCREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS9) AND A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS4) ON CCCDNA. MOREOVER, SIRT3-MEDIATED HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION INVOLVED DECREASED BINDING OF HOST RNA POLYMERASE II AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YIN YANG 1 TO CCCDNA. FINALLY, HEPATITIS B VIRAL X PROTEIN COULD RELIEVE SIRT3-MEDIATED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY INHIBITING BOTH SIRT3 EXPRESSION AND ITS RECRUITMENT TO CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: SIRT3 IS A HOST FACTOR EPIGENETICALLY RESTRICTING HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY ACTING COOPERATIVELY WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE; THESE DATA PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF SIRT3 ACTIVATORS IN THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2018).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1646  36 DOES THE HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN HBX PROMOTE THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER CANCER STEM CELLS? HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HBV-ENCODED X ANTIGEN, HBX, AND PATHWAYS IMPLICATED IN THE SELF-RENEWAL OF STEM CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO HCC, BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER HBX EXPRESSION PROMOTES "STEMNESS." THUS, EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX TRIGGERS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION BY PROMOTING PROPERTIES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER STEM CELLS (CSC). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, HEPG2 CELLS WERE STABLY TRANSDUCED WITH HBX AND THEN ASSAYED FOR PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF "STEMNESS." THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HBX AND "STEMNESS"-ASSOCIATED MARKERS WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF LIVER AND TUMOR TISSUE SECTIONS FROM HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT OCT-4, NANOG, KLF-4, BETA-CATENIN, AND EPITHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE (EPCAM) WERE ACTIVATED BY HBX IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. EPCAM WAS DETECTED IN THE NUCLEI OF HUMAN HCC CELLS FROM INFECTED PATIENTS. HBX PROMOTES "STEMNESS" BY ACTIVATING BETA-CATENIN AND EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF MIR-181, BOTH OF WHICH TARGET EPCAM. HBX EXPRESSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSED LEVELS OF E-CADHERIN. MOREOVER, HBX STIMULATED CELL MIGRATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND SPHEROID FORMATION. THIS WORK IS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT HBV PROMOTES "STEMNESS" IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCC. HBX-ASSOCIATED UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE "STEMNESS" MARKERS SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AT LEAST IN PART, BY PROMOTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF CSCS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  1700  49 DYNAMIC EXPRESSION OF ZNF382 AND ITS TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR ROLE IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN 382 (ZNF382), WHICH BELONGS TO ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN FAMILY, HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. HOWEVER, ITS ROLE IN HCC REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT ZNF382 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN HBV-INFECTED LIVER CIRRHOSIS TISSUES RELATIVE TO HBV-NEGATIVE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES AT PROTEIN LEVELS, BUT NOT AT MRNA LEVELS, AND WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE LEVELS OF HBV DNA AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX). FURTHER STUDIES REVEALED THAT ZNF382 WAS A TARGET OF MIR-6867, AND HBX PROMOTED THE TRANSLATION OF ZNF382 DURING HBV CHRONIC INFECTION THROUGH ERK-MEDIATED MIR-6867 INHIBITION. IN ADDITION, OUR DATA SHOWED THAT ZNF382 WAS FREQUENTLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION IN HBV-RELATED HCCS RELATIVE TO HBV-INFECTED LIVER CIRRHOSIS TISSUES, AND DECREASED EXPRESSION OF ZNF382 WAS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL IN EARLY-STAGE HCC PATIENTS. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT ZNF382 WAS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN HCC CELLS THROUGH INHIBITING CELL PROLIFERATION, COLONY FORMATION, MIGRATION, INVASION, AND TUMORIGENIC POTENTIAL IN NUDE MICE, AND INDUCING CELL APOPTOSIS. MECHANISTICALLY, ZNF382 EXERTED ITS TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR FUNCTIONS IN HCC THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSING ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS SUCH AS FOS PROTO-ONCOGENE (FOS), JUN PROTO-ONCOGENE (JUN), DISHEVELED SEGMENT POLARITY PROTEIN 2 (DVL2), AND FRIZZLED CLASS RECEPTOR 1 (FZD1), THEREBY IMPAIRING THE ACTIVITIES OF ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1 (AP-1) AND WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAYS AND ACTIVATING P53 SIGNALING. ALTOGETHER, OUR DATA SHOW THAT ZNF382 ACTS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND IS CO-REGULATED BY HBX AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18  3047  37 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN ENDOMETRIOSIS USING ILLUMINA HUMAN METHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIPS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMMON CHRONIC GYNECOLOGIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE AND GROWTH OF ENDOMETRIAL-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE OF THE UTERINE CAVITY. ALTHOUGH THE EXACT ETIOLOGY REMAINS UNCLEAR, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, ARE THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. HERE, WE USED THE ILLUMINA HUMAN METHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIP ARRAY TO ANALYZE THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SIX ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS AND SIX EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIA FROM PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND SIX ENDOMETRIA OF WOMEN WITHOUT ENDOMETRIOSIS. COMPARED WITH THE EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIA OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, 12,159 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND 375 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS WERE IDENTIFIED IN ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS. GO ANALYSES SHOWED THAT THESE PUTATIVE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WERE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE RESPONSE, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, RESPONSE TO STEROID HORMONE STIMULUS, CELL ADHESION, NEGATIVE REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS, AND ACTIVATION OF THE MAPK ACTIVITY. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, AND MBD2 IN ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS AND EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED COMPARED WITH CONTROL ENDOMETRIA. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS MAY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  2844  44 FREQUENT EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF SFRP GENES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: ACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), THOUGH MUTATION OF THREE OF ITS COMPONENTS, CTNNB1, AXIN1, AND AXIN2, IS OBSERVED SUBSTANTIALLY LESS OFTEN. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WNT SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN (SFRP) GENES IN HCC. RESULTS: WE FREQUENTLY DETECTED THE ACTIVE FORM OF BETA-CATENIN AND ACCUMULATION OF NUCLEAR BETA-CATENIN IN LIVER CANCER CELL LINES. WE DETECTED METHYLATION OF SFRP FAMILY GENES IN LIVER CANCER CELL LINES (SFRP1, 9/12, 75%; SFRP2, 7/12, 58%; SFRP4, 3/12, 25%; SFRP5, 7/12, 58%) AND PRIMARY HCCS (SFRP1, 9/19, 47%; SFRP2, 12/19, 63%; SFRP5, 8/19, 42%), THOUGH METHYLATION OF SFRP4 WAS NOT FOUND IN PRIMARY HCCS. SFRP METHYLATION ALSO WAS DETECTED IN HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC HEPATITIS (SFRP1, 6/37, 16%; SFRP2, 14/37, 38%; SFRP5, 5/37, 14%) AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS (SFRP1, 10/28, 36%; SFRP2, 9/28, 32%; SFRP5, 3/28, 11%), SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION OF THESE GENES IS AN EARLY EVENT IN LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF SFRPS DOWNREGULATED T-CELL FACTOR/LYMPHOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (TCF/LEF) TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN LIVER CANCER CELLS, WHILE OVEREXPRESSION OF A BETA-CATENIN MUTANT AND DEPLETION OF SFRP1 USING SIRNA SYNERGISTICALLY UPREGULATED TCF/LEF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS CONFIRM THE FREQUENT METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN HCC, AND SUGGEST THAT THEIR LOSS OF FUNCTION CONTRIBUTES TO ACTIVATION OF WNT SIGNALING DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  6272  21 THE ORIGIN AND PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. RECENT MOLECULAR GENETIC FINDINGS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS AND NORMAL ENDOMETRIUM SUGGEST A MODIFIED MODEL IN WHICH CIRCULATING EPITHELIAL PROGENITOR OR STEM CELLS INTENDED TO REGENERATE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM AFTER MENSTRUATION MAY BECOME OVERREACTIVE AND TRAPPED OUTSIDE THE UTERUS. THESE TRAPPED EPITHELIUM-COMMITTED PROGENITOR CELLS FORM NASCENT GLANDS THROUGH CLONAL EXPANSION AND RECRUIT POLYCLONAL STROMAL CELLS, LEADING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DEEP INFILTRATING ENDOMETRIOSIS. ONCE FORMED, THE ECTOPIC TISSUE BECOMES SUBJECT TO IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE, RESULTING IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ORCHESTRATED BY NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB SIGNALING IS EXACERBATED BY ABERRATIONS IN THE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-BETA AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR PATHWAYS, WHICH ARE ALSO AFFECTED BY LOCAL INFLAMMATION, FORMING A DYSREGULATED INFLAMMATION-HORMONAL LOOP. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM WITHIN ENDOMETRIOTIC TISSUE HARBORS CANCER-ASSOCIATED MUTATIONS THAT ARE FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN ENDOMETRIOSIS-RELATED OVARIAN CANCERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE RECENT ADVANCES THAT HAVE ILLUMINATED THE ORIGIN AND PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND HAVE PROVIDED NEW AVENUES FOR RESEARCH THAT PROMISE TO IMPROVE THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2020