1  4464 93 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)/NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH). NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES WORLDWIDE AND HAS GARNERED INCREASING ATTENTION IN RECENT DECADES. NAFLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY A WIDE RANGE OF LIVER CHANGES, FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD/NASH IS VERY COMPLICATED AND INVOLVES LIPID ACCUMULATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROGENESIS. IN ADDITION, NAFLD IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. IN PARTICULAR, THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS OF NAFLD SHARE MANY THINGS IN COMMON WITH DIABETES. INSULIN RESISTANCE IS AN UNDERLYING BASIS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND NAFLD. THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE, DIABETES, AND NASH/NAFLD INCLUDING THOSE THAT DRIVE DISEASE PROGRESSION SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ADIPONECTIN, CYTOKINES, AND IMMUNE CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  4711 34 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  4188 38 METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: MECHANISMS OF A SILENT EPIDEMIC AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS NOW IDENTIFIED AS A HEPATIC SIGN OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND IS THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN ALL AGES. IT IS ASSUMED THAT A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS PARTICIPATES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THIS CONDITION. VISCERAL OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR) HAVE ALWAYS BEEN CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS) AND NAFLD, BUT CURRENTLY, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC HERITAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IS INCREASINGLY CONSIDERED FUNDAMENTAL IN THE GENESIS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD. IN FACT, IN PATIENTS WITH NAFLD, INSULIN RESISTANCE, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, ABDOMINAL OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND REDUCED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY HAVE OFTEN BEEN FOUND, AS WELL AS A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA, POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND OSTEOPENIA, WHICH DEFINE A METS FRAMEWORK. EARLY DIAGNOSIS IS NEEDED TO PREVENT DISEASE PROGRESSION THROUGH PRIMARILY LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS. UNFORTUNATELY, AT PRESENT, THERE ARE NO MOLECULES RECOMMENDED FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. HOWEVER, SEVERAL NEW DRUGS ARE IN CLINICAL TRIALS. FOR THIS REASON, TARGETED STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD AND METS AND ON THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE THE EVOLUTION IN NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED. THEREFORE, IT IS DESIRABLE THAT FUTURE STUDIES MAY BE USEFUL IN IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING NAFLD AND METS EARLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4  5203 24 PRENATAL PROGRAMMING AND EPIGENETICS IN THE GENESIS OF THE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME. THE PRESENCE OF A GROUP OF INTERACTING MALADAPTIVE FACTORS, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, METABOLIC DYSLIPIDEMIA, OBESITY, AND MICROALBUMINURIA AND/OR REDUCED RENAL FUNCTION, COLLECTIVELY CONSTITUTES THE CARDIORENAL METABOLIC SYNDROME (CRS). NUTRITIONAL AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CUES DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT CAN PERMANENTLY AFFECT THE COMPOSITION, HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS, AND FUNCTIONS OF MULTIPLE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS; THIS PROCESS HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS 'PROGRAMMING'. SINCE THE ORIGINAL FORMULATION OF THE NOTION THAT LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS A PROXY FOR 'PRENATAL PROGRAMMING' OF ADULT HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, EVIDENCE HAS ALSO EMERGED FOR PROGRAMMING OF KIDNEY DISEASE, INSULIN RESISTANCE, OBESITY, METABOLIC DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. THE PROGRAMMING CONCEPT WAS INITIALLY PREDICATED ON THE NOTION THAT IN UTERO GROWTH RESTRICTION DUE TO FAMINE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASES. ON THE OTHER HAND, WE ARE NOW MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO INCREASING RATES OF MATERNAL OBESITY. THE CURRENT REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE OVERARCHING ROLE OF MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION, AS WELL AS FETAL UNDERNUTRITION, IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN RELATION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE CRS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5    74 46 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	

6  3572 31 IMPACT OF MATERNAL DIABETES ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL DIABETES, OCCURRING DURING THE HYPERGLYCEMIC PERIOD OF PREGNANCY IN MATERNAL LIFE, IS A PATHOLOGIC STATE THAT INCREASES THE INCIDENCE OF COMPLICATIONS IN BOTH MOTHER AND FETUS. OFFSPRING THUS EXPOSED TO AN ADVERSE FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT MAY MANIFEST INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE. COMPELLING EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION IN THESE COMPLICATIONS HAS COME FROM COMPARISON OF SIBLINGS BORN BEFORE AND AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERNAL DIABETES, EXPOSURE TO THIS INTRAUTERINE DIABETIC ENVIRONMENT BEING SHOWN TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN FETAL GROWTH PATTERNS WHICH PREDISPOSE THESE INFANTS TO DEVELOPING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY LATER IN LIFE. DIABETES OF THE OFFSPRING IS ALSO MAINLY THE CONSEQUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO THE DIABETIC INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. SINCE OBESITY AND DIABETES ARE KNOWN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR SEQUELAE IN THE OFFSPRING OF DIABETIC MOTHERS ARE VIRTUALLY INEVITABLE. RESEARCH DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO A DIABETIC INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN DYSLIPIDEMIA, SUBCLINICAL VASCULAR INFLAMMATION, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PROCESSES IN THE OFFSPRING, ALL OF WHICH ARE LINKED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. THE MAIN UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVE PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPERINSULINEMIA AND LEPTIN RESISTANCE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  4586 26 NAFLD AT THE INTERFACE OF THE MOTHER-INFANT DYAD. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO FOCUS THE LINKS EXISTING BETWEEN SEVERAL ASPECTS OF THE MOTHER-CHILD DYAD IN THE INTRICATE PLAYGROUND OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS), INCLUDING ITS HEPATIC COMPONENT, THE NON- ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). IN RECENT YEARS HUMAN AND ANIMAL MODEL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN MOTHERS AND OFFSPRING CAN BE SUCCESSFUL IN REDUCING THE RISK OF NAFLD DEVELOPMENT. EVIDENCES ALSO CONCERN THE NEW CONCEPT OF A REAL INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF PREDISPOSITION TO METABOLIC DISORDERS. CERTAIN GENES, SUCH AS SIRT1 AND PNPLA3, AND SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING MICRO RNAS FUNCTION, SEEM TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR FETAL REPROGRAMMING IN THE SETTING OF MATERNAL OBESITY. THESE MODIFIERS APPEAR TO BE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FUTURE METABOLIC DYSFUNCTIONS. CONTROLLING ANTEPARTUM HYPERGLYCEMIA, PREVENTING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, AND AVOIDING EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY CAN HELP REDUCE THE RELENTLESS EPIDEMIC OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND NAFLD. ALSO, THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA SEEMS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE OFFSPRING. SEVERAL STUDIES SHOW THAT BREASTFED INFANTS HAVE A MICROBIAL SIGNATURE DIFFERENT FROM FORMULA-FED INFANTS. MUCH INTERESTINGLY, PROLONGED BREASTFEEDING IS BENEFICIAL NOT ONLY FOR THE NEWBORN AND HIS HEALTH IN ADULT LIFE, BUT ALSO FOR THE MOTHERS' HEALTH. MATERNAL BENEFITS INCLUDE REDUCING THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES MELLITUS, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND NAFLD AS WELL. IN CONCLUSION, ALL ABOVE MECHANISMS APPEAR TO INTERVENE SYNERGISTICALLY AND MAY ACT AS MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR INFANT AND MOTHER NAFLD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  2801 26 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  2699 35 EXCESS BODY WEIGHT: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ITS ROLES IN OBESITY COMORBIDITIES. EXCESS BODY WEIGHT IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND UNHEALTHY DIET, AFFECTING 2 BILLION POPULATION WORLDWIDE. OBESITY IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR METABOLIC DISEASES. NOTABLY, THE METABOLIC RISK OF OBESITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, OF WHICH VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES BUT NOT SUBCUTANEOUS FATS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. LATEST MULTI-OMICS AND MECHANISTICAL STUDIES REPORTED THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ADIPOKINES DYSREGULATION, IMMUNITY CHANGES, IMBALANCE OF WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUES, AND GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS IN MEDIATING THE PATHOGENIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES AND COMORBIDITIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND THE UP-TO-DATE MECHANISM OF HOW EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY LEAD TO CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EXAMINE THE UTILIZATION OF VISCERAL FAT MEASUREMENT AS AN ACCURATE CLINICAL PARAMETER FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME PREDICTION IN OBESE SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, CURRENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND ITS RELATED METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  1373 34 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. OBESE PREGNANT WOMEN MAY TRANSMIT THEIR METABOLIC PHENOTYPE TO OFFSPRING, LEADING TO A CYCLE OF OBESITY AND DIABETES OVER GENERATIONS. EARLY CHILDHOOD OBESITY PREDICTS NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC HUMAN LIVER DISEASE. THE FETUS MAY BE VULNERABLE TO STEATOSIS BECAUSE IMMATURE FETAL ADIPOSE DEPOTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO BUFFER THE EXCESS TRANSPLACENTAL LIPID DELIVERY IN MATERNAL OBESITY. IN ANIMAL MODELS, IN UTERO HIGH-FAT DIET EXPOSURE RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN THE ACCUMULATION OF LIVER TRIGLYCERIDES IN OFFSPRING AND INCREASED HEPATIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND APOPTOSIS, PERHAPS PRIMING THE LIVER FOR LATER DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD. INNATE IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND NECROINFLAMMATORY CHANGES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN POSTNATAL OFFSPRING LIVER OF ANIMALS BORN TO HIGH-FAT-FED DAMS. POSTWEANING, LIVERS OF OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO MATERNAL HIGH-FAT FEEDING IN UTERO SHARE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES WITH HUMAN NAFLD, INCLUDING INCREASED DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS AND DECREASED FREE FATTY ACID OXIDATION. HUMAN STUDIES USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING HAVE SHOWN THAT MATERNAL BMI PREDICTS INFANT INTRAHEPATOCELLULAR LIPID STORAGE, AS SEEN IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE GENERATIONAL TRANSFER OF NAFLD MAY OCCUR VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN OFFSPRING LIVER. TRANSMISSION OF MICROBIOTA FROM MOTHER TO INFANT MAY IMPACT ENERGY RETENTION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A PREDISPOSITION TO NAFLD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  5366 34 RECENT ADVANCES IN LEAN NAFLD. AS THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME A CONCERN WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH OBESITY PLAYS THE MOST PIVOTAL ROLE IN NAFLD, APPROXIMATELY 10-20% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD WHO ARE NOT OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE (BMI < 25 KG/M2, OR BMI < 23 KG/M2 IN ASIANS) HAVE "LEAN NAFLD." LEAN INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD HAVE A LOWER PREVALENCE OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA, CENTRAL OBESITY, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME THAN NONLEAN INDIVIDUALS WITH NAFLD, BUT HIGHER FIBROSIS SCORES AND RATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN ADVANCED STAGES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF LEAN NAFLD REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LEAN NAFLD IS MORE CORRELATED WITH FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THIS REVIEW WILL EXAMINE THE WAY IN WHICH THE RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF LEAN NAFLD, AND EXPLORE THE FUNCTION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR THE CLINICAL TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF LEAN NAFLD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12   615 47 BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS AND POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS IN ALLEVIATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (REVIEW). NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A GLOBAL DISEASE THAT IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. EXCESSIVE FAT ACCUMULATION, FATTY DEGENERATION, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER ACTIVATE THE PROGRESSION OF NAFLD FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AND FURTHER TO LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD IS COMPLEX AND A MULTIPLE-HIT HYPOTHESIS INCLUDING DIETARY, ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAS BEEN RAISED. INCREASED DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS, DECREASED LIPOLYSIS, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD. CURRENTLY, NO EFFECTIVE DRUG THERAPIES ARE APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD. SEVERAL MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT CONTROL AND GUT MICROBE MODULATION ACTIVITIES AND ANTIHYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIC, ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, WHICH MAY BE USEFUL TO PREVENT AND ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD. THESE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MUSHROOMS' BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS, SUCH AS POLYSACCHARIDES, DIETARY FIBERS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND OTHER COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM FRUITING BODIES, CULTURED MYCELIUM, AND/OR BROTH OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, MANAGEMENT, AND TREATMENT. THE BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS AND POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS IN ALLEVIATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD ARE ALSO REVIEWED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  1388 22 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  4886 29 OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY: PART 1: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCES. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY BEFORE CONCEPTION AS WELL AS EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CHANGES OF MOTHER AND FETUS. INSULIN RESISTANCE PHYSIOLOGICALLY INCREASES DURING PREGNANCY, ADDITIONAL OBESITY FURTHER INCREASES INSULIN RESISTANCE. IN COMBINATION WITH REDUCED INSULIN SECRETION THIS LEADS TO GESTATIONAL DIABETES WHICH MAY DEVELOP INTO TYPE-2-DIABETES. THE ADIPOSE TISSUE PRODUCES TNF-ALPHA, INTERLEUKINS AND LEPTIN AND UPREGULATES THESE ADIPOKINES. INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY INDUCE INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION, WHICH EXPLAINS THE INCREASED RATE OF PREGNANCY-RELATED HYPERTENSION AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA IN OBESE PREGNANT WOMEN. BETWEEN 14 AND 28 GESTATIONAL WEEKS, THE FETAL ADIPOSE TISSUE IS GENERATED AND THE NUMBER OF FAT LOBULES IS DETERMINED. THEREAFTER, AN INCREASE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE IS ARRANGED BY AN ENLARGEMENT OF THE LOBULES (HYPERTROPHY), OR EVEN AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FAT CELLS (HYPERPLASIA). HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT MATERNAL OBESITY "PROGRAMMES" THE OFFSPRING FOR FURTHER OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE. PREGNANT WOMEN, MIDWIVES, PHYSICIANS AND HEALTH CARE POLITICIANS SHOULD BE BETTER INFORMED ABOUT PREVENTION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, AND THE BURDEN FOR SOCIETY CAUSED BY OBESITY BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  5190 27 PRENATAL CAUSES OF KIDNEY DISEASE. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN INCREASINGLY RECOGNISED THAT DISTURBED INTRA-UTERINE DEVELOPMENT MAY IMPACT ON RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN ADULT LIFE, E.G. ALBUMINURIA AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, TYPE 2 DIABETES OR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. ACCORDING TO BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS, WHEN RESOURCES IN UTERO ARE RESTRICTED, THEIR ALLOCATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEY AND PANCREATIC ISLETS IS RESTRICTED TO GUARANTEE APPROPRIATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND HEART. THE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVE MODIFICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY ALTERED DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION AS WELL AS BY ALLOCATION OF STEM CELLS. THE RESULT OF THIS TRADE-OFF BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND KIDNEY DURING ORGANOGENESIS IS A DIMINISHED NUMBER OF NEPHRONS ('NEPHRON UNDERDOSING') WHICH PREDISPOSES TO ALBUMINURIA AND RISK OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AS WELL AS HYPERTENSION. IN PARALLEL, CHANGED APPETITE CENTRES, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA-CELL DEVELOPMENT PREDISPOSE TO OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES AND THE RESULTING RENAL SEQUELAE. NUMEROUS FACTORS MAY TRIGGER INTRA-UTERINE RESTRICTION OF FETAL GROWTH, SUCH AS UTERINE UNDERPERFUSION, MATERNAL MALNUTRITION, HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND HYPERINSULINAEMIA OF THE MOTHER, SMOKING OR MEDICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  6873 24 [PREVENTION OF OBESITY FROM PERINATAL STAGE]. OBESITY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, ASTHMA, SLEEP APNEA, INFERTILITY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. ITS ORIGIN IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING GENETIC, SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE LAST ONES CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC GROWTH OF THIS DISEASE. THE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, INADEQUATE DIET, LACK OF SLEEP, ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND STRESS ARE FACTORS RELATED TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. SINCE BARKER PRESENTED HIS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES", THERE ARE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF AN INADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MATERNAL WEIGHT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AS OBESITY IN OFFSPRING. THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ABNORMAL PROGRAMMING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFORGANS AND DEVICES, ADAPTING THE FETUS TO THIS SITUATION OF DEFICIENCY AND BEING ABLE TO ADAPT TO AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH, INCREASING ITS PROPENSITY TO OBESITY. ALSO, POOR MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, WITH A HIGHER RISK OF CHILDHOOD AND ADULT CENTRAL OBESITY. CURRENTLY, DEFICIENT INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OVERWEIGHT OR MATERNAL OBESITY TEND TO OVERLAP, AND THIS COMBINATION MAY EXACERBATE THE INCREASE IN OBESITY IN THE OFFSPRING. IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY PREGNANT MOTHERS AT RISK OF SUFFERING NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS AND ESTABLISH THEIR IMPROVEMENT AS A PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  1341 39 DETANGLING THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN MAFLD, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND KEY HORMONES. METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME A SIGNIFICANT AND HIGHLY PREVALENT CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, DISPLAYING A WIDE ARRAY OF RISK FACTORS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF WHICH ONLY A FEW HAVE SO FAR BEEN CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. A BIDIRECTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HORMONAL DISCREPANCIES AND METABOLIC-RELATED DISORDERS, INCLUDING OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM), AND POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS) HAS BEEN DESCRIBED. SINCE THE CHANGE IN NOMENCLATURE FROM NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) TO MAFLD IS BASED ON THE CLEAR IMPACT OF METABOLIC ELEMENTS ON THE DISEASE, THE RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS OF HORMONES SUCH AS INSULIN, ADIPOKINES (LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN), AND ESTROGENS HAVE STRONGLY POINTED TO THE INTRINSIC LINKS THAT LEAD TO THE HETEROGENEOUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, AND RISK FACTORS INVOLVED IN MAFLD IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TWOFOLD. FIRSTLY, THERE IS A BRIEF DISCUSSION REGARDING THE CHANGE IN NOMENCLATURE AS WELL AS EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OTHER THAN HORMONAL EFFECTS, WHICH INCLUDE NUTRITION AND THE GUT MICROBIOME, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. SECONDLY, WE REVIEW THE BASIS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT HORMONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MAFLD THAT ACT BOTH INDEPENDENTLY AND IN AN INTERRELATED MANNER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18   140 26 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION MEDIATES THE TRANSGENERATIONAL RISK OF METABOLIC AND CHRONIC DISEASE DUE TO MATERNAL OBESITY AND OVERNUTRITION. MATERNAL OBESITY IS A RAPIDLY EVOLVING UNIVERSAL EPIDEMIC LEADING TO ACUTE AND LONG-TERM MEDICAL AND OBSTETRIC HEALTH ISSUES, INCLUDING INCREASED MATERNAL RISKS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES, HYPERTENSION AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA, AND THE FUTURE RISKS FOR OFFSPRING'S PREDISPOSITION TO METABOLIC DISEASES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, IN PARTICULAR DNA METHYLATION, REPRESENTS A MECHANISM WHEREBY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IMPACT ON THE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF HUMAN DISEASE. MATERNAL OBESITY OR OVERNUTRITION CONTRIBUTES TO THE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION DURING EARLY LIFE WHICH, THROUGH FETAL PROGRAMMING, CAN PREDISPOSE THE OFFSPRING TO MANY METABOLIC AND CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, OBESITY, DIABETES, AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE FINDINGS FROM HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES, WHICH SUPPORT THE ROLE OF MATERNAL OBESITY IN FETAL PROGRAMING AND THE POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF ALTERING DNA METHYLATION TO LIMIT MATERNAL OBESITY RELATED DISEASE IN THE OFFSPRING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  4396 33 MODULATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION BY QUERCETIN: THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON OBESITY. OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MOREOVER, OBESITY INDUCES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN ADIPOSE TISSUE, LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM. QUERCETIN IS THE MAJOR REPRESENTATIVE OF THE FLAVONOID SUBCLASS OF FLAVONOLS, WHICH IS UBIQUITOUSLY CONTAINED WITHIN NATURAL PLANTS SUCH AS GREEN TEA, AND VEGETABLES, INCLUDING ONIONS AND APPLES. RESEARCHERS HAVE FOCUSED GREATER ATTENTION TO THE BENEFICIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF QUERCETIN, WHICH HAS ANTI-OXIDATIVE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS ON INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES. ALSO, THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF QUERCETIN ON INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN OBESITY. IN ADDITION, THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT QUERCETIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ACTIVITIES IN CANCER, AND IN MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION DURING GESTATION AND LACTATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF QUERCETIN, ITS DIETARY SOURCES IN OBESITY, AND ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS ON INSULIN RESISTANCE, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA, AND MATERNAL UNDER-NUTRITION WITH EPIGENETIC ACTIVITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  2287 43 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN LEAN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST PROMINENT CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE, IS A RAPIDLY GROWING EPIDEMIC. IT CONSISTS OF A WIDE RANGE OF LIVER DISEASES, FROM STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, AND PREDISPOSES PATIENTS TO LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND EVEN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NAFLD IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH OBESITY; HOWEVER, IT HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY REPORTED AMONG LEAN/NONOBESE INDIVIDUALS IN RECENT YEARS. ALTHOUGH LEAN PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE A LOWER PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS, CENTRAL OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA, HYPERTENSION, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME, A PERCENTAGE OF THESE PATIENTS MAY DEVELOP STEATOHEPATITIS, ADVANCED LIVER FIBROSIS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND HAVE INCREASED ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF LEAN NAFLD REMAIN VAGUE. STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT LEAN NAFLD DEMONSTRATES A CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO DISCUSS AND SUMMARIZE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LEAN NAFLD AND TO INTRODUCE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC PATTERNS AND GENETIC OR NON GENETIC FACTORS. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE REGULATION OF LEAN NAFLD. THESE INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND NONCODING-RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. EPIGENETICS IS AN AREA OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE SETTING OF LEAN NAFLD AS IT COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS THAT TARGET THIS UNDER-RECOGNIZED AND CHALLENGING DISORDER.	2023