1  2016 178 EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN PROGRESSION FROM NON-DYSPLASTIC BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS TO OESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL. INTRODUCTION: BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS (BO), A METAPLASTIC CONDITION AFFECTING THE LOWER OESOPHAGUS DUE TO LONG-STANDING GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IS A PRECURSOR LESION FOR OESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (OADC). THERE IS NO CLINICAL TEST TO PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS WITH BO WILL PROGRESS TO OADC. THE BRITISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY RECOMMENDS ENDOSCOPIC SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH BO. EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN WELL CHARACTERISED IN THE NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS TO COLONIC CARCINOMA, ANOTHER GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL AIMS TO IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE STUDIES WHICH EXAMINE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN BO AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PROGRESSION TO OADC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: ALL PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE PRIMARY STUDIES, AND EXISTING SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS INVESTIGATING EPIGENETIC MARKERS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, CHROMATIN REMODELLING, MICRO AND NON-CODING RNAS OF ALL TYPES WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. ELIGIBLE PATIENTS ARE THOSE OVER THE AGE OF 18 WITH BO, BO WITH DYSPLASIA, OADC OR UNSPECIFIED OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. A COMPREHENSIVE SEARCH OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES USING COMBINATIONS OF TEXT AND INDEX WORDS RELATING TO THE POPULATION, PROGNOSTIC MARKERS AND OUTCOME WILL BE UNDERTAKEN WITH NO LANGUAGE RESTRICTIONS. RESULTS WILL BE SCREENED BY 2 INDEPENDENT REVIEWERS AND DATA EXTRACTED USING A STANDARDISED PROFORMA. THE QUALITY AND RISK OF BIAS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES WILL BE ASSESSED USING THE QUALITY IN PROGNOSTIC STUDIES (QUIPS) TOOL. A NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS OF ALL EVIDENCE WILL BE PERFORMED WITH KEY FINDINGS TABULATED. META-ANALYSIS WILL BE CONSIDERED WHERE STUDIES AND REPORTED OUTCOMES ARE CONSIDERED SUFFICIENTLY HOMOGENEOUS, BOTH CLINICALLY AND METHODOLOGICALLY. FINDINGS WILL BE INTERPRETED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE QUALITY OF INCLUDED STUDIES. THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WILL BE REPORTED ACCORDING TO PRISMA GUIDELINES. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: THIS IS A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF COMPLETED STUDIES AND NO ETHICAL APPROVAL IS REQUIRED. FINDINGS FROM THE FULL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WILL BE SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION AND PRESENTATION AT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES WHICH WILL INFORM FUTURE RESEARCH ON RISK STRATIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH BO. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016038654.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  1673  41 DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETICS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. OBJECTIVE: THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER ARE DIAGNOSED WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED AND/OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS INCLUDE SURGERY IN COMBINATION WITH CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY REGIMENS, BIOLOGICS, AND/OR RADIOTHERAPY. THUS, COLORECTAL CANCER REMAINS A HEAVY BURDEN ON SOCIETY AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS.MOUNTING EVIDENCE SHOW THAT DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS PLAY ONLY PART OF THE ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS. EPIGENETICS ARE STRONGLY IMPLICATED IN INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COLORECTAL CANCER ALONG WITH MAJOR PLAYERS SUCH AS INTESTINAL MICROBIOTIC DYSBIOSIS AND CHRONIC MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION.TO ASSESS PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN PROTEINS AND GENE EXPRESSION, MULTIGENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES BASED ON SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO HOPEFULLY IMPROVE PREDICTORS OF THE TUMOR PROFILE, IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES. OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT ADVANCES IN THE FIELD AND TO UPDATE SURGEONS AND ACADEMICS ON DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETICS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. BACKGROUND AND METHODS: THIS IS A NARRATIVE REVIEW STUDYING RELEVANT RESEARCH PUBLISHED IN THE PUBMED DATABASE FROM 2012-2018. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY WILL IMPROVE OPTIONS TO CHARACTERIZE COLORECTAL CANCER WITH REGARD TO MUTATIONS AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, INCLUDING MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY, EPIGENETICS, MICROBIOTA, AND MICROENVIRONMENT. RESEARCH WILL INEVITABLY IMPROVE RISK GROUP STRATIFICATION AND TARGETED TREATMENT APPROACHES.EPIGENETIC PROFILING AND EPIGENETIC MODULATING DRUGS WILL INCREASE RISK STRATIFICATION, INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY FOR DNA TARGETING CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS AND REDUCE CYTOTOXIC DRUG RESISTANCE.NEW GENERATION ANTIBIOTICS SUCH AS BIOFILM INHIBITORS AND QUORUM SENSING INHIBITORS ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO TARGET THE CARCINOGENETIC IMPACT OF COLONIC DYSBIOSIS AND INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3   111  36 A ROLE FOR G-PROTEIN COUPLED ESTROGEN RECEPTOR (GPER) IN ESTROGEN-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS: DYSREGULATED GLANDULAR HOMEOSTASIS, SURVIVAL AND METASTASIS. MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS BY ESTROGEN CENTER ON ITS MITOGENIC AND GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL ON TUMOR TARGET CELLS. THESE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ESTROGEN RECEPTOR (ER) SIGNALING PROMOTES EXPANSION OF THE TRANSFORMED POPULATION AND THAT SUBSEQUENT ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS THAT DRIVE CANCER PROGRESSION OCCUR VIA METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CATHECOL ESTROGENS OR BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT FINDINGS THAT GPER IS LINKED TO OBESITY, VASCULAR PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, KEY EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND INTRA-TISSULAR ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS, PROVIDES AN ALTERNATE VIEW OF ESTROGEN-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS. CONSISTENT WITH THIS CONCEPT, GPER IS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL INDICES THAT PREDICT CANCER PROGRESSION AND POOR SURVIVAL IN BREAST AND GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS. MOREOVER, GPER MANIFESTS CELL BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND A MICROENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE FOR TUMOR DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER PROGRESSION, REGULATING CELLULAR RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH GLANDULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND SURVIVAL, INVADING SURROUNDING TISSUE AND ATTRACTING A VASCULAR SUPPLY. THUS, THE CELLULAR ACTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO GPER FIT WELL WITH THE KNOWN MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS, GPCRS, NAMELY, THEIR ABILITY TO TRANSACTIVATE INTEGRINS AND EGF RECEPTORS AND ALTER THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GLANDULAR EPITHELIA AND THEIR EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT, AFFECTING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND ALLOWING FOR TUMOR CELL SURVIVAL AND DISSEMINATION. THIS PERSPECTIVE REVIEWS THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSES MANIFESTED BY GPER AND EVALUATES ITS CONTRIBUTION TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CANCERS AS DISEASES THAT PROGRESS AS A RESULT OF DYSREGULATED GLANDULAR HOMEOSTASIS RESULTING IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND METASTASIS. THIS REVIEW IS ORGANIZED IN SECTIONS AS FOLLOWS: I) A BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ESTROGEN-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS, II) A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL AND ANIMAL-BASED STUDIES THAT SUPPORT A ROLE FOR GPER IN CANCER PROGRESSION, AND III) A MECHANISTIC FRAMEWORK DESCRIBING HOW GPER-MEDIATED ESTROGEN ACTION MAY INFLUENCE THE TUMOR AND ITS MICROENVIRONMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4   196  38 ACID REFLUX AND OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. BARRETT'S METAPLASIA IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN THE WESTERN WORLD FOLLOWING COLORECTAL ADENOMAS. ONE IN 50 OF THE ADULT POPULATION DEVELOPS BARRETT'S AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX. THE MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION SEEN WITHIN PATIENTS WITH GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX SEEMS LIKELY TO DRIVE THE GROWTH OF THE METAPLASTIC MUCOSA AND ALSO HELP DIRECT FURTHER ONCOLOGICAL CHANGE, YET THE MOLECULAR EVENTS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE PATHWAY FROM INFLAMMATION TO METAPLASIA TO DYSPLASIA AND ADENOCARCINOMA ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THERE IS HOPE THAT UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF OESOPHAGEAL INFLAMMATION WILL PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BARRETT'S METAPLASIA AND OESOPHAGEAL CANCER. THIS CHAPTER WILL DISCUSS THE INFLAMMATION SEEN WITHIN CONTEXT OF BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS AND ALSO CLINICAL TRIALS WHICH HOPE TO ADDRESS THIS COMMON PREMALIGNANT DISEASE. THERE ARE SEVERAL ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS WHICH ARE AIMING TO PROVIDE DATA USING ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES TO TACKLE THIS IMPORTANT PREMALIGNANT CONDITION. THERE IS NEW DATA PRESENTED WHICH SUGGESTS THAT DATA FROM THE ASPIRIN ESOMEPRAZOLE CHEMOPREVENTION TRIAL (ASPECT) MAY HOLD THE CLUE TO DISEASE TREATMENT AND THAT THE CYTOKINE TNF-ALPHA SEEMS TO BE A KEY SIGNALLING MOLECULE IN THE METAPLASIA-DYSPLASIA-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE. SPECIFICALLY IT APPEARS THAT BOTH EPIGENETIC AND INHERITED GENETICS COOPERATE TO MODULATE THE PROGNOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  6068  38 THE DIET AS A CAUSE OF HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER. ASYMPTOMATIC PROSTATE INFLAMMATION AND PROSTATE CANCER HAVE REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS AMONG MEN IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD. ANIMAL MODEL STUDIES IMPLICATE DIETARY CARCINOGENS, SUCH AS THE HETEROCYCLIC AMINES FROM OVER-COOKED MEATS AND SEX STEROID HORMONES, PARTICULARLY ESTROGENS, AS CANDIDATE ETIOLOGIES FOR PROSTATE CANCER. EACH ACTS BY CAUSING EPITHELIAL CELL DAMAGE, TRIGGERING AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE THAT CAN EVOLVE INTO A CHRONIC OR RECURRENT CONDITION. THIS MILIEU APPEARS TO SPAWN PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY (PIA) LESIONS, A TYPE OF FOCAL ATROPHY THAT REPRESENTS THE EARLIEST OF PROSTATE CANCER PRECURSOR LESIONS. RARE PIA LESIONS CONTAIN CELLS WHICH EXHIBIT HIGH C-MYC EXPRESSION, SHORTENED TELOMERE SEGMENTS, AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENES SUCH AS GSTP1, ENCODING THE PI-CLASS GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE, ALL CHARACTERISTIC OF PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (PIN) AND PROSTATE CANCER. SUBSEQUENT GENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS THE GENE TRANSLOCATIONS/DELETIONS THAT GENERATE FUSION TRANSCRIPTS BETWEEN ANDROGEN-REGULATED GENES (SUCH AS TMPRSS2) AND GENES ENCODING ETS FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (SUCH AS ERG1), ARISE IN PIN LESIONS AND MAY PROMOTE INVASIVENESS CHARACTERISTIC OF PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS. LETHAL PROSTATE CANCERS CONTAIN MARKEDLY CORRUPTED GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES. EPIGENETIC SILENCING, WHICH SEEMS TO ARISE IN RESPONSE TO THE INFLAMED MICROENVIRONMENT GENERATED BY DIETARY CARCINOGENS AND/OR ESTROGENS AS PART OF AN EPIGENETIC "CATASTROPHE" AFFECTING HUNDREDS OF GENES, PERSISTS TO DRIVE CLONAL EVOLUTION THROUGH METASTATIC DISSEMINATION. THE CAUSE OF THE INITIAL EPIGENETIC "CATASTROPHE" HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED BUT LIKELY INVOLVES DEFECTIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE BY OVER-EXUBERANT DNA METHYLATION OR HISTONE MODIFICATION. WITH DIETARY CARCINOGENS AND ESTROGENS DRIVING PRO-CARCINOGENIC INFLAMMATION IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD, IT IS TEMPTING TO SPECULATE THAT DIETARY COMPONENTS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED PROSTATE CANCER RISK, SUCH AS INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, ESPECIALLY TOMATOES AND CRUCIFERS, MIGHT ACT TO ATTENUATE THE RAVAGES OF THE CHRONIC OR RECURRENT INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. SPECIFICALLY, NUTRITIONAL AGENTS MIGHT PREVENT PIA LESIONS OR REDUCE THE PROPENSITY OF PIA LESIONS TO SUFFER "CATASTROPHIC" EPIGENOME CORRUPTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  1031  40 CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA DETECTION AND ITS APPLICATION STATUS IN GASTRIC CANCER: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA (CTDNA) IS THE SMALL GENOMIC FRAGMENT RELEASED BY TUMOR CELLS INTO THE CIRCULATING SYSTEM, WHICH CARRIES THE GENE VARIATION FEATURES, SUCH AS MUTATION, INSERTION, DELETION, REARRANGEMENT, COPY NUMBER VARIATION (CNV) AND METHYLATION, RENDERING IT AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER. IT CAN BE USED NOT ONLY TO DIAGNOSE CERTAIN TYPES OF SOLID TUMORS, BUT ALSO TO MONITOR THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE AND EXPLORE THE MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE (MRD) AND RESISTANT MUTATION OF TARGETED THERAPY. THEREFORE, CTDNA DETECTION MAY BECOME THE PREFERRED NON-INVASIVE TUMOR SCREENING METHOD. FOR PATIENTS WHO CANNOT RECEIVE FURTHER GENE DETECTION DUE TO INSUFFICIENT OR RESTRICTED SAMPLE COLLECTION WITH THE DEFINED PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS, CTDNA DETECTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE GENE MUTATION TYPE, WITH NO NEED FOR REPEATED SAMPLING. GASTRIC CANCER (GC) IS A MALIGNANCY WITH EXTREMELY HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, AND ITS GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT ARE THE CONSEQUENCE OF INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE FACTORS, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENT, DIET, HEREDITY, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATION, AND PRECANCEROUS LESION. AS THE RESEARCH ON GC MOVES FORWARD, THE EXISTING RESEARCH MAINLY FOCUSES ON GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, NON-CODING RNA CHANGES, GENE MUTATION, GENE HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. THIS PAPER AIMED TO SUMMARIZE THE CONTENTS OF CTDNA DETECTION, ITS APPLICATION STATUS IN GC AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  6653  31 UPDATE ON PANCREATIC CANCER AND ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED RISK. DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL OF <4%. BECAUSE CONVENTIONAL AND SPECIFICALLY TAILORED THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON PATIENT SURVIVAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH AIMS AT IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING RISK FACTORS. CIGARETTE SMOKING, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS ARE AMENABLE TO MEDICAL PREVENTION OR THERAPY. HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AN INCONSISTENT SINGLE RISK FACTOR FOR PANCREATIC CANCER BUT MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS BY INCREASING THE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. FOR VARIOUS AGENTS, THE KEY CARCINOGENIC EFFECT IS PROBABLY AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, MUTATIONS OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, AS WELL AS VARIOUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS OVEREXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS, ARE IMPORTANT IN TUMORIGENESIS. COMPLETE AND SAFE SURGICAL RESECTION, TOGETHER WITH ADJUVANT THERAPY, OFFERS PROLONGED SURVIVAL, WITH 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 25%. HOWEVER, FOR UNRESECTABLE OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE VAST MAJORITY OF CASES, TREATMENT IS PALLIATIVE. DESPITE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND DESPITE ADVANCES IN TREATMENT, THE OVERALL COURSE OF THE DISEASE IS DISMAL, AND REINFORCED EFFORTS TO REDUCE INCIDENCE AND IMPROVE OUTCOME ARE NEEDED DESPERATELY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  4769  32 NUCLEAR MORPHOMETRY, NUCLEOMICS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION. PROSTATE CANCER (PCA) RESULTS FROM A MULTISTEP PROCESS. THIS PROCESS INCLUDES INITIATION, WHICH OCCURS THROUGH VARIOUS AGING EVENTS AND MULTIPLE INSULTS (SUCH AS CHRONIC INFECTION, INFLAMMATION AND GENETIC INSTABILITY THROUGH REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES CAUSING DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS), FOLLOWED BY A MULTISTEP PROCESS OF PROGRESSION. THESE STEPS INCLUDE SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AS WELL AS ALTERATIONS TO THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, WHICH OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO THE CARCINOGENIC STRESS-RELATED EVENTS THAT SUSTAIN PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALING. EVENTS SUCH AS EVADING GROWTH SUPPRESSORS, RESISTING CELL DEATH, ENABLING REPLICATIVE IMMORTALITY, INDUCING ANGIOGENESIS, AND ACTIVATING INVASION AND METASTASIS ARE READILY OBSERVED. IN ADDITION, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THESE CRITICAL DRIVERS OF CARCINOGENESIS, OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PCA, INVOLVING ENERGY METABOLISM AND EVASION OF THE IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, APPEAR TO BE INVOLVED. IN ADDITION, WHEN CANCER SPREAD AND METASTASIS OCCUR, THE 'TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT' IN THE BONE OF PCA PATIENTS MAY PROVIDE A WAY TO SUSTAIN DORMANCY OR SENESCENCE AND EVENTUALLY ESTABLISH A 'SEED AND SOIL' SITE WHERE PCA PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH MAY OCCUR OVER TIME. WHEN PCA IS INITIATED AND PROGRESSION ENSUES, SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN NUCLEAR SIZE, SHAPE AND HETEROCHROMATIN (DNA TRANSCRIPTION) ORGANIZATION ARE FOUND, AND KEY NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PROTEINS, AS WELL AS MULTIPLE NUCLEAR BODIES CAN LEAD TO PRECANCEROUS AND MALIGNANT CHANGES. THESE SERIES OF CELLULAR AND TISSUE-RELATED MALIGNANCY-ASSOCIATED EVENTS CAN BE QUANTIFIED TO ASSESS DISEASE PROGRESSION AND MANAGEMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  4666  29 NEW INSIGHTS AND OPTIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF COMBINED TARGETED THERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY IN PROSTATE CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS BELIEVED TO DRIVE PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS BY PRODUCING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES OR REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES TO INDUCE DNA DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT MIGHT SUBSEQUENTLY CAUSE EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, LEADING TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES HAVE EXTENDED OVERALL SURVIVAL, TUMORS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER ARE PRONE TO METASTASIS, TRANSFORMATION INTO METASTATIC CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER, AND THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE. THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) OF PROSTATE CANCER IS INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS, INVASION AND DRUG RESISTANCE. A PLETHORA OF PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES. UNDERSTANDING THE INTRICATE TME SYSTEM IN PROSTATE CANCER MAY HOLD MUCH PROMISE FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES, DESIGNING COMBINATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES, AND FURTHER OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO ESTABLISHED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS NONIMMUNE COMPONENTS AND VARIOUS IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN THE TME AND THEIR PUTATIVE ROLES DURING PROSTATE CANCER INITIATION, PROGRESSION, AND METASTASIS. WE ALSO OUTLINE THE UPDATED FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES OF TARGETED THERAPY AS WELL AS COMBINATIONAL OPTIONS FOR PROSTATE CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  6444  39 THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF C-MYC SIGNALING IN INFLAMMATORY AND CANCEROUS COLONIC DISEASES. COLONIC INFLAMMATION IS REQUIRED TO HEAL INFECTIONS, WOUNDS, AND MAINTAIN TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS. AS THE SEVENTH HALLMARK OF CANCER, HOWEVER, IT MAY AFFECT ALL PHASES OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING TUMOR INITIATION, PROMOTION, INVASION AND METASTATIC DISSEMINATION, AND ALSO EVASION IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE. INFLAMMATION ACTS AS A CELLULAR STRESSOR AND MAY TRIGGER DNA DAMAGE OR GENETIC INSTABILITY, AND, FURTHER, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN PROVOKE GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT PROMOTE MALIGNANT CELL TRANSFORMATION. BOTH SPORADICAL AND COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS ARE MULTI-STEP, COMPLEX PROCESSES ARISING FROM THE UNCONTROLLED PROLIFERATION AND SPREADING OF MALIGNANTLY TRANSFORMED CELL CLONES WITH THE OBVIOUS ABILITY TO EVADE THE HOST'S PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY. IN CELLS UPON DNA DAMAGE SEVERAL PROTO-ONCOGENES, INCLUDING C-MYC ARE ACTIVATED IN PARELELL WITH THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. THE TARGET GENES OF THE C-MYC PROTEIN PARTICIPATE IN DIFFERENT CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING CELL CYCLE, SURVIVAL, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL ADHESION, AND MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM REGULATED BY C-MYC IS CONTEXT DEPENDENT, THEREFORE THE FINAL CELLULAR RESPONSE TO ELEVATED C-MYC LEVELS MAY RANGE FROM INCREASED PROLIFERATION TO AUGMENTED APOPTOSIS. CONSIDERING PHYSIOLOGICAL INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS, C-MYC DISPLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND CRYPT CELL NUMBER. HOWEVER, C-MYC GENE IS FREQUENTLY DEREGULATED IN INFLAMMATION, AND OVEREXPRESSED IN BOTH SPORADIC AND COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON ADENOCARCINOMAS. RECENT RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ENDOGENOUS C-MYC IS ESSENTIAL FOR EFFICIENT INDUCTION OF P53-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS FOLLOWING DNA DAMAGE, BUT C-MYC FUNCTION IS ALSO INVOLVED IN AND REGULATED BY AUTOPHAGY-RELATED MECHANISMS, WHILE ITS EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY DNA-METHYLATION, OR HISTONE ACETYLATION. MOLECULES DIRECTLY TARGETING C-MYC, OR AGENTS ACTING ON OTHER GENES INVOLVED IN THE C-MYC PATHWAY COULD BE SELECTED FOR COMBINED REGIMENTS. HOWEVER, DUE TO ITS CONTEXT-DEPENDENT CELLULAR FUNCTION, IT IS CLINICALLY ESSENTIAL TO CONSIDER WHICH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS ARE USED IN COMBINATION WITH C-MYC TARGETED AGENTS IN VARIOUS TISSUES. INCREASING OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MYC-DEPENDENT PATHWAYS MIGHT PROVIDE DIRECTION TO NOVEL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND COLORECTAL CANCER THERAPIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  3170  28 GUT INFLAMMATION AND TUMORIGENESIS: EVERY SITE HAS A DIFFERENT TALE TO TELL. GUT INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN CORRELATED WITH CANCEROGENESIS BY DISRUPTING GASTROINTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. NUMEROUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE TUBULAR GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (E.G., GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE, HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED AND AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC GASTRITIS, CELIAC DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES) HAVE BEEN VARIABLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NEOPLASTIC RISK. GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION-INDUCED NEOPLASMS INCLUDE EPITHELIAL TUMORS (ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ADENOCARCINOMA, GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, SMALL BOWEL ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, AND COLORECTAL CANCER) AND LYMPHOMAS (SUCH AS GASTRIC MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMAS AND ENTEROPATHY-ASSOCIATED T CELL LYMPHOMA). IN THE LAST DECADES, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MICROENVIRONMENTAL/MICROBIOME CHANGES THAT TRIGGER GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS EVENTUALLY LEADING TO TUMORIGENESIS, OFTEN THROUGH A HISTOLOGICALLY RECOGNIZABLE INFLAMMATION-DYSPLASIA-CARCINOMA CANCEROGENIC SEQUENCE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE LINKS BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND NEOPLASMS OF THE TUBULAR GI TRACT, APPLYING A SITE-BY-SITE APPROACH, IS PROVIDED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12   563  44 BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: CAN BIOMARKERS PREDICT PROGRESSION TO MALIGNANCY? BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND CAN PROGRESS TO ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. IT IS CHARACTERIZED HISTOLOGICALLY BY A SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA THAT REPLACES THE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM OF THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND OBESITY. SIMILAR TO THE ADENOMA-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMAS, ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA DEVELOPS THROUGH PROGRESSION FROM BE TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, THEN TO ADENOCARCINOMA WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. THE EXACT MALIGNANCY POTENTIAL OF BE IS UNCERTAIN. DYSPLASIA IS THE MOST PREDICTIVE MARKER FOR RISK OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA, WHEREAS ENDOSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES ARE STILL THE GOLD STANDARD FOR SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH BE. HOWEVER, BOTH ARE LIMITED, EITHER BY SAMPLING ERRORS IN BIOPSIES OR BY DIFFERENCES IN HISTOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS THAT MAY HAVE PREDICTIVE VALUE AND MAY SERVE AS ADDITIONAL FACTORS FOR THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN THE PROGRESSION FROM BE TO ADENOCARCINOMA, FOCUSING ON CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  3773  33 INTERACTION OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME WITH EPIGENOME OF EPITHELIAL CELLS: SIGNIFICANCE OF INFLAMMATION TO PRIMARY HEALTHCARE. ONE PILLAR OF THE PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE, AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FRAMEWORK STRATEGIES IS THE FEMALE HEALTH. THE EVALUATION OF WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY HABITS IN CONTEXT WITH GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS MAY REFLECT THE PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND PREDICTION OF CERVICAL LESION BEHAVIOR. THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO ANALYZE PUBLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE THAT ALLOW THE USE OF RESEARCH KNOWLEDGE OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND INFLAMMATION IN POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN EVALUATING PATIENT'S RISK OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY SHOULD CONSIDER THE BIOMARKERS OF THE LOCAL MICROENVIRONMENT CHARACTERIZED BY THE MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CERVICAL EPITHELIUM, AND PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. NOVEL SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES ENABLE A MORE DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTUAL STATE IN CERVICAL EPITHELIUM. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ALL CHANGES IN MULTIOMICS LEVEL ENABLES A BETTER ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE PROGNOSIS AND SELECTS THE ELIGIBLE TARGETED THERAPY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. RESTORING OF HEALTHY VAGINAL MICROFLORA AND REVERSING THE OUTBREAK OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY CAN BE ALSO ACHIEVED BY DIETARY HABITS AS WELL AS UPTAKE OF PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, MICROBIAL TRANSPLANTATION, AND OTHERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  3683  41 INFLAMMATION, MICROBIOTA, AND PROSTATE CANCER. CONTEXT: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PROSTATE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. MULTIPLE CAUSES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PROSTATE. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKINS ARE IMPLICATED IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVE: TO EVALUATE LITERATURE PUBLISHED ON ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, URINARY MICROBIOTA, MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY AND HIGH-GRADE PROSTATE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, INFLAMMATORY STRESS, AND CYTOKINE SIGNALING. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: WE SEARCHED LITERATURE FROM PUBMED FROM 2010 AND ALSO INCLUDED THE MOST IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS FROM THE PREVIOUS PERIOD. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: PROSTATE CANCER INFLAMMATION AND PREMALIGNANT LESIONS HAVE BEEN FREQUENTLY DISCUSSED IN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. A LIMITED NUMBER OF MODELS ARE AVAILABLE FOR STUDYING INFLAMMATION AND PREMALIGNANT LESIONS. HOWEVER, MORPHOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY COULD BE COMPLEMENTED BY ANALYSIS OF GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN THESE PATIENTS AND APPROPRIATE FUNCTIONAL STUDIES. CONCLUSIONS: PROSTATITIS COULD BE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTIONS, DIETARY COMPOUNDS, AND CHANGES IN TESTOSTERONE:ESTRADIOL RATIO. IN SOME CASES, THE MICROBIOTA CAN EXERT DIRECT EFFECTS ON CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PROSTATE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY OR HIGH GRADE PROSTATE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO CELLULAR STRESS AND HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN CONNECTION TO EARLY CANCER DEVELOPMENT. A LARGE NUMBER OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN INFLAMMATORY PROSTATE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY BE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY STRESS IN THE PROSTATE. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INTERLEUKIN-6 AND -8 CONTRIBUTE TO PROSTATE MALIGNANCY; HOWEVER, THEIR FUNCTION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY INVESTIGATED IN CANCER TISSUE RATHER THAN IN INFLAMMATION. PATIENT SUMMARY: WE PERFORMED A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE RELATED TO PROSTATE INFLAMMATION, MICROBIOTA, AND PROSTATE CANCER. NEW FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  1704  43 DYNAMICS OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS. NEUROBLASTOMA IS A COMMON EXTRACRANIAL SOLID TUMOR OF NEURAL CREST (NC) ORIGIN THAT ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 15% OF ALL PEDIATRIC CANCER DEATHS. THE DISEASE ARISES FROM A TRANSIENT POPULATION OF NC CELLS THAT UNDERGO AN EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND GENERATE DIVERSE CELL-TYPES AND TISSUES. PATIENTS WITH NEUROBLASTOMA ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR EXTREME HETEROGENEITY RANGING FROM SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION TO MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. MORE THAN HALF OF NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS PRESENT HIGHLY METASTATIC TUMORS AND ARE STRATIFIED INTO A HIGH-RISK GROUP WITH DISMAL OUTCOME. AS MANY AS 20% OF HIGH-RISK PATIENTS HAVE RESIDUAL DISEASE THAT IS REFRACTORY OR PROGRESSIVE DURING INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH A MAJORITY OF HIGH-RISK PATIENTS ACHIEVE REMISSION, LARGER PART OF THOSE PATIENTS HAS MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE (MRD) THAT CAUSES RELAPSE EVEN AFTER ADDITIONAL CONSOLIDATION THERAPY. MRD IS COMPOSED OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUMOR CELLS AND DYNAMICALLY PRESENTED AS CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCS) IN RESIDUAL TUMORS, CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS (CTCS) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB), AND DISSEMINATED TUMOR CELLS (DTCS) IN BONE MARROW (BM) AND OTHER METASTATIC SITES. EMT APPEARS TO BE A KEY MECHANISM FOR CANCER CELLS TO ACQUIRE MRD PHENOTYPES AND MALIGNANT AGGRESSIVENESS. DUE TO THE RESTRICTED AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL TUMORS, PB AND BM HAVE BEEN USED TO ISOLATE AND ANALYZE CTCS AND DTCS TO EVALUATE MRD IN CANCER PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, RECENT TECHNICAL ADVANCES MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA (CTDNA) SHED FROM TUMOR CELLS INTO PB FOR MRD EVALUATION. BECAUSE MRD CAN BE DETECTED BY TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND MRNAS, NUMEROUS ASSAYS USING DIFFERENT METHODS AND SAMPLES HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO DETECT MRD IN CANCER PATIENTS. IN CONTRAST TO THE TUMOR-SPECIFIC GENE-REARRANGEMENT-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) AND THE ONCOGENIC FUSION-GENE-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND SEVERAL SOLID TUMORS, THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MRD REMAINS TO BE ESTABLISHED IN NEUROBLASTOMA. GIVEN THE EXTREME HETEROGENEITY OF NEUROBLASTOMA, DYNAMICS OF MRD IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS WILL HOLD A KEY TO THE CLINICAL VALIDATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE BIOLOGY AND DETECTION METHODS OF CANCER MRD IN GENERAL AND EVALUATE THE AVAILABLE ASSAYS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUROBLASTOMA MRD TO CLARIFY ITS DYNAMICS IN NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  6201  27 THE INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT AND MICROBIOME IN PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL TYPES OF SOLID CANCERS AND MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS. THIS HYPOTHESIS PARTLY ORIGINATES IN THE FREQUENT OBSERVATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN THE PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT OF ADULT MEN. INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PUTATIVE PROSTATE CANCER PRECURSOR LESIONS, TERMED PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY. INFLAMMATION MIGHT DRIVE PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS VIA OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT INDUCE MUTAGENESIS. ADDITIONALLY, INFLAMMATORY STRESS MIGHT CAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROMOTE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY IS ENRICHED FOR PROLIFERATIVE LUMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPE THAT MIGHT BE PRONE TO GENOMIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND PROSTATE CANCER. STUDIES IN ANIMALS SUGGEST THAT INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN THE PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTE TO REPROGRAMMING OF PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS, A POSSIBLE STEP IN TUMOUR INITIATION. PROSTATIC INFECTION, CONCURRENT WITH EPITHELIAL BARRIER DISRUPTION, MIGHT BE A KEY DRIVER OF AN INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT; THE DISCOVERY OF A URINARY MICROBIOME INDICATES A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FREQUENT EXPOSURE OF THE PROSTATE TO A DIVERSE NUMBER OF MICROORGANISMS. HENCE, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT INFLAMMATION AND ATROPHY ARE INVOLVED IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS AND SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR THE MICROBIOME IN ESTABLISHING AN INFLAMMATORY PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT THAT MIGHT PROMOTE PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  5180  30 PREMALIGNANT CONDITIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER. PREMALIGNANT LESIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER ENCOMPASS A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA, IN WHICH ELEVATED RISK OF DEVELOPING GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED. AMONG THEM, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN OUR DAILY ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION, YET ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IS OFTEN UNDERESTIMATED DESPITE OF A NUMBER OF REPORTS DEMONSTRATING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE INTESTINAL METAPLASTIC MUCOSA. IN THIS REVIEW, I WILL DESCRIBE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PHENOTYPIC CHANGES FROM GASTRIC MUCOSA TO INTESTINAL METAPLASIA BASED ON OUR ANALYSIS OF MOUSE MODEL OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GENERATED BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF CDX2 IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE STUDIES WITH HUMAN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  2897  19 GASTRIC TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. A COMPELLING BODY OF EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GASTRIC CANCER HAS A VERY PARTICULAR TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, A SIGNATURE VERY SUITABLE TO PROMOTE TUMOR PROGRESSION AND METASTASIS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS HAVE PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, DEFINED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUPPORTING A VERY ACTIVE CROSS TALK BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT AND THUS DEFINING THE FATE OF TUMOR PROGRESSION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE INTEND TO HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF VERY ACTIVE CONTRIBUTORS AT GASTRIC CANCER TME, PARTICULARLY CANCER-ASSOCIATED FIBROBLASTS, BONE MARROW-DERIVED CELLS, TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES, AND TUMOR-INFILTRATING NEUTROPHILS, ALL OF THEM SURROUNDED BY AN OVERTIME CHANGING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. IN ADDITION, THE VERY ACTIVE CROSS TALK BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, DEFINED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THUS DEFINING THE FATE OF TUMOR PROGRESSION, IS ALSO REVIEWED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  3934  41 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

20  1173  31 CONTRIBUTION OF TLR SIGNALING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THE INTESTINE A BALANCE BETWEEN PROINFLAMMATORY AND REPAIR SIGNALS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. THE INNATE IMMUNITY ENSURES A PRIMARY HOST RESPONSE TO MICROBIAL INVASION, WHICH INDUCES AN INFLAMMATORY PROCESS TO LOCALIZE THE INFECTION AND PREVENT SYSTEMIC DISSEMINATION OF PATHOGENS. THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THIS PROCESS ARE THE GERMLINE ENCODED PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS INCLUDING TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRS). IF PATHOGENS CANNOT BE ELIMINATED, THEY MAY ELICIT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY BE PARTLY MEDIATED VIA TLRS. ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS LONG BEEN SUGGESTED TO TRIGGER TISSUE TUMOROUS TRANSFORMATION. INFLAMMATION, THE SEVENTH HALLMARK OF CANCER, MAY AFFECT ALL PHASES OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT, AND EVADE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. INFLAMMATION ACTS AS A CELLULAR STRESSOR AND MAY TRIGGER DNA DAMAGE OR GENETIC INSTABILITY. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN PROVOKE GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT PROMOTE MALIGNANT CELL TRANSFORMATION. COLORECTAL CANCERS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATIENTS ARE CONSIDERED TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF INFLAMMATION-RELATED CANCERS. ALTHOUGH DATA REGARDING THE ROLE OF TLRS IN THE PATHOMECHANISM OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED COLITIS ARE RATHER CONFLICTING, FUNCTIONALLY THESE MOLECULES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS "LARGELY ANTITUMORIGENIC" AND "LARGELY PRO-TUMORIGENIC" WITH THE CAVEAT THAT THE UNDERLYING SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE MAINLY CONTEXT (I.E., ORGAN-, TISSUE-, CELL-) AND LIGAND-DEPENDENT.	2014