1  1649 154 DOG LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (DLA) CLASS II GENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY IN FRENCH BULLDOGS AND MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS. CANINE CHRONIC ENTEROPATHY (CE) IS A GROUP OF IMMUNOGENETIC DISORDERS OF UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC OR RECURRENT GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS AND INFLAMMATION. DIAGNOSIS OF CE SUBTYPES BY TREATMENT RESPONSE IS A LENGTHY AND CHALLENGING PROCESS, PARTICULARLY IN REFRACTORY CASES OF THE DISEASE. GIVEN KNOWN ASSOCIATION OF DOG LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (DLA) CLASS II GENOTYPE AND VARIOUS IMMUNOGENETIC DISORDERS BETWEEN AND ACROSS BREEDS, THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL OF DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REFRACTORY CE THROUGH IDENTIFICATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE GENOTYPES IN FRENCH BULLDOGS AND MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS-TWO POPULAR DOG BREEDS IN JAPAN. SEQUENCE-BASED GENOTYPING OF THREE DLA CLASS II GENES IN 29 FRENCH BULLDOGS AND 30 MINIATURE DACHSHUNDS WITH REFRACTORY CE REVEALED A PROTECTIVE HAPLOTYPE DLA-DRB1*002:01-DQA1*009:01-DQB1*001:01 AGAINST CE IN FRENCH BULLDOGS (OR 0.09, 95 % CI 0.01-0.71, P = 0.0084). NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE WAS NOTED BETWEEN MINIATURE DACHSHUND CASES AND CONTROLS. THESE FINDINGS, LARGELY DISPARATE FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY ON GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS IN THE UK, WERE TAKEN AS POSSIBLE INDICATION OF ETIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN THE REFRACTORY CE NOTED BETWEEN AND WITHIN BREEDS, AND BY EXTENSION, THE POTENTIAL OF IDENTIFYING SUCH DISEASE HETEROGENEITY BY DLA TYPING. THE DLA-DQA1/DQB1 HAPLOTYPE, PROTECTIVE AGAINST CE IN OUR FRENCH BULLDOGS, HAS BEEN REPORTED AS PROTECTIVE IN VARIOUS IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISORDERS SUCH AS DOBERMAN HEPATITIS (DYGGVE ET AL., 2011). LIKEWISE, THE DLA-DRB1*006:01 RISK ALLELE FOR DOBERMAN HEPATITIS WAS NOTED IN MORE FRENCH BULLDOGS WITH CE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, IN LINE WITH REPORTS ON GENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH RISK AND PROTECTION BEING SHARED ACROSS VARIOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND BREEDS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT AN IMMUNOGENETIC BASIS TO THE FRENCH BULLDOG-CE IN OUR ANALYSIS, CALLING FOR FURTHER DLA STUDIES WORKING WITH LARGER SAMPLES AND DIFFERENT BREEDS TOWARDS PHENOTYPIC CLARIFICATION THAT MAY AID IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROPHYLAXIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC APPROACHES AND BREEDING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  4025  30 LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTEGRATED RESEARCH. LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE. THEY SHARE A COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION REPRESENTED BY THE INCIDENCE OF THESE DISEASES IN ONLY A FRACTION OF SMOKERS. THE PRESENCE OF COPD INCREASES THE RISK OF LUNG CANCER UP TO 4.5-FOLD. TO INVESTIGATE COMMONALITIES IN DISEASE MECHANISMS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR DISEASE CHEMOPREVENTION, THE NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE (NHLBI) AND THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE (NCI) HELD A WORKSHOP. THE PARTICIPANTS IDENTIFIED FOUR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: 1) CLARIFY COMMON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD; 2) IDENTIFY SHARED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RISK FACTORS; 3) IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE BIOMARKERS, MOLECULAR SIGNATURES, AND IMAGING-DERIVED MEASUREMENTS OF EACH DISEASE; AND 4) DETERMINE COMMON AND DISPARATE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE OBJECTIVES SHOULD BE REACHED VIA FOUR RESEARCH APPROACHES: 1) IDENTIFY, PUBLICIZE, AND ENABLE THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATASETS AND REPOSITORIES OF BIOSPECIMENS; 2) OBTAIN PHENOTYPIC AND OUTCOME DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM LARGE STUDIES OF SUBJECTS WITH AND/OR AT RISK FOR COPD AND LUNG CANCER; 3) DEVELOP AND USE ANIMAL AND OTHER PRECLINICAL MODELS TO INVESTIGATE PATHOGENETIC LINKS BETWEEN THE DISEASES; AND 4) CONDUCT EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS OF POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS. TO FOSTER MUCH NEEDED RESEARCH INTERACTIONS, TWO FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE BY THE PARTICIPANTS: 1) INCORPORATE BASELINE PHENOTYPING AND OUTCOME MEASURES FOR BOTH DISEASES IN FUTURE LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF EACH DISEASE AND 2) EXPAND COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS BETWEEN THE NCI AND NHLBI.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3   529  21 ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAIN. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CHRONIC CONDITION OF CHILDHOOD IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH 6.5 MILLION CHILDREN AFFECTED IN THE USA. A DISPARATE BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IS SEEN AMONG SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED YOUTH, OFTEN CONCENTRATED IN URBAN AREAS WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES. HOST FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE A CHILD TO ASTHMA INCLUDE ATOPY, MALE GENDER, PARENTAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA, AND ALSO RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPROVED HYGIENE, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AND EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO MICROBES AND AEROALLERGENS, ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. WITH GREATER THAN 90% OF TIME SPENT INDOORS, HOME EXPOSURES (SUCH AS COCKROACH, RODENT, AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT FOR URBAN ASTHMA. MORBIDITY REDUCTION MAY REQUIRE FOCUSED PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HIGH PRIORITY RISK GROUPS AND THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE MODULATORY AGENTS IN CHILDREN WITH POORLY CONTROLLED DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  6711  41 VIRTUES AND WEAKNESSES OF DNA METHYLATION AS A TEST FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION. EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE AND NON-HERITABLE GENETIC CODING THAT IS ADDITIVE TO INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN CLASSICAL DNA BASE PAIR SEQUENCES. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION HAS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME OF MALIGNANCIES, CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND AGING. DNA METHYLATION CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY AND EASILY VIA VARIOUS MOLECULAR METHODS AND HAS BECOME A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR RESEARCH AND HEALTHCARE DELIVERY, WITH IMMEDIATE ROLES IN THE ELUCIDATION OF DISEASE NATURAL HISTORY, DIAGNOSTICS AND DRUG DISCOVERY. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON CANCERS OF THE LOWER GENITAL TRACT, FOR WHICH THE MOST EPIGENETIC INFORMATION EXISTS. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A TRIAGE FOR WOMEN INFECTED WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) AND MAY EVENTUALLY DIRECTLY COMPLEMENT OR REPLACE HPV SCREENING AS A ONE-STEP MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC TEST. METHYLATION OF HUMAN GENES IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) AND CANCER. OF THE MORE THAN 100 HUMAN METHYLATION BIOMARKER GENES TESTED SO FAR IN CERVICAL TISSUE, CLOSE TO 20 HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN DIFFERENT STUDIES, AND APPROXIMATELY 10 HAVE BEEN REPEATEDLY SHOWN TO HAVE ELEVATED METHYLATION IN CERVICAL CANCERS AND HIGH-GRADE CIN (CIN2 AND CIN3), MOST PROMINENTLY CADM1, EPB41L3, FAM19A4, MAL, MIR-124, PAX1 AND SOX1. OBTAINING CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE DATA FROM THE LITERATURE IS QUITE DIFFICULT BECAUSE MOST METHYLATION STUDIES USED A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT ASSAY METHODOLOGIES AND HAD INCOMPLETE AND/OR BIASED CLINICAL SPECIMEN SETS, VARYING ASSAY THRESHOLDS AND DISPARATE TARGET GENE REGIONS. THERE HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY FEW VALIDATION STUDIES OF DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS IN LARGE POPULATION-BASED SCREENING STUDIES, BUT AN ENCOURAGING DEVELOPMENT MORE RECENTLY IS THE EXECUTION OF WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES TO TEST THE TRUE PERFORMANCE OF THE MARKERS IN REAL-WORLD SETTINGS. METHYLATION OF HPV GENES, ESPECIALLY HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33 AND HPV45, IN DISEASE PROGRESSION HAS BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF RESEARCH. ELEVATED METHYLATION OF THE HPV16 L1 AND L2 OPEN READING FRAMES, IN PARTICULAR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH CIN2, CIN3 AND INVASIVE CANCER. ESSENTIALLY ALL CANCERS HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF METHYLATION FOR HUMAN GENES AND FOR DRIVER HPV TYPES, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION TESTS MAY HAVE UTILITY IN PREDICTING CIN2 AND CIN3 THAT ARE LIKELY TO PROGRESS. IT IS STILL EARLY IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF METHYLATION BIOMARKERS, BUT ALREADY THEY ARE SHOWING STRONG PROMISE AS A UNIVERSAL AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO MOLECULAR TRIAGE, APPLICABLE TO ALL CANCERS, NOT JUST CANCER OF THE CERVIX. DNA METHYLATION TESTING IS BETTER THAN HPV GENOTYPING TRIAGE AND IS COMPETITIVE WITH OR COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER APPROACHES SUCH AS CYTOLOGY AND P16 STAINING. GENOME-WIDE STUDIES ARE UNDERWAY TO SYSTEMATICALLY EXPAND METHYLATION CLASSIFIER PANELS AND FIND THE BEST COMBINATIONS OF BIOMARKERS. METHYLATION TESTING IS LIKELY TO SHOW BIG IMPROVEMENTS IN PERFORMANCE IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS.	2016	

5  6317  29 THE RELEVANCE OF INTER- AND INTRASTRAIN DIFFERENCES IN MICE AND RATS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY CLEAR THAT THE GENETIC BACKGROUND OF MICE AND RATS, EVEN IN INBRED STRAINS, CAN HAVE A PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON MEASURES OF SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND EPILEPSY. THESE DIFFERENCES CAN BE CAPITALIZED UPON THROUGH GENETIC MAPPING STUDIES TO REVEAL GENES IMPORTANT FOR SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY. HOWEVER, STRAIN BACKGROUND AND PARTICULARLY MIXED GENETIC BACKGROUNDS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS NEED CAREFUL CONSIDERATION IN BOTH THE SELECTION OF STRAINS AND IN THE INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. FOR INSTANCE, MICE WITH TARGETED DELETIONS OF GENES INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY CAN HAVE PROFOUNDLY DISPARATE PHENOTYPES DEPENDING ON THE BACKGROUND STRAIN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS FINDINGS RELATED TO HOW THIS GENETIC HETEROGENEITY HAS AND CAN BE UTILIZED IN THE EPILEPSY FIELD TO REVEAL NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS HOW CAUTION IS NEEDED IN REGARDS TO RODENT STRAIN OR EVEN ANIMAL VENDOR CHOICE, AND HOW THIS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE SEIZURE AND EPILEPSY PARAMETERS IN UNEXPECTED WAYS. THIS IS PARTICULARLY CRITICAL IN DECISIONS REGARDING THE STRAIN OF CHOICE USED IN GENERATING MICE WITH TARGETED DELETIONS OF GENES. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT (AT VENDOR AND/OR LABORATORY) AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS FOR INTER- AND INTRASTRAIN DIFFERENCES AND HOW SUCH DIFFERENCES CAN AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF SEIZURES AND THE ANIMALS' PERFORMANCE IN BEHAVIORAL TESTS THAT OFTEN ACCOMPANY ACUTE AND CHRONIC SEIZURE TESTING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  5324  39 PULMONARY MICRORNA PROFILING: IMPLICATIONS IN UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANT LUNG DISEASE. BACKGROUND: NUMEROUS PULMONARY DISEASES MANIFEST WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS, SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND TUBERCULOSIS. ZONAL HYPOXIA, CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE PULMONARY MALADIES, AND OXYGEN STRESS IN GENERAL IS KNOWN TO EXERT PROFOUND EFFECTS ON VARIOUS IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CELL BIOLOGY. LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE PULMONARY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO HYPOXIA MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASE. MICRORNAS ARE UBIQUITOUS REGULATORS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY AND EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES ALTERED MICRORNA EXPRESSION MODULATES RESPIRATORY DISEASE PROCESSES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE EPIGENETIC AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INFLUENCING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LUNG DISEASE BY INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE LUNG. ALL STUDIES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (N = 10) OR BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (N = 16) ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS. MICRORNA WAS ASSAYED VIA THE NANOSTRING NCOUNTER MICRORNA ASSAY. RESULTS: DIVERGENT MOLECULAR PATTERNS OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED IN ALTERNATE LUNG LOBES, SPECIFICALLY NOTED WAS DISPARATE EXPRESSION OF MIR-93 AND MIR-4454 IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES ALONG WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MIR-451A AND MIR-663A IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID. GENE ONTOLOGY WAS USED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF DIVERGENT MICRORNAS. TARGETS INCLUDE CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, MOLECULES THAT COULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS SHOW VARIANT REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOXIA IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND BAL FLUID IN THE LUNG-UPPER VS LOWER LOBE. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ADDRESS WHETHER THESE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS MAY ACT INTRACELLULARLY, IN A PARACRINE/ENDOCRINE MANNER TO DIRECT THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OR MAY ULTIMATELY BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY HOST-TO-PATHOGEN TRANS-KINGDOM CROSS-TALK.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  3886  38 KLF10 MEDIATED EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL CD40/CD154 PROMOTES ENDOMETRIOSIS. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC, HETEROGENEOUS, FIBRO-INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT REMAINS RECALCITRANT TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT LOSS OF KLF11, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IMPLICATED IN UTERINE DISEASE, RESULTS IN PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. DESPITE EXTENSIVE HOMOLOGY, CO-EXPRESSION, AND HUMAN DISEASE ASSOCIATION, LOSS OF THE PARALOG KLF10 CAUSES A UNIQUE INFLAMMATORY, CYSTIC ENDOMETRIOSIS PHENOTYPE IN CONTRAST TO FIBROTIC PROGRESSION SEEN WITH LOSS OF KLF11. WE IDENTIFY HERE FOR THE FIRST TIME A NOVEL ROLE FOR KLF10 IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. IN AN ANIMAL ENDOMETRIOSIS MODEL, UNLIKE WILD-TYPE CONTROLS, KLF10(-/-) ANIMALS DEVELOPED CYSTIC LESIONS WITH MASSIVE IMMUNE INFILTRATE AND MINIMAL PERI-LESIONAL FIBROSIS. THE KLF10(-/-) DISEASE PROGRESSION PHENOTYPE ALSO CONTRASTED WITH PROLIFIC FIBROSIS AND MINIMAL IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION SEEN IN KLF11(-/-) ANIMALS. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT LESION GENOTYPE RATHER THAN THAT OF THE HOST DETERMINED EACH UNIQUE DISEASE PROGRESSION PHENOTYPE. MECHANISTICALLY, KLF10 REGULATED CD40/CD154-MEDIATED IMMUNE PATHWAYS. BOTH INFLAMMATORY AS WELL AS FIBROTIC PHENOTYPES ARE THE COMMONEST CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN CHRONIC FIBRO-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SUCH AS ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE COMPLEMENTARY, PARALOGOUS KLF10 AND KLF11 MODELS THEREFORE OFFER NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN A DISEASE-RELEVANT CONTEXT. OUR DATA SUGGESTS THAT DIVERGENCE IN UNDERLYING GENE DYSREGULATION CRITICALLY DETERMINES DISEASE-PHENOTYPE PREDOMINANCE RATHER THAN THE CONVENTIONAL PARADIGM OF INFLAMMATION BEING PRECEDENT TO FIBROTIC SCARRING. HETEROGENEITY IN CLINICAL PROGRESSION AND TREATMENT RESPONSE ARE THUS LIKELY FROM DISPARATE GENE REGULATION PROFILES. CHARACTERIZATION OF DISEASE PHENOTYPE-ASSOCIATED GENE DYSREGULATION OFFERS NOVEL APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING TARGETED, INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY FOR RECURRENT AND RECALCITRANT CHRONIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  4026  24 LUNG CANCER AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: UPDATE ON NEXUS OF EPIGENETICS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON IDENTIFYING THE COMMON AND DISPARATE EVENTS INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT CONCURRENTLY OCCUR DURING THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. RECENT FINDINGS: THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON ADVANCES OF HOW EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE LINKED TO COPD AND LUNG CANCER, AND THEIR COMMONALITIES AND DISPARITIES. THE KEY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ENZYMES (E.G. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES -- CPG METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLASES/DEACETYLASES AND HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES/DEMETHYLASES) THAT ARE IDENTIFIED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN COPD AND LUNG TUMORIGENESIS AND PROGRESSION ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW. SUMMARY: DISTINCT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD, ALTHOUGH SOME OF THE MODIFICATIONS ARE COMMON. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER OR COPD WITH RESPECT TO COMMON AND DISPARATE MECHANISMS WILL LEAD TO TARGETING OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES AGAINST THESE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  2622  39 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN ASTHMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: ASTHMA IS A COMMON CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AIRWAY DISEASE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND POSSIBLY THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE HUMAN GENOME CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE MAINLY INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OR TRAITS, EXPOSURE FACTORS OR GENE EXPRESSION. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMED TO IDENTIFY ALL EWAS ASSESSING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA IN HUMANS. DESIGN: STRUCTURED SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH FOLLOWING PRISMA GUIDELINES, NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE (NOS) FOR COHORT STUDIES WAS USED FOR BIAS ASSESSMENT. DATA SOURCES: WE SEARCHED PUBMED AND EMBASE DATABASES FROM 2005 TO 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TESTING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND ASTHMA IN HUMANS. RESULTS: OVERALL, WE IDENTIFIED 16 EWAS STUDIES COMPLYING WITH OUR SEARCH CRITERIA. TWELVE STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON CHILDREN, AND 10 WERE CONDUCTED ON SAMPLE SIZES <150 SUBJECTS. FOUR HUNDRED AND NINETEEN CPGS WERE REPORTED IN CHILDREN STUDIES AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING. IN THE ADULT STUDIES, THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES WERE IDENTIFIED. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN INFLAMMATORY-RELATED GENES CORRELATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF GENE EXPRESSIONS OF INFLAMMATORY MODULATORS IN ASTHMA. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA INCLUDED SMAD3, SERPINC1, PROK1, IL13, RUNX3 AND TIGIT. FORTY-ONE CPGS WERE REPLICATED AT LEAST ONCE IN BLOOD SAMPLES, AND 28 CPGS WERE REPLICATED IN NASAL SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH MANY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS IN GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN ASTHMA HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN EWAS TO DATE, WE CONCLUDE THAT FURTHER STUDIES OF LARGER SAMPLE SIZES AND ANALYSES OF DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO COMPREHENSIVELY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HETEROGENEITY OF ASTHMA, AND THE POTENTIAL CLINICAL UTILITY TO PREDICT OR CLASSIFY PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  3027  33 GENETICS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIFACTORIAL BACKGROUND, BASED ON THE INTERACTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE CLEARLY RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. HOWEVER, FAMILY AND TWIN STUDIES SUGGESTED GENETICS FACTORS TO BE ONE OF THE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. DIFFERENT APPROACHES HAVE BEEN USED TO IDENTIFY GENES OF INTEREST. GENOMEWIDE LINKAGE ANALYSIS FOUND AREAS OF INTEREST ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES, WITH SOME GENES LOCATED IN THIS REGIONS BEING IDENTIFIED AND REPLICATED AS SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES. NUMEROUS OF CANDIDATE GENES THAT COULD BE LINKED TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN COPD GENETICS. HOWEVER, THE CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH IS OFTEN LIMITED BY INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN OTHER STUDY POPULATIONS. RECENTLY, A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT METHODS IS USED GIVING MORE EVIDENCE FOR SOME CANDIDATE GENES, INCLUDING TGFBETA-1, SURFACTANT, SERPINE2 AND MICROSOMAL EPOXIDE HYDROLASE. IN THE FUTURE ONGOING EXACT PHENOTYPE DEFINITION, COMBINATION OF SEVERAL APPROACHES, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES AND ANIMAL MODEL GENETICS WILL LEAD TO NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETICS OF COPD, WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS NEEDS TO BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED AND CONSIDERED IN CONCERT WITH GENETIC FINDINGS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  6507  16 TRAINING VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION COUNSELORS WHO WORK WITH CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS. BECAUSE OF THE INEFFICACY OF DISPARATE PSYCHIATRIC AND REHABILITATIVE APPROACHES TO PSYCHOSOCIAL RESTORATION OF CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS, THE AUTHORS DESIGNED THE NEW ENGLAND PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION TRAINING PROGRAM FOR VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION COUNSELORS WHO WORK WITH THESE PATIENTS. THE PROGRAM EXTENDS ERIKSON'S EPIGENETIC SEQUENCE TO DEVELOPMENT OF WORK CAPACITY AND EMPHASIZES A COMPREHENSIVE, MULTIAXIAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION. AFTER 6 WEEKS OF SEMINARS, CLINICAL WORK, AND SUPERVISION, COUNSELORS RETURN TO THEIR AGENCIES AND RECEIVE AN ADDITIONAL 8 WEEKS OF PART-TIME SUPPORT FROM FIELD FACULTY INSTRUCTORS.	1981	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  3631  29 INCORPORATING BIOMARKERS IN COPD MANAGEMENT: THE RESEARCH KEEPS GOING. GLOBALLY, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) REMAINS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, HAVING A SIGNIFICANT SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECT. SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RELATED TO COPD INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE SHORTENING, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. NOWADAYS, THERE IS AN INCREASING NEED FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COPD. THESE TREATMENT STRATEGIES SHOULD BE BASED ON FINDING THE SOURCE OF ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD EPISODES AND ESTIMATING THE PATIENT'S OWN RISK. THE USE OF BIOMARKERS AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THEIR LEVELS IN CONJUNCTION WITH COPD EXACERBATION RISK AND DISEASE PROGNOSIS IS CONSIDERED AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH. MANY TYPES OF COPD BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WHICH INCLUDE BLOOD PROTEIN BIOMARKERS, CELLULAR BIOMARKERS, AND PROTEASE ENZYMES. THEY HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES INCLUDING PERIPHERAL BLOOD, SPUTUM, BRONCHOALVEOLAR FLUID, EXHALED AIR, AND GENETIC MATERIAL. HOWEVER, THERE IS STILL NOT AN EXCLUSIVE BIOMARKER THAT IS USED FOR THE EVALUATION OF COPD BUT RATHER A COMBINATION OF THEM, AND THIS IS ATTRIBUTED TO DISEASE COMPLEXITY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COPD-RELATED BIOMARKERS, THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OUTCOMES, AND COPD PATIENTS' MANAGEMENT. FINALLY, WE DEPICT THE VARIOUS SAMPLES THAT ARE USED FOR IDENTIFYING AND MEASURING THESE BIOMARKERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13   178  28 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND DECREASED LUNG FUNCTION IN TWO PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A FREQUENT DIAGNOSIS IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS AND CONTRIBUTOR TO GLOBAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. GIVEN THE LINK BETWEEN LUNG DISEASE AND AGING, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW MOLECULAR INDICATORS OF AGING RELATE TO LUNG FUNCTION AND DISEASE. USING DATA FROM THE POPULATION-BASED KORA (COOPERATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE REGION OF AUGSBURG) SURVEYS, WE ASSOCIATED BASELINE EPIGENETIC (DNA METHYLATION) AGE ACCELERATION WITH INCIDENT COPD AND LUNG FUNCTION. MODELS WERE ADJUSTED FOR AGE, SEX, SMOKING, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND BASELINE LUNG DISEASE AS APPROPRIATE. ASSOCIATIONS WERE REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. OF 770 KORA PARTICIPANTS, 131 DEVELOPED INCIDENT COPD OVER 7 YEARS. BASELINE ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCIDENT COPD. THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION (FOLLOW-UP - BASELINE) WAS MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH COPD THAN BASELINE AGING ALONE. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CHANGE IN AGE ACCELERATION BETWEEN BASELINE AND FOLLOW-UP AND INCIDENT COPD REPLICATED IN THE NORMATIVE AGING STUDY. ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPIROMETRIC LUNG FUNCTION PARAMETERS WERE WEAKER THAN THOSE WITH COPD, BUT A META-ANALYSIS OF BOTH COHORTS PROVIDE SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATIONS. ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, BOTH BASELINE MEASURES AND CHANGES OVER TIME, MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR COPD AND REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  6356  24 THE ROLE OF HOST IN THE SPECTRUM OF OUTCOMES IN FAMILY CLUSTERS OF HEPATITIS INFECTION: FROM ASYMPTOMATIC TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTIONS ARE PREVALENT WORLDWIDE, BUT THE OUTCOMES OF INFECTION VARY GREATLY FROM HOST TO HOST. IN MANY ENDEMIC REGIONS, VERTICAL TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO CHILD IS MOST COMMON. IN THIS TRANSMISSION SETTING, VIRUS GENOTYPE AND SHARED PATIENT GENETICS MAKE FOR AN INTERESTING COMPARISON OF OUTCOME OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION. THIS CASE SERIES DEMONSTRATES FOUR FAMILY CLUSTERS WHICH DISPLAY DISPARATE OUTCOMES AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTIONS, FURTHER STRESSING THE ROLE OF HOST AND NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE. MANY HOST FACTORS HAVE BEEN THEORIZED, FROM EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO THE ROLE OF CHRONIC STRESS, BUT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THOSE AT HIGHER RISK OF FEARED COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND CIRRHOSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15   383  33 AN EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AND LUNG FUNCTION AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE STRONG HEART STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), ARE OFTEN RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS KEY PROCESSES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITIES HAVE A HIGH BURDEN OF LUNG DISEASE COMPARED TO THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION OF DNAM AND LUNG FUNCTION IN THE STRONG HEART STUDY (SHS). WE CONDUCTED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF AMERICAN INDIAN ADULTS, 45-74 YEARS OF AGE WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE SHS. DNAM WAS MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMAN METHYLATIONEPIC PLATFORM AT BASELINE (1989-1991). LUNG FUNCTION WAS MEASURED VIA SPIROMETRY, INCLUDING FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 S (FEV1) AND FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC), AT VISIT 2 (1993-1995). AIRFLOW LIMITATION WAS DEFINED AS FEV1 < 70% PREDICTED AND FEV1/FVC < 0.7, RESTRICTION WAS DEFINED AS FEV1/FVC > 0.7 AND FVC < 80% PREDICTED, AND NORMAL SPIROMETRY WAS DEFINED AS FEV1/FVC > 0.7, FEV1 > 70% PREDICTED, FVC > 80% PREDICTED. WE USED ELASTIC-NET MODELS TO SELECT RELEVANT CPGS FOR LUNG FUNCTION AND SPIROMETRY-DEFINED LUNG DISEASE. WE ALSO CONDUCTED BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES TO EVALUATE THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY OF THE FINDINGS. RESULTS: AMONG 1677 PARTICIPANTS, 21.2% HAD SPIROMETRY-DEFINED AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND 13.6% HAD SPIROMETRY-DEFINED RESTRICTIVE PATTERN LUNG FUNCTION. ELASTIC-NET MODELS SELECTED 1118 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) AS PREDICTORS OF AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND 1385 FOR RESTRICTIVE PATTERN LUNG FUNCTION. A TOTAL OF 12 DMPS OVERLAPPED BETWEEN AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND RESTRICTIVE PATTERN. EGFR, MAPK1 AND PRPF8 GENES WERE THE MOST CONNECTED NODES IN THE PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK. MANY OF THE DMPS TARGETED GENES WITH BIOLOGICAL ROLES RELATED TO LUNG FUNCTION SUCH AS PROTEIN KINASES. CONCLUSION: WE FOUND MULTIPLE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. THESE SIGNALS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LUNG DISEASE, AS ASSESSED SYSTEMICALLY, AS WELL AS TO IDENTIFY PATTERNS THAT COULD BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES. FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL AND LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ASSESS WHETHER DNA METHYLATION HAS A CAUSAL ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  2737  31 EXPOSING A DEADLY ALLIANCE: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AFFECTS MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND IS EXPECTED TO BECOME THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN 2020. COPD IS CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE AIRFLOW LIMITATION, DUE TO A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND REMODELING OF THE SMALL AIRWAYS (BRONCHIOLITIS) AND LOSS OF ELASTIC RECOIL CAUSED BY DESTRUCTION OF THE ALVEOLAR WALLS (EMPHYSEMA). LUNG CANCER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD. (CIGARETTE) SMOKING IS THE PRINCIPAL CULPRIT CAUSING BOTH COPD AND LUNG CANCER; IN ADDITION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE, BIOMASS FUEL SMOKE, COAL SMOKE AND OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF BOTH DISEASES. IMPORTANTLY, SMOKERS WITH COPD--DEFINED AS EITHER NOT FULLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION OR EMPHYSEMA--HAVE A TWO- TO FOUR-FOLD INCREASED RISK TO DEVELOP LUNG CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SEVERAL OF THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS, WHICH LINK COPD AND CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LUNGS. ELUCIDATING THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND NETWORKS, WHICH UNDERLIE THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LUNG CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR SCREENING, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THESE TWO DEVASTATING PULMONARY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  3007  27 GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASIS OF SARCOIDOSIS. SARCOIDOSIS IS A MULTISYSTEM DISEASE WITH TREMENDOUS HETEROGENEITY IN DISEASE MANIFESTATIONS, SEVERITY, AND CLINICAL COURSE THAT VARIES AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC AND RACIAL GROUPS. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THIS DISEASE AND TO IMPROVE THE OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS, A NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE WORKSHOP WAS CONVENED TO ASSESS THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, GAPS, AND RESEARCH NEEDS ACROSS THE CLINICAL, GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND IMMUNOLOGIC ARENAS. WE ALSO EXPLORED TO WHAT EXTENT THE INTERPLAY OF THE GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS COULD EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES AND OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH SARCOIDOSIS, INCLUDING THE CHRONIC PHENOTYPES THAT HAVE THE GREATEST HEALTHCARE BURDEN. THE POTENTIAL USE OF CURRENT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC TOOLS ALONG WITH STUDY APPROACHES THAT INTEGRATE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND PRECISE CLINICAL PHENOTYPING WERE ALSO EXPLORED. FINALLY, WE MADE EXPERT PANEL-BASED CONSENSUS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH APPROACHES AND PRIORITIES TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EFFECT OF THESE FACTORS ON THE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN SARCOIDOSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  1290  30 DECODING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS A COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEOUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE AIRWAYS. ALONGSIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ASTHMA SUSCEPTIBILITY IS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY GENETICS. GIVEN ITS HIGH PREVALENCE AND OUR INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, ASTHMA IS FREQUENTLY STUDIED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS), WHICH HAVE IDENTIFIED THOUSANDS OF GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT. VIRTUALLY ALL THESE GENETIC VARIANTS RESIDE IN NON-CODING GENOMIC REGIONS, WHICH HAS OBSCURED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ASTHMA-ASSOCIATED VARIANTS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO DISEASE-RELEVANT MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCES IN GENOMICS TECHNOLOGY AND EPIGENETICS NOW OFFER METHODS TO LINK GENETIC VARIANTS TO GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS EMBEDDED WITHIN NON-CODING REGIONS, WHICH HAVE STARTED TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE COMPLEX (EPI)GENETICS OF ASTHMA. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN INTEGRATED OVERVIEW OF (EPI)GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA, FOCUSING ON EFFORTS TO LINK THESE DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS TO BIOLOGICAL INSIGHT INTO ASTHMA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY USING STATE-OF-THE-ART GENOMICS METHODOLOGY. FINALLY, WE PROVIDE A PERSPECTIVE AS TO HOW DECODING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF ASTHMA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO TRANSFORM CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA AND TO PREDICT THE RISK OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  1143  26 CONCISE REVIEW: CLINICAL PROSPECTS FOR TREATING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE WITH REGENERATIVE APPROACHES. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS BECOMING A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE. COPD IS CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE AND NOT FULLY REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW LIMITATION CAUSED BY CHRONIC SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE AND LUNG PARENCHYMAL DESTRUCTION. CLINICALLY AVAILABLE DRUGS IMPROVE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS BUT CANNOT CURE THE DISEASE. SLOWING THE PROGRESSIVE LUNG DESTRUCTION OR REBUILDING THE DESTROYED LUNG STRUCTURE IS A PROMISING STRATEGY TO CURE COPD. IN CONTRAST TO SMALL ANIMAL MODELS, PHARMACOLOGICAL LUNG REGENERATION IS DIFFICULT IN HUMAN COPD. MATURATION, AGING, AND SENESCENCE IN COPD LUNG CELLS, INCLUDING ENDOGENOUS STEM CELLS, MAY AFFECT THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY FOLLOWING PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY. THE LUNG IS A COMPLEX ORGAN COMPOSED OF MORE THAN 40 DIFFERENT CELL TYPES; THEREFORE, DETAILED ANALYSES, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ANALYSIS, IN EACH SPECIFIC CELL TYPE HAVE NOT BEEN PERFORMED IN LUNGS WITH COPD. RECENTLY, A METHOD FOR THE DIRECT ISOLATION OF INDIVIDUAL CELL TYPES FROM HUMAN LUNG HAS BEEN DEVELOPED, AND FINGERPRINTS OF EACH CELL TYPE IN COPD LUNGS CAN BE ANALYZED. RESEARCH USING THIS TECHNIQUE COMBINED WITH THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED LUNG ENDOGENOUS STEM-PROGENITOR POPULATIONS WILL GIVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FATE OF COPD LUNG CELLS AND PROVIDE A FUTURE FOR CELL-BASED THERAPY TO TREAT THIS INTRACTABLE DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  5255  19 PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF BPD USING THE BABOON AND SHEEP MODELS. BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD) IS AMONG THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES IN INFANTS IN THE US. IMPROVED SURVIVAL OF PRETERM INFANTS WHO DEVELOPED BPD IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF THE HIGH RISK FOR PERSISTENT PULMONARY MORBIDITIES SUCH AS POOR RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, AND EXCESS AIRWAY EXPIRATORY RESISTANCE LATER IN LIFE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON UNIQUE INSIGHTS PROVIDED BY THE TWO LARGE-ANIMAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS OF NEONATAL CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE: PRETERM BABOONS AND PRETERM LAMBS. THE MODELS' ARE VALUABLE BECAUSE THEY CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. AN EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS IS PROPOSED AS A PATHOGENIC MECHANISM FOR BPD AND ITS PERSISTENT PULMONARY MORBIDITIES.	2013