1  4923 128 PARENTAL DIURON EXPOSURE CAUSES LOWER HATCHABILITY AND ABNORMAL OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN OFFSPRING OF MEDAKA (ORYZIAS MELASTIGMA). DIURON IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED HERBICIDES WORLDWIDE. IT HAS BEEN WIDELY DETECTED IN VARIOUS AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. ALTHOUGH DIRECT EFFECTS OF DIURON EXPOSURE ON VARIOUS ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS EFFECTS ON MARINE FISHES INCLUDING MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. HEREIN, THE FILIAL GENERATION (F1) OF DIURON-EXPOSED MARINE MEDAKA (ORYZIAS MELASTIGMA) (F0) WAS RAISED IN CLEAN SEAWATER FROM FERTILIZED EGGS TO ADULTHOOD AND USED AS A MARINE FISH MODEL TO STUDY THE POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF DIURON. WE FOUND THAT THE SUCCESSFUL HATCHING OF F1 LARVAE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AND THAT OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN F1 FEMALES WAS RETARDED. A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF PREVITELLOGENIC OOCYTES, ALONG WITH A VISUAL DECREASE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF VITELLOGENIC AND MATURE OOCYTES IN THE F1 OVARY, WERE OBSERVED. THE HORMONE LEVELS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-GONAD-LIVER AXIS AND VITELLOGENIN-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION WERE DOWNREGULATED. IN ADDITION, THE MRNA LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN THE BRAIN, OVARY AND LIVER OF F1 ADULT FISH EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION, SUGGESTING THAT THE PROBABLE UNDERLYING MULTIGENERATIONAL MECHANISM MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC ENVIRONMENTAL DIURON EXPOSURE IN F0 MARINE MEDAKA CAN INHIBIT F1 OVARY DEVELOPMENT AND SUGGESTED THAT DIURON MAY AFFECT MARINE FISH THRIVING IN THE OCEAN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  2484  47 EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PHENOTYPIC RESPONSES IN TWO GENERATIONS OF DAPHNIA MAGNA EXPOSED TO THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE. THE WATER FLEA DAPHNIA MAGNA IS A KEYSTONE SPECIES IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS AND HAS BEEN WIDELY USED AS A MODEL ORGANISM IN ENVIRONMENTAL ECOTOXICOLOGY. THIS AQUATIC CRUSTACEAN IS SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND DISPLAYS CONSIDERABLE PLASTICITY IN ADAPTING TO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. PART OF THIS PLASTICITY MAY BE DUE TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INCLUDING CHANGES TO DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. BECAUSE OF THE GENERALLY HYPOMETHYLATED GENOME OF THIS SPECIES, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE HISTONE CODE MAY HAVE AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND THAT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT BE AN EARLY MARKER FOR STRESS. THIS STUDY AIMS TO CHARACTERIZE THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PHENOTYPIC RESPONSES AND THEIR CAUSAL LINKAGES IN DIRECTLY EXPOSED ADULT (F0) DAPHNIA AND PERITONEAL EXPOSED NEONATES (F1) AFTER A CHRONIC (7-DAY) EXPOSURE TO A SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATION (10 MG/L) OF 5-AZACYTIDINE, A WELL-STUDIED VERTEBRATE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. EXPOSURE OF THE F0 GENERATION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE CUMULATIVE FECUNDITY, ACCOMPANIED WITH DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES IN THE ONE-CARBON-CYCLE METABOLIC PATHWAY. IN THE EPIGENOME OF THE F0 GENERATION, A DECREASE IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES ON H3K4ME3 OR H3K27ME3, WERE OBSERVED. IN THE F1 OFFSPRING GENERATION, CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EXPOSURE DURING ADULTHOOD MAY RESULT IN MORE PRONOUNCED EFFECTS ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE OFFSPRING GENERATION, THOUGH INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA SHOULD BE CAREFULLY DONE SINCE BOTH THE EXPOSURE REGIME AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD IS DIFFERENT IN THE TWO GENERATIONS EXAMINED. THE OBTAINED RESULTS IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CRUSTACEAN EPIGENETICS AND THE TOOLS DEVELOPED MAY PROMOTE USE OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS.	2019	
                                                                                                      
3  3632  35 INCORPORATING TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE INTO ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORKS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CAN INDUCE HERITABLE "TRANSGENERATIONAL" MODIFICATIONS TO ORGANISMS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING FUTURE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND FUNCTIONALITY. INCORPORATING TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC HERITABILITY INTO RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY SUGGESTED. HOWEVER, A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE YIELDED NUMEROUS STUDIES CLAIMING TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPACTS, WITH LITTLE COMPELLING EVIDENCE. THEREFORE, CONTAMINANT-INDUCED EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE MAY BE LESS COMMON THAN IS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. WE IDENTIFIED A NEED FOR MULTIGENERATION EPIGENETIC STUDIES THAT EXTEND BEYOND WHAT COULD BE DEEMED "DIRECT EXPOSURE" TO F1 AND F2 GAMETES AND ALSO INCLUDE SUBSEQUENT MULTIPLE NONEXPOSED GENERATIONS TO ADEQUATELY EVALUATE TRANSGENERATIONAL RECOVERY TIMES. ALSO, INCREASED EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATION IS REQUIRED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE HIGHLY VARIABLE NATURE OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSES AND APPARENT IRREPRODUCIBILITY OF CURRENT STUDIES. FURTHER, EPIGENETIC END POINTS NEED TO BE CORRELATED WITH OBSERVABLE DETRIMENTAL ORGANISM CHANGES BEFORE A NEED FOR RISK MANAGEMENT CAN BE PROPERLY DETERMINED. WE SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC-BASED CONTAMINANT STUDIES INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS LOWER THAN CURRENT "EC(10-20)" OR "LOWEST OBSERVABLE EFFECT CONCENTRATIONS" FOR THE ORGANISM'S MOST SENSITIVE PHENOTYPIC END POINT, AS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS ARE LIKELY ALREADY REGULATED. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN THAT ENABLES TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS TO BE ASSESSED AND INCORPORATED INTO CONVENTIONAL ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  6280  32 THE PLASTICIZER BISPHENOL A PERTURBS THE HEPATIC EPIGENOME: A SYSTEMS LEVEL ANALYSIS OF THE MIRNOME. UBIQUITOUS EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A (BPA), AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR (ED), HAS RAISED CONCERNS FOR BOTH HUMAN AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC FACTORS, INCLUDING MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), ARE KEY REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION DURING CANCER. THE EFFECT OF BPA EXPOSURE ON THE ZEBRAFISH EPIGENOME REMAINS POORLY CHARACTERIZED. ZEBRAFISH REPRESENTS AN EXCELLENT MODEL TO STUDY CANCER AS THE ORGANISM DEVELOPS A DISEASE THAT RESEMBLES HUMAN CANCER. USING ZEBRAFISH AS A SYSTEMS TOXICOLOGY MODEL, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC BPA-EXPOSURE IMPACTS THE MIRNOME IN ADULT ZEBRAFISH AND ESTABLISHES AN EPIGENOME MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CANCER DEVELOPMENT. AFTER A 3 WEEK EXPOSURE TO 100 NM BPA, RNA FROM THE LIVER WAS EXTRACTED TO PERFORM HIGH THROUGHPUT MRNA AND MIRNA SEQUENCING. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION (DE) ANALYSES COMPARING BPA-EXPOSED TO CONTROL SPECIMENS WERE PERFORMED USING ESTABLISHED BIOINFORMATICS PIPELINES. IN THE BPA-EXPOSED LIVER, 6188 MRNAS AND 15 MIRNAS WERE DIFFERENTLY EXPRESSED (Q </= 0.1). BY ANALYZING HUMAN ORTHOLOGS OF THE DE ZEBRAFISH GENES, SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND CELL CYCLE WERE UNCOVERED. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO BPA HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE LIVER MIRNOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME IN ADULT ZEBRAFISH WITH THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES INCLUDING CANCER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   565  11 BASAL INSTINCT: PERSISTENCE OF BARRIER DYSFUNCTION. IN A RECENT ISSUE OF NATURE, ORDOVAS-MONTANES ET AL. (2018) USED CUTTING-EDGE GENOMIC, EPIGENETIC, AND INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE THE CELLULAR ECOSYSTEM IN ALLERGIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS. THEY SHOWED THAT BASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS "REMEMBER" TYPE 2 INFLAMMATORY STIMULI TO MAINTAIN A CHRONIC ALLERGIC DISEASE PHENOTYPE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  4538  32 MULTISCALE APPROACH TO DECIPHERING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DIRECT AND INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF IBUPROFEN ON MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI. THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IBUPROFEN IS A UBIQUITOUS SURFACE WATER CONTAMINANT. HOWEVER, THE CHRONIC IMPACT OF THIS PHARMACEUTICAL ON AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN MODEL INSECT AEDES AEGYPTI, WE INVESTIGATED THE INTERGENERATIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF PARENTAL CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AN ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATION OF IBUPROFEN. WHILE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS DID NOT SHOW ANY PHENOTYPIC CHANGES, THEIR PROGENY SHOWED ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT AND AN INCREASED TOLERANCE TO STARVATION. IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISTIC PROCESSES UNDERPINNING THE DIRECT AND INTERGENERATIONAL IMPACTS OF IBUPROFEN, WE COMBINED TRANSCRIPTOMIC, METABOLOMICS, AND HORMONE KINETICS STUDIES AT SEVERAL LIFE STAGES IN EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR PROGENY. THIS INTEGRATIVE APPROACH REVEALED MODERATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN EXPOSED LARVAE CONSISTENT WITH THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MODE OF ACTION OF IBUPROFEN. PARENTAL EXPOSURE LED TO LOWER LEVELS OF SEVERAL POLAR METABOLITES IN PROGENY EGGS AND TO MAJOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN THE FOLLOWING LARVAL STAGE. THESE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES, MOST LIKELY DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS, LED TO ECDYSONE SIGNALING AND STRESS RESPONSE POTENTIATION. OVERALL, THE PRESENT STUDY ILLUSTRATES THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE INTERGENERATIONAL POLLUTANT RESPONSE IN INSECTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE OF EXPOSED ORGANISMS AND OF THEIR PROGENY IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND THE MODE OF ACTION OF POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEMS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  6225  29 THE LINK AMONG MICROBIOTA, EPIGENETICS, AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE MICROBIOME IS A COMMUNITY OF VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS THAT INHABIT OR LIVE ON THE SKIN OF HUMANS/ANIMALS, SHARING THE BODY SPACE WITH THEIR HOSTS. IT IS A SORT OF COMPLEX ECOSYSTEM OF TRILLIONS OF COMMENSALS, SYMBIOTIC, AND PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, INCLUDING TRILLIONS OF BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTOZOA, FUNGI, AND VIRUSES. THE MICROBIOTA PLAYS A ROLE IN THE HEALTH AND DISEASE STATUS OF THE HOST. THEIR NUMBER, SPECIES DOMINANCE, AND VIABILITY ARE DYNAMIC. THEIR LONG-TERM DISTURBANCE IS USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY SERIOUS DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC DISORDERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OR EVEN CANCER. WHILE EPIGENETICS IS A TERM THAT REFERS TO DIFFERENT STIMULI THAT INDUCE MODIFICATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS WITHOUT STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INHERITED DNA SEQUENCE, THESE CHANGES CAN BE REVERSIBLE OR EVEN PERSIST FOR SEVERAL GENERATIONS. EPIGENETICS CAN BE DESCRIBED AS CELL MEMORY THAT STORES EXPERIENCE AGAINST INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS. RESULTS FROM MULTIPLE INSTITUTIONS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE ROLE AND CLOSE INTERACTION OF BOTH MICROBIOTA AND EPIGENETICS IN DISEASE INDUCTION. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF BOTH PLAYERS ENABLES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AND ALSO OPENS THE HORIZON TO REVOLUTIONARY THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THE PRESENT REVIEW ILLUSTRATES THE ROLES OF DIET, MICROBIOME, AND EPIGENETICS IN THE INDUCTION OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES. IN ADDITION, IT DISCUSSES THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC DATA TO DEVELOP DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTICS AND EVALUATE THEIR SAFETY FOR PATIENTS. UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTION AMONG ALL THESE ELEMENTS ENABLES THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE PREVENTIVE/THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR DISEASE CONTROL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  6553  39 TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS IN DNA METHYLATION, GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOTYPE BY CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE. AN EMERGING CONCERN IS THE INFLUENCES OF EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS ON OFFSPRING CHARACTERISTICS IN LATER LIFE. SINCE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSFERENCE OF ABERRANT PHENOTYPES FROM EXPOSED-PARENTS TO NON-EXPOSED OFFSPRING RELATED TO ADULT-ONSET DISEASES INCLUDING REPRODUCTIVE PHENOTYPE. THE TRANSGENERATIONAL POTENTIAL OF ARSENIC A WELL KNOW GENOTOXIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIER AGENT HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED IN MAMMALS UNTIL NOW. IN THIS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF ARSENIC IN A RAT MODEL WITH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. RATS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER (1 MG AS(2)O(3)/ML) (F0) WERE MATED TO PRODUCE THE ARSENIC LINEAGE (F1, F2, AND F3). THE ARSENIC TOXIC EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THE FOUR GENERATIONS BY ANALYZING THE DNA METHYLATION PERCENTAGE, GENOTOXICITY IN WBC AND PHYSICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS, INCLUDING SPERM QUALITY PARAMETERS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE GONADS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC CAUSED GENOTOXIC DAMAGE (F0-F3) DIFFERENT METHYLATION PATTERNS, ALTERATIONS IN PHYSICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS, ABERRANT MORPHOLOGY IN THE OVARIES (F0 AND F1) AND TESTICLES (F1-F3), AND A DECREASE IN THE QUALITY OF SPERM (F0-F3, EXCEPT F2). PARENTAL CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSES TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOTOXICITY AND CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WHICH MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE DEFECTS IN RATS. COMBINED WITH RECENT STUDIES REVEAL THAT DISTURBANCES IN THE EARLY LIFE OF AN INDIVIDUAL CAN AFFECT THE HEALTH OF LATER GENERATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  5470  27 RESOLVING THE ENIGMA OF THE MESOAMERICAN NEPHROPATHY: A RESEARCH WORKSHOP SUMMARY. THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON MESOAMERICAN NEPHROPATHY (MEN) MET IN COSTA RICA IN NOVEMBER 2012 TO DISCUSS HOW TO ESTABLISH THE EXTENT AND DEGREE OF MEN, EXAMINE RELEVANT CAUSAL HYPOTHESES, AND FOCUS EFFORTS TO CONTROL OR ELIMINATE THE DISEASE BURDEN. MEN DESCRIBES A DEVASTATING EPIDEMIC OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN PREDOMINANTLY OBSERVED AMONG YOUNG MALE SUGARCANE CUTTERS. THE CAUSE OF MEN REMAINS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, THE STRONGEST HYPOTHESIS PURSUED TO DATE IS REPEATED EPISODES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEAT STRESS AND WATER AND SOLUTE LOSS, PROBABLY IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR(S), SUCH AS NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG AND OTHER NEPHROTOXIC MEDICATION USE, INORGANIC ARSENIC, LEPTOSPIROSIS, OR PESTICIDES. AT THE RESEARCH WORKSHOP, CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC CASE DEFINITIONS WERE PROPOSED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE BOTH PUBLIC HEALTH AND RESEARCH EFFORTS. RECOMMENDATIONS EMANATING FROM THE WORKSHOP INCLUDED MEASURING WORKLOAD, HEAT, AND WATER AND SOLUTE LOSS AMONG WORKERS; QUANTIFYING NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS IN DRINKING WATER AND FOOD; USING BIOMARKERS OF EARLY KIDNEY INJURY TO EXPLORE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF MEN; AND CHARACTERIZING SOCIAL AND WORKING CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH METHODS FOR VALID DATA COLLECTION OF EXPOSURES AND PERSONAL RISK FACTORS. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT POPULATION STUDY DESIGNS WERE DETAILED. TO ELUCIDATE THE ETIOLOGY OF MEN, MULTICOUNTRY STUDIES WITH PROSPECTIVE COHORT DESIGN, PREFERABLY INTEGRATING AN ECOSYSTEM HEALTH APPROACH, WERE CONSIDERED THE MOST PROMISING. IN ADDITION, GENETIC, EXPERIMENTAL, AND MECHANISTIC METHODS AND DESIGNS WERE ADDRESSED, SPECIFICALLY THE NEED FOR KIDNEY BIOPSY ANALYSIS, STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS, ADVANCES IN BIOMARKERS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, A COMMON REGISTRY AND REPOSITORY OF BIOLOGICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND/OR SPECIMENS, AND OTHER AREAS OF POTENTIAL CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH. FINALLY, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ON MEN, WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AGREED TO ESTABLISH A RESEARCH CONSORTIUM TO LINK THESE MESOAMERICAN EFFORTS TO OTHER EFFORTS WORLDWIDE.	2014	

10  3172  28 GUT MICROBIOTA AND RISK OF DEVELOPING CELIAC DISEASE. GUT MICROBIOTA SHAPES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM AND MAY PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES. CELIAC DISEASE (CD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION TRIGGERED BY DIETARY GLUTEN PROTEINS, RECENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH GUT MICROBIOTA ALTERATIONS IN CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES COMPARING PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. WHETHER OR NOT THESE DIFFERENCES ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE DISEASE HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED, BUT EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CD PATIENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS SUGGESTS THAT THEY CAN PROMOTE AN ADVERSE RESPONSE TO DIETARY GLUTEN, WHEREAS OTHER COMMENSAL BACTERIA CAN BE PROTECTIVE. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CD RISK HAVE ALSO BEEN LINKED TO SHIFTS IN THE GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION IN INFANTS EARLY IN LIFE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALSO SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION AND, THEORETICALLY, COULD ALSO INFLUENCE CD RISK. HERE, WE REVIEW THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON HOW HOST GENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD MODULATE GUT MICROBIOTA FUNCTIONALITY AND HOW THIS MAY INFLUENCE CD RISK. GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THIS TRIAD IN CD ONSET AND PATHOGENESIS WILL BE VALUABLE IN DESIGNING PROOF-OF CONCEPT INTERVENTIONS IN THE GUT ECOSYSTEM, WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING CD MANAGEMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  3421  28 HUMAN MATTERS IN ASTHMA: CONSIDERING THE MICROBIOME IN PULMONARY HEALTH. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES FORM AN IMPORTANT SYMBIOTIC ECOSYSTEM WITHIN HUMANS AND HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. NUMEROUS EXOGENOUS FACTORS INCLUDING AIRBORNE TRIGGERS, DIET, AND DRUGS IMPACT THESE ESTABLISHED, BUT FRAGILE COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN. CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE MUCOSAL MICROBIOTA AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AS WELL AS THE GUT-LUNG AXIS HAVE DIRECT CORRELATIONS TO IMMUNE BIAS THAT MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE ASTHMA. ASTHMA INITIATION AND PATHOGENESIS ARE MULTIFACETED AND COMPLEX WITH INPUT FROM GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE AIRWAY MICROBIOME IN ASTHMA, AND HOW THE ENVIRONMENT, DIET AND THERAPEUTICS IMPACT THIS LOW BIOMASS COMMUNITY OF MICROORGANISMS. WE ALSO FOCUS THIS REVIEW ON THE PEDIATRIC AND BLACK POPULATIONS AS HIGH-RISK GROUPS REQUIRING SPECIAL ATTENTION, EMPHASIZING THAT THE WHOLE PATIENT MUST BE CONSIDERED DURING TREATMENT. ALTHOUGH NEW CULTURE-INDEPENDENT TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND ARE MORE ACCESSIBLE TO RESEARCHERS, THE EXACT CONTRIBUTION THE AIRWAY MICROBIOME MAKES IN ASTHMA PATHOGENESIS IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. UNDERSTANDING HOW THE AIRWAY MICROBIOME, AS A LIVING ENTITY IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT, PARTICIPATES IN LUNG IMMUNITY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ASTHMA MAY LEAD TO CRITICAL NEW TREATMENTS FOR ASTHMA, INCLUDING POPULATION-TARGETED INTERVENTIONS, OR EVEN MORE EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATION OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE THERAPEUTICS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  1835  25 EFFECTS OF NON-HUMAN SPECIES IRRADIATION AFTER THE CHERNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT. THE AREA AFFECTED BY THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT IN 1986 HAS BECOME A UNIQUE TEST SITE WHERE LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF A DRASTIC CHANGE IN A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS WELL AS TRENDS AND INTENSITY OF SELECTION ARE STUDIED IN NATURAL SETTINGS. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT FOR BIOTA VARIED FROM AN ENHANCED RATE OF MUTAGENESIS TO DAMAGE AT THE ECOSYSTEM LEVEL. THE REVIEW COMPREHENSIVELY BRINGS TOGETHER KEY DATA OF THE LONG-TERM STUDIES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS INHABITING OVER 20 YEARS THE CHERNOBYL NPP ZONE. THE SEVERITY OF RADIATION EFFECTS WAS STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON THE DOSE RECEIVED IN THE EARLY PERIOD AFTER THE ACCIDENT. THE MOST EXPOSED PHYTOCENOSES AND SOIL ANIMALS' COMMUNITIES EXHIBITED DOSE DEPENDENT ALTERATIONS IN THE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND REDUCTION IN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DECREASE IN NUMBERS OR TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF SMALL MAMMALS EVEN IN THE MOST RADIOACTIVE HABITAT WAS SHOWN. IN A MAJORITY OF THE STUDIES, IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS FROM THE CHERNOBYL ZONE, IN THE FIRST YEARS AFTER THE ACCIDENT HIGH INCREASES IN MUTATION RATES WERE DOCUMENTED. IN MOST CASES THE DOSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS WERE NONLINEAR AND THE MUTATION RATES PER UNIT DOSE WERE HIGHER AT LOW DOSES AND DOSE RATES. IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS A DECLINE IN THE RADIATION BACKGROUND RATE OCCURRED FASTER THAN REDUCTION IN THE MUTATION RATE. PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS HAVE SHOWN SIGNS OF ADAPTATION TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE. IN ADAPTATION TO THE ENHANCED LEVEL OF EXPOSURE AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION WAS SHOWN. BASED ON THE CHERNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT STUDIES, IN THE PRESENT REVIEW ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO ASSESS MINIMUM DOSES AT WHICH ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  5113  24 POPULATION-LEVEL IMPACTS OF PESTICIDE-INDUCED CHRONIC EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUALS DEPEND MORE ON ECOLOGY THAN TOXICOLOGY. THE CURRENT METHOD FOR ASSESSING LONG-TERM RISK OF PESTICIDES TO MAMMALS IN THE EU IS BASED ON THE INDIVIDUAL RATHER THAN THE POPULATION-LEVEL AND LACKS ECOLOGICAL REALISM. HENCE THERE IS LITTLE POSSIBILITY FOR REGULATORY AUTHORITIES TO INCREASE ECOLOGICAL REALISM AND UNDERSTANDING OF RISKS AT THE POPULATION-LEVEL. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE HOW, USING ABM MODELLING, ASSESSMENTS AT THE POPULATION-LEVEL CAN BE OBTAINED EVEN FOR A PESTICIDE WITH COMPLEX LONG-TERM EFFECTS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF REPRODUCTIVE DEPRESSION. BY OBJECTIVELY FITTING NONLINEAR MODELS TO THE SIMULATION OUTPUTS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO COMPARE POPULATION DEPRESSION AND RECOVERY RATES FOR A RANGE OF SCENARIOS IN WHICH TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE FACTORS WERE VARIED. THE SYSTEM WAS DIFFERENTIALLY SENSITIVE TO THE VARIOUS FACTORS, BUT VOLE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR WERE AT LEAST AS IMPORTANT PREDICTORS OF POPULATION-LEVEL EFFECTS AS TOXICOLOGY. THIS EMPHASISES THE NEED FOR GREATER FOCUS ON ANIMAL ECOLOGY IN RISK ASSESSMENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14  4541  34 MULTISYSTEMIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS INDUCED BY BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES: EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES REVEAL THE NEED TO CHANGE HEALTH POLICIES. A VAST AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT BISPHENOL A (BPA) AND PHTHALATES ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT SINCE THESE COMPOUNDS ARE MASS-PRODUCED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICIZERS. THESE COMPOUNDS BELONG TO A LARGE GROUP OF SUBSTANCES TERMED ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDC). IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT HUMANS AND LIVING ORGANISMS ARE UNAVOIDABLY AND UNINTENTIONALLY EXPOSED TO BPA AND PHTHALATES FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS AND MANY OTHER EVERYDAY PRODUCTS. BPA AND PHTHALATES EXERT THEIR EFFECT BY INTERFERING WITH HORMONE SYNTHESIS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND ACTION, THEREBY ALTERING CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, AND THE REGULATION OF SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN FACT, THESE EDC CAN ALTER FETAL PROGRAMMING AT AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, WHICH CAN BE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMITTED AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES LATER IN THE ADULTHOOD, INCLUDING METABOLIC, REPRODUCTIVE AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE MOST RECENT PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THESE EDC AND OFFER A COMPELLING SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES, WHICH SHOW EVIDENCE OF HOW EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AFFECTS OUR HEALTH DURING DEVELOPMENT, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH A WIDE RANGE OF REPRODUCTIVE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS HORMONE-RELATED CANCERS. WE STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCERN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND THE URGENT NEED FOR THE MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM TO CLOSELY MONITOR EDC LEVELS IN THE POPULATION DUE TO UNAVOIDABLE AND INVOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  3610  27 IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, MATERNAL FACTORS AND ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE UNDERLYING LATER-LIFE HEALTH EFFECTS. WIDESPREAD PERSISTENCE OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) IN THE ENVIRONMENT HAS MANDATED THE NEED TO STUDY THEIR POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON AN INDIVIDUAL'S LONG-TERM HEALTH AFTER BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE PERIODS. IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE A PARTICULAR FOCUS IS GIVEN ON IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO EDCS IN RODENT MODELS WHICH RESULTED IN ALTERED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS IN THE OFFSPRING CAUSING DISRUPTED REPRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPES. THE LITERATURE TO DATE ESTABLISHES THE IMPACT OF TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF EDCS POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MEDIATED MECHANISMS. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND IT'S REGULATION IN MAMMALS, PRIMARILY FOCUSING ON THE EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXOGENOUS HORMONE ACTIVE CHEMICALS DURING THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD. FURTHER, WE HAVE ALSO IN DEPTH DISCUSSED THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPOSURE TO SELECTED EDCS SUCH AS BISPHENOL A (BPA), DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE (DEHP) AND VINCLOZLIN UPON IN UTERO EXPOSURE ESPECIALLY IN RODENT MODELS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  1644  34 DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MENOPAUSE? A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON MENOPAUSE. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO THESE COMPOUNDS NOT ONLY THROUGH THEIR OCCUPATIONS, BUT ALSO THROUGH DIETARY CONSUMPTION AND EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINATED WATER, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND TEXTILES. CHEMICALS THAT ARE PERSISTENT IN THE BODY AND IN OUR ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. NON-PERSISTENT CHEMICALS INCLUDING BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES AND PARABENS ARE EQUALLY AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HEAVY METALS, INCLUDING LEAD AND CADMIUM, CAN ALSO HAVE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING PROPERTIES. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO STUDY DUE TO THEIR VARIETY OF SOURCES OF EXPOSURES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION, THESE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MENOPAUSE, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS, ALTERED STEROID HORMONE LEVELS AND MARKERS OF DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF THESE EXPOSURES IS IMPORTANT GIVEN THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH CAN ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND RESULT IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FINDINGS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS OR CELL-BASED MODELS FROM THE PAST DECADE OF RESEARCH. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS, CHRONIC EXPOSURES AND NEW COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONTINUOUSLY BEING DEVELOPED AS REPLACEMENTS FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE BEING PHASED OUT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  1404  27 DIETARY COMPOSITION AND EFFECTS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN LIFESTYLE HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISE OF VARIOUS CHRONIC COMPLEX DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). A DYSBIOTIC GUT MICROBIOTA HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A CRUCIAL PATHOGENIC ELEMENT, CONTRIBUTING TO IMMUNE IMBALANCES AND FOSTERING A PROINFLAMMATORY MILIEU, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE RELAPSES OR EVEN THE INITIATION OF IBD. IN ADDITION TO REPRESENTING IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA, FOOD COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. IN THE CONTEXT OF CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, DIETARY HABITS AND SPECIFIC FOOD COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED AS IMPORTANT MODULATORS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, WHICH MAY PREDISPOSE A PERSON TO THE INCREASED RISK OF THE INITIATION AND EVOLUTION OF IBD. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHTS ABOUT HOW DIETARY FACTORS MAY INTERACT WITH THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA AND MODULATE IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS BY SHAPING THE INTESTINAL ECOSYSTEM, AS WELL AS THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF DIET IN THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  4790  30 NUTRITIONAL ADVERSITY, SEX AND REPRODUCTION: 30 YEARS OF DOHAD AND WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS, INCLUDING NUTRITION, SET THE STAGE FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH AND DISEASE RISK - EFFECTS THAT SPAN MULTIPLE GENERATIONS. THIS RELATIONSHIP BEGINS EARLY, IN THE PERICONCEPTIONAL PERIOD AND EXTENDS INTO EMBRYONIC, FETAL AND EARLY INFANT PHASES OF LIFE. NOW KNOWN AS THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD), THIS CONCEPT DESCRIBES THE ADAPTATIONS THAT A DEVELOPING ORGANISM MAKES IN RESPONSE TO EARLY LIFE CUES, RESULTING IN ADJUSTMENTS IN HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS THAT MAY PROVE MALADAPTIVE IN POSTNATAL LIFE, LEADING TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND/OR THE INHERITANCE OF RISK FACTORS ACROSS GENERATIONS. REPRODUCTIVE MATURATION AND FUNCTION IS SIMILARLY INFLUENCED BY EARLY LIFE EVENTS. THIS SHOULD NOT BE SURPRISING, SINCE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS ARE ESTABLISHED EARLY IN LIFE AND THUS VULNERABLE TO EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY. A MULTITUDE OF 'MODIFYING' CUES INDUCING DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT RESULT IN CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPAIRMENTS IN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. MANY TYPES OF NUTRITIONAL CHALLENGES INCLUDING CALORIC RESTRICTION, MACRONUTRIENT EXCESS AND MICRONUTRIENT INSUFFICIENCIES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EARLY LIFE ADAPTATIONS THAT PRODUCE LONG-TERM REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION. MANY PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO UNDERPIN THESE ASSOCIATIONS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF GERM CELLS. WHILE THE MECHANISMS STILL REMAIN TO BE FULLY INVESTIGATED, IT IS CLEAR THAT A LIFECOURSE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IS NECESSARY. FURTHERMORE, INVESTIGATIONS OF THE IMPACTS OF EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY MUST BE EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE PATERNAL ENVIRONMENT, ESPECIALLY IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF OFFSPRING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  1817  33 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METAL EXPOSURE ON WILD FISH POPULATIONS REVEALED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT CDNA SEQUENCING. GIVEN THE INHERENT VARIABILITY OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS, PREDICTING THE IN SITU EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS ON SUCH ECOSYSTEMS STILL REPRESENTS A MAJOR CHALLENGE FOR ECOTOXICOLOGY. IN THIS CONTEXT, TRANSCRIPTOMIC TOOLS CAN HELP IDENTIFY AND INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL MORPHOMETRIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND POPULATION-LEVEL ENDPOINTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED THE 454 SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY TO EXAMINE THE IN SITU EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METAL (CD, CU) EXPOSURE ON THE YELLOW PERCH (PERCA FLAVESCENS) TRANSCRIPTOME. TOTAL HEPATIC MRNA FROM FISH SAMPLED ALONG A POLYMETALLIC GRADIENT WAS EXTRACTED, REVERSE TRANSCRIBED, LABELED WITH UNIQUE BARCODE SEQUENCES AND SEQUENCED. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL OF SINGLE GENES AND THE HEPATIC CONCENTRATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL METALS; 71% OF THE CORRELATIONS ESTABLISHED WERE NEGATIVE. CHRONIC METAL EXPOSURE WAS THUS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF NUMEROUS GENES INVOLVED IN PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND IN LIPID AND ENERGY METABOLISM. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THIS MARKED DECREASE COULD RESULT FROM AN IMPAIRMENT OF BILE ACID METABOLISM BY CD AND ENERGY RESTRICTION BUT ALSO FROM THE RECRUITMENT OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES AND DNA THAT LEAD TO GENE SILENCING.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20   260  25 ADVANCES IN RESEARCH INTO GAMETE AND EMBRYO-FETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT DISEASES. THE FETAL AND INFANT ORIGINS OF ADULT DISEASE HYPOTHESIS PROPOSED THAT THE ROOTS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE LIE IN THE EFFECTS OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS IN FETAL LIFE AND EARLY INFANCY. IN ADDITION TO THE FETAL PERIOD, FERTILIZATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC STAGES, THE CRITICAL TIME WINDOWS OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, RAPID CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND ORGANOGENESIS, ARE THE MOST SENSITIVE STAGES TO ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES. COMPARED WITH EMBRYO AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, GAMETOGENESIS AND MATURATION TAKE DECADES AND ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO POTENTIAL DAMAGE FOR A LONGER EXPOSURE PERIOD. THEREFORE, WE SHOULD SHIFT THE FOCUS OF ADULT DISEASE OCCURRENCE AND PATHOGENESIS FURTHER BACK TO GAMETOGENESIS AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT EVENTS, WHICH MAY RESULT IN INTERGENERATIONAL, EVEN TRANSGENERATIONAL, EPIGENETIC RE-PROGRAMMING WITH TRANSMISSION OF ADVERSE TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS TO OFFSPRING. HERE, WE FOCUS ON THE RESEARCH PROGRESS RELATING TO DISEASES THAT ORIGINATED FROM EVENTS IN THE GAMETES AND EARLY EMBRYOS AND THE POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED.	2019