1  5572 84 ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: FROM MECHANISM TO INTERVENTION. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A CHRONIC AND IRREVERSIBLE HEART COMPLICATION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EVENTS INCLUDING EARLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, VENTRICULAR DILATION AND SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, EVENTUALLY RESULTING IN HEART FAILURE. DESPITE THESE CHARACTERISTICS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LEADING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE STILL ELUSIVE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED MICRORNA, A SMALL AND HIGHLY CONSERVED NON-CODING RNA MOLECULE, IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS AT CAPTURING RECENT STUDIES RELATED TO THE ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEART FAILURE - EDITED BY JUN REN & MEGAN YINGMEI ZHANG.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  1292 22 DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE IS RELATED TO CHANGES IN NF-KB PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVELS AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY. BACKGROUND: OBESITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY IS PROPOSED AS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR REDUCING THE OBESITY-RELATED CO-MORBIDITIES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE METABOLIC IMPROVEMENT AFTER SURGERY. OBJECTIVE: THE MAIN AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PATTERN FROM GENES RELATED TO INFLAMMATION AND INSULIN RESPONSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLIC IMPROVEMENT AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY IN MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS AND IF THESE CHANGES DEPEND ON THE SURGICAL PROCEDURE. SETTING: UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, SPAIN. METHODS: WE STUDIED 60 SEVERELY OBESE PATIENTS; 31 UNDERWENT ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS AND 29 UNDERWENT LAPAROSCOPIC SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY. ALL PATIENTS WERE EXAMINED BEFORE AND AT 6 MONTHS AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY. DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF GENES RELATED TO THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: THE PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE NFKB1 GENE WERE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER SURGERY (2.16 +/- .9 VERSUS 2.8 +/- 1.03). THE DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE, BOTH SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC, AFTER SURGERY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE NFKB1 GENE (BETA = -.513, P = .003 AND BETA = -.543, P = .004, RESPECTIVELY). A DECREASE IN INFLAMMATION STATUS, MEASURED BY HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN VALUES, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN SLC19A1 METHYLATION LEVELS. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY SHOWS FOR THE FIRST TIME AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NFKB1 METHYLATION LEVELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY, HIGHLIGHTING THE POSSIBLE FUNCTION OF THIS GENE IN THE REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE. REGARDING SLC19A1, THIS GENE COULD POSITION AS A POTENTIAL TARGET LINKING INFLAMMATION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3   465 35 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  1785 21 EFFECT OF APABETALONE ON CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN DIABETES, CKD, AND RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: RESULTS FROM THE BETONMACE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS INTERACT TO INCREASE THE RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (I.E., CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH, NONFATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR STROKE) AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. A MALADAPTIVE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE MAY BE A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK DRIVER AND AMENABLE TO MODIFICATION WITH APABETALONE, A SELECTIVE MODULATOR OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM. WE EXAMINED THIS QUESTION IN A PRESPECIFIED ANALYSIS OF BETONMACE, A PHASE 3 TRIAL. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: BETONMACE WAS AN EVENT-DRIVEN, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING EFFECTS OF APABETALONE VERSUS PLACEBO ON MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 2425 PARTICIPANTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND A RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, INCLUDING 288 PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD WITH EGFR <60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2) AT BASELINE. THE PRIMARY END POINT IN BETONMACE WAS THE TIME TO THE FIRST MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT, WITH A SECONDARY END POINT OF TIME TO HOSPITALIZATION FOR HEART FAILURE. RESULTS: MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP WAS 27 MONTHS (INTERQUARTILE RANGE, 20-32 MONTHS). IN PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD, APABETALONE COMPARED WITH PLACEBO WAS ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (13 EVENTS IN 124 PATIENTS [11%] VERSUS 35 EVENTS IN 164 PATIENTS [21%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.50; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.96) AND FEWER HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATIONS (THREE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 124 PATIENTS [3%] VERSUS 14 HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 164 PATIENTS [9%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.48; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.86). IN THE NON-CKD GROUP, THE CORRESPONDING HAZARD RATIO VALUES WERE 0.96 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.74 TO 1.24) FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND 0.76 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.46 TO 1.27) FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. INTERACTION OF CKD ON TREATMENT EFFECT WAS P=0.03 FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND P=0.12 FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD SHOWED SIMILAR NUMBERS OF ADVERSE EVENTS, REGARDLESS OF RANDOMIZATION TO APABETALONE OR PLACEBO (119 [73%] VERSUS 88 [71%] PATIENTS), AND THERE WERE FEWER SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (29% VERSUS 43%; P=0.02) IN THE APABETALONE GROUP. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE MAY REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES WHO HAVE A HIGH BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.	2021	

5  6725 27 VITAMIN D: NOT JUST BONE METABOLISM BUT A KEY PLAYER IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. VITAMIN D IS THE FIRST ITEM OF DRUG EXPENDITURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. ITS DEFICIENCY IS A CONDITION THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO YOUNG PEOPLE. RECENTLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FOCUSED ITS ATTENTION ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, HERE WE EXAMINE (1) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES MELLITUS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND OBESITY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INSULIN SECRETION; (2) ITS ROLE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, IN WHICH CHRONIC VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, LOWER THAN 20 NG/ML (50 NMOL/L), HAS EMERGED AMONG THE NEW RISK FACTORS; (3) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, IN WHICH LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF VITAMIN D HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION; (4) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHIES AND ANEURYSMAL PATHOLOGY, REPORTING THAT PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASES HAD LOWER VITAMIN D VALUES THAN NON-SUFFERING PAD CONTROLS; (5) THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D, HIGHLIGHTING ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION CAPACITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIAC REMODELING AND DISEASE. DESPITE THE MANY OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES SUPPORTING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE SCARCE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D AS A MARKER OF PATHOLOGY SHOULD REPRESENT A FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6   755 33 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN FATTY LIVER DISEASE: THE LIVER-HEART AXIS-LITERATURE REVIEW. ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) REMAINS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 18 MILLION DEATHS PER YEAR. NEVERTHELESS, THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), ALSO KNOWN TO BE COMMON RISK FACTORS FOR CVD, HAVE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED OVER THE LAST DECADES. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES (CLD) AS WELL AS BEING A MAJOR HEALTH CARE COST EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTING FOR THE SPENDING OF TREMENDOUS AMOUNTS OF MONEY ANNUALLY. NAFLD HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MAJOR DISEASES PLAGUING THE WORLD WHILE STANDING AS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES BY REPRESENTING ABOUT 75% OF ALL CLD. CURRENTLY, THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN NAFLD REMAINS TO BE CVD. SEVERAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ASSOCIATING FLD WITH CVD THROUGH SEVERAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADIPOKINES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, LIPOTOXICITY AND MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS WHICH MAY ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS. DESPITE OF ALL THIS EVIDENCE, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF HOW FLD CAN CAUSALLY CONTRIBUTE TO CVD ARE NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED AND MUCH REMAINS UNKNOWN. MOREOVER, THE CURRENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS THE INCREASING EVIDENCE ASSOCIATING FLD WITH SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) ADVERSE EVENTS INCLUDING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, INCREASED SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK, STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS MAINLY LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, INCREASED EPICARDIAL FAT THICKNESS, VALVULAR CALCIFICATIONS INCLUDING AORTIC VALVE SCLEROSIS AND MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL CARDIAC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN ADDITION TO CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS SUCH AS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR ARRYTHMIAS AND CONDUCTION DEFECTS INCLUDING ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCKS AND BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCKS. PATIENTS WITH FLD SHOULD BE EVALUATED AND MANAGED ACCORDINGLY IN ORDER TO PREVENT FURTHER COMPLICATIONS. POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT METHODS INCLUDE NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES INCLUDING LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES AS WELL AS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING FLD WITH AN INCREASED CV RISK, IN ADDITION TO ASSOCIATED CV ADVERSE EVENTS AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT MODALITIES.	2019	
                                            
7  5075 22 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF THE GROWTH-RESTRICTED FETUS. THE GROWTH-RESTRICTED FETUS IN UTERO IS EXPOSED TO A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT AND SUFFERS UNDERNUTRITION AND HYPOXIA. TO COPE WITH THE STRESS, THE FETUS CHANGES ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THESE ADAPTIVE CHANGES AID INTRAUTERINE SURVIVAL; HOWEVER, THEY CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SERIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEHIND THIS "DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES." THE DOMINANT CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTIVE CHANGE IS THE REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW IN HYPOXIC FETUSES, WITH PREFERENTIAL SUPPLY OF BLOOD TO THE FETAL BRAIN, MYOCARDIUM, AND ADRENAL GLANDS. THE PROPORTION OF BLOOD FROM THE UMBILICAL VEIN TO THE DUCTUS VENOSUS AND FORAMEN OVALE INCREASES, WHICH INCREASES THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF THE LEFT HEART VENTRICLE. THE INCREASED PERFUSION OF FETAL BRAIN CAN BE FOLLOWED WITH DOPPLER ULTRASOUND AS INCREASED DIASTOLIC VELOCITIES AND DECREASED PULSATILITY INDEX IN THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  1388 19 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9   749 27 CARDIAC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN VEGF SIGNALING GENES ASSOCIATE WITH MYOCARDIAL MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND OFTEN RESULTS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (LVDD). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARDIAC DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY IMPOSE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION AND FUNCTION, BUT THEIR EXACT ROLE IN CKD-LVDD IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER CHANGES IN CARDIAC SITE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION PROFILES MIGHT BE IMPLICATED IN CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES IN CKD-LVDD. CKD-LVDD AND NORMAL CONTROL PIGS (N = 6 EACH) WERE STUDIED FOR 14 WK. RENAL AND CARDIAC HEMODYNAMICS WERE QUANTIFIED BY MULTIDETECTOR CT AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY. IN RANDOMLY SELECTED PIGS (N = 3/GROUP), CARDIAC SITE-SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP)- AND MRNA-SEQUENCING (SEQ) WERE PERFORMED, FOLLOWED BY INTEGRATED (MEDIP-SEQ/MRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS), AND CONFIRMATORY EX VIVO STUDIES. MEDIP-SEQ ANALYSIS REVEALED 261 GENES WITH HIGHER (FOLD CHANGE > 1.4; P < 0.05) AND 162 GENES WITH LOWER (FOLD CHANGE < 0.7; P < 0.05) 5MC LEVELS IN CKD-LVDD VERSUS NORMAL PIGS, WHICH WERE PRIMARILY IMPLICATED IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF)-RELATED SIGNALING AND ANGIOGENESIS. INTEGRATED MEDIP-SEQ/MRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED A SELECT GROUP OF VEGF-RELATED GENES IN WHICH 5MC LEVELS WERE HIGHER, BUT MRNA EXPRESSION WAS LOWER IN CKD-LVDD VERSUS NORMAL PIGS. CARDIAC VEGF SIGNALING GENE AND VEGF PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE BLUNTED IN CKD-LVDD COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SUBENDOCARDIAL MICROVASCULAR DENSITY. CARDIAC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN VEGF-RELATED GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION IN SWINE CKD-LVDD. THESE OBSERVATIONS MAY ASSIST IN DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES TO AMELIORATE CARDIAC DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) OFTEN LEADS TO LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (LVDD) AND HEART FAILURE. USING A NOVEL TRANSLATIONAL SWINE MODEL OF CKD-LVDD, WE CHARACTERIZE THE CARDIAC EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, IDENTIFYING SITE-SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE CHANGES IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF)-RELATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION. THESE OBSERVATIONS SHED LIGHT ON THE MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD AND MAY ASSIST IN DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                       
10   246 33 ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEADING TO ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM THE RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) STILL REPRESENT THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE REMARKABLE ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI), CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (HF), CARDIOMYOPATHY (CM), AND THE ASSOCIATED LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE. HOWEVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HUMAN HEART HAS SOME POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR, AND OVER THE PAST DECADE, MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN EXPLORING THE USE OF STEM CELLS (SCS) TO FACILITATE RESTORATION OF MYOCARDIUM. CONSEQUENTLY, THE SAFETY, FEASIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SC THERAPY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS), USING DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF ADULT SCS. NEVERTHELESS, THE CLINICAL BENEFITS OF SC THERAPY ARE NOT YET WELL ESTABLISHED. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SCS, PARACRINE FACTORS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, AND MYOCARDIAL MICROENVIRONMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT, WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATION OF THIS KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL, LONG-TERM REGENERATIVE SC THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, IN A GROWING POPULATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PREVIOUS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) LEADING TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONCLUSION: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADULT SCS IN TERMS OF THEIR POSSIBLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI, AND/OR SUBSEQUENT HF (DUE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). THIS REVIEW WAS BASED UPON PUBMED DATABASE SEARCH FOR TRIALS ON SC THERAPY, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AND HF, AND THE MAIN TIMEFRAME WAS SET FROM 2006 TO 2016.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11  3612 20 IN UTERO PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE PRODUCES HEART FAILURE, ELECTRICAL REMODELING, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT ADULTHOOD. BACKGROUND: PARTICULATE MATTER (PM; PM(2.5) [PM WITH DIAMETERS OF <2.5 MUM]) EXPOSURE DURING DEVELOPMENT IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AT ADULTHOOD. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT IN UTERO PM(2.5) EXPOSURE ALONE COULD ALTER CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AT ADULTHOOD. METHODS AND RESULTS: FEMALE FVB MICE WERE EXPOSED EITHER TO FILTERED AIR OR PM(2.5) AT AN AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF 73.61 MUG/M(3) FOR 6 H/DAY, 7 DAYS/WEEK THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY. AFTER BIRTH, ANIMALS WERE ANALYZED AT 12 WEEKS OF AGE. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC (N=9-10 MICE/GROUP) AND PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP ANALYSES (N=5 MICE/GROUP) REVEALED REDUCED FRACTIONAL SHORTENING, INCREASED LEFT VENTRICULAR END-SYSTOLIC AND -DIASTOLIC DIAMETERS, REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR POSTERIOR WALL THICKNESS, END-SYSTOLIC ELASTANCE, CONTRACTILE RESERVE (DP/DT(MAX)/END-SYSTOLIC VOLUME), FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT ACCELERATION OF RELAXATION), AND BLUNTED CONTRACTILE RESPONSE TO BETA-ADRENERGIC STIMULATION IN PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE. ISOLATED CARDIOMYOCYTE (N=4-5 MICE/GROUP) FUNCTION ILLUSTRATED REDUCED PEAK SHORTENING, +/-DL/DT, AND PROLONGED ACTION POTENTIAL DURATION AT 90% REPOLARIZATION. HISTOLOGICAL LEFT VENTRICULAR ANALYSES (N=3 MICE/GROUP) SHOWED INCREASED COLLAGEN DEPOSITION IN IN UTERO PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE AT ADULTHOOD. CARDIAC INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6, IL-1SS, COLLAGEN-1, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP) 9, AND MMP13 GENE EXPRESSIONS WERE INCREASED AT BIRTH IN IN UTERO PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE (N=4 MICE/GROUP). IN ADULT HEARTS (N=5 MICE/GROUP), GENE EXPRESSIONS OF SIRTUIN (SIRT) 1 AND SIRT2 WERE DECREASED, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B WERE INCREASED, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (N=6 MICE/GROUP) OF CA(2+)-ATPASE, PHOSPHORYLATED PHOSPHOLAMBAN, AND NA(+)/CA(2+) EXCHANGER WERE DECREASED. CONCLUSIONS: IN UTERO PM(2.5) EXPOSURE TRIGGERS AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, CHRONIC MATRIX REMODELING, AND ALTERATIONS IN CA(2+) HANDLING PROTEINS, RESULTING IN GLOBAL ADULT CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION. THESE RESULTS ALSO HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETICS IN PRIMING OF ADULT CARDIAC DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  1780 17 EDUCATION AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CLOCKS IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS. DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) CLOCKS ARE IMPORTANT BIOMARKERS OF CELLULAR AGING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND MULTIPLE DNAM CLOCKS CAN INCREASE THE UNDERSTANDING OF HOW RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO AGING AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL. THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EDUCATION OR LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND THE ACCELERATION OF FOUR DNAM CLOCKS, INCLUDING INTRINSIC (IEAA) AND EXTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EEAA), PHENOAGE ACCELERATION (PHENOAA), AND GRIMAGE ACCELERATION (GRIMAA) IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PARTICIPANTS OF THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY NETWORK OF ARTERIOPATHY. WE PERFORMED BOTH CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES. IN CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSES, GENDER, EDUCATION, BMI, SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WERE ALL INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH GRIMAA, WHEREAS ONLY SOME OF THEM WERE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CLOCKS. THE EFFECT OF SMOKING AND EDUCATION ON GRIMAA VARIED BY GENDER. LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES SUGGEST THAT AGE AND BMI CONTINUED TO INCREASE GRIMAA, AND THAT AGE AND CURRENT SMOKING CONTINUED TO INCREASE PHENOAA AFTER CONTROLLING DNAM CLOCKS AT BASELINE. IN CONCLUSION, EDUCATION AND COMMON LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE DNAM CLOCKS. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION WITH EACH RISK FACTOR VARIED BY CLOCK, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT DIFFERENT CLOCKS MAY CAPTURE ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  6357 31 THE ROLE OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER WITH A CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE EXISTENCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, A CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION WITH IMPAIRED CARDIAC CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY AND/OR VALVULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY CAN LEAD TO HEART FAILURE. SEVERAL PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE AIMED TO DECIPHER THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. AMONG ALL THE CO-FACTORS, HYPERGLYCAEMIA SEEMS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PATHOLOGY. HYPERGLYCAEMIA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER CARDIAC METABOLISM AND FUNCTION THROUGH SEVERAL DELETERIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, ACCUMULATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATED END-PRODUCTS AND UPREGULATION OF THE HEXOSAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY. THESE MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIVATION OF HYPERTROPHIC PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELL APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS AND CALCIUM MISHANDLING, LEADING TO CARDIAC STIFFNESS, AS WELL AS CONTRACTILE AND RELAXATION DYSFUNCTION. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO DESCRIBE THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC-INDUCED ALTERATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND PATIENT MORTALITY, AND TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC OUTCOMES OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14   447 21 APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND IMPROVES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CONSIDERABLE RESIDUAL RISK REMAINS DESPITE EVIDENCE-BASED SECONDARY PREVENTION MEASURES. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A MODIFIABLE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION BY THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCOMITANT LOWERING OF SERUM ALP. METHODS: IN A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF 795 PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STATIN TREATMENT, WHO PARTICIPATED IN PHASE 2 PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS OF APABETALONE, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECT OF ASSIGNED TREATMENT FOR UP TO 24 WEEKS ON THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (MACE) AND SERUM ALP. RESULTS: BASELINE ALP (MEDIAN 72 U/L) PREDICTED MACE (DEATH, NON-FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION, OR HOSPITALIZATION FOR CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES), INDEPENDENT OF HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (HSCRP), SEX, AGE, RACE, STUDY, CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), LIVER FUNCTION MARKERS AND TREATMENT ALLOCATION (HAZARD RATIO [HR] PER STANDARD DEVIATION [SD] 1.6, 95% CI 1.19-2.16, P = 0.002). MEAN PLACEBO-CORRECTED DECREASES IN ALP FROM BASELINE WERE 9.2% (P < 0.001) AFTER 12-14 WEEKS AND 7.7% (P < 0.001) AFTER 24-26 WEEKS OF APABETALONE TREATMENT. IN THE APABETALONE GROUP, A 1-SD REDUCTION IN ALP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HR FOR MACE OF 0.64 (95% CI 0.46-0.90, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: SERUM ALP PREDICTS RESIDUAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, INDEPENDENT OF HSCRP, ESTABLISHED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND CKD, IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON STATIN TREATMENT. APABETALONE LOWERS SERUM ALP, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. WHETHER THE BENEFICIAL CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF APABETALONE ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO ALP REDUCTION REMAINS UNDETERMINED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  2149 19 EPIGENETIC MARKERS TO PREDICT CONVERSION FROM GESTATIONAL DIABETES TO TYPE 2 DIABETES. CONTEXT: LIFESTYLE FACTORS MEDIATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CAUSE CHRONIC DISEASES. ALTHOUGH ANIMAL AND LABORATORY STUDIES LINK EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO DIABETES, EPIGENETIC INFORMATION IN WOMEN WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM) AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IS LACKING. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO MEASURE EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS PREGNANCY AND EARLY POSTPARTUM AND IDENTIFY MARKERS THAT COULD BE USED AS PREDICTORS FOR CONVERSION FROM GDM TO TYPE 2 DIABETES. DESIGN: GLOBAL HISTONE H3 DIMETHYLATION WAS MEASURED IN WHITE BLOOD CELLS AT THREE TIME POINTS: 30 WK GESTATION, 8-10 WK POSTPARTUM, AND 20 WK POSTPARTUM, FROM FOUR GROUPS OF WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETES. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A TOTAL OF 39 PARTICIPANTS (SIX TO NINE IN EACH GROUP) WERE RECRUITED INCLUDING: NONDIABETIC WOMEN; WOMEN WITH GDM WHO DEVELOPED POSTPARTUM TYPE 2 DIABETES; WOMEN WITH GDM WITHOUT POSTPARTUM TYPE 2 DIABETES; AND WOMEN WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: PERCENTAGES OF DIMETHYLATION OF H3 HISTONES RELATIVE TO TOTAL H3 HISTONE METHYLATION WERE COMPARED BETWEEN DIABETIC/NONDIABETIC GROUPS USING APPROPRIATE COMPARATIVE STATISTICS. RESULTS: H3K27 DIMETHYLATION WAS 50-60% LOWER AT 8-10 AND 20 WK POSTPARTUM IN WOMEN WITH GDM WHO DEVELOPED TYPE 2 DIABETES, COMPARED WITH NONDIABETIC WOMEN. H3K4 DIMETHYLATION WAS 75% LOWER AT 8-10 WK POSTPARTUM IN WOMEN WITH GDM WHO SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED TYPE 2 DIABETES COMPARED WITH WOMEN WHO HAD GDM WHO DID NOT. CONCLUSIONS: THE PERCENTAGE OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONES H3K27 AND H3K4 VARIED WITH DIABETIC STATE AND HAS THE POTENTIAL AS A PREDICTIVE TOOL TO IDENTIFY WOMEN WHO WILL CONVERT FROM GDM TO TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  5395 17 REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE IN OLDER ADULTS WITH HIGH SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE. PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT WHETHER PSYCHOSOCIAL RESILIENCE FACTORS (EG, SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE) MIGHT REDUCE EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED IF OLDER ADULTS WHO EXPERIENCE HIGH LEVELS OF PURPOSE MIGHT SHOW REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. WE EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PURPOSE AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AS MEASURED BY 13 DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) "EPIGENETIC CLOCKS" ASSESSED IN 1 572 OLDER ADULTS FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY (MEAN AGE 70 YEARS). WE QUANTIFIED THE TOTAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PURPOSE AND DNAM AGE ACCELERATION AS WELL AS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THAT TOTAL ASSOCIATION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, CHRONIC DISEASE, OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES (EG, POSITIVE AFFECT), AND HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS (HEAVY DRINKING, SMOKING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BODY MASS INDEX [BMI]). PURPOSE IN LIFE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION ACROSS 4 "SECOND-GENERATION" DNAM CLOCKS OPTIMIZED FOR PREDICTING HEALTH AND LONGEVITY (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE [FDR] Q < 0.0001: PHENOAGE, GRIMAGE, ZHANG EPIGENETIC MORTALITY INDEX; FDR Q < 0.05: DUNEDINPOAM). THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE INDEPENDENT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, BUT SUBSTANTIALLY ATTENUATED AFTER ADJUSTING FOR HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS (DRINKING, SMOKING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND BMI). PURPOSE SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH 9 "FIRST-GENERATION" DNAM EPIGENETIC CLOCKS TRAINED ON CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. OLDER ADULTS WITH GREATER PURPOSE IN LIFE SHOW "YOUNGER" DNAM EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. THESE RESULTS MAY BE DUE IN PART TO ASSOCIATED DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS. RESULTS SUGGEST NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION BY ENHANCING PURPOSE AND ITS BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE IN LATE ADULTHOOD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  6718 21 VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CAUSALITY. VITAMIN D REGULATES BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL FUNCTIONS, THUS, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES REPORT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DEATHS. PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS WERE EXAMINED IN SEVERAL RESEARCH DATABASES AS PER THE GUIDELINES OF THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, USING KEY WORDS THAT ADDRESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CORRELATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE CONSIDERING THE RISKS-BENEFITS, BROADER EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW ANALYZED CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1,25(OH)(2)D AND RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUBDUE CELLULAR INFLAMMATION, IMPROVE OVERALL ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTIONS, REDUCE AGE-RELATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR RIGIDITY, AND ATTENUATE THE ACTIONS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. MOST OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT 25(OH)VITAMIN D HAVING PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS BASED PRIMARILY ON OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THUS, IS A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. ADEQUATELY POWERED, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO CONFIRM THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THUS, TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PROTECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WELL-DESIGNED, STATISTICALLY POWERED, LONGER-TERM CLINICAL TRIALS ARE NEEDED IN PERSONS WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. NEVERTHELESS, THE AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THAT ADEQUATE VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND/OR SENSIBLE SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL VITAMIN D STATUS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  3915 26 LINE-1 IN OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, BY ACTIVATING OR SILENCING THE RELATED-GENES. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT LINE-1 METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY COMPOSITION AND OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). IT ALSO HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS PREDICTOR OF WEIGHT LOSS. THE STUDIES' RESULTS ARE STILL CONFLICTING, AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO LINE-1 METHYLATION REGARDING ADIPOSITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS. OVERALL, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS OBSERVATIONAL (CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL) STUDIES AND INTERVENTIONS (DIET, EXERCISES, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY) THAT EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE LINE-1 METHYLATION WITH OBESITY, WEIGHT LOSS, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CVD, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. TEACHING POINTS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. MANY STUDIES HAVE RELATED METHYLATION OF LINE-1 WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE RESULTS ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND THE METHYLATION OF LINE-1 IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WITH ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES, RELATED MECHANISMS MAY BE EARLY BIOMARKERS IN WEIGHT CHANGE AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  1955 19 EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION PREDICTS CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN A GERMAN CASE COHORT. BACKGROUND: PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEVELOPED MODELS PREDICTING METHYLATION AGE FROM DNA METHYLATION IN BLOOD AND OTHER TISSUES (EPIGENETIC CLOCK) AND SUGGESTED THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGES AS A MARKER OF HEALTHY AGING. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO CONFIRM AND EXPAND SUCH OBSERVATIONS BY INVESTIGATING WHETHER DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF THE EPIGENETIC CLOCKS IN A POPULATION-BASED COHORT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION AGE WAS ESTIMATED IN A COHORT OF 1863 OLDER PEOPLE, AND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AGE PREDICTED BY DNA METHYLATION AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (DELTAAGE) WAS CALCULATED. A CASE-COHORT DESIGN AND WEIGHTED PROPORTIONAL COX HAZARD MODELS WERE USED TO ESTIMATE ASSOCIATIONS OF DELTAAGE WITH CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. HAZARD RATIOS FOR DELTAAGE (PER 5 YEARS) CALCULATED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK DEVELOPED BY HORVATH WERE 1.23 (95 % CI 1.10-1.38) FOR ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, 1.22 (95 % CI 1.03-1.45) FOR CANCER MORTALITY, AND 1.19 (95 % CI 0.98-1.43) FOR CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR BATCH EFFECTS, AGE, SEX, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, HISTORY OF CHRONIC DISEASES, HYPERTENSION, SMOKING STATUS, BODY MASS INDEX, AND LEUCOCYTE DISTRIBUTION. ASSOCIATIONS WERE SIMILAR BUT WEAKER FOR DELTAAGE CALCULATED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK DEVELOPED BY HANNUM. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT AGE ACCELERATION IN TERMS OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AGE PREDICTED BY DNA METHYLATION AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF ALL-CAUSE AND CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY AND MAY BE USEFUL AS A GENERAL MARKER OF HEALTHY AGING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  4202 15 METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE. BEING BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE AND A RAPID INCREASE IN WEIGHT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC SYNDROME, WHICH HAS BEEN RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE LIFE ENVIRONMENT AND LINKED TO EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING. METABOLIC SYNDROME INCLUDES WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE >/= 90(TH) PERCENTILE FOR AGE, SEX AND RACE, HIGHER LEVELS OF BLOOD PRESSURE, TRIGLYCERIDES AND FASTING GLUCOSE, AND LOW LEVELS OF HDL-CHOLESTEROL. INSULIN RESISTANCE MAY BE PRESENT AS EARLY AS 1 YEAR OF AGE, AND OBESITY AND/OR TYPE 2 DIABETES ARE MORE PREVALENT IN THOSE BORN SGA THAN THOSE BORN AGA. THE PROGRAMMING OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN BORN SGA INCLUDES AN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, ARTERIAL PROPERTIES AND CORONARY DISEASE. EARLY INTERVENTIONS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO APPROPRIATE MATERNAL NUTRITION, BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY, PROMOTION OF BREAST FEEDING, AND PREVENTION OF RAPID WEIGHT GAIN DURING INFANCY, AND TO PROMOTE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.	2011