1  6406 167 THE SEARCH FOR RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE IN MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES. WHILST FACING A WORLDWIDE FAST INCREASE OF FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIES, THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS ALSO CONFRONTED WITH ANOTHER INHOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISABLING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS), FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, ELECTRIC HYPERSENSITIVITY, AMALGAM DISEASE AND OTHERS. THESE SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLY-SYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS, WITH POSTULATED INHERITED/ACQUIRED IMPAIRED METABOLISM OF CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL/NUTRITIONAL XENOBIOTICS, TRIGGERING ADVERSE REACTIONS AT EXPOSURE LEVELS FAR BELOW TOXICOLOGICALLY-RELEVANT VALUES, OFTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR-CUT ALLERGOLOGIC AND/OR IMMUNOLOGIC INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO THE LACK OF PROVEN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS GENERATING MEASURABLE DISEASE BIOMARKERS, THESE ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITIES ARE GENERALLY IGNORED BY SANITARY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS, AS PSYCHOGENIC OR "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS". THE UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS NOT CORRESPONDING TO ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF VALIDATION, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL EFFICACY, TO A STEADILY INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS DEMANDING ASSISTANCE, OCCURS IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES. HERE WE REVISE AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE ORGANIC NATURE OF THESE CLINICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING INTENSE RESEARCH ON GENE POLYMORPHISMS OF PHASE I/II DETOXIFICATION ENZYME GENES, SO FAR STATISTICALLY INCONCLUSIVE, EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS ARE UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN PARTICULAR FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBANCES. THE FINDING OF RELEVANT ALTERATIONS OF CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASE AND PEROXIDASE DETOXIFYING ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATING WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MCS, HAS RECENTLY REGISTERED SOME PROGRESS TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2   849  31 CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIZATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN TRPA1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH MULTISOMATOFORM DISORDER WITH PAIN AS THE LEADING BODILY SYMPTOM. BACKGROUND: THE CONSTRUCT OF MULTISOMATOFORM DISORDER (MSD) IS A COMMON POINT OF REFERENCE FOR PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT SOMATIC AND PSYCHOSOMATIC SPECIALTIES AND THEREFORE USEFUL IN STUDYING LARGE WELL-CHARACTERIZED COHORTS OF A PROTOTYPE OF A SOMATOFORM DISORDER AND IN PARALLEL AS A FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME (FSS). THIS DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED BY DISTRESSING AND FUNCTIONALLY DISABLING SOMATIC SYMPTOMS WITH CHRONIC PAIN AS THE MOST FREQUENT AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT COMPLAINT. PAIN IS PERCEIVED BY NOCICEPTIVE NERVE FIBERS AND TRANSFERRED THROUGH THE GENERATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS BY DIFFERENT RECEPTOR MOLECULES KNOWN TO DETERMINE PAIN SENSITIVITY IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT FOR THE TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL ANKYRIN 1 (TRPA1), RECEPTOR METHYLATION OF A PARTICULAR CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN THE PROMOTER REGION IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH HEAT PAIN AND PRESSURE PAIN THRESHOLDS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRPA1 PROMOTER METHYLATION REGULATES PAIN SENSITIVITY OF PATIENTS WITH MULTISOMATOFORM DISORDER (MSD). A COHORT OF 151 PATIENTS WITH MSD AND 149 MATCHED HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WERE EVALUATED USING QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING, CLINICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT, AND METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING DNA ISOLATED FROM WHOLE BLOOD. RESULTS: WE FOUND CPG -628 TO BE CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL PAIN THRESHOLD AND CPG -411 TO BE CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL PAIN THRESHOLD IN FEMALE VOLUNTEERS, I.E., HIGHER METHYLATION LEVELS LEAD TO HIGHER PAIN THRESHOLDS. A NOVEL FINDING IS THAT METHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH NO AND SEVERE LEVELS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. CPG METHYLATION ALSO CORRELATED WITH PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF PAIN AND PAIN LEVELS RATED ON A VISUAL ANALOG SCALE. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRPA1 PLAYS A ROLE IN MECHANICAL PAIN SENSITIVITIES IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. THEY FURTHER PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRPA1 IN PATIENTS WITH MSD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  4328  32 MICRORNAS, STEM CELLS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER, AND LITHIUM THERAPEUTIC APPROACH. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A SEVERE, CHRONIC, AND DISABLING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT MOOD DISTURBANCES (MANIA/HYPOMANIA AND DEPRESSION, WITH OR WITHOUT MIXED FEATURES) AND A CONSTELLATION OF COGNITIVE, PSYCHOMOTOR, AUTONOMIC, AND ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES. THE ETIOLOGY OF BD IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INCLUDING BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. RECENTLY, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION PLAYING A CENTRAL ROLE IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY, HAVE BEEN RELATED TO SEVERAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, INCLUDING BD. MOREOVER, AN ALTERATION IN THE NUMBER/DISTRIBUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION POTENTIAL OF NEURAL STEM CELLS HAS ALSO BEEN DESCRIBED, SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO EVALUATE THE MOST RELIABLE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE ON MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BD AND ASSESS THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN RESPONSE TO MOOD STABILIZERS, SUCH AS LITHIUM. NEURAL STEM CELL DISTRIBUTION, REGULATION, AND DYSFUNCTION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF BD ARE ALSO DISSECTED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  5517  35 RISK FACTOR ASSESSMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN NORTH KERALA. OBJECTIVE: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE; IT LEADS TO DISABLING AND PAINFUL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS. ITS ONSET MAY BE DELAYED OR EVEN PREVENTED BY MODIFYING THE RISK FACTORS INVOLVED. MANY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF RA. THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY WERE TO ASSESS VARIOUS RISK FACTORS IN OUR POPULATION AND TO COMPARE THE SAME WITH AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROLS. METHODS: WE STUDIED 118 CASES WITH RA DIAGNOSED USING THE EULAR CRITERIA. IN TOTAL, 581 AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROLS WERE SELECTED. EACH INDIVIDUAL WAS ADMINISTERED A SEPARATE QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING THEIR RISK FACTORS (KNOWN RISK FACTORS WERE STUDIED). THE IMPLICATED DIETARY FACTORS WERE INCORPORATED IN A FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE (FFQ) AND ADMINISTERED TO BOTH CASES AND CONTROLS. COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THOSE WHO CONSUME AN ITEM AT A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY, WHO CONSUME LESS, AND WHO CONSUME NOTHING AT ALL. AMONG THOSE WHO CONSUME, EACH GROUP WAS RE-COMPARED. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES (IBM CORP.; ARMONK, NY, USA). RESULTS: THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP FOR FAMILY HISTORY, PERIODONTITIS, HISTORY OF CHIKUNGUNYA, AND SUN EXPOSURE (P<0.05). ASSOCIATION WITH VARIOUS FOOD ITEMS WAS STUDIED USING THE FFQ, BUT THE RELATIONSHIP WAS INCONSISTENT, PROBABLY DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF MODIFIED DIET BY THE PERSONS WITH RA. ALSO, A MAJORITY OF CASES WERE FEMALES AND NONSMOKERS FOR ASSESSING AN ASSOCIATION WITH SMOKING HABITS. CONCLUSION: IN OUR POPULATION, PREVIOUS INFECTIONS (E.G., CHIKUNGUNYA AND POOR ORAL HYGIENE WITH PERIODONTITIS) WERE THE PROMINENTLY OBSERVED RISK FACTORS. ALSO, SMOKING WAS LESS COMMON AMONG WOMEN, AND PROBABLY CONTRIBUTED LESS, AS MAJORITY OF CASES WERE FEMALES. FOR DIETARY PATTERN ASSOCIATION, A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY MAY BE NEEDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  6760  30 WORKGROUP ON NAPA'S SCIENTIFIC AGENDA FOR A NATIONAL INITIATIVE ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THIS REPORT OUTLINES A GOAL-DIRECTED SCIENTIFIC AGENDA FOR A NATIONAL INITIATIVE TO OVERCOME THE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) CRISIS. THE STATEMENT, WHICH REFLECTS THE COLLECTIVE VIEWS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF LEADERS IN AD RESEARCH, IS INTENDED TO AID THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL ALZHEIMER'S PROJECT ACT (NAPA)'S NATIONAL PLAN TO DEFEAT AD. THE PRIMARY PUBLIC POLICY AIMS OF THIS 10-YEAR SCIENTIFIC AGENDA ARE TO DISCOVER, VALIDATE, AND DEVELOP: (1) A BROAD RANGE OF TECHNOLOGIES, TOOLS AND ALGORITHMS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF PEOPLE WITH SYMPTOMATIC AD, AND ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS AT ELEVATED RISK FOR AD AND OTHER DEMENTIAS; AND (2) A WIDE RANGE OF INTERVENTIONS TO PRESERVE AND/OR RESTORE HEALTH AND NORMAL NEURAL FUNCTION, AIMING TO MAINTAIN INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONING FOR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE. THE LONG-TERM SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC HEALTH OBJECTIVES OF THIS COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ARE TO: (1) REDUCE THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISABLING SYMPTOMS WHO WILL REQUIRE PROLONGED CARE AND, EVENTUALLY, REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ASYMPTOMATIC PEOPLE AT ELEVATED RISK FOR AD/DEMENTIA; (2) DELAY THE ONSET OF CHRONIC DISABILITY FOR PEOPLE WITH AD AND OTHER DEGENERATIVE BRAIN DISORDERS; AND (3) LOWER THE COST AND BURDEN OF CARE. THE PLAN CALLS FOR SIGNIFICANT EXPANSION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE THE CAUSE(S) AND PATHOGENESIS OF AD, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AD RISK, THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THAT AFFECT DISEASE PROGRESSION, SURROGATE BIOMARKERS OF AD PATHOBIOLOGY, AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF AD.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  4623  30 NEUROBIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF GENETIC COMPONENTS, SIGNALING PATHWAYS, BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS CHARACTERIZED BY CHANGES IN MOOD THAT ALTERNATE BETWEEN MANIA AND HYPOMANIA OR BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND MIXED STATES, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT. ALTHOUGH EFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, SEVERAL PATIENTS WITH BD REMAIN SYMPTOMATIC. THE ADVANCE IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY UNDERLYING BD COULD HELP IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AS WELL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS, AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN BD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF BD. DESPITE THE ADVANCES IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BD, THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE ARE STILL ESSENTIALLY CLINICAL. GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF THE BRAIN AND THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND BRAIN FUNCTION, INITIATIVES THAT INCORPORATE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DATA, AND BRAIN IMAGING ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE INFORMATION THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO PREVENTION AND BETTER OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH BD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7   631  35 BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC TARGET DMARDS IN PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS. PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS (PSA) IS A CHRONIC MULTI-FACETED IMMUNE-MEDIATED SYSTEMIC DISORDER, CHARACTERIZED BY ARTICULAR, CUTANEOUS, ENTHESIS, NAIL AND SPINE INVOLVEMENT. ARTICULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF PSA ARE PARTICULARLY COMMON AND HIGHLY DISABLING FOR PATIENTS, WHILE THE HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL SUBSETS OF THE DISEASE ARE CHALLENGING FOR CLINICIANS. IN RECENT YEARS, RESEARCH HAS MADE MANY ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE FROM GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND MOLECULAR POINTS OF VIEW. NEW DRUGS ARE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE TREATMENT OF THIS CONDITION, AND, IN PARTICULAR, TNF-ALFA INHIBITORS, HISTORICALLY THE FIRST BIOLOGICALS APPROVED IN PSA, ARE NOW JUXTAPOSED BY NEW BIOLOGICAL DISEASE MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS (BDMARDS) WITH DIFFERENT MODES OF ACTION. TARGETING IL-12/IL-23 P40 COMMON SUBUNIT WITH USTEKINUMAB, IL-17A WITH SECUKINUMAB AND IXEKIZUMAB, T CELLS CO-STIMULATION WITH ABATACEPT, IS NOW POSSIBLE, SAFE AND EFFECTIVE. MOREOVER, TARGETED SYNTHETIC MOLECULES WITH ORAL ADMINISTRATION ARE AVAILABLE, WITH THE POSSIBILITY TO INTERFERE WITH PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 AND JAK/STAT PATHWAYS. INDEED, NEW DRUGS ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT, WITH THE POSSIBILITY TO TARGET SELECTIVELY IL-17 RECEPTOR, IL-23, AND OTHER KEY MOLECULAR TARGETS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS CONDITION. IN THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN UP-TO-DATE OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND TARGETED SYNTHETIC DMARDS IN THE FIELD OF PSA, WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS POSSIBILITY TO TARGET A HIGHER NUMBER OF DISTINCT IMMUNE-PATHWAYS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  6260  21 THE MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED DEPRESSION. THE INCREASING NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WITH COMORBIDITIES POSES AN URGENT NEED TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE CO-EXISTING DISEASES. AMONG THESE COMORBIDITIES, CHRONIC PAIN AND MOOD DISORDERS, TWO LONG-LASTING DISABLING CONDITIONS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE QUALITY OF LIFE, COULD BE CITED FIRST. THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS ACCELERATED THE STUDIES FOCUSING ON THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF THE CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION/ANXIETY COMORBIDITY. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL AND PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES PERFORMED OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES ADDRESSING THE MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF THE COMORBID RELATIONSHIP OF CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION. WE THUS FOCUSED ON THE STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMORBID RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC PAIN AND MOOD DISORDERS, ESPECIALLY MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS, FROM THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC POINT OF VIEW TO KEY NEUROMODULATORS WHICH HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS COMORBIDITY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  6329  33 THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. RELEVANT STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED VIA MEDLINE (PUBMED) AND PSYCINFO DATABASES PUBLISHED UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 2015. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE STRESS, AS WELL AS SETTING CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISCUSSING NOVEL LONG-TERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EVENTS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN ADDITION TO A MORE SEVERE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OVER TIME (PRIMARILY AN EARLIER AGE AT ONSET AND AN INCREASED RISK OF SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE). CHILDHOOD TRAUMA LEADS TO ALTERATIONS OF AFFECT REGULATION, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THAT MIGHT DECREASE THE ABILITY TO COPE WITH LATER STRESSORS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA INTERACTS WITH SEVERAL GENES BELONGING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS [HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, NEUROPLASTICITY, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS] TO DECREASE THE AGE AT THE ONSET OF THE DISORDER OR INCREASE THE RISK OF SUICIDE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, OR TELOMERE SHORTENING ARE POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO PHYSICAL HEALTH. THE MAIN CLINICAL IMPLICATION IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS, OR AT LEAST IN THOSE WITH A SEVERE OR INSTABLE COURSE. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT YEARS WILL BE TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN CLINICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ROUTINE PRACTICE, SINCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THIS SPECIFIC POPULATION ARE LACKING. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR WHICH TARGETS THERAPISTS SHOULD FOCUS ON, AS WELL AS HOW CHILDHOOD TRAUMA COULD EXPLAIN THE RESISTANCE TO MOOD STABILIZERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  2816  42 FIBROMYALGIA: PATHOGENESIS, MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS UPDATE. FIBROMYALGIA IS A SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY OTHER SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS FATIGUE, INTESTINAL DISORDERS AND ALTERATIONS IN SLEEP AND MOOD. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT TWO TO EIGHT PERCENT OF THE WORLD POPULATION IS AFFECTED BY FIBROMYALGIA. FROM A MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW, THIS PATHOLOGY STILL PRESENTS INEXPLICABLE ASPECTS. IT IS KNOWN THAT FIBROMYALGIA IS CAUSED BY A CENTRAL SENSITIZATION PHENOMENON CHARACTERIZED BY THE DYSFUNCTION OF NEURO-CIRCUITS, WHICH INVOLVES THE PERCEPTION, TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF AFFERENT NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI, WITH THE PREVALENT MANIFESTATION OF PAIN AT THE LEVEL OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. IN RECENT YEARS, THE PATHOGENESIS OF FIBROMYALGIA HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, GENETIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS. A RHEUMATOLOGIST TYPICALLY MAKES A DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMYALGIA WHEN THE PATIENT DESCRIBES A HISTORY OF PAIN SPREADING IN ALL QUADRANTS OF THE BODY FOR AT LEAST THREE MONTHS AND WHEN PAIN IS CAUSED BY DIGITAL PRESSURE IN AT LEAST 11 OUT OF 18 ALLOGENIC POINTS, CALLED TENDER POINTS. FIBROMYALGIA DOES NOT INVOLVE ORGANIC DAMAGE, AND SEVERAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS, INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS. SYMPTOMS OFTEN BEGIN AFTER PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA, BUT IN MANY CASES, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER. WOMEN ARE MORE PRONE TO DEVELOPING THE DISEASE THAN MEN. UNFORTUNATELY, THE CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL THERAPIES THAT TARGET THIS PATHOLOGY PRODUCE LIMITED BENEFITS. THEY REMAIN LARGELY PHARMACOLOGICAL IN NATURE AND TEND TO TREAT THE SYMPTOMATIC ASPECTS OF VARIOUS DISORDERS REPORTED BY THE PATIENT. THE STATISTICS, HOWEVER, HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT 90% OF PEOPLE WITH FIBROMYALGIA ALSO TURN TO COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE TO MANAGE THEIR SYMPTOMS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  5387  32 REDOX MECHANISMS IN MIGRAINE: NOVEL THERAPEUTICS AND DIETARY INTERVENTIONS. SIGNIFICANCE: MIGRAINE REPRESENTS THE THIRD MOST PREVALENT AND THE SEVENTH MOST DISABLING HUMAN DISORDER. APPROXIMATELY 30% OF MIGRAINE PATIENTS EXPERIENCE TRANSIENT, FULLY REVERSIBLE, FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS (AURA) PRECEDING THE ATTACK. RECENT ADVANCES: AWARENESS OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MIGRAINE ACTUALLY EMBODIES A SPECTRUM OF ILLNESSES-RANGING FROM EPISODIC TO CHRONIC FORMS-IS PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING AND POSES NOVEL CHALLENGES FOR CLARIFYING THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF MIGRAINE AS WELL AS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. SEVERAL THEORIES HAVE EVOLVED TO THE CURRENT CONCEPT THAT A COMBINATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN MIGRAINE PATHOGENESIS, ALTHOUGH THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IS STILL BEING DEBATED. CRITICAL ISSUES: ONE CRITICAL ISSUE THAT DESERVES A PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MIGRAINE. INDEED, POTENTIALLY HARMFUL OXIDATIVE EVENTS OCCUR DURING THE MIGRAINE ATTACK AND LONG-LASTING OR FREQUENT MIGRAINE EPISODES MAY INCREASE BRAIN EXPOSURE TO OXIDATIVE EVENTS THAT CAN LEAD TO CHRONIC TRANSFORMATION. MOREOVER, A WIDE VARIETY OF DIETARY, ENVIRONMENTAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MIGRAINE TRIGGERS MAY ACT THROUGH OXIDATIVE STRESS, WITH CLEAR IMPLICATIONS FOR MIGRAINE TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS. INTERESTINGLY, ALMOST ALL CURRENT PROPHYLACTIC MIGRAINE AGENTS EXERT ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: INCREASING AWARENESS OF THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND/OR DECREASED ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES IN MIGRAINE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION TO A CHRONIC CONDITION LAYS THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF NOVEL PROPHYLACTIC APPROACHES, WHICH, BY REDUCING BRAIN OXIDATIVE PHENOMENA, COULD FAVORABLY MODIFY THE CLINICAL COURSE OF MIGRAINE. ANTIOXID. REDOX SIGNAL. 28, 1144-1183.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  2209  27 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: WHAT DO WE KNOW? OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC, SEVERE DISABLING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS NOT YET WELL DEFINED. GENERALLY, THE SYMPTOM ONSET OCCURS DURING PRE-ADULT LIFE AND AFFECTS SUBJECTS IN DIFFERENT LIFE ASPECTS, INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. ALTHOUGH ROBUST EVIDENCE INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF OCD, THE ENTIRELY MECHANISMS ARE NOT TOTALLY CLARIFIED. THUS, THE POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SHOULD BE SOUGHT. THEREFORE, WE PROVIDE A REVIEW OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RELATED TO OCD WITH A DEEP FOCUS ON THE REGULATION OF CRITICAL GENES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SEEKING POSSIBLE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13   367  28 AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ALTHOUGH MANY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS ARE USED FOR PEDIATRIC CHRONIC PAIN, EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A COMMON THREAD OF SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION, LEADING TO THE UNIFYING TERM 'AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES'. ONGOING RESEARCH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND TREATMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES. RECENT FINDINGS: BASIC SCIENCE INDICATES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, NEUROCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE, AND INFLAMMATORY CONTRIBUTORS, ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH MEDICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS REMAIN COMMON APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS LIMITED. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPIES, YOGA, AND OTHER COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE IS FOR EXERCISE-BASED AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COMBINED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FORMAT. INTENSIVE APPROACHES (PAIN REHABILITATION) HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TREAT THOSE MOST DISABLED BY AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES, AND LEAD TO SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN PAIN, FUNCTIONING, AND MEDICAL UTILIZATION. SUMMARY: ALTHOUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES EVOLVES, STANDARD OF CARE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMPHASIZING EXERCISE THERAPY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT, AND SELF-REGULATION. TREATMENT SHOULD TARGET FULL RETURN TO PHYSICAL FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OR RESOLUTION OF PAIN. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE CAN BE COORDINATED BY A RHEUMATOLOGIST OR OTHER PHYSICIAN WITH APPROPRIATE REFERRALS, OR THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  1722  24 DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEMS IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD OR DEPRESSION) IS A DEBILITATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYNDROME WITH GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC DISEASE BURDEN; IT AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE IN SIX INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. A WIDE ARRAY OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS A VARIETY OF NEURONAL PROCESSES AND CIRCUITS UNDERLIE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION-NO ESTABLISHED MECHANISM CAN EXPLAIN ALL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE. MDD SUFFERS FROM A VAST TREATMENT GAP WORLDWIDE, AND LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REQUIRE TREATMENT DO NOT RECEIVE ADEQUATE CARE. THIS MINI-REVIEW FOCUSES ON DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE (DA) SYSTEMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MDD AND DESCRIBING NEW CELLULAR TARGETS FOR POTENTIAL MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT FOCUSED ON DA-MODULATED MICRO-CIRCUITS. WE ALSO EXPLORE HOW NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS MAY MODIFY RISK FOR LATER EMERGENCE OF MDD, POSSIBLY THROUGH DOPAMINERGIC SUBSTRATES IN THE BRAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  6375  34 THE ROLE OF NEURO-IMMUNE INTERACTION IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS; FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME, NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION, AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE INCREASINGLY DIAGNOSED IN CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS NOT ATTRIBUTED TO PHYSICAL AILMENTS. CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, OR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ARE COMMON DISORDERS THAT BELONG IN THIS BROAD CATEGORY. SUCH SYNDROMES ARE CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF ONE OR MULTIPLE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS INCLUDING WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISORDERS, AND ABDOMINAL PAIN, AMONGST OTHER ISSUES. SYMPTOMS ARE BELIEVED TO RELATE TO A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WHERE A DEFINITE AETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. THEORIES SUGGEST CAUSATIVE PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH SEVERAL RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONAL SYNDROMES. RISK FACTORS INCLUDING STRESS AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ARE NOW RECOGNISED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND SEXUAL ABUSE DURING CHILDHOOD IS CONSIDERED A SEVERE STRESSOR HAVING A HIGH PREVALENCE IN FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME SUFFERS. SUCH TRAUMA PERMANENTLY ALTERS THE BIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE OF THE SUFFERS LEADING TO NEUROEXCITATORY AND OTHER NERVE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN ADULTS. TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN STRESS RESPONSE GENES, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS, THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MANIFESTING IN A BROAD ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE SYSTEMS ARE KNOWN TO BE DYSREGULATED IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE ALSO HIGHLY PREVALENT CO-MORBIDITIES OF PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS, MOOD DISORDERS, AND ANXIETY. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, AND CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16   638  42 BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN MIGRAINE MANAGEMENT. OBJECTIVE: THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW IS TO REVIEW POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE. BACKGROUND: MIGRAINE HEADACHE IS A COMMON DISEASE THAT AFFECTS MILLIONS OF INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH WELL-ACCEPTED DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA EXIST FOR MIGRAINE, IT IS STILL A COMPLEX DISORDER THAT REMAINS BOTH UNDERDIAGNOSED AND MISDIAGNOSED. THE CAUSES OF MIGRAINE ARE LIKELY A MIX OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT, TOGETHER WITH THE INDIVIDUAL'S LIFE HISTORY, TRANSLATE INTO THE OBSERVED CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. INHERENT CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY IS AN OBSTACLE IN DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE LACK OF APPROPRIATE BIOMARKERS IS ALSO AN IMPEDIMENT TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC/PREVENTIVE APPROACHES. ULTIMATELY, BIOMARKERS MAY FACILITATE THE GOAL OF INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE BY ENABLING CLINICIANS TO MORE ACCURATELY DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MIGRAINE AND OTHER TYPES OF HEADACHE. METHODS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF PUBMED CITATIONS CONTAINING THE KEY WORD "MARKER" OR "BIOMARKER" COMBINED WITH "MIGRAINE" OR "HEADACHE." OTHER KEY WORDS INCLUDED "SERUM," "SALIVA," "CEREBROSPINAL FLUID," "GENES," "BLOOD," AND "INFLAMMATION." THE ONLY RESTRICTION WAS ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PUBLICATION. THE ABSTRACTS OF ALL ARTICLES MEETING THESE CRITERIA WERE REVIEWED, AND FULL TEXT WAS RETRIEVED AND EXAMINED FOR RELEVANT REFERENCES. RESULTS: DATA FROM HUMAN STUDIES HAVE BEGUN TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MUTATIONS/POLYMORPHISMS AND ALTERED LEVELS OF SPECIFIC PROINFLAMMATORY AND NEUROMODULATORY MOLECULES THAT STRONGLY CORRELATE WITH MIGRAINE AS WELL AS SYMPTOM SEVERITY. RESULTS FROM A SMALLER NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED PARAMETERS, SUCH AS THE NEUROPEPTIDE CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), WHICH ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE MIGRAINE ATTACKS AND PROPHYLAXIS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRAINE, AND UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED GENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE MAY EVENTUALLY GUIDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPIES CAPABLE OF REVERSING THESE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GENE FUNCTION. CONCLUSIONS: THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ETIOLOGY OF MIGRAINE IS INCOMPLETE. ALTHOUGH THE IDENTIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF BIOMARKERS HAS GREATLY ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC PRECISION AND MEASURES OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY IN OTHER DISEASES, THERE ARE NO CURRENTLY ACCEPTED BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC OR EPISODIC MIGRAINE. HOWEVER, THE CONTINUED INVESTIGATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS IS LIKELY TO FACILITATE THE GOAL OF INDIVIDUALIZING MEDICINE BY ENABLING CLINICIANS TO MORE ACCURATELY DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MIGRAINE AND OTHER HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2013	

17  2534  34 EPIGENETICS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. INTRODUCTION: BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC, DISABLING DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY ALTERNATE MOOD EPISODES, SWITCHING THROUGH DEPRESSIVE AND MANIC/HYPOMANIC PHASES. MOOD STABILIZERS, IN PARTICULAR LITHIUM SALTS, CONSTITUTE THE CORNERSTONE OF THE TREATMENT IN THE ACUTE PHASE AS WELL AS FOR THE PREVENTION OF RECURRENCES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BD AND THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF MOOD STABILIZERS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN BUT SEVERAL PIECES OF EVIDENCE POINT TO GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS. EPIGENETICS, DEFINED AS THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT GENETIC CHANGES, COULD BE THE MOLECULAR SUBSTRATE OF THESE INTERACTIONS. IN THIS LITERATURE REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE MAIN EPIGENETIC FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH BD AND RESPONSE TO MOOD STABILIZERS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED PUBMED, AND EMBASE DATABASES AND CLASSIFIED THE ARTICLES DEPENDING ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNAS). RESULTS: WE PRESENT THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BD OR WITH MOOD-STABILIZERS. THE MAJOR REPORTED MECHANISMS WERE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION, AND NON-CODING RNAS. OVERALL, THE ASSESSMENTS ARE POORLY HARMONIZED AND THE RESULTS ARE MORE LIMITED THAN IN OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS (E.G. SCHIZOPHRENIA). HOWEVER, THE NATURE OF BD AND ITS TREATMENT OFFER EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR EPIGENETIC RESEARCH: CLEAR IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, CLINICAL VARIATION BETWEEN MANIC OR DEPRESSIVE EPISODES RESULTING IN POSSIBLE IDENTIFICATION OF STATE AND TRAITS BIOMARKERS, DOCUMENTED IMPACT OF MOOD-STABILIZERS ON THE EPIGENOME. CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC IS A GROWING AND PROMISING FIELD IN BD THAT MAY SHED LIGHT ON ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OR BE USEFUL AS BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO MOOD-STABILIZER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18   103  35 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  2900  30 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  1314  32 DELINEATING CONDITIONS AND SUBTYPES IN CHRONIC PAIN USING NEUROIMAGING. DIFFERENTIATING SUBTYPES OF CHRONIC PAIN STILL REMAINS A CHALLENGE-BOTH FROM A SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE POINT OF VIEW. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IS THE CURRENT GOAL OF MODERN MEDICAL CARE AND IS LIMITED BY THE SUBJECTIVE NATURE OF PATIENT SELF-REPORTING OF SYMPTOMS AND BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION. PHYSIOLOGY-FOCUSED TECHNIQUES SUCH AS GENOME AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES INFORM THE DELINEATION OF PAIN GROUPS; HOWEVER, EXCEPT UNDER RARE CIRCUMSTANCES, THEY HAVE DILUTED EFFECTS THAT AGAIN, SHARE A COMMON RELIANCE ON BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION. THE APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING TOWARDS DISTINGUISHING PAIN SUBTYPES IS A GROWING FIELD AND MAY INFORM PAIN-GROUP CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN REGIONS SHOWING HYPERTROPHIC AND ATROPHIC CHANGES IN THE PRESENCE OF PAIN. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES SUCH AS MACHINE-LEARNING CLASSIFIERS HAVE THE CAPACITY TO PROCESS LARGE VOLUMES OF DATA AND DELINEATE DIAGNOSTICALLY RELEVANT INFORMATION FROM NEUROIMAGING ANALYSIS. THE ISSUE OF DEFINING A "BRAIN TYPE" IS AN EMERGING FIELD AIMED AT INTERPRETING OBSERVED BRAIN CHANGES AND DELINEATING THEIR CLINICAL IDENTITY/SIGNIFICANCE. IN THIS REVIEW, 2 CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS (MIGRAINE AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME) WITH SIMILAR CLINICAL PHENOTYPES ARE COMPARED IN TERMS OF THEIR STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS. INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS ARE COMPARED WITH FINDINGS FROM APPLICATION OF MACHINE-LEARNING ALGORITHMS. FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF DIFFERENTIATING PATIENT SUBGROUPS USING NEUROIMAGING DATA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN AND HOW THEY MAY BE APPLIED TOWARDS DEFINING A PERSONALIZED PAIN SIGNATURE THAT HELPS SEGREGATE PATIENT SUBGROUPS (EG, MIGRAINE WITH AND WITHOUT AURA, WITH OR WITHOUT NAUSEA; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME VS OTHER FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS).	2019