1  5976 108 TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS MEDIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) MEDIATES THE CONVERSION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5 MC) TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC), HENCE PROMOTING DNA DEMETHYLATION. ALTHOUGH RECENT STUDIES HAVE LINKED THE DNA DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, THE ROLE OF SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DNA DEMETHYLATION IN NOCICEPTION HYPERSENSITIVITY DEVELOPMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE REPORT CORRELATED WITH BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) UPREGULATED TET1 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THAT HYDROXYLATE 5 MC TO 5 HMC AT CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER TO PROMOTE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION. FOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL TET1 EXPRESSION DECREASED TET1 BINDING AND 5 HMC ENRICHMENT, FURTHER INCREASED 5 MC ENRICHMENT AT CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER AND DECREASED SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY THE ALLEVIATION OF THE DEVELOPED ALLODYNIA. MOREOVER, AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED THE BINDING OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS, I.E., DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B) TO THE BDNF PROMOTER, A REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING BY CATALYSING 5-CYTOSINE (5C) TO 5 MC. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST AT CPG SITES OF THE BDNF PROMOTER, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION PROMOTES DNA DEMETHYLATION BOTH BY CONVERTING 5 MC TO 5 HMC AND INHIBITING DNMT BINDING TO REGULATE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION, HENCE CONTRIBUTING TO BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  1166  36 CONTRIBUTION OF DNMT1 TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETICALLY REPRESSING KCNA2 IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. EXPRESSIONAL CHANGES OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS OF DRG ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION SILENCES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, ACTS AS THE DE NOVO DNMT AND IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS LIKELY THROUGH REPRESSING AT LEAST DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION IN MALE MICE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY UPREGULATED DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN-TRIGGERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF DNMT1 GENE. BLOCKING THIS UPREGULATION PREVENTED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF KCNA2 GENE, RESCUED KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND TOTAL KV CURRENT, ATTENUATED HYPEREXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. GIVEN THAT KCNA2 IS A KEY PLAYER IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DRG DNMT1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REPORTED THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL DNA MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS UPREGULATED VIA THE ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CREB IN THE INJURED DRG AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THIS UPREGULATION WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE KCNA2 GENE, REDUCTIONS IN KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND KV CURRENT AND INCREASES IN NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG. SINCE PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OR GENETIC KNOCKDOWN OF DRG DNMT1 ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES, DRG DNMT1 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH REPRESSION OF DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  5574  36 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  1631  33 DNMT3A METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGIES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DOWNREGULATES MOR EXPRESSION, BUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3A (DNMT3A) EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION CHANGES WITHIN MOR PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MOUSE MODEL AND FURTHER DETERMINED WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. METHODS: A CCI MOUSE MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED AND TISSUE SPECIMENS OF LUMBAR SPINAL CORDS WERE COLLECTED. THE NOCICEPTION THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED BY A MODEL HEATED 400 BASE. DNMT3A AND MOR MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION OF DNMT3A GENE WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOWED THAT CHRONIC NERVE INJURY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF MOR GENE PROMOTER AND DECREASED MOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD. INHIBITION OF DNMT3A CATALYTIC ACTIVITY WITH DNMT INHIBITOR RG108 SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF THE MOR PROMOTER, AND THEN UPREGULATED MOR EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT AN INCREASE OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION AND MOR METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TARGETING DNMT3A TO THE PROMOTER OF MOR GENE BY DNMT INHIBITOR MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  4618  37 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPIOID RECEPTORS CONTROLLED BY DNMT3A IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE GOLD STANDARD FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. HOW NERVE INJURY DRIVES SUCH DOWNREGULATION REMAINS ELUSIVE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION REPRESSES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT BLOCKING THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DRG DNMT3A (A DE NOVO DNMT) RESCUED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ENCODING MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (KOR) PROTEINS IN THE INJURED DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE ALSO PREVENTED THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE OPRM1 GENE IN THE INJURED DRG, RESTORED MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE (A PERIPHERAL ACTING MOR PREFERRING AGONIST) ANALGESIC EFFECTS, AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR CODING MOR AND KOR IN DRG AND AUGMENTED MOR-GATED NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM THE PRIMARY AFFERENTS. MECHANISTICALLY, DNMT3A REGULATION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION REQUIRED THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 1, MBD1, AS MBD1 KNOCKOUT RESULTED IN THE DECREASED BINDING OF DNMT3A TO THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND BLOCKED THE DNMT3A-TRIGGERED REPRESSION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A IS REQUIRED FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED AND MBD1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MOR AND KOR IN THE INJURED DRG. DNMT3A INHIBITION MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR OPIOID USE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  3809  36 INTRAPERITONEAL 5-AZACYTIDINE ALLEVIATES NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN IN RATS BY MODULATING DNA METHYLATION. TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MODULATING CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NPP), IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGET GENES OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS, AND PRELIMINARILY CONFIRM THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE (5-AZA) IN NPP BY TARGETING GENE METHYLATION. TWO RAT NPP MODELS, CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) AND SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL), WERE USED. THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD WERE ASSAYED USING AN ARRAYSTAR RAT REFSEQ PROMOTER ARRAY. THE UNDERLYING GENES WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION WERE THEN IDENTIFIED AND SUBMITTED TO GENE ONTOLOGY AND PATHWAY ANALYSIS. METHYL-DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION QUANTITATIVE PCR (MEDIP-QPCR) AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR (RT-QPCR) WERE USED TO CONFIRM GENE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION. THE PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF 5-AZA IN NPP AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE EVALUATED VIA BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS AND RT-QPCR, RESPECTIVELY. ANALYSIS OF THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD INDICATED THAT 1205 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED FRAGMENTS IN CCI RATS WERE LOCATED WITHIN DNA PROMOTER REGIONS, INCLUDING 638 HYPERMETHYLATED FRAGMENTS AND 567 HYPOMETHYLATED FRAGMENTS. THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF GRM4, HTR4, ADRB2, KCNF1, GAD2, AND PPARG, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) AND GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE PATHWAYS, WERE INCREASED WITH A CORRESPONDING DECREASE IN THEIR MRNA EXPRESSION, IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF CCI RATS. MOREOVER, WE FOUND THAT THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF 5-AZA (4 MG/KG) ATTENUATED CCI- OR SNL-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. FINALLY, THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF HYPERMETHYLATED GENES SUCH AS GRM4, HTR4, ADRB2, KCNF1, AND GAD2 WAS REVERSED AFTER 5-AZA TREATMENT. CCI INDUCED WIDESPREAD METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE DNA PROMOTER REGIONS IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD. INTRAPERITONEAL 5-AZA ALLEVIATED HYPERALGESIA IN CCI AND SNL RATS, AN EFFECT ACCOMPANIED BY THE REVERSED EXPRESSION OF HYPERMETHYLATED GENES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION INHIBITION REPRESENTS A PROMISING EPIGENETIC STRATEGY FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CHRONIC NPP FOLLOWING NERVE INJURY. OUR STUDY LAYS A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR 5-AZA TO BECOME A CLINICAL TARGETED DRUG.	2023	
                                                                             
7  1630  37 DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN BY SILENCING KV1.2 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN. METASTATIC BONE TUMOR-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION IN PAIN-RELATED REGIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF DECITABINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR, DOSE DEPENDENTLY ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN INDUCED BY INJECTING PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INTO THE TIBIA. THE LEVEL OF THE DE NOVO DNMT3A, BUT NOT DNMT3B, TIME DEPENDENTLY INCREASED IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 DORSAL HORN (NOT L4/5 DORSAL ROOT GANGLION) AFTER PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 5 (AAV5) EXPRESSING DNMT3A SHRNA INTO DORSAL HORN RESCUED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND IMPAIRED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN TURN, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF AAV5 EXPRESSING FULL-LENGTH DNMT3A INTO DORSAL HORN REDUCED DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND PRODUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. ADMINISTRATION OF NEITHER DECITABINE NOR VIRUS AFFECTED LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION AND ACUTE RESPONSES TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD STIMULI. GIVEN THAT DNMT3A MRNA IS CO-EXPRESSED WITH KCNA2 MRNA (ENCODING KV1.2) IN INDIVIDUAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED DORSAL HORN DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO BONE CANCER PAIN THROUGH SILENCING DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION. DNMT3A MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL NEW TARGET FOR CANCER PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  3810  33 INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE INHIBITS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 EXPRESSION AND ALLEVIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN REGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTINOCICEPTIVE GENES. DNA METHYLATION IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN VERTEBRATES, AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN METHYLATION-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING. TO DETERMINE HOW CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) AND HOW REPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AFFECTS THESE CHANGES AND ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE USED INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, IN CCI RATS. RATS RECEIVED 0.9% SALINE OR 5-AZACYTIDINE (10MUMOL.D(-1)) VIA SPINAL INJECTION ONCE DAILY FROM DAY 3 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CCI WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE FROM DAY 5 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. THE INCREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER NERVE DAMAGE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. 5-AZACYTIDINE SHOWS POTENTIAL FOR TREATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  1632  28 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  1559  36 DNA METHYLATION MODULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING DNA ACCESSIBILITY AND GENE EXPRESSION. BLOCKADE OF DNA METHYLATION CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT PAIN BEHAVIORS IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION WITH REGARD TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN HAS NOT YET BEEN EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MODULATING INCISIONAL PAIN AND IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGETS UNDER DNA METHYLATION AND CONTRIBUTING TO INCISIONAL PAIN. DNA METHYLTRANFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY. AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ALSO REDUCED HINDPAW SWELLING AFTER INCISION, SUGGESTING AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN SKIN AFTER INCISION, BUT NONE OF DNMT1, DNMT3A OR DNMT3B WAS ALTERED IN SPINAL CORD OR DRG. THE EXPRESSION OF PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN POMC ENCODING BETA-ENDORPHIN AND OPRM1 ENCODING THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR WERE UPREGULATED PERIPHERALLY AFTER INCISION; MOREOVER, OPRM1 EXPRESSION WAS FURTHER INCREASED UNDER DNMT INHIBITOR TREATMENT. FINALLY, LOCAL PERIPHERAL INJECTION OF THE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NALOXONE SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION IS FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT TO INCISIONAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND THAT MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR SIGNALING MIGHT BE ONE METHYLATION REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  4397  32 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                
12   431  30 ANTIDEPRESSANT ADMINISTRATION MODULATES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION IN RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT CAN MODULATE DNA METHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGION OF GENES RELATED TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN DEPRESSION NEUROBIOLOGY AND TREATMENT. ACCORDINGLY, SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS INDUCES ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN RODENTS. DNA METHYLATION IS CONVEYED BY DNMT 1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS, WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN. IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE IF THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS INDUCED BY ACUTE AND REPEATED ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION (1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS) IN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO A STRESS MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH). THEREFORE, RATS WERE EXPOSED TO PRETEST AND TREATED WITH ONE OR SEVEN INJECTIONS OF VEHICLE OR IMIPRAMINE (15 MG KG(-1)), WITH TEST SESSION PERFORMED ONE HOUR AFTER THE LAST INJECTION. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED ESCAPE FAILURES DURING THE TEST, A WELL DESCRIBED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN THIS MODEL. DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT (1, 3A AND 3B) LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC, VHPC) AND IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF RATS EXPOSED TO STRESS AND TREATMENT. STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION IN THE DHPC AND PFC. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED STRESS EFFECTS ONLY IN THE PFC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE LH MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  1320  36 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  2885  29 G9A PARTICIPATES IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED KCNA2 DOWNREGULATION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KCNA2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IS CRITICAL FOR DRG NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW NERVE INJURY CAUSES THIS DOWNREGULATION IS STILL ELUSIVE. EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, ALSO KNOWN AS G9A, METHYLATES HISTONE H3 ON LYSINE RESIDUE 9 TO PREDOMINANTLY PRODUCE A DYNAMIC HISTONE DIMETHYLATION, RESULTING IN CONDENSED CHROMATIN AND GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. WE SHOWED HERE THAT BLOCKING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN G9A RESCUED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE DECREASED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, REDUCED KV CURRENT, AND INCREASED EXCITABILITY IN THE DRG NEURONS AND LED TO SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. G9A MRNA IS CO-LOCALIZED WITH KCNA2 MRNA IN THE DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF KCNA2 IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  2756  39 EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN ADULT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IS CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND UP REGULATED IN A RODENT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPEREXCITABILITY AND INTRINSIC FIRING OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. THESE PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES CAN BE LONG LASTING, POTENTIALLY SPANNING THE ENTIRE LIFE OF ANIMAL MODELS, AND DEPEND ON ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS, INCLUDING MANY ION CHANNELS. YET, HOW DRGS MAINTAIN LONG-TERM CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN NEUROPATHIC CONDITIONS REMAINS UNCLEAR. DNA METHYLATION IS A WELL-KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND IS ACHIEVED BY THE ACTION OF THREE ENZYMES: DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, 3A, AND 3B, WHICH HAVE BEEN STUDIED PRIMARILY DURING DEVELOPMENT. WE FIRST PERFORMED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO ASSESS WHETHER THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPRESSED IN ADULT RAT DRGS (L4-5) AND FOUND THAT DNMT1 IS EXPRESSED IN BOTH GLIA AND NEURONS, DNMT3A IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN GLIA AND DNMT3B IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS. A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS THEN USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER NERVE INJURY MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DRGS AT MULTIPLE TIME POINTS AFTER PAIN ONSET. REAL-TIME RT PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED ROBUST AND TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNMT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION IN IPSILATERAL DRGS FROM SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) BUT NOT SHAM RATS. INTERESTINGLY, DNMT3B TRANSCRIPT SHOWED A ROBUST UPREGULATION THAT APPEARED ALREADY 1 WEEK AFTER SURGERY AND PERSISTED AT 4 WEEKS (OUR ENDPOINT); IN CONTRAST, DNMT1 AND DNMT3A TRANSCRIPTS SHOWED ONLY MODERATE UPREGULATION THAT WAS TRANSIENT AND DID NOT APPEAR UNTIL THE SECOND WEEK. WE SUGGEST THAT DNMT REGULATION IN ADULT DRGS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE PAIN PHENOTYPE AND MERITS FURTHER STUDY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  4098  35 MBD1 CONTRIBUTES TO THE GENESIS OF ACUTE PAIN AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1 AND KCNA2 GENES IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. THE TRANSMISSION OF NORMAL SENSORY AND/OR ACUTE NOXIOUS INFORMATION REQUIRES INTACT EXPRESSION OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES WITHIN THE PAIN PATHWAYS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM. EXPRESSIONAL CHANGES OF THESE GENES AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY ARE ALSO CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE. METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (MBD1), AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, REGULATES GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. WE REPORT HERE THAT MBD1 IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS OF DRG IS CRITICAL FOR THE GENESIS OF ACUTE PAIN AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS DRG MBD1-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBIT THE REDUCED RESPONSES TO ACUTE MECHANICAL, HEAT, COLD, AND CAPSAICIN STIMULI AND THE BLUNTED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. FURTHERMORE, DRG OVEREXPRESSION OF MBD1 LEADS TO SPONTANEOUS PAIN AND EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN THE WT MICE AND RESTORES ACUTE PAIN SENSITIVITIES IN THE MBD1-DEFICIENT MICE. MECHANISTICALLY, MDB1 REPRESSES OPRM1 AND KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION BY RECRUITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A INTO THESE TWO GENE PROMOTERS IN THE DRG NEURONS. DRG MBD1 IS LIKELY A KEY PLAYER UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ACUTE PAIN AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REVEALED THAT THE MICE WITH DEFICIENCY OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (MBD1), AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, IN THE DRG DISPLAYED THE REDUCED RESPONSES TO ACUTE NOXIOUS STIMULI AND THE BLUNTED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT DRG OVEREXPRESSION OF MBD1 PRODUCED THE HYPERSENSITIVITIES TO NOXIOUS STIMULI IN THE WT MICE AND RESCUED ACUTE PAIN SENSITIVITIES IN THE MBD1-DEFICIENT MICE. WE HAVE ALSO PROVIDED THE EVIDENCE THAT MDB1 REPRESSES OPRM1 AND KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION BY RECRUITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A INTO THESE TWO GENE PROMOTERS IN THE DRG NEURONS. DRG MBD1 MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE GENESIS OF ACUTE PAIN AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN LIKELY THROUGH REGULATING DNMT3A-CONTROLLED OPRM1 AND KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG NEURONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17   479  29 ARSENIC TRIOXIDE INHIBITS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND RESTORES TMS1 GENE EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS. BACKGROUND: GENE SILENCING ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGION CPG ISLANDS IS AN ACQUIRED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT SERVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GENETIC DEFECTS IN THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEMETHYLATING, DOSE-DEPENDENT EFFECT OF ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (AS2O3) ON SEVERAL TUMOR-RELATED GENES HAS ALREADY BEEN POSTULATED. HOWEVER, WHETHER SUCH A DEMETHYLATING EFFECT ALSO APPLIES TO THE TMS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINE K562 CELLS HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED SO FAR. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TMS1 GENE IN K562 CELLS AND THE DEMETHYLATION EFFECT OF AS2O3 ON TMS1 AS WELL AS TMS1 APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN BCL-2/BAX AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) EXPRESSION. METHODS: TMS1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS AND NORMAL BONE MARROW WAS DETERMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT) POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), AND THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TMS1 PROMOTER IN K562 CELLS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF AS2O3 FOR 48 H WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT TMS1 AND DNMT EXPRESSION. WE ALSO ASSESSED TMS1-ASSOCIATED APOPTOSIS PROTEIN BCL-2/BAX EXPRESSION BY WESTERN BLOT AND APOPTOSIS RATES BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING ANNEXIN V/PROPIDIUM IODIDE DOUBLE STAINING. RESULTS: IN K562 CELLS, TMS1 WAS COMPLETELY METHYLATED AND BOTH TMS1 MRNA AND PROTEIN SHOWED A LOW EXPRESSION, BUT 2 MUMOL/L AS2O3 COULD SIGNIFICANTLY RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF THE TMS1 GENE BOTH AT MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL (P < 0.01) BY FULLY REVERSING DNA METHYLATION. AS2O3 DECREASED MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 (P < 0.05) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. FLOW CYTOMETRY SHOWED THAT IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (2 MUMOL/L AS2O3), CELL APOPTOSIS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP (NO AS2O3; P < 0.05). IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP, WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN BCL-2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED; HOWEVER, THE PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEIN BAX WAS MARKEDLY INCREASED AND THE BCL-2/BAX RATIO WAS MARKEDLY REDUCED (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: AS2O3 COULD RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF TMS1 BY INHIBITING DNMT TO REVERSE THE HYPERMETHYLATION AND INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF K562 CELLS BY DOWNREGULATION OF BCL-2/BAX EXPRESSION.	2015	

18  6336  31 THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF PRO-NOCICEPTIVE GENES IN RAT TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION IN SENSORY NEURONS, WHICH CONSEQUENTLY LEADS TO PATHOLOGICAL PAIN RESPONSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION ALTERS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA (TG) AND RESULTS IN ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF PRO-NOCICEPTIVE GENES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION REMOTELY REDUCED THE LEVEL OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN RAT TG WITH A CONCURRENT REDUCTION IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A EXPRESSION. USING UNBIASED STEPS, WE SELECTED THE FOLLOWING PRO-NOCICEPTIVE CANDIDATE GENES THAT ARE POTENTIALLY REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION: TRPV1, TRPA1, P2X3, AND PIEZO2. INHIBITION OF DNMT WITH 5-AZA-DC IN DISSOCIATED TG CELLS PRODUCED DOSE-DEPENDENT UPREGULATION OF TRPV1, TRPA1, AND P2X3. SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF ANIMALS WITH 5-AZA-DC SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF TRPV1, TRPA1, AND PIEZO2 IN TG. FURTHERMORE, THE OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A, AS DELIVERED BY A LENTIVIRAL VECTOR, SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED TRPV1 AND PIEZO2 EXPRESSION AND ALSO RELIABLY DECREASED TRPA1 AND P2X3 TRANSCRIPTS. MEDIP REVEALED THAT THIS OVEREXPRESSION ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED METHYLATION OF CGIS ASSOCIATED WITH TRPV1 AND TRPA1. IN ADDITION, BISULFITE SEQUENCING DATA INDICATED THAT THE CGI ASSOCIATED WITH TRPA1 WAS METHYLATED IN A PATTERN CATALYZED BY DNMT3A. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ALL 4 PRO-NOCICEPTIVE GENES ARE SUBJECT TO EPIGENETIC MODULATION VIA DNA METHYLATION, LIKELY VIA DNMT3A UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE FOR THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF DNA METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC FACTOR IN THE TRANSCRIPTION OF PRO-NOCICEPTIVE GENES IN TG THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN PATHOLOGICAL OROFACIAL PAIN RESPONSES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  6612  25 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  4160  34 MECP2 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1 GENE IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE LAST OPTION FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS ARE LIMITED. DECREASED MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) EXPRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THIS. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT NERVE INJURY INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). THE DOWNREGULATION OF MOR IN THE DRG IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MECP2, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, WHICH COULD RECRUIT HDAC1 AND BIND TO THE METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER. MECP2 KNOCKDOWN RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF MOR IN INJURED DRG AND ENHANCED THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF MORPHINE, WHILE THE MIMICKING OF THIS INCREASE VIA THE INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF VIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED MECP2 WAS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE MOR IN THE DRG. MOREOVER, HDAC1 INHIBITION WITH SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID, AN HDAC INHIBITOR, ALSO PREVENTED MOR REDUCTION IN THE DRG OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE, CONTRIBUTING TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA EFFECTS. MECHANISTICALLY, UPREGULATED MECP2 PROMOTES THE BINDING OF A HIGH LEVEL OF HDCA1 TO HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, REDUCES THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (ACH3) LEVELS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, AND ATTENUATES OPRM1 TRANSCRIPTION IN INJURED DRG. THUS, UPREGULATED MECP2 AND HDAC1 IN OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER SITES, NEGATIVELY REGULATES MOR EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG, MITIGATING THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF THE OPIOIDS. TARGETING MECP2/HDAC1 MAY THUS PROVIDE A NEW SOLUTION FOR IMPROVING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF OPIOIDS IN A CLINICAL SETTING.	2021