1  4308 136 MICRORNA?155 MODULATION OF CD8(+) T?CELL ACTIVITY PERSONALIZES RESPONSE TO DISEASE?MODIFYING THERAPIES OF PATIENTS WITH RELAPSING?REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHERE ACTIVATED IMMUNE CELLS CAN ATTACK OLIGODENDROCYTES CAUSING DAMAGE TO THE MYELIN SHEATH. SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AUTO-ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAI) THROUGH MICRORNAS (MIRNAS OR MIRS). IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE ROLE OF MIR-155 IN REGULATING CD8(+) T-CELL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (RRMS) WAS INVESTIGATED, IN TERMS OF ITS MIGRATORY FUNCTIONS WITH REGARD TO INTRACELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 (ICAM1) AND INTEGRIN SUBUNIT BETA2 (ITGB2), AND ITS CYTOTOXIC PROTEINS, PERFORIN AND GRANZYME B. GENE EXPRESSION OF MIR-155, ICAM1, ITGB2, PERFORIN AND GRANZYME B WAS EVALUATED FOLLOWING EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS USING REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN CD8(+) T-CELLS ISOLATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH RRMS AND COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF MIR-155 RESULTED IN A PERSISTENT DOWNREGULATION IN ALL GENES OF INTEREST RELATED TO CD8(+) T-CELL ACTIVATION THAT WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE EXPANDED DISABILITY STATUS SCALE OF PATIENTS. THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN MIR-155, ICAM1, AND ITGB2, SHEDDING LIGHT ON THEIR BENEFICIAL USE AS POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC REGULATORS AND DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE. MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS ENHANCING THE EFFICACY OF DISEASE-MODIFYING THERAPIES (DMTS) MAY BE EMPLOYED AS PERSONALIZED THERAPY, TO DECREASE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF DMTS AND IMPROVE THE OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  3549  39 IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH AGEING ARE KNOWN AS IMMUNOSENESCENCE. THIS IS CHARACTERISED BY A DECLINE IN IMMUNE RESPONSE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND AN INCREASED RISK OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS WITH PERSISTENT PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INCREASES THE RISK FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RELATED TO AGE, AND HAS BEEN DUBBED 'INFLAMM-AGEING'. IMMUNOSENESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF NAIVE T AND B CELLS, NK CELLS AND DISRUPTION OF THE PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY BALANCE BY CHANGES IN THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES. IN FACT, AGEING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A COMPLEX NETWORK OF UNDERLYING CAUSES WHICH INCLUDE NOT ONLY NATURAL MECHANISMS OF SENESCENCE BUT ALSO CHRONIC DISORDERS, LIFESTYLE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND INFECTIONS. MOREOVER, IMMUNOSENESCENCE HAS AN INFLUENCE ON THE COURSE OF CHRONIC DISEASES WHICH HAVE AN ONSET IN YOUNG ADULTS, SUCH AS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). CURRENT DISEASE MODIFYING THERAPIES (DMTS) IN MS AIM TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF RELAPSES AND TO SLOW DISEASE PROGRESSION, BUT THEY DO NOT NECESSARILY STOP THE ACCUMULATION OF DISABILITY RELATED TO DISEASE PROGRESSION. SOME FEATURES OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE FOUND IN AGED HEALTHY CONTROLS ARE ALREADY OBSERVED IN MS PATIENTS AT A YOUNGER AGE. THE OLDER POPULATION IS CHARACTERISED BY AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS, A POOR RESPONSE TO VACCINATIONS, AND A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER, VASCULAR DISEASES AND NEURODEGENERATION. IMMUNOSENESCENCE IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING THE COURSE OF MS, AND THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DMTS. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PATHOGENIC PROCESS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MS AND IMMUNOSENESCENCE REQUIRES FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  4269  24 MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS AND LACK OF SCFA PRODUCTION IN A SPANISH COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC, DEMYELINATING, AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE INCIDENCE OF MS HAS INCREASED IN THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, SUGGESTING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. MUCH EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN MS; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DYSBIOSIS ON ITS FUNCTION. THE MICROBIOTA PRODUCES THOUSANDS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AMONG WHICH ARE NOTABLE THE SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACID (SCFA) EXCRETION. OBJECTIVES: ANALYZE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICROBIOTA, SCFAS, DIET, AND MS. METHODS: 16S, NUTRITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRES, AND SCFAS QUANTIFICATION HAVE BEEN RECOVERED FROM MS PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS REVEALED AN INCREMENT IN THE PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA, ESPECIALLY THE FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, A LACK IN TOTAL SCFA EXCRETION, AND AN ALTERED PROFILE OF SCFAS IN A SPANISH COHORT OF MS PATIENTS. THESE ALTERATIONS ARE MORE EVIDENT IN PATIENTS WITH HIGHER DISABILITY. CONCLUSIONS: THE ABUNDANCE OF PROTEOBACTERIA AND ACETATE AND THE LOW EXCRETION OF TOTAL SCFAS, ESPECIALLY BUTYRATE, ARE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF MS PATIENTS, AND BESIDES, BOTH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A WORSE PROGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4350  44 MIR-181A-5P IS A POTENTIAL CANDIDATE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) CHARACTERIZED BY DEMYELINATION AND AXONAL DEGENERATION. ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MS PATHOLOGY. IN THIS COHORT STUDY, DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF THE FOUR MIRNAS (HSA-MIR-155-5P, HSA-MIR-9-5P, HSA-MIR-181A-5P, AND HSA-MIR-125B-5P) WAS INVESTIGATED IN 69 INDIVIDUALS, INCLUDING 39 MS PATIENTS (RELAPSING-REMITTING MS (RRMS), N = 27; SECONDARY PROGRESSIVE MS (SPMS), N = 12) AND 30 HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN SILICO ANALYSES REVEALED POSSIBLE GENES AND PATHWAYS SPECIFIC TO MIRNAS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MIRNA EXPRESSIONS WERE DETECTED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR). HSA-MIR-181A-5P WAS DOWNREGULATED AND ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MS RISK (P = 0.012). THE OTHER THREE MIRNAS WERE UPREGULATED AND NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MS (P < 0.05). THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) IS 0.779. IN SILICO ANALYSES SHOWED THAT HSA-MIR-181A-5P MAY PARTICIPATE IN MS PATHOLOGY BY TARGETING MAP2K1, CREB1, ATXN1, AND ATXN3 GENES IN INFLAMMATION AND NEURODEGENERATION PATHWAYS. THE CIRCULATORY HSA-MIR-181A-5P CAN REGULATE TARGET GENES, REVERSING THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MS PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS PROTEIN UPTAKE AND PROCESSING, CELL PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL, INFLAMMATION, AND NEURODEGENERATION. THUS, THIS MIRNA COULD BE USED AS AN EPIGENOMIC-GUIDED DIAGNOSTIC TOOL AND FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  5531  15 RNAI THERAPEUTICS: AN ANTIVIRAL STRATEGY FOR HUMAN INFECTIONS. GENE SILENCING INDUCED BY RNAI REPRESENTS A PROMISING ANTIVIRAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARISE THE CURRENT STATE OF RNAI THERAPEUTICS FOR TREATING ACUTE AND CHRONIC HUMAN VIRUS INFECTIONS. THE GENE SILENCING PATHWAYS EXPLOITED BY RNAI THERAPEUTICS WILL BE DESCRIBED AND INCLUDE BOTH CLASSIC RNAI, INDUCING CYTOPLASMIC MRNA DEGRADATION POST-TRANSCRIPTION AND NOVEL RNAI, MEDIATING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AT THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL IN THE NUCLEUS. FINALLY, THE CHALLENGE OF DELIVERING GENE MODIFICATIONS VIA RNAI WILL BE DISCUSSED, ALONG WITH THE UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY VERSUS SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION ROUTES TO HIGHLIGHT RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE POTENTIAL OF RNAI ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6   929  20 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: ACCELERATOR OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. BIOLOGICAL AGING IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION LEVEL. THIS CHRONIC PHENOMENON HAS BEEN NAMED "INFLAMM-AGING" AND IS A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE OLDER PERSONS. THE MOST COMMON THEORIES OF INFLAMM-AGING INCLUDE REDOX STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, GLYCATION, DEREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, HORMONAL CHANGES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND DYSFUNCTION TELOMERE ATTRITION. INFLAMM-AGING PLAYS A ROLE IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE II DIABETES, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, FRAILTY, SARCOPENIA, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CANCER. THIS REVIEW WILL COVER THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL AGE-RELATED INFLAMMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND ITS POTENTIAL CAUSAL ROLE IN CONTRIBUTING TO ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  2546  39 EPIGENETICS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND DIETARY INTERVENTION. INTRODUCTION: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC, INFLAMMATORY, NEURODEGENERATIVE DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). UNFORTUNATELY, MS CAUSES IMPORTANT DISABILITY IN YOUNG ADULTS AND ITS PREVALENCE IS INCREASING. WHILE THE ETIOLOGY OF MS ETIOLOGY IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, IT SEEMS TO BE A MULTIFACTORIAL ENTITY THAT IS INFLUENCED BY BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ADD OR REMOVE DIFFERENT CHEMICAL GROUPS FOR THE ACTIVATION OR INHIBITION OF GENE EXPRESSION TO BLOCK THE PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY PROTEINS. IT IS TRULY IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS THAT CAN TRIGGER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MS TO COMPLEMENT THE THERAPEUTIC APPROACH, PREVENT DISABILITY AND IMPROVE PATIENTS QUALITY OF LIFE. HERE, WE HAVE CONDUCTED A REVIEW OF EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE IN MS AND THEIR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. FOR EXAMPLE, HYPOMETHYLATION CAN PROMOTE CHANGES IN THE MYELIN AND SUBSEQUENT AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS. THERAPEUTIC TOOLS CAN BE USED, INCLUDING THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A, WHICH AMELIORATES DEMYELINATING DISEASES IN RODENTS. HOWEVER, DRUGS ARE NOT ONLY THE THERAPEUTIC OPTION: RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO EVALUATED THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL BIOACTIVE DIETARY COMPONENTS IN NEURODEGENERATION AND AXONAL DYSFUNCTION. NUMEROUS FOOD-DERIVED MOLECULES EXERT IMPORTANT METABOLIC ACTIONS. THESE MOLECULES INCLUDE PLANT POLYPHENOLS SUCH AS CATECHINS AND ISOFLAVONES, OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS SUCH AS DALLY SULFIDE AND OTHER COMPOUNDS. ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPONENTS IN THE DIET INVOLVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AS WELL. HOWEVER, MANY EXTERNAL FACTORS HAVE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE MS, ALTHOUGH NO SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE KNOWN. CONCLUSION: IN THIS REVIEW, WE GATHER BOTH ESTABLISHED AND NEW EVIDENCES ABOUT THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING MS AND THE DIETARY COMPONENTS THAT COULD MODULATE MS RELAPSE AND PROGRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  3135  42 GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN PBMCS ARE ALTERED IN RRMS PATIENTS TREATED WITH IFN-BETA AND GA-A PRELIMINARY STUDY. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) DUE TO AN AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK ON AXONAL MYELIN SHEATHS. EPIGENETICS IS AN OPEN RESEARCH TOPIC ON MS, WHICH HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN SEARCH OF BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENT TARGETS FOR THIS HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE. IN THIS STUDY, WE QUANTIFIED GLOBAL LEVELS OF EPIGENETIC MARKS USING AN ELISA-LIKE APPROACH IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM 52 PATIENTS WITH MS, TREATED WITH INTERFERON BETA (IFN-BETA) AND GLATIRAMER ACETATE (GA) OR UNTREATED, AND 30 HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE PERFORMED MEDIA COMPARISONS AND CORRELATION ANALYSES OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH CLINICAL VARIABLES IN SUBGROUPS OF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT DNA METHYLATION (5-MC) DECREASED IN TREATED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH UNTREATED AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. MOREOVER, 5-MC AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION (5-HMC) CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL VARIABLES. IN CONTRAST, HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION DID NOT CORRELATE WITH THE DISEASE VARIABLES CONSIDERED. GLOBALLY QUANTIFIED EPIGENETIC DNA MARKS 5-MC AND 5-HMC CORRELATE WITH DISEASE AND WERE ALTERED WITH TREATMENT. HOWEVER, TO DATE, NO BIOMARKER HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT CAN PREDICT THE POTENTIAL RESPONSE TO THERAPY BEFORE TREATMENT INITIATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  4536  28 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - RISK FACTORS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AFFECTING MAINLY YOUNG ADULT INDIVIDUALS. THE PREVALENCE RANGES APPROXIMATELY BETWEEN 50 AND 300 PER 100000 INDIVIDUALS. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, DEMYELINATION AND AXONAL LOSS. IMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS RESULTING IN THE DAMAGE TO THE MYELIN SHEATH EFFECTING THEN IN IMPAIRED NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION HAVE THE KEY ROLE IN MS PATHOGENESIS. THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY FACTORS HAS ALSO BEEN PROVED. HOWEVER, IT HAS NOT BEEN EXPLICITLY SHOWN WHETHER SUCH AN INFLAMMATORY PROCESS IS THE TRIGGERING FACTOR OR SECONDARY TO A YET UNKNOWN INFECTIOUS FACTOR OR A DEGENERATIVE PROCESS OF THE CNS. THEREFORE, RECOGNITION OF THE EPIGENETIC RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS: GEOGRAPHICAL LATITUDE, VITAMIN D LEVEL, HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) INFECTION AND OTHERS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. ADDITIONALLY, THEY MAY PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR MORE EFFICIENT THERAPIES AND BETTER PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE. AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PRESENT MOST CURRENT DATA ON MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS, CONSIDERING THOSE LESS KNOWN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  1061  37 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	

11  4368  42 MIRNA-DEPENDENT CD4(+) T CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS CHARACTERIZED BY MULTIFOCAL LESIONS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION, AND DEGENERATIVE PROCESSES WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) LEADING TO DEMYELINATION. THE MOST IMPORTANT CELLS INVOLVED IN ITS PATHOGENESIS ARE THOSE WHICH ARE CD4(+), PARTICULARLY PROINFLAMMATORY TH1/TH17 AND REGULATORY TREG. SIGNAL CASCADES ASSOCIATED WITH CD4(+) DIFFERENTIATION ARE REGULATED BY MICRORNAS (MIRNAS): SHORT, SINGLE-STRANDED RNAS, RESPONSIBLE FOR NEGATIVE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AT THE POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL. SEVERAL MIRNAS HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY REPORTED AS SHOWING DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION IN MS, AND THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERNS MAY BE ELEVATED OR DECREASED, DEPENDING ON THE FUNCTION OF SPECIFIC MIRNA IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. STUDIES IN MS PATIENTS INDICATE THAT, AMONG OTHERS, MIR-141, MIR-200A, MIR-155, MIR-223, AND MIR-326 ARE UPREGULATED, WHILE MIR-15B, MIR-20B, MIR-26A, AND MIR-30A ARE DOWNREGULATED. DYSREGULATION OF THESE MIRNAS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMBALANCE BETWEEN PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, SINCE THEIR TARGETS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGULATION OF TH1/TH17 AND TREG CELL DIFFERENTIATION. HIGHLY EXPRESSED MIRNAS CAN IN TURN SUPPRESS TRANSLATION OF KEY TH1/TH17 DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORS. MIRNA DYSREGULATION MAY RESULT FROM THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS FACTORS AT EACH STAGE OF THEIR BIOGENESIS. IMMATURE MIRNA UNDERGOES MULTISTAGE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS; THEREFORE, ANY PROTEIN INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF MIRNAS CAN POTENTIALLY LEAD TO DISTURBANCES IN THEIR EXPRESSION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON MIRNA GENE TRANSCRIPTION MAY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12   950  31 CHRONIC MILD STRESS EXACERBATES SEVERITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH ALTERED NON-CODING RNA AND METABOLIC BIOMARKERS. THE CAUSAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE ONSET AND SEVERITY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC STRESS ON CLINICAL SYMPTOMS, METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE), A COMMON ANIMAL MODEL OF MS. LEWIS RATS WERE IMMUNIZED FOR MONOPHASIC EAE WITH MBP(69-88) AND WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC STRESS FOR 37DAYS STARTING 7DAYS PRIOR TO IMMUNIZATION. THE EXPOSURE TO STRESS ACCELERATED AND EXACERBATED THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF EAE. BOTH STRESS AND EAE ALSO DISRUPTED METABOLIC STATUS AS INDICATED BY TRACE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IN BODY HAIR. STRESS PARTICULARLY EXACERBATED CHLORINE DEPOSITION IN EAE ANIMALS. MOREOVER, DEEP SEQUENCING REVEALED A CONSIDERABLE IMPACT OF STRESS ON MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN EAE. EAE BY ITSELF UPREGULATED MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN LUMBAR SPINAL CORD, INCLUDING MIR-21, MIR-142-3P, MIR-142-5P, MIR-146A, AND MIR-155. STRESS IN EAE FURTHER UP-REGULATED MIR-16, MIR-146A AND MIR-155 LEVELS. THE LATTER TWO MICRORNAS ARE RECOGNIZED BIOMARKERS OF HUMAN MS. THUS, STRESS MAY SYNERGISTICALLY EXACERBATE SEVERITY OF EAE BY ALTERING EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PATHWAYS. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT STRESS MAY REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR SYMPTOMATIC DETERIORATION IN MS. STRESS-RELATED METABOLIC AND MICRORNA SIGNATURES SUPPORT THEIR VALUE AS BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING THE RISK AND SEVERITY OF MS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  4721  31 NONCODING RNAS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, IS CHARACTERIZED BY AXONAL DEGENERATION AND GLIOSIS. ALTHOUGH THE CAUSES OF MS REMAIN UNKNOWN, GENE DYSREGULATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. AS SUCH, THE VARIOUS REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION MAY BE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. THE NONCODING (NC) RNAS HAVE PIQUED THE INTEREST OF MS RESEARCHERS DUE TO THEIR KNOWN FUNCTIONS IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES, DESPITE BEING GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED AS TRANSCRIPTS WITHOUT APPARENT PROTEIN-CODING CAPACITY. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT NCRNAS PARTICIPATE IN THE REGULATION OF MS BY ACTING AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS, ESPECIALLY THE LONG (L) NCRNAS AND THE MICRO (MI) RNAS, AND THEY ARE NOW RECOGNIZED AS KEY REGULATORY MOLECULES IN MS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE MOST CURRENT STUDIES ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF NCRNAS IN MS PATHOGENIC PROCESSES AND DISCUSS THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  4439  36 MOLECULAR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE OF SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN. THE INITIAL EVENT IN MS OCCURS WHEN ACTIVATED CD4(+) T CELLS IN PERIPHERY EXACERBATES IMMUNE RESPONSES BY STIMULATING IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS B CELLS, CD8(+) CELLS, MAST CELLS, GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTES. THESE PROINFLAMMATORY CELLS PASS BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER BY SECRETING PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INCLUDING TNF-ALPHA AND INF-(GAMMA) WHICH ACTIVATE ADHESION FACTORS. APCS (ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS) REACTIVATE CD4(+) T CELLS AFTER INFILTRATING THE CNS AND CD4(+) T CELLS PRODUCE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AGGRAVATE INFLAMMATION BY INDUCING MYELIN PHAGOCYTOSIS THROUGH MICROGLIA AND ASTROCYTES ACTIVATION. MS IS BELIEVED TO HAVE A MULTIFACTORIAL ORIGIN THAT INCLUDES A COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND STOCHASTIC FACTORS. ALTHOUGH THE EXACT COMPONENT OF MS RISKS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THESE FACTORS IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE, ESTIMATES BASED ON GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT UP TO 60-70 % OF THE TOTAL RISK OF MS MAY BE CONTRIBUTE TO GENETIC FACTORS. IN CONTINUE, FIRSTLY WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND SO PRESENT EVIDENCE OF HOW THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MS. WE ALSO EXPLAIN HOW SPECIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY INFLUENCE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND KEY ASPECTS OF DISEASE IN MS (DEMYELINATION, REMYELINATION, INFLAMMATION, AND NEURODEGENERATION). FINALLY, WE TEND TO DISCUSS HOW ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY INTERACT TO HAVE AN EFFECT ON MS RISK AND CLINICAL OUTCOME AND RECOMMEND NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MIGHT MODULATE PATIENTS' EPIGENETIC PROFILES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  2004  29 EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE ACCOMPANIED BY DEMYELINATION OF NEURONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT MOSTLY AFFECTS YOUNG ADULTS, ESPECIALLY WOMEN. THIS DISEASE HAS TWO PHASES INCLUDING RELAPSING-REMITTING FORM (RR-MS) BY EPISODES OF RELAPSE AND PERIODS OF CLINICAL REMISSION AND SECONDARY-PROGRESSIVE FORM (SP-MS), WHICH CAUSES MORE DISABILITY. THE INHERITANCE PATTERN OF MS IS NOT EXACTLY IDENTIFIED AND THERE IS AN AGREEMENT THAT IT HAS A COMPLEX PATTERN WITH AN INTERPLAY AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ARE IDENTIFIED FOR MS PATHOGENESIS ARE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION AND SOME MICRORNAS' ALTERNATIONS. SEVERAL CELLULAR PROCESSES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, DIFFERENTIATION AND EVOLUTION CAN BE MODIFIED ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES. SOME ALTERNATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MS PATIENTS AND THESE CHANGES CAN BECOME KEY POINTS FOR MS THERAPY. THEREFORE, THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO DISCUSS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MS PATHOGENESIS AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16   858  35 CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION AND T CELL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS IN DIABETES-ASSOCIATED HYPERGLYCEMIA. DIABETES IS LINKED TO INCREASED INFLAMMATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES INCLUDING TUBERCULOSIS (TB). WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT AEROSOL TB IN MICE WITH CHRONIC (>/= 12 WK) HYPERGLYCEMIA FEATURES INCREASED BACTERIAL LOAD, OVERPRODUCTION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINES, AND INCREASED IMMUNE PATHOLOGY COMPARED WITH NORMOGLYCEMIC CONTROLS. A SIMILAR PHENOTYPE EXISTS IN HUMAN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES WITH TB. THE MECHANISMS OF INCREASED T CELL ACTIVATION IN DIABETES ARE UNKNOWN. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HYPERGLYCEMIA MODIFIES THE INTRINSIC RESPONSIVENESS OF NAIVE T CELLS TO TCR STIMULATION. PURIFIED T CELLS FROM CHRONICALLY HYPERGLYCEMIC (HG) MICE PRODUCED HIGHER LEVELS OF TH1, TH2, AND TH17 CYTOKINES AND PROLIFERATED MORE THAN T CELLS FROM NORMOGLYCEMIC CONTROLS AFTER ANTI-CD3E OR AG STIMULATION. IN THIS WAY, NAIVE T CELLS FROM HG MICE RESEMBLED AG-EXPERIENCED CELLS, ALTHOUGH CD44 EXPRESSION WAS NOT INCREASED. CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION, ANOTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF AG-EXPERIENCED T CELLS, WAS INCREASED IN NAIVE T CELLS FROM HG MICE. THAT PHENOTYPE DEPENDED ON EXPRESSION OF THE RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS AND COULD BE REVERSED BY INHIBITING P38 MAPK. CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION AND HYPERRESPONSIVENESS TO TCR STIMULATION PERSISTED FOLLOWING TRANSFER OF T CELLS FROM HG MICE INTO NORMOGLYCEMIC MICE. WE PROPOSE THAT CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF NAIVE T CELLS LEADING TO P38 MAPK-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION. THIS PREACTIVATION STATE FACILITATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACCESS TO DNA, INCREASING CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING TCR STIMULATION. THIS MECHANISM MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATHOLOGICAL INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES AND MIGHT OFFER A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17   351  39 ALTERED ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION-RELATED MIRS IN PLASMA FROM ME/CFS PATIENTS. MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNEXPLAINED DEBILITATING FATIGUE. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY IS UNKNOWN, EVIDENCE SUPPORTS IMMUNOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE-CELL ACTIVATION, IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS. SINCE THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR ALTERATIONS IS WELL-ESTABLISHED IN OTHER DISEASES, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS EMERGED AS ANOTHER PLAYER IN ME/CFS PATHOGENESIS. ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (ENOS) GENERATES NITRIC OXIDE (NO) THAT MAINTAINS ENDOTHELIAL HOMEOSTASIS. ENOS IS ACTIVATED BY SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR 1 (SIRT1), AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN. DESPITE ITS RELEVANCE, NO STUDY HAS ADDRESSED THE SIRT1/ENOS AXIS IN ME/CFS. THE INTEREST IN CIRCULATING MICRORNAS (MIRS) AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN ME/CFS HAS INCREASED IN RECENT YEARS. ACCORDINGLY, WE ANALYZE A SET OF MIRS REPORTED TO MODULATE THE SIRT1/ENOS AXIS USING PLASMA FROM ME/CFS PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT MIR-21, MIR-34A, MIR-92A, MIR-126, AND MIR-200C ARE JOINTLY INCREASED IN ME/CFS PATIENTS COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. A SIMILAR FINDING WAS OBTAINED WHEN ANALYZING PUBLIC MIR DATA ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE MIRS, INCLUDING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND OXYGEN REGULATION. INTERESTINGLY, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1, A PROTEIN RESPONSIBLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS, REPRESENTED THE MOST RELEVANT NODE WITHIN THE NETWORK. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY PROVIDES A BASIS TO FIND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION-RELATED BIOMARKERS AND EXPLORE NOVEL TARGETS IN ME/CFS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  6738  29 WHAT'S YOUR CUP OF TEA? THE ROLE OF HERBAL COMPOUNDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC, INFLAMMATORY, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A COMPLEX ETIOLOGY. EFFORTS TOWARDS THE MANAGEMENT OF MS HAVE LONG BEEN DIRECTED TOWARDS SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF, AS WELL AS THE USE OF IMMUNE-MODULATORY, DISEASE MODIFYING THERAPIES; HOWEVER, INCONSISTENT TREATMENT RESPONSES STILL PREVAIL, INCREASING THE RISK FOR DISEASE PROGRESSION. WHILE A GREAT DEAL OF RESEARCH ATTEMPTED TO UNRAVEL THE COMPLEXITY OF TREATMENT RESPONSES IN LIGHT OF EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY, PARALLEL EFFORTS IN THE DIRECTION OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE MAY BE AS PARAMOUNT. HERBAL COMPOUNDS HAVE LONG BEEN REGARDED AS SAFE AND VERSATILE OPTIONS FOR AIDING IN VARIOUS DISORDERS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS LIKE MS. NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE TAKEN INTEREST IN A MYRIAD OF HERBAL PLANTS FOR THEIR POTENTIAL BENEFIT IN ALLEVIATING SOME OF THE MOST COMMON MS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS SPASTICITY AND FATIGUE, DELAYING THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE, AS WELL AS INFLUENCING THE OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MS PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF RECENT CLINICAL STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HERBAL PLANTS ON DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF MS, IN AN ATTEMPT TO SHED LIGHT ON AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR AIDING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  3342  40 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  5594  22 ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS AN IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INCENTIVES, POLYGENIC GENETIC CONTROL, AND IMMUNE REGULATION. THE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENE ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2 (AIM2) WAS IDENTIFIED AS A SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE FOR PSORIASIS. AIM2 INFLAMMASOME FORMED FROM THE COMBINATION OF AIM2, PYD-LINKED APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN (ASC) AND CASPASE-1 PROMOTES THE MATURATION AND RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS IL-1BETA AND IL-18, AND TRIGGERS AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. STUDIES SHOWED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AIM2 GENE AND PSORIASIS. AIM2 GENE HAS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSORIASIS, AND THE INHIBITORS OF AIM2 INFLAMMASOME WILL BE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PSORIASIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE ROLES OF THE AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS, HOPEFULLY PROVIDING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND NEW INSIGHT INTO THE ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PSORIASIS.	2022