1   734 184 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  2518  42 EPIGENETICS AND THE EMBODIMENT OF RACE: DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF US RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES TO THE US BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS HOTLY DEBATED WITHIN THE PUBLIC HEALTH, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND MEDICAL COMMUNITIES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW EVIDENCE FOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS LINKING EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTS WITH CVD, AND CRITICALLY EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ORIGINS OF THESE RACIAL HEALTH DISPARITIES. AFRICAN AMERICANS NOT ONLY SUFFER FROM A DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OF CVD RELATIVE TO WHITES, BUT ALSO HAVE HIGHER RATES OF THE PERINATAL HEALTH DISPARITIES NOW KNOWN TO BE THE ANTECEDENTS OF THESE CONDITIONS. THERE IS EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR A SOCIAL ORIGIN TO PREMATURITY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN AFRICAN AMERICANS, REFLECTING PATHWAYS SUCH AS THE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MATERNAL STRESS PHYSIOLOGY. IN LIGHT OF THE INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH WEIGHT AND ADULT CVD, THERE IS NOW A STRONG RATIONALE TO CONSIDER DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINKS BETWEEN EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LIKE MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY AND ADULT RACE-BASED HEALTH DISPARITIES IN DISEASES LIKE HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE, AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE. THE MODEL OUTLINED HERE BUILDS UPON SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVES TO HIGHLIGHT AN IMPORTANT SET OF MECHANISMS BY WHICH SOCIAL INFLUENCES CAN BECOME EMBODIED, HAVING DURABLE AND EVEN TRANSGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE MOST PRESSING US HEALTH DISPARITIES. WE CONCLUDE THAT ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, IN COMBINATION WITH THE BETTER-STUDIED ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, PROVIDES A MORE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION THAN GENETICS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF CVD DISPARITIES BETWEEN MEMBERS OF SOCIALLY IMPOSED RACIAL CATEGORIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  1203  42 COULD EPIGENETICS HELP EXPLAIN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN? AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFER MORE SEVERE AND DEBILITATING MORBIDITY FROM CHRONIC PAIN THAN DO NON-HISPANIC WHITES. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY ARISE FROM DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND DEPRESSION, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN. RACE, AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, MAKES IT SUCH THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS, WHICH MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT SUSTAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHILDHOOD STRESS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, AND DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC SEQUENCE. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETICS AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD EXPLAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PAIN EXAMINE DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS ALTERED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID (STRESS RESPONSE) RECEPTOR GENE, NR3C1, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION, CHILDHOOD STRESS, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. SIMILARLY, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IMMUNE CYTOKINE GENES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS STATES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC PAIN IN DIFFERENT RACES WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MORE SEVERE AND DISABLING CHRONIC PAIN IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4   529  27 ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAIN. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CHRONIC CONDITION OF CHILDHOOD IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH 6.5 MILLION CHILDREN AFFECTED IN THE USA. A DISPARATE BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IS SEEN AMONG SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED YOUTH, OFTEN CONCENTRATED IN URBAN AREAS WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES. HOST FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE A CHILD TO ASTHMA INCLUDE ATOPY, MALE GENDER, PARENTAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA, AND ALSO RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPROVED HYGIENE, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AND EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO MICROBES AND AEROALLERGENS, ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. WITH GREATER THAN 90% OF TIME SPENT INDOORS, HOME EXPOSURES (SUCH AS COCKROACH, RODENT, AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT FOR URBAN ASTHMA. MORBIDITY REDUCTION MAY REQUIRE FOCUSED PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HIGH PRIORITY RISK GROUPS AND THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE MODULATORY AGENTS IN CHILDREN WITH POORLY CONTROLLED DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5  5169  43 PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH: AN OVERVIEW. OBJECTIVE: WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FOR THREE THEORIES OF HOW PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS COULD ACT AS A CONTRIBUTING DETERMINANT OF EXCESS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN: EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF ADULT NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; BLUNTING, WEATHERING, OR DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS ACTIVATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; INDIVIDUALS' ADOPTION OF RISKY BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SMOKING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI. METHODS: BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDEXED IN MEDLINE AND WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASES ON PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, PRETERM BIRTH AND RACE WERE REVIEWED. RESULTS: MIXED EVIDENCE LEANS TOWARDS MODEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRECONCEPTIONAL CHRONIC STRESS AND PRETERM BIRTH (FOR EXAMPLE COMMON ODDS RATIOS OF 1.2-1.4), PARTICULARLY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS ASSOCIATION IS CAUSAL OR EXPLAINS A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE BLACK-WHITE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH. THE STRESS-PRETERM BIRTH ASSOCIATION MAY BE MEDIATED BY HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS DYSFUNCTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, ALTHOUGH THESE MECHANISMS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC OR EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING AS A DETERMINANT OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RISK IS MORE CIRCUMSTANTIAL. CONCLUSIONS: PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS, DIRECTLY OR IN INTERACTION WITH HOST GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR INFECTION, REMAINS AN IMPORTANT HYPOTHESIZED RISK FACTOR FOR UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. FUTURE STUDIES THAT INTEGRATE ADEQUATELY SIZED EPIDEMIOLOGIC SAMPLES WITH MEASURES OF STRESS, INFECTION, AND GENE EXPRESSION, WILL ADVANCE OUR KNOWLEDGE AND ALLOW DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED INTERVENTIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  5224  52 PRIORITIZED RESEARCH FOR THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT. DECLINING LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INCREASING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BEHAVIORS, SOCIOECOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND PREVENTABLE DISEASE. A GROWING BODY OF BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND POPULATION HEALTH EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND POLICIES TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT, TREAT, AND REVERSE THE ROOT CAUSES OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. SIMILARLY, INNOVATIONS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE, EMERGENCE OF UNIQUE STUDY COHORTS, AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELING CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCING BIOMEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION. TO UNDERSTAND THESE ADVANCES AND INFORM FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESEARCH, THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT WAS CONVENED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ON DECEMBER 4-5, 2019. THE SUMMIT'S GOAL WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT STATUS AND DEFINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE SIX CORE AREAS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: PLANT-PREDOMINANT NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, STRESS, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY/SOCIAL CONNECTION. FORTY INVITED SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (1) REVIEWED EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS RELATING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS TO COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, MANY CANCERS, INFLAMMATORY- AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS; AND (2) DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING CUTTING-EDGE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, EPIGENETIC AND EMERGING SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, AND STUDY COHORTS TO ACCELERATE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ACROSS ALL SIX DOMAINS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. NOTABLY, FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT "WHOLE-PERSON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE" MODELS THAT ADDRESS THESE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROOT CAUSES OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND COST. RECOMMENDATIONS STRONGLY SUPPORT LEVERAGING EMERGING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND REDUCE SOCIETAL COSTS. NEW AND ALTERNATIVE HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE ARE ALSO BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE AND DEVELOP EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. CHILDREN AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS PRIORITIZED GROUPS TO STUDY. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WHICH DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE AMENABLE TO EFFECTIVE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE INTERVENTIONS, MAKES THE SUMMIT'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PARTICULARLY TIMELY AND RELEVANT.	2020	

7  6894  34 [SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH]. SOCIAL INEQUALITY REFERS TO THE INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL PROSPERITY INCLUDING THE RESOURCE OF HEALTH. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH CAN BE ESTABLISHED BY MEANS OF INDICATORS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY THROUGHOUT ALL AGE GROUPS IN GERMANY. THERE ARE SOCIAL GRADIENTS OF MENTAL HEALTH ON THE POPULATION LEVEL, I.E. THE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CLASSES OR STATUS AND STATE OF HEALTH. FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DISPARITY ARE CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS, WHICH INTERACT WITH THE GENETIC MAKE-UP AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THESE DETERMINANTS ALSO INFLUENCE THE MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING THE LIFE COURSE AND ARE OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS. THE MALADAPTATION TO CHRONIC STRESS IS AT THE CORE OF HEALTH DISPARITY. INTERVENTIONS AT THE INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORAL LEVEL SHOULD COMPRISE THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  3209  36 HEALTH DISPARITIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEM AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND DIVERSE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. THE MANY COMPLEX, OVERLAPPING, AND CLOSELY ASSOCIATED FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SLE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND OUTCOMES INCLUDE ETHNIC DISPARITIES, LOW ADHERENCE TO MEDICATIONS, AND POVERTY, AND GEOGRAPHY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PROVIDE THE LINK BETWEEN THESE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND BEHAVIORS AND THE DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OF SLE SEEN IN ETHNIC MINORITIES. ATTENTION TO THESE MODIFIABLE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH WOULD NOT ONLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES FOR VULNERABLE PATIENTS WITH SLE BUT LIKELY REDUCE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SLE AS WELL THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  4062  42 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  6625  38 UNDERSTANDING RACIAL DISPARITIES OF PRETERM BIRTH THROUGH THE PLACENTA. THE RACIAL DISPARITY ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTH IS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES. THE PLACENTA IS THE PRINCIPAL METABOLIC, RESPIRATORY, AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN OF THE FETUS AND A KEY ROUTE BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. AVAILABLE AT EVERY DELIVERY, IT MAY SERVE AS A MARKER OF DIFFERENCES IN PRENATAL EXPOSURES THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY BY RACE. RECENTLY, WE DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE PRETERM BIRTHS: THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS HIGHER AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN'S PLACENTAS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF WHITE WOMEN. SIMILARLY, RACIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN IN PLACENTAL MALPERFUSION AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS SUCH AS POVERTY AND STRESS FROM DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. TO DATE, HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, WHETHER THROUGH INFLAMMATORY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR OTHER PATHWAYS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING, REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE PLACENTA, COMPLEMENTED BY MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BIOMARKERS, MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RATES AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS EXISTING LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH GAPS. OPPORTUNITIES ARE DISCUSSED FOR FUTURE PLACENTAL RESEARCH THAT MAY REVEAL NOVEL MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS OUTCOMES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  1776  35 ECONOMIC HARDSHIP AND BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING: THE EPIGENETICS OF AGING IN A U.S. SAMPLE OF BLACK WOMEN. BACKGROUND: PAST RESEARCH HAS LINKED LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS (SES) TO INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, AND VARIOUS CHRONIC AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, STROKE, AND DEMENTIA. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE CHALLENGES AND ADVERSITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LOW SES MAY RESULT IN PREMATURE AGING AND INCREASED RISK OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. OBJECTIVE: BUILDING UPON THIS RESEARCH, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATES VARIOUS AVENUES WHEREBY LOW INCOME MIGHT ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING. METHODS: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING AND LONGITUDINAL DATA FROM A SAMPLE OF 100 BLACK, MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN RESIDING IN THE UNITED STATES WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF INCOME ON A RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENETIC MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. THIS MEASURE CAN BE USED AS A "BIOLOGICAL CLOCK" TO ASSESS, AT ANY POINT DURING ADULTHOOD, THE EXTENT TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS EXPERIENCING ACCELERATED OR DECELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING. RESULTS: LOW INCOME DISPLAYED A ROBUST ASSOCIATION WITH ACCELERATED AGING THAT WAS UNAFFECTED AFTER CONTROLLING FOR OTHER SES-RELATED FACTORS SUCH AS EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS, AND CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY. FURTHER, OUR ANALYSES INDICATED THAT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INCOME AND BIOLOGICAL AGING WAS NOT EXPLAINED BY HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR HAVING HEALTH INSURANCE. RATHER, IN LARGE MEASURE, IT WAS FINANCIAL PRESSURE (DIFFICULTY PAYING BILLS, BUYING NECESSITIES, OR MEETING DAILY EXPENSES) THAT ACCOUNTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOW INCOME AND ACCELERATED AGING. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT CHRONIC FINANCIAL PRESSURES ASSOCIATED WITH LOW INCOME EXERT A WEATHERING EFFECT THAT RESULTS IN PREMATURE AGING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  5208  42 PRENATAL STRESS, PREMATURITY, AND ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE OF CHILDHOOD, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE. PREMATURITY IS A RISK FACTOR FOR ASTHMA, AND CERTAIN ETHNIC OR RACIAL MINORITIES SUCH AS PUERTO RICANS AND NON-HISPANIC BLACKS ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY BOTH PREMATURITY AND ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXAMINE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AS A PUTATIVE LINK BETWEEN PREMATURITY AND ASTHMA, WHILE ALSO FOCUSING ON DISRUPTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES AS POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISMS FOR STRESS-INDUCED "PREMATURE ASTHMA." PRENATAL STRESS MAY CAUSE NOT ONLY ABNORMALITIES IN THE HPA AXIS BUT ALSO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE FETAL GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR GENE (NR3C1), LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOCORTICOID METABOLISM. MOREOVER, MATERNAL STRESS CAN ALTER FETAL CYTOKINE BALANCE, FAVORING TH2 (ALLERGIC) IMMUNE RESPONSES CHARACTERISTIC OF ATOPIC ASTHMA: INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6), WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PREMATURE LABOR, CAN PROMOTE TH2 RESPONSES BY STIMULATING PRODUCTION OF IL-4 AND IL-13. GIVEN A LINK AMONG STRESS, PREMATURITY, AND ASTHMA, FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD INCLUDE BIRTH COHORTS AIMED AT CONFIRMING AND BETTER CHARACTERIZING "PREMATURE ASTHMA." IF CONFIRMED, CLINICAL TRIALS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS REDUCTION WOULD BE WARRANTED TO REDUCE THE BURDEN OF THESE COMMON COMORBIDITIES. WHILE AWAITING THE RESULTS OF SUCH STUDIES, SOUND POLICIES TO PREVENT DOMESTIC AND COMMUNITY VIOLENCE (EG, FROM FIREARMS) ARE JUSTIFIED, NOT ONLY BY PUBLIC SAFETY BUT ALSO BY GROWING EVIDENCE OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE-INDUCED STRESS ON PSYCHIATRIC AND SOMATIC HEALTH.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  1058  32 CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY, DEPRESSION, OR ANXIETY. PURPOSE: SUSTAINED HIGH STRESS EXPOSURE RESULTS IN CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM, DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSES, HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, AND POOR LATER-LIFE HEALTH. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS FACE STRESSORS RELATED TO THEIR CONDITION IN ADDITION TO THOSE TYPICAL OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, PLACING THEM AT RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECONDARY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE WHETHER YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS DIFFER FROM CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. DESIGN AND METHODS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF TWO DATASETS, THE ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD OF A TERTIARY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL AND DATA FROM THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN, COMPARED YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS TO CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES EXPLORED WHETHER PARENTAL STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH INFLUENCED THESE RELATIONSHIPS. RESULTS: ANALYSES IDENTIFIED DIFFERENCES IN BMI, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN YOUTH WITH FOOD ALLERGY, ANXIETY, OR DEPRESSION, AND CONTROLS. THESE RELATIONSHIPS DIFFERED FOR MALES AND FEMALES AND FOR THOSE WITH COMORBID MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS, AND WERE INFLUENCED BY PARENT STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS SUPPORT FUTURE STUDIES EXPLORING WHETHER HIGH STRESS IN YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS LEADS TO INCREASED ALLOSTATIC LOAD. INCORPORATING BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WILL PROVIDE CRITICAL INSIGHTS. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: YOUTH WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHCS MAY BE AT INCREASED RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, REFLECTED IN CLINICAL MEASURES OF METABOLISM, AND SHOULD HAVE REGULAR ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR METABOLIC HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  3630  46 INCLUSION OF SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH TO ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE BIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASE. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDOH) CONSIDER SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTH DISPARITIES IN PATIENTS AND POPULATIONS. THE MOST COMMON HEALTH-RELATED SDOH EXPOSURES ARE FOOD AND HOUSING INSECURITY, FINANCIAL INSTABILITY, TRANSPORTATION NEEDS, LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS. THESE DOMAINS DESCRIBE RISKS THAT CAN IMPACT HEALTH OUTCOMES MORE THAN HEALTH CARE. EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT SDOH FACTORS REPRESENT EXPOSURES THAT PREDICT HARM AND IMPACT THE HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GUIDELINES URGE HEALTH PROFESSIONALS TO ADDRESS SDOH IN CLINICAL PRACTICE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE RECOMMENDATIONS INTO BASIC AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, HOWEVER, IS LAGGING. HEREIN, WE CONSIDER A PRECISION HEALTH FRAMEWORK TO DESCRIBE HOW SDOH CONTRIBUTES TO THE EXPOSOME AND EXACERBATES PHYSIOLOGIC PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASE. SDOH FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF STRESSORS THAT IMPACT PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THROUGH EPIGENETIC, INFLAMMATORY, AND REDOX REGULATION. MANY SDOH EXPOSURES MAY ADD TO OR POTENTIATE THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. THIS OVERVIEW AIMS TO INFORM BASIC LIFE SCIENCE AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCHERS ABOUT SDOH EXPOSURES THAT CAN CONFOUND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CLASSIC BIOMEDICAL DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. TO ADVANCE THE STUDY OF TOXICOLOGY THROUGH EITHER QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURES TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, A MORE COMPLETE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION SHOULD INCLUDE SDOH EXPOSURES. WE DISCUSS COMMON APPROACHES TO MEASURE SDOH FACTORS AT INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION LEVELS AND REVIEW THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SDOH RISK FACTORS AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS THAT INFLUENCE CHRONIC DISEASE. WE PROVIDE CLINICAL AND POLICY-BASED MOTIVATION TO ENCOURAGE RESEARCHERS TO CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF SDOH EXPOSURES ON STUDY RESULTS AND DATA INTERPRETATION. WITH VALID MEASURES OF SDOH FACTORS INCORPORATED INTO STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSES, FUTURE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AN EVIDENCE BASE THAT CAN BETTER INFORM PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OPTIONS, TO IMPROVE EQUITABLE CLINICAL CARE AND POPULATION HEALTH. (C) 2022 WILEY PERIODICALS LLC.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15   933  47 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME, BUT CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES DEFINE THIS CONDITION AS DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION SHOWN BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) OF LESS THAN 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2), OR MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, OR BOTH, OF AT LEAST 3 MONTHS DURATION, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CKD IN ALL HIGH-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND ALSO IN MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES. INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO VARY WITHIN COUNTRIES BY ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE. MANY PEOPLE ARE ASYMPTOMATIC OR HAVE NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS LETHARGY, ITCH, OR LOSS OF APPETITE. DIAGNOSIS IS COMMONLY MADE AFTER CHANCE FINDINGS FROM SCREENING TESTS (URINARY DIPSTICK OR BLOOD TESTS), OR WHEN SYMPTOMS BECOME SEVERE. THE BEST AVAILABLE INDICATOR OF OVERALL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS GFR, WHICH IS MEASURED EITHER VIA EXOGENOUS MARKERS (EG, DTPA, IOHEXOL), OR ESTIMATED USING EQUATIONS. PRESENCE OF PROTEINURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PROGRESSION OF CKD AND DEATH. KIDNEY BIOPSY SAMPLES CAN SHOW DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE OF CKD, THROUGH COMMON CHANGES SUCH AS GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY, AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE ANAEMIA DUE TO REDUCED PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN BY THE KIDNEY; REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL AND IRON DEFICIENCY; AND MINERAL BONE DISEASE CAUSED BY DISTURBED VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. PEOPLE WITH CKD ARE FIVE TO TEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE PREMATURELY THAN THEY ARE TO PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS INCREASED RISK OF DEATH RISES EXPONENTIALLY AS KIDNEY FUNCTION WORSENS AND IS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE ALSO INCREASED. HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR PEOPLE WITH CKD THAN FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND FALLS AS GFR DECLINES. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS, OR AIMED AT SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL OR LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS, MAKE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH CKD. INEQUITY IN ACCESS TO SERVICES FOR THIS DISEASE DISPROPORTIONALLY AFFECTS DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION TO INCENTIVISE EARLY INTERVENTION OVER PROVISION OF CARE ONLY FOR ADVANCED CKD IS STILL EVOLVING IN MANY COUNTRIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  4067  29 MATERNAL AND PEDIATRIC HEALTH AND DISEASE: INTEGRATING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS AND EPIGENETICS. THE CONCEPTS OF ALLOSTASIS (STABILITY THROUGH ADAPTATION) AND ACCUMULATED LIFE STRESS (MCEWEN'S ALLOSTATIC LOAD) AIM TO UNDERSTAND CHILDHOOD AND ADULT OUTCOMES. CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, CHANGES IN SOCIAL CONDITION, AND ADVERSE EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES MAY PROGRAM PHENOTYPES AND CONTRIBUTE TO LONG-LASTING DISEASE RISK. HOWEVER, INTEGRATION OF LIFE COURSE APPROACHES, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS, AND COMPARISON AMONG DIFFERENT BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS HAS NOT GENERALLY BEEN EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY EXAMINES THE LITERATURE AND EVALUATES RECENT INSIGHTS INTO HOW ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CAN ALTER LIFELONG HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSIVENESS AND INDUCE METABOLIC AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL MALADAPTATION. MODELS OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS OVERLAP BUT MAY CONSIDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. CONCEPTS INCLUDE ALLOSTASIS, WHICH INCORPORATES HORMONAL RESPONSES TO PREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, AND GERONIMUS'S "WEATHERING," WHICH AIMS TO EXPLAIN HOW SOCIALLY STRUCTURED, REPEATED STRESS CAN ACCUMULATE AND INCREASE DISEASE VULNERABILITY. WEATHERING EMPHASIZES ROLES OF INTERNALIZED/INTERPERSONAL RACISM IN OUTCOMES DISPARITIES. FOR MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS AND MEXICAN AMERICANS, THE "ACCULTURATION" FRAMEWORK HAS PROVEN ESPECIALLY USEFUL TO EXPLORE DISPARITIES, INCLUDING PRETERM BIRTH AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC RISKS IN CHILDHOOD. COMPLEXITIES OF STRESS ASSESSMENTS AND RECENT RESEARCH INTO EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MEDIATING EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL, NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL STRESS ARE REVIEWED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  4165  42 MEDICAL SCHOOL HOTLINE: IMMUNOEPIGENETIC-MICROBIOME AXIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH IN NATIVE HAWAIIANS AND PACIFIC ISLANDERS. NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER (NHPI) POPULATIONS SUFFER FROM DISPROPORTIONATELY HIGHER RATES OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES, THAT ARISES FROM METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, THE GLOBAL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC HAS FURTHER COMPOUNDED THE EFFECT OF HEALTH INEQUITIES OBSERVED IN INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, INCLUDING NHPI COMMUNITIES. REVERSIBLE LIFESTYLE HABITS, SUCH AS DIET, MAY EITHER BE PROTECTIVE OF OR CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF HEALTH INEQUITIES IN THESE POPULATIONS VIA THE IMMUNOEPIGENETIC-MICROBIOME AXIS. THIS AXIS OFFERS INSIGHT INTO THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DIET, EPIGENETICS, THE MICROBIOME COMPOSITION, IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY STATES ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DISEASES, INCLUDING DIABETES, ARE IMPACTED BY DIET. FURTHERMORE, DIET MAY MODULATE THE GUT MICROBIOME BY INFLUENCING MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND RICHNESS; DYSBIOSIS OF THE MICROBIOME IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DISEASE. A HIGH FIBER DIET FACILITATES A FAVORABLE MICROBIOME COMPOSITION AND IN TURN INCREASES PRODUCTION OF INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES NAMED SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFAS) THAT ACT ON METABOLIC AND IMMUNE PATHWAYS. IN CONTRAST, LOW FIBER DIETS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A WESTERNIZED LIFESTYLE DECREASES THE ABUNDANCE OF MICROBIAL DERIVED SCFAS. THIS DECREASED ABUNDANCE IS CHARACTERISTIC OF METABOLIC SYNDROMES AND ACTIVATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES, HAVING LARGER IMPLICATIONS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS OF BOTH COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. NATIVE HAWAIIANS AND PACIFIC ISLANDERS THAT ONCE THRIVED ON HEALTHY TRADITIONAL DIETS MAY BE MORE SENSITIVE THAN NON-INDIGENOUS PEOPLES TO THE METABOLIC PERTURBATION OF WESTERNIZED DIETS THAT IMPINGE ON THE IMMUNOEPIGENETIC-GUT MICROBIOME AXIS. RECENT STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE MAUNAKEA LAB AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA JOHN A. BURNS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE HAVE HELPED ELUCIDATE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME COMPOSITION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION TO BETTER UNDERSTAND DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. POTENTIALLY, THIS RESEARCH COULD POINT TO WAYS TO PREVENT PRE-DISEASE CONDITIONS THROUGH NOVEL BIOMARKER DISCOVERY USING COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18     7  42 'BIOLOGIZING' PSYCHOPATHY: ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS AT THE INTERFACE OF EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC ANTISOCIAL CONDUCT. EPIGENETICS, A FIELD THAT LINKS GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE EXPRESSION OF PHENOTYPIC TRAITS, OFFERS TO INCREASE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND TRAJECTORY OF DISEASE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS BEYOND THAT THOUGHT OF TRADITIONAL GENETIC RESEARCH AND BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES. BY EXTENSION, THIS NEW PERSPECTIVE HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK AND RISK MANAGEMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR WHERE THERE IS A BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT, SUCH AS PSYCHOPATHY. PSYCHOPATHY IS A PERSONALITY DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH REPEAT DISPLAYS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISPROPORTIONATE IMPOSITION OF HARM ON COMMUNITIES. DESPITE ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PSYCHOPATHIC INDIVIDUALS, THE CONSTRUCT REMAINS COMPLEX AND IS HAMPERED BY A LACK OF INTEGRATION ACROSS A RANGE OF FUNDAMENTAL DOMAINS. THE CLINICAL AND FORENSIC RESEARCH ON PSYCHOPATHY IS BROUGHT INTO CONVERSATION WITH THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS TO HIGHLIGHT CRITICAL ISSUES OF (1) CLINICAL DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS, (2) ASSESSMENT, (3) AETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOPATHIC PHENOTYPES, AND (4) TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACHES. BROADER ETHICAL AND LEGAL QUESTIONS OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOPATHY BEYOND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ARENA ARE ALSO OUTLINED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  2727  53 EXPLAINING THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH: A CONSENSUS STATEMENT FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC WORK GROUP CONVENED BY THE MARCH OF DIMES. IN 2017-2019, THE MARCH OF DIMES CONVENED A WORKGROUP WITH BIOMEDICAL, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC EXPERTISE TO REVIEW KNOWLEDGE OF THE CAUSES OF THE PERSISTENT BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB). MULTIPLE DATABASES WERE SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES EXAMINED IN PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE, 33 HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES WERE REVIEWED FOR WHETHER THEY PLAUSIBLY AFFECT PTB AND EITHER OCCUR MORE/LESS FREQUENTLY AND/OR HAVE A LARGER/SMALLER EFFECT SIZE AMONG BLACK WOMEN VS. WHITE WOMEN. WHILE DEFINITIVE PROOF IS LACKING FOR MOST POTENTIAL CAUSES, MOST ARE BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE. NO SINGLE DOWNSTREAM OR MIDSTREAM FACTOR EXPLAINS THE DISPARITY OR ITS SOCIAL PATTERNING, HOWEVER, MANY LIKELY PLAY LIMITED ROLES, E.G., WHILE GENETIC FACTORS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO PTB, THEY EXPLAIN AT MOST A SMALL FRACTION OF THE DISPARITY. RESEARCH LINKS MOST HYPOTHESIZED MIDSTREAM CAUSES, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND STRESS, WITH THE DISPARITY THROUGH THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HYPOTHESIZED DOWNSTREAM FACTORS. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN THE DISPARITY'S SOCIAL PATTERNING. CHRONIC STRESS COULD AFFECT PTB THROUGH NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS LEADING TO INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, STRESS COULD ALTER A WOMAN'S MICROBIOTA, IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTION, CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS, AND BEHAVIORS, AND TRIGGER EPIGENETIC CHANGES INFLUENCING PTB RISK. AS AN UPSTREAM FACTOR, RACISM IN MULTIPLE FORMS HAS REPEATEDLY BEEN LINKED WITH THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM FACTORS, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE, STRESS, AND TOXIC EXPOSURES. RACISM IS THE ONLY FACTOR IDENTIFIED THAT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY COULD EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM CAUSES AND THE OBSERVED SOCIAL PATTERNING. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMIC RACISM CAN EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN SOCIOECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPOSE AFRICAN AMERICANS TO LIFELONG FINANCIAL STRESS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH-HARMING CONDITIONS. SEGREGATION PLACES BLACK WOMEN IN STRESSFUL SURROUNDINGS AND EXPOSES THEM TO ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT IS A PERVASIVE STRESSOR FOR BLACK WOMEN OF ALL SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS, CONSIDERING BOTH INCIDENTS AND THE CONSTANT VIGILANCE NEEDED TO PREPARE ONESELF FOR POTENTIAL INCIDENTS. RACISM IS A HIGHLY PLAUSIBLE, MAJOR UPSTREAM CONTRIBUTOR TO THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PTB THROUGH MULTIPLE PATHWAYS AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. WHILE MUCH IS UNKNOWN, EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND CORE VALUES (EQUITY, JUSTICE) SUPPORT ADDRESSING RACISM IN EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE THE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PTB.	2021	
                                               
20  5962  38 TELOMERES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TIMING FOR SPONTANEOUS TERM AND PRETERM LABOR. TELOMERES ARE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES LOCATED AT THE DISTAL ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. IN ADULTS, PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE AGING, PHYSIOLOGICAL SENESCENCE, MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND ULTIMATELY, DEATH. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY THAT A TELOMERE-BASED CLOCK MECHANISM ALSO DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF GESTATION, LEADING TO THE ONSET OF LABOR (PARTURITION). AFTER TELOMERE EXPANSION AT THE BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY, THE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES (IE, THE PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES) PROGRESSIVELY SHORTEN THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF PREGNANCY. THE RATE OF TELOMERE SHORTENING CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE MOTHER AND RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS. PRETERM BIRTHS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS THAT ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS (IE, VITAMINS E AND C) MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DELAY OR PREVENT TELOMERE SHORTENING. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH VITAMINS E AND C AND WITH MULTIVITAMINS STARTED DURING THE PERICONCEPTION PERIOD HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RATES OF PRETERM BIRTHS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE A 2-3-FOLD HIGHER RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH, ALL OF WHICH ARE DISTINCT AND POTENTIALLY ADDITIVE WITH REGARD TO EPIGENETIC TELOMERE SHORTENING. THE "WEATHERING EFFECT" IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASED RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS, DISABILITIES, AND EARLY DEATH OBSERVED IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS. WITH REGARD TO PREGNANCY, ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE ASSOCIATED TELOMERE SHORTENING IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES WOULD NOT ONLY EXPLAIN THE PRETERM BIRTH DISPARITY BUT COULD ALSO EXPLAIN WHY HIGHLY EDUCATED, AFFLUENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN CONTINUE TO HAVE AN INCREASED RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH ARE POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY TELOMERE SHORTENING PRODUCED BY LIFETIME OR EVEN GENERATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC RACISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION. IN CONCLUSION, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK MECHANISM THAT DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF PREGNANCY, AND IT OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE RATE OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH.	2022