1  1160 84 CONTINUING WAR ON PAIN: A PERSONALIZED APPROACH TO THE THERAPY WITH NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND OPIOIDS. SUCCESSFUL PAIN MANAGEMENT REQUIRES THE DELIVERY OF ANALGESIA WITH MINIMAL RISK OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS. NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND OPIOIDS REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS. UNFORTUNATELY, ALMOST 50% OF ALL PATIENTS EXPERIENCE INADEQUATE PAIN RELIEF AND SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS. ALLELIC VARIANTS IN GENES CODING FOR TARGET PROTEINS, TRANSPORTERS AND ENZYMES, WHICH GOVERN ANALGESIC DRUGS ACTION AND THEIR FATE IN THE ORGANISM, MIGHT EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN PAIN SEVERITY AND IN DRUG-INDUCED PAIN RELIEF AND TOXICITIES. ADDITIONALLY, IT SEEMS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGHLY VARIABLE RESPONSE TO PAIN TREATMENT. THEREFORE, PHARMACOGENOMIC TESTING MIGHT BE A VALUABLE TOOL FOR PERSONALIZATION OF PAIN TREATMENT, WITH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH INVOLVED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  2141 21 EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS FOR EPILEPTOGENESIS: A NEW FRONTIER FOR CURING EPILEPSY. THIS ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS THE EMERGING THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS AS PROMISING ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC OR DISEASE-MODIFYING AGENTS FOR CURING EPILEPSY. CURRENTLY, THERE IS AN UNMET NEED FOR ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC AGENTS THAT TRULY PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY IN PEOPLE AT RISK. THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC SIGNALING, WHICH EXERTS HIGH FIDELITY REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY. THESE MODIFICATIONS ARE NOT HARD-WIRED INTO THE GENOME AND ARE CONSTANTLY REPROGRAMMED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. THE POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, MICRORNA-BASED TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL, AND BROMODOMAIN READING ACTIVITY, CAN DRASTICALLY ALTER THE NEURONAL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE BY EXERTING THEIR SUMMATIVE EFFECTS IN A COORDINATED FASHION. SUCH AN EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION APPEARS MORE RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING EPILEPSY BECAUSE IT TARGETS THE PRIMARY PATHWAY THAT INITIALLY TRIGGERS THE NUMEROUS DOWNSTREAM CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR EVENTS MEDIATING EPILEPTOGENESIS. AMONG CURRENTLY APPROVED EPIGENETIC DRUGS, THE MAJORITY ARE ANTICANCER DRUGS WITH WELL-ESTABLISHED PROFILES IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND PRACTICE. EVIDENCE FROM PRECLINICAL STUDIES SUPPORTS THE PREMISE THAT THESE DRUGS MAY BE APPLIED TO A WIDE RANGE OF BRAIN DISORDERS. TARGETING HISTONE DEACETYLATION BY INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASE ENZYMES APPEARS TO BE ONE PROMISING EPIGENETIC THERAPY SINCE CERTAIN INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PREVENT EPILEPTOGENESIS IN ANIMAL MODELS. HOWEVER, DEVELOPING NEURONAL SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS REQUIRES RATIONAL, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED OPTIMIZATION TO EFFICIENTLY INTERCEPT THE UPSTREAM PATHWAYS IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. OVERALL, EPIGENETIC AGENTS HAVE BEEN WELL POSITIONED AS NEW FRONTIER TOOLS TOWARDS THE NATIONAL GOAL OF CURING EPILEPSY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  2259 22 EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN DRUG ADDICTION. DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING BRAIN DISORDER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING AND CONTINUED USE DESPITE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES TARGET NEURONAL RECEPTORS OR TRANSPORTERS UPON WHICH DRUGS OF ABUSE ACT INITIALLY, YET THESE TREATMENTS REMAIN INEFFECTIVE FOR MOST INDIVIDUALS AND DO NOT PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE AFTER ABSTINENCE. DRUGS OF ABUSE, IN ADDITION TO THEIR ACUTE EFFECTS, CAUSE PERSISTENT PLASTICITY AFTER REPEATED USE, INVOLVING DYSREGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD REGIONS, WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO MEDIATE THE PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES THAT CHARACTERIZE ADDICTION. EMERGING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC PRIMING AS A KEY MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE LONG-LASTING ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL GENE REGULATION, WHICH CAN REMAIN LATENT UNTIL TRIGGERED BY RE-EXPOSURE TO DRUG-ASSOCIATED STIMULI OR THE DRUG ITSELF. THUS, TO EFFECTIVELY TREAT DRUG ADDICTION, WE MUST IDENTIFY THE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ESTABLISH AND PRESERVE THE DRUG-INDUCED PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  2238 20 EPIGENETIC MODULATION AS A THERAPEUTIC PROSPECT FOR TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES. SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES ARE CONSIDERED AS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, MEANING THAT THE BALANCE BETWEEN RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENS AND AVOIDANCE OF SELF-ATTACK IS IMPAIRED AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS AND DESTROYS ITS OWN HEALTHY TISSUE. TREATMENT WITH CONVENTIONAL DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDS) AND/OR NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS DUE TO UNSPECIFIC AND TOXIC PROPERTIES OF THOSE DRUGS. ALTHOUGH BIOLOGIC DRUGS HAVE LARGELY IMPROVED THE OUTCOME IN MANY PATIENTS, SUCH DRUGS STILL POSE SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS AND FAIL TO PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO ALL PATIENTS. THEREFORE, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES ARE BADLY NEEDED IN ORDER TO INCREASE PATIENT'S FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY OF LIFE. THE REVERSIBLE NATURE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OFFERS A NEW CLASS OF DRUGS THAT MODULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND INFLAMMATION. IN FACT, EPIGENETIC DRUGS ARE ALREADY IN USE IN SOME TYPES OF CANCER OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPEUTICS THAT CONTROL AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS HAVE BROAD IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE LATEST INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN TARGETING IMMUNE ABNORMALITIES AND INFLAMMATION OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  3333 17 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS AND DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DESPITE RECENT CLINICAL TRIAL ADVANCES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN CLINICAL CARE, KIDNEY DISEASE DUE TO DIABETES REMAINS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE WORLDWIDE. IN THE SEARCH FOR NEW TREATMENTS, RECENT ATTENTIONS HAVE TURNED TO DRUG REPURPOSING OPPORTUNITIES, INCLUDING STUDY OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR CLASS OF AGENTS. HDACS ARE A GROUP OF ENZYMES THAT REMOVE FUNCTIONAL ACETYL GROUPS FROM HISTONE AND NON-HISTONE PROTEINS AND THEY CAN AFFECT CELLULAR FUNCTION THROUGH BOTH EPIGENETIC AND NON-EPIGENETIC MEANS. OVER THE PAST DECADE, SEVERAL HDAC INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, PRIMARILY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY, WHEREAS OTHER EXISTING THERAPIES (FOR INSTANCE VALPROATE) HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE HDAC INHIBITORY EFFECTS. HERE WE REVIEW THE CURRENT HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE CLINIC AND UNDER DEVELOPMENT; THE LITERATURE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE; AND THE ADVERSE EFFECT PROFILES THAT MAY PREVENT EXISTING THERAPIES FROM ENTERING THE CLINIC FOR THIS INDICATION. WHEREAS RECENT RESEARCH EFFORTS HAVE SHED LIGHT ON THE FUNDAMENTAL ACTIONS OF HDACS IN THE DIABETIC KIDNEY, WHETHER THESE EFFORTS WILL TRANSLATE INTO NOVEL THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WILL REQUIRE MORE SPECIFIC AND BETTER-TOLERATED THERAPIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  1688 18 DUAL BET/HDAC INHIBITION TO RELIEVE NEUROPATHIC PAIN: RECENT ADVANCES, PERSPECTIVES, AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES. DESPITE THE INTENSE RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS HAVE LIMITED EFFICACY AND UNFAVORABLE SAFETY PROFILES. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE A GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE ACETYLATION HAS PREVAILED AS ONE OF THE WELL INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THESE DISEASES. ALTERED SPINAL ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) AND BROMO AND EXTRA TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS AND RESTORATION OF THESE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SHOWED PAIN-RELIEVING ACTIVITY. OVER THE LAST DECADES HDACS AND BETS HAVE BEEN THE FOCUS OF DRUG DISCOVERY STUDIES, LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS. CLINICAL TRIALS TO EVALUATE THEIR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY SHOWED GOOD EFFICACY BUT RAISED TOXICITY CONCERNS THAT LIMITED TRANSLATION TO THE CLINIC. TO MAXIMIZE ACTIVITY AND MINIMIZE TOXICITY, THESE COMPOUNDS CAN BE APPLIED IN COMBINATION OF SUB-MAXIMAL DOSES TO PRODUCE ADDITIVE OR SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS (COMBINATION THERAPY). RECENTLY, OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, DUAL BET/HDAC INHIBITORS (MULTI-TARGET DRUGS) HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO ASSURE SIMULTANEOUS MODULATION OF BET AND HDAC ACTIVITY BY A SINGLE MOLECULE. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE MOST RECENT ADVANCES WITH THESE STRATEGIES, DESCRIBING ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF SINGLE DRUG TREATMENT VS COMBINATION REGIMENS. THIS REVIEW WILL ALSO PROVIDE A FOCUS ON DUAL BET/HDAC DRUG DISCOVERY INVESTIGATIONS AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITY FOR HUMAN THERAPY OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  5778 19 SPINAL CORD INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN: MOLECULAR TARGETS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. NEUROPATHIC PAIN, ESPECIALLY THAT RESULTING FROM SPINAL CORD INJURY, IS A TREMENDOUS CLINICAL CHALLENGE. A MYRIAD OF BIOLOGICAL CHANGES HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN PRODUCING THESE PAIN STATES INCLUDING CELLULAR INTERACTIONS, EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS, ION CHANNEL EXPRESSION, AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES ARE VARIED AND INCLUDE FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS AND PAIN RESPONSES. DEVELOPING THERAPIES THAT EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS THE CAUSE OF THESE SYMPTOMS REQUIRE A DEEPER KNOWLEDGE OF ALTERATIONS IN THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AND TISSUE INHIBITORS OF METALLOPROTEINASES ARE TWO PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES INTERACT WITH AND INFLUENCE MANY OF THE STUDIED PAIN PATHWAYS. GENE EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS CLEARLY CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. LOCALIZED AND TIME DEPENDENT TARGETING OF THESE PROTEINS COULD ALLEVIATE AND EVEN PREVENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN FROM DEVELOPING. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN ARE LIMITED PRIMARILY TO ANALGESICS TARGETING THE OPIOID PATHWAY. THERAPIES DIRECTED AT MOLECULAR TARGETS ARE HIGHLY DESIRABLE AND IN EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. THESE INCLUDE TRANSPLANTATION OF EXOGENOUSLY ENGINEERED CELL POPULATIONS AND TARGETED GENE MANIPULATION. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SPECIFIC MOLECULAR TARGETS AMENABLE TO THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION USING CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  3345 18 HISTONE DEACETYLASES AS EPIGENETIC TARGETS FOR TREATING PARKINSON'S DISEASE. PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD) IS A CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THAT IS INCREASINGLY BECOMING A GLOBAL THREAT TO THE HEALTH AND LIFE OF THE ELDERLY WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DRUGS CLINICALLY AVAILABLE FOR TREATING PD, THESE TREATMENTS CAN ONLY ALLEVIATE THE SYMPTOMS OF PD PATIENTS BUT CANNOT COMPLETELY CURE THE DISEASE. THEREFORE, EXPLORING OTHER POTENTIAL MECHANISMS TO DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS THAT CAN MODIFY THE COURSE OF PD IS STILL HIGHLY DESIRABLE. OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, AS AN IMPORTANT GROUP OF EPIGENETIC TARGETS, HAVE ATTRACTED MUCH ATTENTION IN DRUG DISCOVERY. THIS REVIEW FOCUSED ON THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HISTONE DEACETYLASES INVOLVED IN PD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THEIR INHIBITORS USED IN PD STUDIES. FURTHER PERSPECTIVES RELATED TO SMALL MOLECULES THAT CAN INHIBIT OR DEGRADE HISTONE DEACETYLASES TO TREAT PD WERE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  6061 17 THE DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTION OF HDAC INHIBITORS AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC DIRECTION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY. RECENT STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT TREATING AD IN THE WAY OF CHROMATIN REMODELING VIA HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN. IN A NUMBER OF RECENT STUDIES, INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDACS) HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE A NOVEL PROMISING THERAPEUTIC AGENTS FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, PARTICULARLY FOR AD AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. ALTHOUGH HDAC INHIBITORS HAVE THE ABILITY TO AMELIORATE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, SUCCESSFUL TREATMENTS IN THE CLASSIC AD ANIMAL MODEL ARE RARELY TRANSLATED INTO CLINICAL TRIALS. AS FOR THE REDUCTION OF UNWANTED SIDE EFFECTS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF HDAC INHIBITORS WITH INCREASED ISOFORM SELECTIVITY OR SEEKING OTHER DIRECTIONS IS A KEY ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO BE ADDRESSED. THE REVIEW FOCUSED ON LITERATURES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RECENT YEARS, ESPECIALLY ON HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TERMS OF THE ENHANCEMENT OF SPECIFICITY, EFFICACY AND AVOIDING SIDE EFFECTS FOR TREATING AD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  1882 20 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  2454 14 EPIGENETIC TARGETING OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, DISABLING, AND OFTEN CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT PLACES SUBSTANTIAL BURDENS ON PATIENTS, FAMILIES, HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS, AND THE ECONOMY. A SUBSTANTIAL MINORITY OF PATIENTS ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO CURRENT THERAPIES, SO THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO DEVELOP MORE BROADLY EFFECTIVE, ACCESSIBLE, AND TOLERABLE THERAPIES. PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS ONE POTENTIAL CLINICAL STRATEGY. HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS IS CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR DEPRESSION, WHILE INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) HAVE GARNERED INTEREST AS NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS IN DEPRESSION AND THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF HDAC INHIBITORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  1091 19 COGNITIVE ENHANCERS AS A TREATMENT FOR HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION. HEROIN ADDICTION IS A DISORDER THAT STEMS FROM MALADAPTIVE PLASTICITY WITHIN NEURAL CIRCUITS AND PRODUCES BROAD COGNITIVE DEFICITS. DESPITE CONSIDERABLE ADVANCES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION, EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR HEROIN USE DISORDER ARE STILL LACKING. INCREASING PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HEROIN SEEKING BEHAVIOR IS PERSISTENT AFTER WITHDRAWAL, WHILE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEROIN USE ARE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO RISK OF HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION. COGNITIVE ENHANCERS MAY BE USED TO STIMULATE TREATMENT SUCCESS AND ENHANCE TREATMENT EFFICACY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO OUTLINE THE LITERATURE THAT DEMONSTRATES THE COGNITIVE DEFICITS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEROIN ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL PROCESS, AND SEVERAL FACTORS THAT UNDERLINE THE EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE ENHANCERS FOR HEROIN USE DISORDERS. THE REVIEW, THEN, EXAMINES THE POTENTIAL USE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE ENHANCERS THAT ACT ON CHOLINERGIC, GLUTAMATERGIC, DOPAMINERGIC OR ADRENERGIC PATHWAYS. IT ALSO EXAMINES THE EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDS THAT ALTER CREB SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN ANIMAL MODEL OF HEROIN RELAPSE. THE CURRENT BODY OF RESEARCH REVEALS THE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HEROIN ADDICTION AND HOLDS A SIGNIFICANT PROMISE FOR COGNITIVE ENHANCERS AS AN IMPROVED APPROACH TO TREAT HEROIN USE DISORDER IN A MORE EFFICIENT AND PERSISTENT WAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  6857 22 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	

14  6573 14 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS-ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSISTING CHALLENGES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) REPRESENTS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED APOPTOSIS, AND IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS. FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN AML WAS LARGELY BASED ON HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS WITH LITTLE IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THIS PERSPECTIVE HAS DRASTICALLY CHANGED WITHIN THE PAST YEARS DUE TO THE ADVENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS WHOLE GENOME NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), AND THE RESULTING KNOWLEDGE GAIN IN AML BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR DECADES OF INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AS A "ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL" CONCEPT, SEVERAL TARGETED AGENTS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF AML, EITHER AS SINGLE AGENTS OR AS PART OF COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMENS. SEVERAL OTHER COMPOUNDS, DIRECTED AGAINST REGULATORS OF APOPTOTIC, EPIGENETIC, OR MICROENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS MODULATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, ARE CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND BEING INVESTIGATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. THE CONSTANT PROGRESS IN AML RESEARCH HAS STARTED TO PRODUCE IMPROVED SURVIVAL RATES AND FUELED HOPES THAT A ONCE RAPIDLY FATAL DISEASE CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A CHRONIC CONDITION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AML THERAPIES AND DISCUSS PERSISTENT CHALLENGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  6320 22 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16   429 19 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TOPICAL MEDICATION - NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS. ATOPIC DERMATITIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT ARISES FROM POLYGENIC DISPOSITION, A DYSFUNCTION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER, A CUTANEOUS DYSBIOSIS, AND A FAULTY NEUROSENSORY ACTIVITY AND SHOWS A HIGHLY INDIVIDUAL ACUITY DUE TO EPIGENETIC FACTORS. AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IS THE APPLICATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TOPICAL MEDICATION. CURRENTLY, TOPICAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND TOPICAL CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS ARE ROUTINELY USED IN REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE THERAPY. IN RECENT YEARS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE HAS IDENTIFIED SEVERAL NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THAT HAVE ENABLED THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. IN ADDITION TO PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITORS AND ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR MODULATORS, IT IS MAINLY JANUS KINASE INHIBITORS WITH DIFFERENT SELECTIVITY THAT ARE EMERGING AS NEW EFFECTIVE AND SAFE OPTIONS FOR TOPICAL THERAPY. THE CURRENT DATA SUGGESTS THAT IN THE COMING MONTHS AND YEARS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED SUBSTANCE CLASSES WILL BE APPROVED FOR TOPICAL USE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  4756 20 NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET(S) FOR PSORIATIC DISEASE. PSORIASIS AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS, TOGETHER KNOWN AS PSORIATIC DISEASE, IS HIGHLY PREVALENT CHRONIC RELAPSING INFLAMMATORY DISEASE AFFECTING SKIN, JOINTS OR BOTH AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, PSYCHIATRIC, RENAL DISEASE ETC. THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS IS COMPLEX AND MAINLY DRIVEN BY ABERRANT IMMUNE RESPONSE OWING TO THE GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS TRAUMA, INFECTIONS AND DRUGS. RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHWAYS HAVE IDENTIFIED TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), INTERLEUKIN-17 (IL-17), IL-23, IL-22 AS MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS IN PSORIASIS PATHOGENESIS. ADVANCES IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, THE INTERACTION OF AUTOINFLAMMATION AND CLINICAL PHENOTYPES HAVE LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE TARGETED THERAPEUTIC AGENTS WHICH INCLUDE TNF-ALPHA, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1 ALPHA/BETA OR IL-36 INHIBITORS OR RECEPTOR BLOCKERS, SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS LIKE PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITORS (APREMILAST), JANUS KINASE (JAK) INHIBITORS, RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT (RORGAMMAT) INHIBITORS. THESE NOVEL DRUGS HAVE PROMISED THE POTENTIAL OF IMPROVED DISEASE CONTROL. IN RECENT YEARS, THE TRANSITION FROM BIOLOGICS TO BIOSIMILARS ESPECIALLY WITH TNF-ALPHA INHIBITORS HAD SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON DECREASING HEALTH CARE COST AND INCREASING THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS TO THE PATIENTS. HOWEVER, SELECTION OF RIGHT TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT STILL REMAINS CHALLENGING. MOREOVER, INTERPLAY BETWEEN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND NONCODING RNA REGULATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN STARTED TO BE DECIPHERED. ENZYMES INHIBITORS INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS SUCH AS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES DEMONSTRATED TO RESTORE NORMAL EPIGENETIC PATTERNS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS AND HAVE PROVIDED THE POTENTIAL AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PSORIASIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS NOVEL BIOLOGIC AGENTS AND NEWER THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN TREATMENT OF PSORIATIC DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                           
18  3996 16 LOOKING FORWARD: NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC AND ADVANCED PHASES OF MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOFIBROSIS (MF) IS COMPLEX AT THE PATHOBIOLOGIC LEVEL AND HETEROGENEOUS AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL. THE ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MF PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THIS CHRONIC MYELOID MALIGNANCY, REFINE RISK STRATIFICATION, OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, AND SERVE TO MEASURE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH JAK2 INHIBITION HAS BEEN THE FOCUS OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL EFFORTS OVER THE LAST DECADE, CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES HAVE BROADENED TO INCLUDE INHIBITORS OF KEY ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, ANTI-FIBROTICS, AND IMMUNOTHERAPIES. BASED ON COMPELLING PRECLINICAL RATIONALE, A NUMBER OF JAK2 INHIBITOR BASED COMBINATION THERAPIES ARE NOW ACTIVELY BEING EVALUATED IN THE CLINIC WITH THE GOAL OF DISEASE COURSE MODIFICATION. THE ROLE AND TIMING OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT) FOR MF HAS BEEN CHALLENGED WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF COMMERCIAL RUXOLITINIB AND THE PLETHORA OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT OPTIONS THAT EXIST. INTEGRATION OF PRECONDITIONING JAK2 INHIBITION, REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING REGIMENS, AND ALTERNATIVE DONOR SOURCES ARE ALL BEING EXPLORED IN AN ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE THIS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE MODALITY. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE MODERN MF RISK STRATIFICATION, CURRENT CLINICAL RESEARCH APPROACHES TO CHRONIC AND ADVANCE PHASE MF FOCUSING ON NOVEL AGENTS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, AND UPDATE THE READER ON NEW DIRECTIONS IN HSCT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  6617 21 UNDERPINNING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL INTRICACIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE. THE OPIOID CRISIS IS A MAJOR THREAT OF THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH A REMARKABLE JUXTAPOSITION OF USE AND ABUSE. OPIOIDS ARE THE MOST POTENT AND EFFICACIOUS CLASS OF ANALGESICS, BUT DESPITE THEIR PROVEN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY, THEY HAVE RECENTLY BEEN DEGRADED TO THIRD-LINE THERAPY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN CLINICS. THE REASON BEHIND THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND TOLERANCE AFTER REPEATED DOSING. OPIOID TOLERANCE IS THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTOR LEADING TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT, SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS DUE TO DOSE ESCALATION, AND SOMETIMES EVEN DEATH OF THE PATIENTS. EVERY DAY MORE THAN 90 PEOPLE DIE DUE TO OPIOIDS OVERDOSE IN AMERICA, AND A SIMILAR TREND HAS BEEN SEEN ACROSS THE GLOBE. OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DISSECT THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF OPIOID TOLERANCE. RESEARCH ON OPIOID TOLERANCE SHIFTED TOWARD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE TOLERANCE IS MUCH MORE THAN JUST A CELLULAR PHENOMENON. THUS, NEUROBIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND IN ORDER TO FIND NEWER PAIN THERAPEUTICS. THESE ADAPTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN ASCENDING AND DESCENDING PAIN PATHWAYS, REWARD CIRCUITRY MODULATIONS, RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION AND DOWN-REGULATION, RECEPTOR INTERNALIZATION, HETERODIMERIZATION, AND ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE PRESENT REVIEW IS FOCUSED ON NOVEL CIRCUITRIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BRAIN, SUCH AS PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, ROSTRAL VENTROMEDIAL MEDULLA, DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS, VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MODULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE AND TOLERANCE WILL PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR SAFER AND BETTER MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  3275 14 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNE TARGETS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) REMAINS A GLOBAL MEDICAL BURDEN WITH RISING INCIDENCE DUE TO CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES. TREATMENT OF ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IS STILL UNSATISFYING. BESIDES FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS HAVE BECOME CENTRAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF HCC. NEW MODALITIES LIKE EPIGENETIC THERAPY USING HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) AND CELL THERAPY APPROACHES WITH CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR T CELLS (CAR-T CELLS) ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN CLINICAL TRIALS. DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH NOVEL DRUGS IS CLOSELY LINKED TO THE AVAILABILITY AND IMPROVEMENT OF NOVEL PRECLINICAL AND ANIMAL MODELS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS. THE CURRENT STATUS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ADVANCED HCC, EMERGING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AND DIFFERENT PRECLINICAL MODELS FOR HCC DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT ARE REVIEWED HERE.	2019