1  5335 134 QUANTIFICATION AND EPIGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL POOL OF HEPATITIS B COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN LONG-TERM NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE-TREATED PATIENTS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR (CCC)DNA IS THE KEY GENOMIC FORM RESPONSIBLE FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND VIROLOGICAL RELAPSE AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA LEVELS AND ACTIVITY AFTER LONG-TERM NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES THERAPY STILL REPRESENTS A TECHNICAL CHALLENGE. QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR, ROLLING CIRCLE AMPLIFICATION (RCA) AND DROPLET DIGITAL (DD)PCR ASSAYS WERE USED TO QUANTIFY RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA IN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM 56 CHRONICALLY HBV INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER 3 TO 5 YEARS OF TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT. ACTIVITY OF RESIDUAL CCCDNA WAS EVALUATED BY QUANTIFYING 3.5 KB HBV RNA (PREC/PGRNA) AND BY ASSESSING CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE TAILS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) BY MICRO-CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. LONG-TERM TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN SERUM HBV DNA SUPPRESSION, WITH MOST OF THE PATIENTS REACHING UNDETECTABLE LEVELS. DESPITE 38 OUT OF 56 PATIENTS HAD UNDETECTABLE CCCDNA WHEN ASSESSED BY QPCR, RCA AND DDPCR ASSAYS DETECTED CCCDNA IN ALL-BUT-ONE NEGATIVE SAMPLES. LOW PREC/PGRNA LEVEL IN TELBIVUDINE-TREATED SAMPLES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT FOR CCCDNA HISTONE PTMS RELATED TO REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NO DIFFERENCE IN CCCDNA LEVELS WAS FOUND ACCORDING TO SERUM VIRAL MARKERS EVOLUTION. THIS PANEL OF CCCDNA EVALUATION TECHNIQUES SHOULD PROVIDE AN ADDED VALUE FOR THE NEW PROOF-OF-CONCEPT CLINICAL TRIALS AIMING AT A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  1634  22 DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID ALTERS LIPID METABOLISM PROCESSES VIA H3K9AC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN DAIRY GOAT. GOAT MILK IS INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED BY CONSUMERS DUE TO ITS HIGH NUTRITIONAL VALUE, RICHNESS IN SHORT- AND MEDIUM-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, AND RICHNESS IN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA). EXOGENOUS SUPPLEMENTATION OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) IS AN IMPORTANT APPROACH TO INCREASING THE CONTENT OF PUFA IN GOAT MILK. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE REPORTED BENEFITS OF DIETARY DHA IN TERMS OF HUMAN HEALTH, INCLUDING POTENTIAL AGAINST CHRONIC DISEASES AND TUMORS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS WHEREBY AN INCREASED SUPPLY OF DHA REGULATES MAMMARY CELL FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF DHA ON LIPID METABOLISM PROCESSES IN GOAT MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS (GMEC) AND THE FUNCTION OF H3K9AC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THIS PROCESS. SUPPLEMENTATION OF DHA PROMOTED LIPID DROPLET ACCUMULATION INCREASED THE DHA CONTENT AND ALTERED FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN GMEC. LIPID METABOLISM PROCESSES WERE ALTERED BY DHA SUPPLEMENTATION THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS IN GMEC. CHIP-SEQ ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DHA INDUCED GENOME-WIDE H3K9AC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GMEC. MULTIOMICS ANALYSES (H3K9AC GENOME-WIDE SCREENING AND RNA-SEQ) REVEALED THAT DHA-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF LIPID METABOLISM GENES (FASN, SCD1, FADS1, FADS2, LPIN1, DGAT1, MBOAT2), WHICH WERE CLOSELY RELATED WITH CHANGES IN LIPID METABOLISM PROCESSES AND FATTY ACID PROFILES, WERE REGULATED BY MODIFICATION OF H3K9AC. IN PARTICULAR, DHA INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF H3K9AC IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PDK4 AND PROMOTED ITS TRANSCRIPTION, WHILE PDK4 INHIBITED LIPID SYNTHESIS AND ACTIVATED AMPK SIGNALING IN GMEC. THE ACTIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM-RELATED GENES FASN, FADS2, AND SCD1 AND THEIR UPSTREAM TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SREBP1 BY THE AMPK INHIBITOR WAS ATTENUATED IN PDK4-OVEREXPRESSING GMEC. IN CONCLUSION, DHA ALTERS LIPID METABOLISM PROCESSES VIA H3K9AC MODIFICATIONS AND THE PDK4-AMPK-SREBP1 SIGNALING AXIS IN GOAT MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH DHA AFFECTS MAMMARY CELL FUNCTION AND REGULATES MILK FAT METABOLISM.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3   981  26 CHRONIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN FARM WORKERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HSA-MIR-199A-5P. THE INCREASING USE OF PESTICIDES IN INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE HAS HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH. IT WAS WIDELY DEMONSTRATED HOW PESTICIDES CAN INDUCE DIFFERENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT DISEASES, INCLUDING TUMORS AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. THEREFORE, THE IDENTIFICATION OF EFFECTIVE INDICATORS FOR THE PREDICTION OF HARMFUL PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IS MANDATORY. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE MODIFICATION OF HSA-MIR-199A-5P EXPRESSION LEVELS IN LIQUID BIOPSY SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND FARM WORKERS WITH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THE HIGH-SENSITIVE DROPLET DIGITAL PCR ASSAY (DDPCR) WAS USED TO DETECT VARIATION IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE SELECTED MICRORNA (MIRNA). THE DDPCR ANALYSES REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF HSA-MIR-199A-5P OBSERVED IN INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO PESTICIDES COMPARED TO CONTROL SAMPLES HIGHLIGHTING THE GOOD PREDICTIVE VALUE OF THIS MIRNA AS DEMONSTRATED BY STATISTICAL ANALYSES. OVERALL, THE OBTAINED RESULTS ENCOURAGE THE ANALYSIS OF MIRNAS AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE THUS IMPROVING THE CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR THE MONITORING OF HARMFUL PESTICIDE EXPOSURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3779  39 INTERFERON ALPHA INDUCES MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT COORDINATELY SUPPRESS HEPADNAVIRAL COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION. COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HEPADNAVIRUSES EXISTS AS AN EPISOMAL MINICHROMOSOME IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN INFECTED HEPATOCYTE AND SERVES AS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VIRAL MRNAS. IT HAD BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY OTHERS AND US THAT INTERFERON ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) TREATMENT OF HEPATOCYTES INDUCED A PROLONGED SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN AND DUCK HEPATITIS B VIRUS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS SPECIFYING ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION (H3K9(AC) OR H3K27(AC)), BUT NOT THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MARKING CONSTITUTIVE (H3K9(ME3)) OR FACULTATIVE (H3K27(ME3)) HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION. IN OUR EFFORTS TO IDENTIFY IFN-INDUCED CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT MEDIATE THE SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY THE CYTOKINE, WE FOUND THAT DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 1 (STAT1), STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES FLEXIBLE HINGE DOMAIN CONTAINING 1 (SMCHD1), OR PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (PML) PROTEIN INCREASED BASAL LEVEL OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVITY AND PARTIALLY ATTENUATED IFN-ALPHA SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN CONTRAST, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF STAT1, SMCHD1, OR PML SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVITY. SMCHD1 IS A NONCANONICAL SMC FAMILY PROTEIN AND IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION. PML IS A COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR DOMAIN 10 (ND10) AND IS INVOLVED IN SUPPRESSING THE REPLICATION OF MANY DNA VIRUSES. MECHANISTIC ANALYSES DEMONSTRATED THAT STAT1, SMCHD1, AND PML WERE RECRUITED TO CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES AND PHENOCOPIED THE IFN-ALPHA-INDUCED POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES. WE THUS CONCLUDE THAT STAT1, SMCHD1, AND PML MAY PARTLY MEDIATE THE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF IFN-ALPHA ON HEPADNAVIRAL CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION.IMPORTANCE PEGYLATED IFN-ALPHA IS THE ONLY THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN THAT CAN INDUCE A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IN A SMALL, BUT SIGNIFICANT, FRACTION OF TREATED PATIENTS. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ANTIVIRAL FUNCTIONS OF IFN-ALPHA IN HEPADNAVIRAL INFECTION MAY REVEAL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANTIVIRAL AGENTS TO IMPROVE THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF IFN-ALPHA. BY A LOSS-OF-FUNCTION GENETIC SCREENING OF INDIVIDUAL IFN-STIMULATED GENES (ISGS) ON HEPADNAVIRAL MRNAS TRANSCRIBED FROM CCCDNA, WE FOUND THAT DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF STAT1, SMCHD1, OR PML SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE LEVEL OF VIRAL RNAS WITHOUT ALTERING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA. MECHANISTIC ANALYSES INDICATED THAT THOSE CELLULAR PROTEINS ARE RECRUITED TO CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES AND INDUCE THE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES SIMILAR TO THOSE INDUCED BY IFN-ALPHA TREATMENT. WE HAVE THUS IDENTIFIED THREE IFN-ALPHA-INDUCED CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND MAY PARTLY MEDIATE IFN-ALPHA SILENCING OF HEPADNAVIRAL CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION.	2020	

5  3185  32 HBC BINDS TO THE CPG ISLANDS OF HBV CCCDNA AND PROMOTES AN EPIGENETIC PERMISSIVE STATE. HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF HBV. HBV CORE PROTEIN (HBC) IS A MAIN COMPONENT OF THE HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME. HOWEVER, THE FUNCTION OF HBC IN CCCDNA IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. IN LIGHT OF RECENT FINDINGS THAT HBV CCCDNA MAY BE REGULATED EPIGENETICALLY, WE ANALYZED THE BINDING OF HBC TO CCCDNA AND THE IMPACT OF HBC ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN THE LIVER BIOPSY SAMPLES OF 22 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). WE FOUND THAT HBC BINDING TO HBV CCCDNA OCCURRED PREFERENTIALLY AT CPG ISLAND 2, AN IMPORTANT REGION FOR THE REGULATION OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION. FURTHERMORE, THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCES OF HBC BINDING TO CPG ISLAND 2 WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE RATIOS OF RELAXED CIRCULAR DNA TO CCCDNA AND THE LEVELS OF SERUM HBV DNA IN THOSE PATIENTS. INTERESTINGLY, THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCES OF HBC BINDING TO CPG ISLAND 2 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BINDING OF CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) AND WITH HYPOMETHYLATION IN CPG ISLAND 2 OF HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES. HOWEVER, RELATIVELY HIGHER AMOUNTS OF HBC BINDING TO CPG ISLAND 2 OF CCCDNA WERE ACCOMPANIED BY LOWER AMOUNTS OF HDAC1 BINDING. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE ABUNDANCES OF HBC BINDING TO CPG ISLAND 2 OF CCCDNA AND POSITIVE HBEAG WERE INDEPENDENT FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPLICATION OF HBV (P = 0.001 FOR BOTH). APPARENTLY, HBC IS A POSITIVE REGULATOR OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION, MAINTAINING THE PERMISSIVE EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE CRITICAL REGION OF THE HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  3186  35 HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES DIFFER IN THEIR VULNERABILITY TO DAMAGE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATE OF CCCDNA AFFECTS ITS STABILITY. APPROACHES AND RESULTS: BY USING HBV INFECTION CELL MODELS AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) AND HBVCIRCLE MODELS, THE REDUCTION RATE OF HBV CCCDNA AND THE EFFICACY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B MRNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 3A (APOBEC3A)-MEDIATED AND CRISPR/CRISPR-ASSOCIATED 9 (CAS9)-MEDIATED CCCDNA TARGETING WERE COMPARED BETWEEN CCCDNAS WITH DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES. INTERFERON-ALPHA TREATMENT AND HEPATITIS B X PROTEIN (HBX) DELETION WERE APPLIED AS TWO STRATEGIES FOR CCCDNA REPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MICROCOCCAL NUCLEASE ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CCCDNA. HBV CCCDNA LEVELS REMAINED STABLE IN NONDIVIDING HEPATOCYTES; HOWEVER, THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DURING CELL DIVISION, AND THE REDUCTION RATE WAS SIMILAR BETWEEN CCCDNAS IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE AND TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSED STATES. STRIKINGLY, HBV RCCCDNA WITHOUT HBX EXPRESSION EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER PERSISTENCE IN MICE. THE CCCDNA WITH LOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY EXHIBITED AN EPIGENETICALLY INACTIVE PATTERN AND WAS MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS BY APOBEC3A AND ENGINEERED CRISPR-CAS9. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR ACTIVATING CCCDNA INCREASED ITS VULNERABILITY TO APOBEC3A. CONCLUSIONS: HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES SHOWED A SIMILAR REDUCTION RATE DURING CELL DIVISION BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR ACCESSIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY TO TARGETED NUCLEASES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. EPIGENETIC SENSITIZATION OF CCCDNA MAKES IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND MAY POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO AN HBV CURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  5226  41 PRMT5 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) MINICHROMOSOME, WHICH SERVES AS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VIRAL RNAS, PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VIRAL PERSISTENCE. WHILE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, PARTICULARLY THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONE 3 (H3) AND H4, THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF HISTONE METHYLATION AND RELATED HOST FACTORS REMAIN OBSCURE. HERE, BY SCREENING A SERIES OF METHYLTRANSFERASES AND DEMETHYLASES, WE IDENTIFIED PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) AS AN EFFECTIVE RESTRICTOR OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. IN CELL CULTURE-BASED MODELS FOR HBV INFECTION AND IN LIVER TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, WE FOUND THAT SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON CCCDNA WAS A REPRESSIVE MARKER OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND WAS REGULATED BY PRMT5 DEPENDING ON ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN. MOREOVER, PRMT5-TRIGGERED SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME INVOLVED AN INTERACTION WITH THE HBV CORE PROTEIN AND THE BRG1-BASED HUMAN SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELER, WHICH RESULTED IN DOWN-REGULATION OF THE BINDING OF RNA POLYMERASE II TO CCCDNA. IN ADDITION TO THE INHIBITORY EFFECT ON CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION, PRMT5 INHIBITED HBV CORE PARTICLE DNA PRODUCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY. FURTHER STUDY REVEALED THAT PRMT5 INTERFERED WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION BY PREVENTING ITS INTERACTION WITH VIRAL POLYMERASE PROTEIN THROUGH BINDING TO THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-RIBONUCLEASE H REGION OF POLYMERASE, WHICH IS CRUCIAL FOR THE POLYMERASE-PREGENOMIC RNA INTERACTION. CONCLUSION: PRMT5 RESTRICTS HBV REPLICATION THROUGH A TWO-PART MECHANISM INCLUDING EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION; THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND HOST-HBV INTERACTION, THUS PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2017;66:398-415).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  2837  37 FORKHEAD O TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 RESTRICTS HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION THROUGH GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA VIA INTERACTING WITH PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN. NUCLEAR LOCATED HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) REMAINS THE KEY OBSTACLE TO CURE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). IN OUR PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY THROUGH DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF HNF4ALPHA. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS WHEREBY FOXO4 INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION, ESPECIALLY ITS EFFECT ON CCCDNA, REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, OUR DATA FURTHER REVEALED THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT CCCDNA MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING CCCDNA LEVEL. MECHANISTIC STUDY SHOWED THAT FOXO4 COULD CAUSE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA. ALTHOUGH FOXO4-MEDIATED DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA CONTRIBUTED TO INHIBITING HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY, IT HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FURTHER, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD COLOCALIZE WITHIN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN (PML) NUCLEAR BODIES AND INTERACT WITH PML. OF NOTE, PML WAS REVEALED TO BE CRITICAL FOR FOXO4-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF CCCDNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND OF THE FOLLOWING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. FURTHERMORE, FOXO4 WAS FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN HBV-INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AND HUMAN LIVER TISSUES, AND IT WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN CHB PATIENTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF FOXO4 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA THROUGH INTERACTING WITH PML. TARGETING FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IMPORTANCE HBV CCCDNA IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND THE MAIN OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. STRATEGIES THAT TARGET CCCDNA DIRECTLY ARE THEREFORE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CONTROLLING PERSISTENT HBV INFECTION. IN PRESENT INVESTIGATION, WE FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFICIENTLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA ITSELF. FURTHER, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT FOXO4 MIGHT INHIBIT CCCDNA FUNCTION VIA A TWO-PART MECHANISM: ONE IS TO EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION VIA INTERACTING WITH PML, AND THE OTHER IS TO INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY VIA THE GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA. OF NOTE, HBV MIGHT DAMPEN THE EXPRESSION OF FOXO4 FOR ITS OWN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE PROPOSE THAT MANIPULATION OF FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  3247  32 HEPATITIS B VIRUS BASAL CORE PROMOTER MUTATIONS SHOW LOWER REPLICATION FITNESS ASSOCIATED WITH CCCDNA ACETYLATION STATUS. IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, VARIANTS WITH MUTATIONS IN THE BASAL CORE PROMOTER (BCP) AND PRECORE REGION PREDOMINATE AND ASSOCIATE WITH MORE SEVERE DISEASE FORMS. STUDIES ON THEIR EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION REMAIN CONTROVERSIAL. INCREASING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA REGULATE HBV REPLICATION AND DISEASE OUTCOME. HERE WE DETERMINED THE TRANSCRIPTION AND VIRAL REPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF WELL-DEFINED BCP AND PRECORE MUTATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC CONTROL. HBV MONOMERS BEARING BCP MUTATIONS A1762T/G1764A AND A1762T/G1764A/C1766T, AND PRECORE MUTATIONS G1896A, G1899A AND G1896A/G1899A, WERE TRANSFECTED INTO HEPG2 CELLS USING A PLASMID-FREE APPROACH. VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE DETECTED BY NORTHERN BLOT HYBRIDIZATION AND RT PCR, DNA REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATES BY SOUTHERN BLOTTING AND RT PCR, AND VIRAL RELEASE WAS MEASURED BY ELISA. ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WAS ASSESSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY AND METHYLATION OF CCCDNA BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. BCP MUTATIONS RESULTED IN LOW VIRAL RELEASE, MRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PGRNA/CCCDNA RATIOS THAT PARALLELED THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND H4 HISTONE AND INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH THE HDAC1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MUTATIONS, CCCDNA WAS A TARGET FOR METHYLATION, ACCOMPANIED BY THE UPREGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION AND DNMT1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BCP MUTATIONS DECREASE VIRAL REPLICATION CAPACITY POSSIBLY BY MODULATING THE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WHILE PRECORE MUTATIONS DO NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION. THESE DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGULATION OF HBV VIRAL REPLICATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  5715  36 SIRT3 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA INVOLVING SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 AND SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), WHICH SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV RNA TRANSCRIPTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ERADICATING CHRONIC HBV DURING CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED SILENT MATING TYPE INFORMATION REGULATION 2 HOMOLOG 3 (SIRT3) AS A HOST FACTOR RESTRICTING HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION BY SCREENING SEVEN MEMBERS OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, WHICH IS THE CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. ECTOPIC SIRT3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED TOTAL HBV RNAS, 3.5-KB RNA, AS WELL AS REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATE DNA IN HBV-INFECTED HEPG2-NA(+) /TAUROCHOLATE COTRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDE CELLS AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. IN CONTRAST, GENE SILENCING OF SIRT3 PROMOTED HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. A MECHANISTIC STUDY FOUND THAT NUCLEAR SIRT3 WAS RECRUITED TO THE HBV CCCDNA, WHERE IT DEACETYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9. IMPORTANTLY, OCCUPANCY OF SIRT3 ON CCCDNA COULD INCREASE THE RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 TO CCCDNA AND DECREASE RECRUITMENT OF SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A, LEADING TO A MARKED INCREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS9) AND A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS4) ON CCCDNA. MOREOVER, SIRT3-MEDIATED HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION INVOLVED DECREASED BINDING OF HOST RNA POLYMERASE II AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YIN YANG 1 TO CCCDNA. FINALLY, HEPATITIS B VIRAL X PROTEIN COULD RELIEVE SIRT3-MEDIATED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY INHIBITING BOTH SIRT3 EXPRESSION AND ITS RECRUITMENT TO CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: SIRT3 IS A HOST FACTOR EPIGENETICALLY RESTRICTING HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY ACTING COOPERATIVELY WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE; THESE DATA PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF SIRT3 ACTIVATORS IN THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2018).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  6448  40 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  5955  32 TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT CORRECTS HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF HOST CELLULAR GENES TO SUPPORT ITS REPLICATION AND SURVIVAL AND TO PROMOTE THE LIVER CELL INJURY. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINED INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPG2 CELLS BY PROFILING THE LANDSCAPES OF THE ACTIVE HISTONE MODIFICATION MARK H3K4ME3 AND REPRESSIVE MARK H3K27ME3 USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-SEQUENCING. HBV CAUSED THE ALTERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI, WHICH ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV ENTRY, INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HOST CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TREATMENT OF THE HBV-TRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS WITH THE ANTI-HBV DRUG TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORED THE H3K4ME3 LEVEL TO THAT OF UNTRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS. MORE IMPORTANTLY, OUR ANALYSIS OF LIVER SAMPLES FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS REVEALED THAT TREATMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH TELBIVUDINE NOT ONLY CORRECTED THE TARGET GENE EXPRESSION BUT ALSO THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF CRITICAL GENES. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES SMYD3 AND EZH2 THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3-SPECIFIC METHYLATION SHOWED NO DIFFERENCE IN HEPG2 CELL WITH OR WITHOUT HBV EXISTENCE. THUS, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ABNORMAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV-MEDIATED LIVER PATHOGENESIS AND TELBIVUDINE THERAPY MIGHT BENEFIT PATIENTS WITH HBV-RELATED CHRONIC INFECTION, LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND EVEN HEPATIC CARCINOMA. SUMMARY: TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO HBV-CAUSED ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS AND HISTONE H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER CELLS, REVEALING A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR HBV-MEDIATED LIVER DAMAGE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  4239  36 METHYLATION PROFILE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IS NOT INFLUENCED BY INTERFERON ALPHA IN HUMAN LIVER CANCER CELLS. INTERFERON (IFN) ALPHA IS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, BUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS ANTIVIRAL EFFECT HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IN CELLS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IFN?ALPHA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO MODIFY CCCDNA?BOUND HISTONES, BUT IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER THE ANTI?HBV EFFECT OF IFN?ALPHA INVOLVES METHYLATION OF CCCDNA. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE WHETHER IFN?ALPHA INDUCED METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA IN A CELL?BASED MODEL IN WHICH HEPG2 CELLS WERE DIRECTLY INFECTED WITH WILD?TYPE HBV VIRIONS. METHYLATION STATUS OF HBV CCCDNA WAS ASSESSED USING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ELISA ASSAY, METHYLATION?SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. IFN?ALPHA SUPPRESSED HBV DNA AND RNA TRANSCRIPTS, BUT METHYLATION PROFILES WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN THE CONTROL AND IFN?ALPHA TREATED GROUPS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION RESULTS REVEALED BINDING OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) 3A AND DNMT3B TO HBV CCCDNA AND TREATMENT WITH IFN?ALPHA SUPPRESSED THE RECRUITMENT OF DNMT3B TO CCCDNA. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IFN?ALPHA DOES NOT INDUCE METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. THEREFORE, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT METHYLATION IS UNLIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ANTI?HBV EFFECT OF IFN?ALPHA IN HEPG2 CELLS, AND THAT ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS NEED TO BE SOUGHT TO ENHANCE CCCDNA METHYLATION AS A NOVEL THERAPY AGAINST HBV.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  5678  35 SHORT HAIRPIN RNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS. SMALL INTERFERING RNAS NOT ONLY MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL, BUT ALSO INDUCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY RNA INTERFERENCE-MEDIATED HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION AND RNA-DIRECTED DNA METHYLATION (RDDM). HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED IN PLANTS, THERE HAVE BEEN CONTROVERSIES WHETHER RDDM OPERATES IN MAMMALS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HBV CCCDNA IS REGULATED BY METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE STABLY EXPRESSED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AGAINST HBV IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SHRNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. HEPAD38 CELLS WHICH PERMIT REPLICATION OF HBV UNDER CONTROL OF TETRACYCLINE-RESPONSIVE PROMOTER WERE TRANSDUCED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WHICH ENCODE SH-1580, A SHRNA AGAINST THE HEPATITIS B VIRAL PROTEIN HBX. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT SH-1580 INDUCED CPG METHYLATIONS AT A HIGHER RATE COMPARED TO CONTROL (31.3% VS. 12.8%, P<0.05). THE SH-1580-INDUCED CPG METHYLATION WAS LOCALIZED NEAR THE TARGET SEQUENCE OF SH-1580 IN MORE THAN A HALF OF THE CLONES. METHYLATION-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION WAS CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION ASSAY. THESE RESULTS CONFIRM THE FEASIBILITY OF RDDM OF HBV CCCDNA IN HUMAN CELLS. LENTIVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF SHRNA MAY BE USED AS A TOOL FOR NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV CCCDNA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  3189  33 HBX RELIEVES CHROMATIN-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRAL CCCDNA INVOLVING SETDB1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR HBV DNA (CCCDNA) THAT SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV TRANSCRIPTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES. WHILE STUDIES IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT HIGH VIREMIA CORRELATES WITH HYPERACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA STABILITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DECIPHER THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN AND CHROMATIN MODIFIER PROTEINS ON HBV TRANSCRIPTION. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE OF ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED OR SILENCED CCCDNA BY INFECTING PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AND DIFFERENTIATED HEPARG CELLS WITH WILD-TYPE VIRUS OR VIRUS DEFICIENT (HBVX-) FOR THE EXPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX), THAT IS REQUIRED FOR HBV EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE ABSENCE OF HBX, HBV CCCDNA WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED WITH THE CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HISTONE 3 (H3) ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, INCREASE OF H3 DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION (H3K9ME) AND THE RECRUITMENT OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 FACTORS (HP1) THAT CORRELATE WITH CONDENSED CHROMATIN. SETDB1 WAS FOUND TO BE THE MAIN HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEPOSITION OF H3K9ME3 AND HBV REPRESSION. FINALLY, FULL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REACTIVATION OF HBVX- UPON HBX RE-EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HP1 BINDING AND OF H3K9ME3 ON THE CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: UPON HBV INFECTION, CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVING SETDB1-MEDIATED H3K9ME3 AND HP1 INDUCE SILENCING OF HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH MODULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. HBX IS ABLE TO RELIEVE THIS REPRESSION AND ALLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ACTIVE CHROMATIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  5234  26 PROFILE ANALYSIS AND FUNCTIONAL MODELING IDENTIFY CIRCULAR RNAS IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AS REGULATORS OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, ASSOCIATED WITH AN OUTCOME OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS/CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HOWEVER, LIMITED EXPLORATION OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HINDERS ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN NAFLD, THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCULAR RNA (CIRCRNA) OF RODENTS IN WHICH NAFLD WAS INDUCED BY A HIGH-FAT, HIGH-CHOLESTEROL (HFHC) DIET WAS STUDIED. MODELING OF THE CIRCRNA-MICRORNA (MIRNA) -MRNA REGULATORY NETWORK REVEALED THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NAFLD-SPECIFIC CIRCRNAS. THE TARGETS AND EFFECTS IN THE LIVER OF SUCH NAFLD-SPECIFIC CIRCRNAS WERE FURTHER ASSESSED. OUR RESULTS UNCOVERED THAT THE DOWNREGULATION OF 28 ANNOTATED CIRCRNAS CHARACTERIZES HFHC DIET-INDUCED NAFLD. AMONG THE DOWNREGULATED CIRCRNAS, LONG INTERGENIC NON-PROTEIN CODING RNA, P53 INDUCED TRANSCRIPT (LNCPINT) -DERIVED CIRCRNAS (CIRC_0001452, CIRC_0001453, AND CIRC_0001454) TARGETED BOTH MIR-466I-3P AND MIR-669C-3P. THEIR DEFICIENCY IN NAFLD ABROGATED THE CIRCRNA-BASED INHIBITORY EFFECT ON BOTH MIRNAS, WHICH FURTHER INACTIVATED THE AMPK SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA AMPK-ALPHA1 SUPPRESSION. INHIBITION OF THE AMPK SIGNALING PATHWAY PROMOTES HEPATIC STEATOSIS, DEPENDING ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND TRANSLATIONAL UPREGULATION OF LIPOGENIC GENES, SUCH AS THOSE ENCODING STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SREBP1) AND FATTY ACID SYNTHASE (FASN) IN HEPATOCYTES. THE LEVELS OF LNCPINT-DERIVED CIRCRNAS DISPLAYED A NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION WITH HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDE (TG) CONCENTRATION. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT LOSS OF LNCPINT-DERIVED CIRCRNAS MAY UNDERLIE NAFLD VIA MIR-466I-3P- AND MIR-669C-3P-DEPENDENT INACTIVATION OF THE AMPK SIGNALING PATHWAY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  1178  31 CONTROL OF CCCDNA FUNCTION IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE TEMPLATE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) TRANSCRIPTION, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS AND PERMITS THE PERSISTENCE OF INFECTION. NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES HAVE OPENED NEW POSSIBILITIES TO INVESTIGATE THE ORGANIZATION AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME IN VIVO, AND RECENT ADVANCES HAVE STARTED TO SHED LIGHT ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA FUNCTION. NUCLEAR CCCDNA ACCUMULATES IN HEPATOCYTE NUCLEI AS A STABLE MINICHROMOSOME ORGANIZED BY HISTONE AND NON-HISTONE VIRAL AND CELLULAR PROTEINS. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING CCCDNA STABILITY AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AT THE RNA, DNA AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CH-B) INFECTION MAY REVEAL NEW POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR ANTI-HBV DRUGS AND HENCE ASSIST IN THE DESIGN OF STRATEGIES AIMED AT SILENCING AND EVENTUALLY DEPLETING THE CCCDNA RESERVOIR.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  3947  26 LNCRNA UCA1 INDUCES AUTOPHAGIC GENE EXPRESSION VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION MEDIATED BY ATG16L1 AND MIR-132-3P IN SH-SY5Y CELLS TREATED WITH RETINOIC ACID. OBJECTIVE: EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE WITH RECURRENT SEIZURES. AUTOPHAGY PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF EPILEPSY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXPLORE THE FUNCTION AND INTRINSIC MECHANISM OF THE LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) UCA1/MIR-132-3P/ATG16L1 AXIS IN EPILEPSY VIA REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION OF LNCRNA UCA1, MIR-132-3P AND ATG16L1 WAS MEASURED IN SERUM FROM EPILEPTIC PATIENTS BY QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR. A SH-SY5Y CELL MODEL WAS FURTHER CONSTRUCTED USING RETINOIC ACID TO INVESTIGATE THE UCA1/ MIR-132-3P/ATG16L1 AXIS BY QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDISATION, RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND A DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER GENE ASSAY. RESULTS: IN THE SERUM OF EPILEPTIC PATIENTS, THE LEVEL OF LNCRNA UCA1 AND ATG16L1 WAS REDUCED AND MIR-132-3P ELEVATED, COMPARED TO CONTROLS. SIMILARLY, IN THE SH-SY5Y CELL MODEL, THE LEVEL OF LNCRNA UCA1 AND ATG16L1 WAS REDUCED AND MIR-132-3P ELEVATED IN RETINOIC ACID-TREATED CELLS; LNCRNA UCA1 WAS MAINLY LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM. LNCRNA UCA1 OVEREXPRESSION WAS SHOWN TO PROMOTE AUTOPHAGIC GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS REVERSED BY MIR-132-3P OVEREXPRESSION. MOREOVER, AUTOPHAGIC GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY MIR-132-3P KNOCKDOWN WAS REVERSED BY ATG16L1 KNOCKDOWN. BASED ON PRECIPITATION ASSAYS, LNCRNA UCA1 AND MIR-132-3P WERE SHOWN TO FORM A COMPLEX WITH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, EZH2, AND MIR-132-3P WAS SHOWN TO INTERACT WITH ATG16L1 BASED ON A LUCIFERASE ASSAY. FINALLY, LNCRNA UCA1 WAS SHOWN TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE MIR-132-3P EXPRESSION, AND MIR-132-3P WAS SHOWN TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE ATG16L1. SIGNIFICANCE: IN THIS CELL MODEL, LNCRNA UCA1 PROMOTES AUTOPHAGIC GENE EXPRESSION VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION MEDIATED BY ATG16L1 AND MIR-132-3P.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  4055  41 MAPPING OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN EPISOMAL HBV CCCDNA UNCOVERS AN UNUSUAL CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION AMENABLE TO EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION AFFECTS 240 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR LIVER FAILURE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY INHIBITS CYTOPLASMIC HBV GENOMIC REPLICATION, BUT IS NOT CURATIVE BECAUSE IT DOES NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT NUCLEAR HBV CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), THE GENOMIC FORM THAT TEMPLATES VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION AND SUSTAINS VIRAL PERSISTENCE. NOVEL APPROACHES THAT DIRECTLY TARGET CCCDNA REGULATION WOULD THEREFORE BE HIGHLY DESIRABLE. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS). HERE, USING A NEW CCCDNA CHIP-SEQ APPROACH, WE REPORT, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE FIRST GENOME-WIDE MAPS OF PTMS IN CCCDNA-CONTAINING CHROMATIN FROM DE NOVO INFECTED HEPG2 CELLS, PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, AND FROM HBV-INFECTED LIVER TISSUE. WE FIND HIGH LEVELS OF PTMS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION ENRICHED AT SPECIFIC SITES WITHIN THE HBV GENOME AND, SURPRISINGLY, VERY LOW LEVELS OF PTMS LINKED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION EVEN AT SILENT HBV PROMOTERS. WE SHOW THAT TRANSCRIPTION AND ACTIVE PTMS IN HBV CHROMATIN ARE REDUCED BY THE ACTIVATION OF AN INNATE IMMUNITY PATHWAY, AND THAT THIS EFFECT CAN BE RECAPITULATED WITH A SMALL MOLECULE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING AGENT, OPENING THE POSSIBILITY THAT CHROMATIN-BASED REGULATION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION COULD BE A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  1022  24 CIRCULAR RNA HSA_CIRC_0098181 INHIBITS METASTASIS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA BY ACTIVATING THE HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA INTERACTION WITH EEF2. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MULTI-STEP PROCESS THAT ACCUMULATES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING CHANGES IN CIRCULAR RNA (CIRCRNA). THIS STUDY AIMED TO UNDERSTAND THE ALTERATIONS IN CIRCRNA EXPRESSION IN HCC DEVELOPMENT AND METASTASIS AND TO EXPLORE THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CIRCRNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TEN PAIRS OF ADJACENT CHRONIC HEPATITIS TISSUES AND HCC TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITHOUT VENOUS METASTASES, AND TEN HCC TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH VENOUS METASTASES WERE ANALYZED USING HUMAN CIRCRNA MICROARRAYS. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED CIRCRNAS WERE THEN VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE ROLES OF THE CIRCRNA IN HCC PROGRESSION. RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY, MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WERE CONDUCTED TO EXPLORE THE PROTEIN PARTNERS OF THE CIRCRNA. RESULTS: CIRCRNA MICROARRAYS REVEALED THAT THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF CIRCRNAS ACROSS THE THREE GROUPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT. AMONG THESE, HSA_CIRC_0098181 WAS VALIDATED TO BE LOWLY EXPRESSED AND ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF HSA_CIRC_0098181 DELAYED HCC METASTASIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. MECHANISTICALLY, HSA_CIRC_0098181 SEQUESTERED EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR 2 (EEF2) AND DISSOCIATED EEF2 FROM FILAMENTOUS ACTIN (F-ACTIN) TO PREVENT F-ACTIN FORMATION, WHICH BLOCKED ACTIVATION OF THE HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE RNA BINDING PROTEIN QUAKING-5 BOUND DIRECTLY TO HSA_CIRC_0098181 AND INDUCED ITS BIOGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY REVEALS CHANGES IN CIRCRNA EXPRESSION FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS, PRIMARY HCC, TO METASTATIC HCC. FURTHER, THE QKI5-HSA_CIRC_0098181-EEF2-HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY EXERTS A REGULATORY ROLE IN HCC.	2023