1  2170 138 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  5128  33 POSTNATAL INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA ENHANCES PHRENIC AND REDUCES VAGAL UPPER AIRWAY MOTOR ACTIVITIES IN RATS BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. NEW FINDINGS: WHAT IS THE CENTRAL QUESTION OF THIS STUDY? WHAT ARE THE ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATORY MOTOR ACTIVITY THAT MAY UNDERLIE VENTILATORY DYSFUNCTIONS IN JUVENILE AND ADULT ANIMALS EXPOSED TO POSTNATAL CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA? WHAT IS THE MAIN FINDING AND ITS IMPORTANCE? POSTNATAL CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA MODIFIES THE MOTOR ACTIVITY TO PUMPING AND UPPER AIRWAY RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IN RATS, MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, ENHANCING RESTING PULMONARY VENTILATION AND PREDISPOSING TO COLLAPSE OF THE UPPER AIRWAYS IN JUVENILE AND ADULT LIFE. ABSTRACT: PERIODS OF APNOEA, COMMONLY OBSERVED IN PREMATURES AND NEWBORNS, ARE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIORESPIRATORY DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE EVALUATED CHANGES IN PULMONARY VENTILATION AND RESPIRATORY MOTOR PATTERN IN JUVENILE AND ADULT RATS EXPOSED TO POSTNATAL CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA (PCIH). NEWBORN MALE HOLTZMAN RATS (P1) WERE SUBMITTED TO PCIH (6% O(2) FOR 30 S, EVERY 9 MIN, 8 H A DAY (09.30-17.30 H)) DURING THEIR FIRST 10 DAYS OF LIFE, WHILE CONTROL ANIMALS WERE MAINTAINED UNDER NORMOXIC CONDITIONS (20.8% O(2) ). THEREAFTER, ANIMALS OF BOTH GROUPS WERE MAINTAINED UNDER NORMOXIA UNTIL THE EXPERIMENTS. UNANAESTHETIZED JUVENILE PCIH RATS (N = 27) EXHIBITED ELEVATED TIDAL VOLUME AND RESPIRATORY IRREGULARITIES (P < 0.05) COMPARED TO CONTROL RATS (N = 7). DECEREBRATE, ARTERIALLY PERFUSED IN SITU PREPARATIONS OF JUVENILE PCIH RATS (N = 11) DISPLAYED AUGMENTED PHRENIC NERVE (PN) BURST AMPLITUDE AND REDUCED CENTRAL VAGUS NERVE ACTIVITY IN COMPARISON TO CONTROLS (N = 10). AT ADULTHOOD, PCIH RATS (N = 5) SHOWED ENHANCED TIDAL VOLUME (P < 0.05) AND INCREASED RESPIRATORY VARIABILITY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP (N = 5). THE PCIH-INDUCED CHANGES IN VENTILATION AND RESPIRATORY MOTOR OUTPUTS WERE PREVENTED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR DECITABINE (1 MG KG(-1) , I.P.) DURING THE EXPOSURE TO PCIH. OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT PCIH IN RATS IMPACTS, IN A PERSISTENT WAY, CONTROL OF THE RESPIRATORY PATTERN, INCREASING PN ACTIVITY TO THE DIAPHRAGM AND REDUCING THE VAGAL-RELATED ACTIVITY TO LARYNGEAL MUSCLES, WHICH, RESPECTIVELY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVE RESTING PULMONARY VENTILATION AND PREDISPOSE TO COLLAPSE OF THE UPPER AIRWAYS DURING QUIET BREATHING.	2020	
                                                                                    
3  1633  77 DO EPIGENETIC EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A MAJOR COMORBIDITY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY. INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN ADVANCED COPD. WE ASSESSED WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE MAY BE ALTERED IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD, NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, AND MILDLY IMPAIRED MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF MILD COPD PATIENTS WITH WELL-PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION AND IN HEALTHY AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HTAS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, IN THE VL OF MILD COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY WERE MODERATELY REDUCED, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS DID NOT DIFFER, MIR-1 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE INCREASED AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH BOTH FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1) AND QUADRICEPS FORCE, HDAC4 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES WERE NOT DIFFERENT. MODERATE SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A RELEVANT FEATURE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD AND PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIMB MUSCLES OF THESE PATIENTS, PROBABLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO COUNTERBALANCE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ALTER MUSCLE FUNCTION AND MASS. THE STUDY OF PATIENTS AT EARLY STAGES OF THEIR DISEASE IS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARE A TARGET FOR TIMELY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY SLOW DOWN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND PREVENT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF MAJOR COMORBIDITIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  5334  69 QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN ADVANCED COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY. WE ASSESSED WHETHER QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF SEDENTARY SEVERE COPD PATIENTS (N=41), WHO WERE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO THOSE WITH (N=25) AND WITHOUT (N=16) MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=19), EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MIRNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING MARKERS, TOTAL PROTEIN AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN VL OF ALL COPD TOGETHER AND IN MUSCLE-WEAKNESS PATIENTS, EXPRESSION OF MIR-1, MIR-206 AND MIR-27A, LEVELS OF LYSINE-ACETYLATED PROTEINS AND HISTONES AND ACETYLATED HISTONE 3 WERE INCREASED, WHEREAS EXPRESSION OF HDAC3, HDAC4, SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT-1), IGF-1 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1) WERE DECREASED, AKT (V-AKT MURINE THYMOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 1) EXPRESSION DID NOT DIFFER, FOLLISTATIN EXPRESSION WAS GREATER, WHEREAS MYOSTATIN EXPRESSION WAS LOWER, SERUM REPONSE FACTOR (SRF) EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AND FIBRE SIZE OF FAST-TWITCH FIBRES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. IN VL OF SEVERE COPD PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION RATHER THAN PROLIFERATION AND MUSCLE GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING, PROBABLY AS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THOSE MUSCLES FROM UNDERGOING FURTHER ATROPHY. LYSINE-HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES MAY DRIVE ENHANCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN THOSE MUSCLES. THESE FINDINGS MAY HELP DESIGN NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES (ENHANCERS OF MIRNAS PROMOTING MYOGENESIS AND ACETYLATION INHIBITORS) TO SELECTIVELY TARGET MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY IN SEVERE COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  5826  26 STRESS SIGNAL NETWORK BETWEEN HYPOXIA AND ER STRESS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN IRREVERSIBLE DECREASE IN KIDNEY FUNCTION AND INDUCTION OF VARIOUS METABOLIC DYSFUNCTIONS. ACCUMULATED FINDINGS REVEAL THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS ARE INVOLVED IN A RANGE OF PATHOGENIC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING THE PROGRESSION OF CKD. BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE OF AN ARTERIOVENOUS OXYGEN SHUNT, THE KIDNEY IS THOUGHT TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO HYPOXIA. CHRONIC KIDNEY HYPOXIA IS INDUCED BY A NUMBER OF PATHOGENIC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING RENAL ISCHEMIA, REDUCED PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY, AND TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. THE ER IS AN ORGANELLE WHICH HELPS MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF PROTEINS THROUGH THE UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE (UPR) PATHWAY, AND ER DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH MALADAPTIVE UPR ACTIVATION IS NAMED ER STRESS. ER STRESS IS REPORTED TO BE RELATED TO SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF PATHOGENESIS IN KIDNEY, PARTICULARLY IN THE PODOCYTE SLIT DIAPHRAGM AND TUBULOINTERSTITIUM. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC HYPOXIA MEDIATES ER STRESS IN BLOOD VESSEL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND TUBULOINTERSTITIUM VIA SEVERAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATION, LIPID METABOLISM, AND THE AKT PATHWAY. IN SUMMARY, A GROWING CONSENSUS CONSIDERS THAT THESE STRESSES INTERACT VIA COMPLICATED STRESS SIGNAL NETWORKS, WHICH LEADS TO THE EXACERBATION OF CKD (FIGURE 1). THIS STRESS SIGNAL NETWORK MIGHT BE A TARGET FOR INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT AMELIORATING CKD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  2505  47 EPIGENETICS AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMMON, PREVENTABLE, AND TREATABLE DISEASE AND A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. IN COPD, COMORBIDITIES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION REGARDLESS OF THE RESPIRATORY CONDITION. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THEIR EXERCISE CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETICS (THE PROCESS WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HERITABLE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT AFFECT DNA SEQUENCE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IDENTIFIED SO FAR IN CELLS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, AND NONCODING RNAS SUCH AS MICRORNAS. HEREIN, WE FIRST REVIEW THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEVERAL MODELS. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS REPORTED SO FAR TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND MASS LOSS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PROFILE OF SEVERAL MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO REVIEWED FROM RESULTS RECENTLY OBTAINED IN OUR GROUP. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN HYPERACETYLATION IN ENHANCED MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM OF LIMB MUSCLES IS ALSO DISCUSSED. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS ON THE FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR SPECIFIC DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND WASTING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7    33  22 A CASE STUDY OF CHIROPRACTIC MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY-RELATED HEARTBURN WITH POSTULATED FETAL EPIGENOME IMPLICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: THIS CASE STUDY REPORTS ON CHIROPRACTIC CARE FOR PREGNANCY-RELATED HEARTBURN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO RELATE THE BENEFIT OF CHIROPRACTIC TREATMENT FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL, TO CONTRAST CHIROPRACTIC MANAGEMENT WITH THE BIOMEDICAL STANDARD OF CARE FOR PREGNANCY-RELATED HEARTBURN, AND TO POINT TO POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE STANDARD OF CARE. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 32-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WHO WAS 24 WEEKS PREGNANT PRESENTED WITH PERSISTENT HEARTBURN THAT SHE WAS TREATING WITH RANITIDINE (ZANTAC(R)) AND CALCIUM CARBONATE (TUMS(R)) DAILY AT THE INITIATION OF CHIROPRACTIC CARE. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: FINDINGS OF THE INITIAL EXAMINATION WERE THORACIC INTERSEGMENTAL DYSFUNCTION AND PAIN UPON PALPATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM, WITH HYPERTONICITY NOTED. THERAPY LOCALIZATION WAS POSITIVE FOR REFLEXES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESOPHAGUS AND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER, SUGGESTING SPASMS. EMOTIONAL COMPONENTS ALSO WERE IDENTIFIED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE SYMPTOMS BY THE USE OF A MIND-BODY THERAPY CALLED NEUROEMOTIONAL TECHNIQUE. THE PATIENT WAS TREATED BY ADJUSTING THE THORACIC SPINE, MANUALLY RELEASING THE DIAPHRAGM SPASMS, AND RELEASING THE ESOPHAGEAL SPASM WITH AN ACTIVATOR (A SMALL HAND-HELD INSTRUMENT THAT CREATES A PERCUSSIVE FORCE). THE PATIENT WAS SYMPTOM-FREE AND DID NOT USE MEDICATION AFTER THE FIFTH TREATMENT. SHE WAS FOLLOWED THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF HER PREGNANCY AND WAS ASYMPTOMATIC AND REQUIRED NO FURTHER TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: A LARGER STUDY SHOULD INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHIROPRACTIC CARE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PREGNANCY-RELATED HEARTBURN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  4543  42 MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: UPDATE ON CAUSES AND BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. RESPIRATORY AND/OR LIMB MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS, CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR DISEASE PROGNOSIS IRRESPECTIVE OF THE LUNG FUNCTION. MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS CAUSED BY THE INTERACTION OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. THE KEY DELETERIOUS ETIOLOGIC FACTORS ARE PULMONARY HYPERINFLATION FOR THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES AND DECONDITIONING SECONDARY TO REDUCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR LIMB MUSCLES. NONETHELESS, CIGARETTE SMOKE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, NUTRITIONAL ABNORMALITIES, EXERCISE, EXACERBATIONS, ANABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY, DRUGS AND COMORBIDITIES ALSO SEEM TO PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE. ALL THESE FACTORS MODIFY THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MUSCLES, THROUGH THE INDUCTION OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. WHILE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IMPROVE THEIR AEROBIC PHENOTYPE (PERCENTAGE OF OXIDATIVE FIBERS, CAPILLARIZATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY, ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE AEROBIC PATHWAYS, ETC.), LIMB MUSCLES EXHIBIT THE OPPOSITE PHENOTYPE. IN ADDITION, BOTH MUSCLE GROUPS SHOW OXIDATIVE STRESS, SIGNS OF DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. HOWEVER, FIBER ATROPHY, INCREASED NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALTERED REGENERATIVE CAPACITY; SIGNS OF APOPTOSIS AND AUTOPHAGY, AND AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN ARE RATHER CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE LIMB MUSCLES, MOSTLY IN PATIENTS WITH REDUCED BODY WEIGHT. DESPITE THAT SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE LAST DECADES, FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE TARGET BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS STILL REQUIRED. SUCH AN ACHIEVEMENT WILL BE CRUCIAL TO ADEQUATELY TACKLE WITH THIS RELEVANT CLINICAL PROBLEM OF COPD PATIENTS IN THE NEAR-FUTURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4047  38 MAIN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN COPD PERIPHERAL SKELETAL MUSCLE WASTING. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A WORLDWIDE PREVALENT RESPIRATORY DISEASE MAINLY CAUSED BY TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE. COPD IS NOW CONSIDERED AS A SYSTEMIC DISEASE WITH SEVERAL COMORBIDITIES. AMONG THEM, SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AFFECTS AROUND 20% OF COPD PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS ARE WELL CHARACTERIZED, INCLUDING MYOFIBER ATROPHY, A DECREASED PROPORTION OF SLOW-TWITCH MYOFIBERS, AND A DECREASED CAPILLARIZATION AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION CAPACITY, THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MUSCLE ATROPHY IS COMPLEX AND REMAINS PARTLY UNKNOWN. MAJOR DIFFICULTIES LIE IN PATIENT HETEROGENEITY, ACCESSING PATIENTS' SAMPLES, AND COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS INCLUDING EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE OR DISUSE, AND INTRINSIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, OR SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. MUSCLE WASTING IS ALSO A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS WHOSE INVESTIGATION IS HAMPERED BY THE DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN REGULATION ACCORDING TO THE STAGE OF ATROPHY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE REPORT AND DISCUSS RECENT DATA REGARDING THE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN COPD LEADING TO IMPAIRED MUSCLE MASS, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, DIVERSE METABOLIC CHANGES SUCH AS OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ALL LEADING TO AN IMPAIRED ANABOLIC/CATABOLIC BALANCE IN THE MYOCYTE. WE RECAPITULATE DATA CONCERNING SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OBTAINED IN THE DIFFERENT RODENT MODELS OF COPD. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE SEVERAL PATHWAYS THAT SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN COPD SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN THE FUTURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  4410  39 MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) WILL BE A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY OF THE QUADRICEPS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY POORER PROGNOSIS AND INCREASED MORTALITY IN COPD. DESPITE THAT SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION MAY AFFECT BOTH RESPIRATORY AND LIMB MUSCLE GROUPS IN COPD, THE LATTER ARE FREQUENTLY MORE SEVERELY AFFECTED. THEREFORE, MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD IS A COMMON SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATION THAT SHOULD BE EVALUATED ON ROUTINE BASIS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, SEVERAL ASPECTS OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION ARE BEING REVIEWED, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. FIGURES ON THE PREVALENCE OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND THE MOST RELEVANT ETIOLOGIC CONTRIBUTORS ARE ALSO PROVIDED. DESPITE THAT ONGOING RESEARCH WILL SHED LIGHT INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS TO COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, CURRENT KNOWLEDGE POINTS TOWARD THE INVOLVEMENT OF A WIDE SPECTRUM OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR EVENTS THAT ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN RESPIRATORY AND LIMB MUSCLES. SUCH MECHANISMS ARE THOROUGHLY DESCRIBED IN THE ARTICLE. THE CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS ON COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS ALSO REVIEWED. WE CONCLUDE THAT IN VIEW OF THE LATEST DISCOVERIES, FROM NOW, ON NEW AVENUES OF RESEARCH SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND PATHWAYS THAT IMPAIR MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN COPD USING PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES AND/OR EXERCISE TRAINING MODALITIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  3719  27 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  3722  38 INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION DURING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD) IMPROVES FUNCTION, PATHOLOGY AND EXPRESSION. PARTIAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION DUE TO PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA OR POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES, IS A WIDESPREAD CAUSE OF URINARY DYSFUNCTION, PATIENT DISCOMFORT AND ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMENSE HEALTH CARE COSTS. EVEN AFTER REMOVAL OR RELIEF OF OBSTRUCTION, THE FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF OBSTRUCTION REMAIN AS A CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD). EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERSISTENT CHARACTER OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, AND MAY BE ALTERED IN COBD. WE TESTED WHETHER CANDIDATE GENES AND PATHWAYS AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COBD WERE AFFECTED BY A HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT, DECITABINE (DAC). COBD WAS CREATED IN FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS BY SURGICAL LIGATION OF THE URETHRA FOR 6 WEEKS, FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF THE SUTURE. SHAM LIGATIONS WERE PERFORMED BY PASSING THE SUTURE BEHIND THE URETHRA. AFTER REMOVAL OF THE OBSTRUCTION OR SHAM REMOVAL, ANIMALS WERE RANDOMIZED TO DAC TREATMENT (1 MG/KG/3-TIMES/WEEK INTRAPERITONEALLY) OR VEHICLE (NORMAL SALINE). BLADDER FUNCTION WAS NON-INVASIVELY TESTED USING METABOLIC CAGES, BOTH ONE DAY PRIOR TO DE-OBSTRUCTION AT 6 WEEKS AND PRIOR TO SACRIFICE AT 10 WEEKS. RESIDUAL VOLUME AND BLADDER MASS WERE MEASURED FOR EACH BLADDER. BLADDERS WERE EXAMINED BY IMMUNOSTAINING AS WELL AS QPCR. THE EFFECTS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-3A KNOCKOUT OR OVEREXPRESSION ON SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (SMC) FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE WERE ALSO EXAMINED IN BLADDER SMC AND EX VIVO CULTURE. RESIDUAL VOLUMES OF THE DAC TREATED GROUP WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE NS GROUP. COMPARED TO COBD NS, COBD DAC TREATMENT HELPED PRESERVE MICTURITION VOLUME WITH A SIGNIFICANT RECOVERY OF THE VOIDING EFFICIENCY (RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM VOIDED VOLUME/MAXIMUM BLADDER CAPACITY) BY ONE THIRD (FIG. 1, P > 0.05). BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) VARIANTS 1 AND 5 WERE UPREGULATED BY COBD AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BY DAC TREATMENT. DEPOSITION OF COLLAGEN IN THE COBD BLADDER WAS REDUCED BY DAC, BUT GROSS HYPERTROPHY REMAINED. IN BLADDER SMC, DNMT3A OVEREXPRESSION LED TO A LOSS OF CONTRACTILE FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE. IN BLADDERS, PERSISTENTLY ALTERED BY COBD, INHIBITION OF DNA-METHYLATION ENHANCES FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, UNLIKE TREATMENT DURING PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION, WHICH EXACERBATES OBSTRUCTIVE PATHOLOGY. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS MAY RELATE TO THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN BDNF AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SIGNALING IN THE BLADDER.	2021	

13   642  28 BIOMARKERS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: IN RECENT YEARS, AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS. ELEVATED LEVELS OF PM IN POLLUTED AIR HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BIOMARKERS THAT COULD REFLECT THE EFFECTS OF PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STUDIES PUBLISHED ON BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD BETWEEN JANUARY 01, 2012 AND JUNE 30, 2022 IN PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE DATABASES. STUDIES THAT INCLUDED DATA ON BIOMARKERS WITH COPD EXPOSED PM WERE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. BIOMARKERS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MECHANISMS. RESULTS: OF THE 105 STUDIES IDENTIFIED, 22 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. NEARLY 50 BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW, AND THE MOST STUDIED IN RELATION TO PM ARE SEVERAL INTERLEUKINS. VARIOUS MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY WHICH PM INDUCES AND AGGRAVATES COPD. SIX STUDIES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, ONE RELATED TO DIRECT EFFECT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS, 16 ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND TWO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY WERE FOUND. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS WERE DETECTED IN SERUM, SPUTUM, URINE, EXHALED BREATH CONCENTRATION (EBC), AND SHOWED VARIOUS CORRELATIONS WITH PM IN COPD. CONCLUSIONS: VARIOUS BIOMARKERS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL IN PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF PM EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGULATION TO REDUCE AIRBORNE PM, WHICH COULD BE USED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  4544  30 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  6485  30 TOXICOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FORMALDEHYDE-INDUCED RESPIRATORY EFFECTS. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS HAS BEEN A CHALLENGE IN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. HERE, AN INTEGRATED APPROACH COMBINING A CRISPR SCREEN IN HUMAN CELLS AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS WAS DEVELOPED TO IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY TAKING FORMALDEHYDE (FA) AND THE ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AS A CASE STUDY. AMONG THE PRIMARY HITS OF CRISPR SCREENING OF FA IN HUMAN A549 CELLS, HTR4 WAS THE ONLY GENE GENETICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH COPD SUSCEPTIBILITY IN GLOBAL POPULATIONS. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HTR4 AND FA-INDUCED RESPIRATORY TOXICITY IS UNKNOWN IN THE LITERATURE. ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY (AOP) NETWORK ANALYSIS OF CRISPR SCREEN HITS PROVIDED A POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN ACTIVATION OF HTR4 (MOLECULAR INITIATING EVENT) AND FA-INDUCED LUNG INJURY (ADVERSE OUTCOME). SYSTEMATIC TOXICOLOGY TESTS (IN VITRO AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS) WERE CONDUCTED TO REVEAL THE HTR4-INVOLVED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF FA. FUNCTIONALITY AND ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF HTR4 WERE REQUIRED FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FA-INDUCED LUNG INJURY, AND FA-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES COULD RESULT IN ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF HTR4. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HTR4 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION AND PREVALENCE OF COPD, RESPECTIVELY, AND THESE GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR COPD COULD BE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ADVERSE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF FA. THESE BIOMARKERS COULD BE OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE FOR DEFINING SUBPOPULATIONS SUSCEPTIBLE TO EXPOSURE TO FA AND REDUCING UNCERTAINTY IN THE NEXT-GENERATION HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. OUR STUDY DELINEATED A NOVEL TOXICOLOGICAL PATHWAY MEDIATED BY HTR4 IN FA-INDUCED LUNG INJURY, WHICH COULD PROVIDE A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ADVERSE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF FA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  4138  31 MECHANISMS OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION IN MODELS OF INFLAMMATION AND HYPOXIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA. CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA (CIH) IS A HALLMARK OF SLEEP APNOEA, A CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH DIVERSE CLINICAL DISORDERS. CIH AND SLEEP APNOEA ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FORMATION, PERIPHERAL AND CNS INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL DEATH AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS. FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF MICROGLIA, THE RESIDENT CNS IMMUNE CELLS, IN MODELS OF CIH. THUS, LITTLE IS KNOWN CONCERNING THEIR DIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEUROPATHOLOGY OR THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING THEIR ACTIVITIES DURING OR FOLLOWING PATHOLOGICAL CIH. IN THIS REVIEW, WE IDENTIFY GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CIH-INDUCED MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, AND PROPOSE MECHANISMS BASED ON DATA FROM RELATED MODELS OF HYPOXIA AND/OR HYPOXIA-REOXYGENATION. CIH MAY DIRECTLY AFFECT MICROGLIA, OR MAY HAVE INDIRECT EFFECTS VIA THE PERIPHERY OR OTHER CNS CELLS. PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION MAY INDIRECTLY ACTIVATE MICROGLIA VIA ENTRY OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES INTO THE CNS, AND/OR ACTIVATION OF VAGAL AFFERENTS THAT TRIGGER CNS INFLAMMATION. CIH-INDUCED RELEASE OF DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS FROM INJURED CNS CELLS MAY ALSO ACTIVATE MICROGLIA VIA INTERACTIONS WITH PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS EXPRESSED ON MICROGLIA. FOR EXAMPLE, TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS ACTIVATE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE/TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PATHWAYS REQUIRED FOR MICROGLIAL INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC EFFECTS FROM CIH HAVE NOT YET BEEN STUDIED IN MICROGLIA, POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MICROGLIAL REGULATION ARE DISCUSSED, INCLUDING MICRORNAS, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION. EPIGENETIC EFFECTS CAN OCCUR DURING CIH, OR LONG AFTER IT HAS ENDED. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CIH EFFECTS ON MICROGLIAL ACTIVITIES MAY BE IMPORTANT TO REVERSE CIH-INDUCED NEUROPATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  3939  29 LNC-IL7R ALLEVIATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PM(2.5) (PARTICULATE MATTER WITH AN AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER OF </= 2.5 MUM) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY INJURY AND EMPHYSEMA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE INVESTIGATED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE LONG NONCODING RNA LNC-IL7R CONTRIBUTES TO CELLULAR DAMAGE BY INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN COPD PATIENTS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). METHODS: ASSOCIATIONS OF SERUM LNC-IL7R LEVELS WITH LUNG FUNCTION, EMPHYSEMA, AND PREVIOUS PM(2.5) EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. THE LEVELS OF LNC-IL7R AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES, NAMELY P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1), WERE DETERMINED THROUGH LUNG TISSUE SECTION STAINING. THE EFFECTS OF P16(INK4A) OR P21(CIP1/WAF1) REGULATION WERE EXAMINED BY PERFORMING LNC-IL7R OVEREXPRESSION AND KNOCKDOWN ASSAYS. THE FUNCTIONS OF LNC-IL7R-MEDIATED CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL CYCLE, SENESCENCE, COLONY FORMATION, AND APOPTOSIS WERE EXAMINED IN CELLS TREATED WITH PM(2.5). CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF P21(CIP1/WAF1). RESULTS: LNC-IL7R LEVELS DECREASED IN COPD PATIENTS AND WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH EMPHYSEMA OR PM(2.5) EXPOSURE. LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN NORMAL LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS BUT NOT IN COPD CELLS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS INDUCED P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION BY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS. HIGHER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION PROTECTED AGAINST CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS, WHEREAS LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION AUGMENTED INJURY IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. LNC-IL7R AND THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) SYNERGISTICALLY SUPPRESSED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATION. CONCLUSION: LNC-IL7R ATTENUATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT, AND ITS DYSFUNCTION MAY AUGMENT CELLULAR INJURY IN COPD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  2940  36 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL AND SENSITIVE COPD-DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5). EVEN THOUGH CLINICAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE PROGRESSIVELY PROVIDED A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXERTS ITS HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS, FURTHER IN VITRO STUDIES ON RELEVANT CELL SYSTEMS ARE STILL NEEDED. HENCE, AIMING OF GETTING CLOSER TO THE HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS, PRIMARY HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS DERIVED FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS (NHBE) OR SENSITIVE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)-DISEASED PATIENTS (DHBE) WERE DIFFERENTIATED AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE. THEREAFTER, THEY WERE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) TO STUDY THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME RELEVANT GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ENDPOINTS. CONCENTRATION-, EXPOSURE- AND SEASON-DEPENDENT INCREASES OF OH-B[A]P METABOLITES IN NHBE, AND TO A LESSER EXTENT, COPD-DHBE CELLS WERE REPORTED; HOWEVER, THERE WERE MORE TETRA-OH-B[A]P AND 8-OHDG DNA ADDUCTS IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. NO INCREASE IN PRIMARY DNA STRAND BREAK NOR CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION WAS OBSERVED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. TELOMERE LENGTH AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE MODIFIED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY COPD-DHBE CELLS. THERE WERE A GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, A P16 GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND A DECREASING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN NHBE AND NOTABLY COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED. CHANGES IN SITE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (I.E., H3K4ME3, H3K9AC, H3K27AC, AND H3S10PH) AND RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OCCURRED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN ALL THE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE KEY ROLE PLAYED BY GENETIC AND EVEN EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) AND THEIR DIFFERENT RESPONSIVENESS. WHILE THESE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN ALREADY DESCRIBED IN COPD AND EVEN LUNG CANCER PHENOTYPES, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORTED THAT, TOGETHER WITH GENETIC EVENTS, THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS COULD DRAMATICALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SHIFT FROM HEALTHY TO DISEASED PHENOTYPES FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO RELATIVELY LOW DOSES OF AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5).	2017	
                                                                                                                             
19  4017  28 LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE REDUCES ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF OBESITY-RELATED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. AIM: TO DETERMINE, USING A MOUSE MODEL OF OBESITY, WHETHER LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE PREVENTS OBESITY-RELATED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). METHODS: FROM 8 WEEKS OF AGE, MALE C57BL/6 MICE RECEIVED A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) OR CHOW, WITH OR WITHOUT LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE (25 MG/L) IN DRINKING WATER, FOR 24 WEEKS. BIOMETRIC AND METABOLIC VARIABLES, RENAL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES, RENAL GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND MARKERS OF RENAL FIBROSIS, INJURY, INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE ASSESSED. RESULTS: THE HFD-FED MICE DEVELOPED OBESITY, WITH GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE, HYPERINSULINAEMIA AND DYSLIPIDAEMIA. OBESITY INCREASED ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANTLY AMELIORATED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE IN THE ABSENCE OF A BLOOD PRESSURE-LOWERING EFFECT. OBESITY INCREASED RENAL GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND THIS WAS ATTENUATED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE. HFD-INDUCED CHANGES IN METHYLATION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCI WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE. OBESE MICE DEMONSTRATED INCREASED MARKERS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, BUT THESE MARKERS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BY HYDRALAZINE. CONCLUSION: LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE AMELIORATED HFD-INDUCED ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, INDEPENDENT OF ALTERATIONS IN BIOMETRIC AND METABOLIC VARIABLES OR BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION. ALTHOUGH THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF RENOPROTECTION IN OBESITY IS UNCLEAR, AN EPIGENETIC BASIS MAY BE IMPLICATED. THESE DATA SUPPORT REPURPOSING HYDRALAZINE AS A NOVEL THERAPY TO PREVENT CKD PROGRESSION IN OBESE PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  4109  26 MECHANISMS AND DRUG THERAPY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION REPRESENTS A PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO HIGH ALTITUDE. IF EXAGGERATED, HOWEVER, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPORTANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. RECENT MECHANISTIC STUDIES USING SHORT-TERM ACUTE HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFECTIVE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL AND RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SYNTHESIS, INCREASED ENDOTHELIN-1 BIOAVAILABILITY, AND OVERACTIVATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CAUSING EXAGGERATED HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HUMANS. BASED ON THESE STUDIES, DRUGS THAT INCREASE NO BIOAVAILABILITY, ATTENUATE ENDOTHELIN-1 INDUCED PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION, OR PREVENT EXAGGERATED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE USEFUL FOR THE TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF EXAGGERATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION DURING ACUTE SHORT-TERM HIGH ALTITUDE EXPOSURE. THE MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN HIGH ALTITUDE DWELLERS ARE LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THEY DIFFER IN SOME ASPECTS FROM THOSE INVOLVED IN SHORT-TERM ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE. THESE DIFFERENCES HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE CHOICE OF THE TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. FINALLY, RECENT DATA INDICATE THAT FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN OFFSPRING OF PREECLAMPSIA AND CHILDREN GENERATED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES REPRESENTS A NOVEL AND FREQUENT CAUSE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. IN ANIMAL MODELS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE, AND TARGETING OF THESE MECHANISMS WITH DRUGS LOWERS PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE. IF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALSO ARE OPERATIONAL IN THE FETAL PROGRAMMING OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN HUMANS, SUCH DRUGS MAY BECOME NOVEL TOOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.	2013